学科知识与教学能力笔记

学科知识与教学能力笔记（英语）
一、语音考点（一）元音Vowels
单元音可按发音时舌头前、中、后哪一部分抬得最高而分成三类：前元音，中元音，后元音（back vowels）。

元音一般从四个方面进行描述：舌位（high, mid, low），舌头最高部位的位置（front, central, back），长度（long, short）或紧张度（tense, lax），唇的开口度（rounded, unrounded）
音标描述汇总：
[i:] high front tense unrounded vowel
[І] high front lax unrounded vowel
[u:] high back tense rounded vowel [ʊ]即[u]high back lax rounded vowel
[З:]或[ə:] central tense unrounded vowel
[ə] central lax unrounded vowel
[e] mid-high front lax unrounded vowel
[æ] low front lax unrounded vowel
[Λ] mid-low back lax unrounded vowel
[ɔ:] mid-low back tense rounded vowel
[ɒ] lowback lax rounded vowel
[ɑ:] lowback tense unrounded vowel
考点2：专有名词
基本元音Cardinal Vowels 纯元音Pure Vowels/单元音Monophthong Vowels
滑元音Vowels glides：There is an audible change of quality. ——If a single movement of the tongue is involved, the glides are called双元音Diphthongs
如：[eI] from mid-low front to high front
[aI] [ɔI] [əʊ] [aʊ] [Iə] [eə] [ʊə]略 A double movement produces
三元音Triphthong例如：tower中[aʊə]
（二）辅音Consonants
Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to d ivert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
Vowels : produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
区别：the distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.阻塞气流。

考点1：Manners of articulation发音方式
stops 爆破音 [p, b, t, d, k, g] nasal 鼻音 [m, n, ŋ]
fricative摩擦音 [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ∫, ʒ, h]、 approximant近似音 [w, r, j]、
lateral边音 [l]、affricate塞擦音 [ts, dz, tr, dr]
考点2：Places of articulation发音部位
bilabial双唇音、labiodental唇齿、dental齿间、alveolar齿龈、postalveolar齿龈后、
retroflex卷舌音、palatal 硬腭、velar软腭、glottal声门[h].
总结：[p] voicelessbilabial stop [b] voicedbilabial stop [t] voiceless alveolar stop [d] voicedalveolar stop
[k] voicelessvelar stop [g] voiced velarstop
[m] bilabial nasal [n] alveolar nasal
[ŋ] velar nasal
[f] voiceless labiodental fricative [v] voiced labiodental fricative
[ϑ] voiceless dental fricative [ð] voiced dental fricative
[s] voiceless alveolar fricative [z] voiced alveolar fricative
[∫] voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʒ] voiced postalveolar fricative
[h] glottal fricative
[t∫] voiceless postalveolar affricate [dʒ] voiced postalveolar affricate
[l ] alveolar lateral [r] alveolar approximant
[w] bilabial approximant [j] palatal approximant
（三）Assimilation同化现象：
a process by which one sound takes on some or all characteristics of a neighboring sound. Nasalization鼻音化、cap can
Dentalization齿音、tent tenth
Velarization软腭 since sink
Voiced frication有声擦音→voiceless无声擦音/__voiceless清音 five past/ has to/ have to [hᴂftu ]
are all instances Assimilation. is often used synonymously with coarticulation协同发音If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as anticip atory coarticulation(先期协同发音). If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation（后滞协同发音）, as is the case of map.
（四）SuprasegmentalFeatures超音段特征
the aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegment al features 特征are syllable音节, stress重音, tone声调, and intonation语调
考点：重音Stress
In general situations, notional words实词are normally stressed while structural words虚词are unstressed.。