呼伦贝尔草原土壤

The hulunbuir Grazing land soil1. summarizeThe hulunbuir grazing land is located in the northeast edge of Mongolian plateau hulun buir plateau plain, elevation between 500 ~ 800 m, more potential relatively smooth.In this belongs to temperate zone continental semi-arid climate, belongs to the monsoon region. Dry long, cold winter, the spring wind, summer is short and warmer. 呼伦贝尔草原位于蒙古高原东北缘的呼伦贝尔高平原上，海拔多在500～800m 之间，地势比较平坦。

该区属中温带大陆性半干旱气候，属于非季风区。

冬季漫长而寒冷干燥，春季多大风，夏季短暂且比较温暖。

The area of soil types including chernozem, chestnut soil, meadow soil and wind sand, salt and alkali soil, swamp soil, etc.此区土壤类型包括黑钙土、栗钙土、草甸土、盐土、碱土、沼泽土和风沙土等。

Vegetation in the area mainly include gramineae and legume forages, by the baikal s. grandis, chinensis, line Ye Ju, s. grandis, gram s. grandis, rough implicit grass, artemisia frigida, etc, in the southeast, hailaer river middle and lower reaches and its distribution of pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica in south of the tributaries.Animals in the area of cattle, camels, antelope, Wolf, etc., but with a large number of human are moved, now relatively rare wild animals.该区植被主要包括禾本科和豆科牧草，由贝加尔针茅、羊草、线叶菊、大针茅、克氏针茅、糙隐子草、冷蒿等组成，在东南部、海拉尔河中下游及其南面各支流沿岸地区分布有樟子松林。

该区动物由牲畜、骆驼、黄羊、狼等，不过随着人类的大量迁入，野生动物现在较稀少。

2.Soil erosionSoil erosion is soil and its parent material in the hydro, wind, freezing and thawing or battalion force under the action of gravity thereof, are destroyed, erosion, transportation and deposition process.土壤侵蚀是指土壤及其母质在水力、风力、冻融或重力等外营力作用下，被破坏、剥蚀、搬运和沉积的过程。

Water ersionThe hulunbuir prairie water erosion mainly includes surface and the erosion of the trench.Planar is very common, where the rainfall, and can produce runoff, to generate planar erosion.呼伦贝尔草原的水蚀主要包括面状和沟状侵蚀。

发生面状是非常普通，凡是降雨、并且能够产生径流的地方，就是产生面状侵蚀。

Wind ersionThe hulunbuir prairie is classified to potential wind erosion and desertification areas, wind erosion is the main erosion types in this area.呼伦贝尔草原被划分地潜在风蚀沙漠化地区，风蚀是本区最主要的侵蚀类型。

Including the corrosion and abrasion包括吹蚀和磨蚀The average particle size of soil particles, the greater the wind speed, the greater the ability to make particles move土壤颗粒的平均粒径越大，风速越大才能使颗粒移动颗粒起动和吹扬风速（m s-1）wind velocity of grains beginning to move and being lifted up（m s-1）颗粒粒径（mm）风速0.01 0.1 0.25 1.0 1.5 2.0起动风速 3.65 3.83 4.57 6.62 7.65 8.57吹扬风速 3.72 5.41 6.6 10.71 13.41 16.25呼伦贝尔草原黑钙土表层的机械组成（%）top soil mechanical composition of Chernozen in grassland of Hu Lun Bei Er 亚类土种2-0.2 0.2-0.02 0.02-0.002 <0.2 <0.02 <0.002 黑钙土薄黑灰土 5.07 23.08 42.66 94.93 71.85 29.19黑钙土厚黑黄土 4.72 35.25 40.17 95.26 60.01 19.84黑钙土薄黑黄土0.56 41.56 37.44 99.34 57.78 20.34石灰性黑钙土火黑黄土20 3.2 66.1 80 76.8 10.7草甸黑钙土中锈黑黄土 6.75 41.72 37.79 93.25 51.53 13.743. Grassland desertification(1) the basic conditions, climate dry little rainPoor drought climate, surface water, river low-development water effect is weak, the physical weathering and wind effect significantly, thus forming vast gobi and desert.①基本条件——气候干旱少雨气候干旱，地表水贫乏，河流欠发育，流水作用微弱，而物理风化和风力作用显著，因此形成大片戈壁和沙漠；(2) material conditions - loose on the ground, as sandysedimentBecause of drought due to climate, sparse vegetation, soil development is poor, the ground more loose sandy sediment;②物质条件——地面疏松，为沙质沉积物由于由于气候干旱，植被稀少，土壤发育差，平地多疏松的沙质沉积物；(3) dynamic conditions of wind days and more concentrated Strong wind days, and concentrated in the winter and spring in the severe season of drought, would have created favorable conditions for the sand.③动力条件——大风日数多且集中大风日数多，且集中在冬春干旱的季节，从而为风沙活动创造了有利条件。

(4) the climate anomaly can be the fragile ecological environment imbalances, is causing desertification drought Hume.Belong to the temperate continental climate in this area, it is one of the most important feature is the change rate of temperature, precipitation.The change of rainfall, the occurrence and development of desertification play a crucial role.Rainy year to reduce sandstorm activities;Little rain, intensified desertification process.④气候异常可以使脆弱的生态环境失衡，是导致荒漠化荒谟化进程。

本区属于温带大陆性气候，它具有的一个重要特征就是气温、降水的变率大。

雨量的变化，对荒漠化的发生和发展起到至关重要的作用。

多年有雨有利于抑制风沙活动；少雨年加剧荒漠化过程。

Artificial reason1.Population explosion pressure on ecological environment人口激增对生态环境的压力2.Human activities on land resources, inappropriate, excessive use and unreasonable utilization of water resources人类活动不当，对土地资源、水资源的过度使用和不合理利用Adaptation1. the rational utilization of water resources(1) in the farming area is mainly to improve farming and irrigation technology, to promote water-saving agriculture, prevent soil salinization;(2) in the grassland, a reduction in the number of Wells, in order to avoid a large number of cattle disorderly growth;(3) in the arid inland areas to reasonable assigned, downstream of the river, the water resources, the development of both upper and middle reaches, and to take into account the downstream ecological environment protection.⑴合理利用水资源①在农作区主要是改善耕作和灌溉技术，推广节水农业，避免土壤的盐碱化；②在牧区草原，减少水井的数量，以免牲畜的大量无序增长；③在干旱的内陆地区要合理分配河流上、中、下游水资源，既考虑上、中游的开发，又要顾及下游生态环境的保护。