英汉互译系统设计—毕业设计(论文)
成都理工大学学生毕业设计(论文)外文译文
学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文
学生姓名：
学号：200708020404
专业名称：商场营销
译文标题（中英文）：对几种汽车营销模式的分析及展望（Some automotive marketing model for the analysis and prospects）
译文出处：Gary Armstrong &Philip Kotler《Some automotive marketing model for the analysis场转向买方市场．营销组织也发生了巨大的变化，三种不同的渠道模式呈现在眼前。一种是不直接零售的中间人；另一种是一般零售商，通过有形汽车市场电子商务等销售汽车．业务以销售为主，只有极少数提供维修或简单的售后服务；第三种是四位一体的专卖店，经销商直接与厂商签订合同。按照厂商的要求建立店面提供整车销售、零配件供应、售后服务和信息反馈等多种功能。这三种形式都是现代化的营销组织形式．但各有优劣，其焦点是厂商和经销商利益的平衡以及消费者不同的需求。营销组织多体的不同需要，适应不同区域市场差异。
3、营销手段
除了一般的文化营销娱乐营销等手段，信息化和服务营销将成为新形势下汽车营销的重点。互联网的开放性使得汽车消费者2 4小时进行网上订购．发送配送指令成为可能。可以预言，随着互联网应用的普及率不断提高．电子商务在整体汽车营销手段中的比重必然会大幅增加，维修服务等都能够在网上实现或通过网络提供信息支持。从现实看，参考一些成功的国际运营商，稳步实施电子商务也许是汽车厂商营销渠道变革必考虑的一个重要因素。电子商务模式下汽车营销渠道的建立，首先要求企业本身必须实行信息化管理，进一步使用产品数据管理系统(PDM)，从而优化整车以及零配件的设计与生产，使用企业资源管理系统(ER P)，降低管理成本；使用供应链管理系统(S C M)，提高上下游供应链条的运营效率。另外，汽车产品因其特有的产品特征使得汽车产品在围绕有形延伸，以战略的方式构筑个性化、多层面和全方位的汽车服务营销，如汽车改装和装饰。汽车保险和服务的个性化方案以及从买车、用车到卖车、再买车等多层面的汽车服务。汽车信贷、汽车的评估和转让等全方位的服务项目。正是适应了汽车消费的固有特征，并迎合了汽车用户对深层次服务的要求．强化汽车用户对汽车服务和汽车企业的依赖，加大制造商和经销商之间的利益联系，实施汽车销售合理化和科学化。
外文翻译模板
大连交通大学信息工程学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译学生姓名陈辉专业班级机械073班指导教师王凤彪职称讲师所在单位机械工程系教学部主任吕海霆完成日期 2011年4月15日Numerical Control SystemThe numerical control system is the digital control system abbreviation. By early is composed of hardware circuit is called hardware numerical control (Hard NC), after 1970, hardware circuit components gradually instead by the computer called for computer numerical control system.Computerized numerical control system is a system that is use computer control processing function to achieve numerical control system. CNC system according to the computer memory stored in the control program execution part or all, numerical control function, and is equipped with interface circuit and servo drive the special computer system.CNC system consists of NC program, input devices; output devices, computer numerical control equipment (CNC equipment), programmable logic controllers (PLC), the spindle and feed drive (servo) drive (including detection devices) and so on.The core of CNC system is equipment. By using the computer system with the function of software and PLC instead of the traditional machine electric device to make the system logic control more compact, its flexibility and versatility, reliability become more better, easy to implement complex numerical control function, use and maintenance can be more convenient, and it also has connected and super ordination machine and the remote communication function.At present, the numerical control system has variety of different forms; composition structure has its own characteristics. These structural features from the basic requirements of the initial system design and engineering design ideas. For example, the control system of point and continuous path control systems have different requirements. For the T system and the M system, there are also very different, the former applies to rotary part processing, the latter suitable for special-shaped the axially symmetrical parts processing. For different manufacturers, based on historical development factors and vary their complex factors, may also be thinking in the design is different. For example, the United States Dynapath system uses a small plate for easy replacement and flexible combination of the board; while Japan FANUC system is a large plate structure tends to make the system work in favor of reliability, make the system MTBF rate continues to increase. However, no matter what kind of system, their basic principle and structure are very similar.The numerical control system generally consists of three major components, namely the control system, servo system and position measuring system. Control procedures by interpolation operation work piece, issue control instructions to the servo drive system; servo drive system control instructions amplified by the servo motor-driven mechanical movement required; measurement system detects the movement of mechanical position or speed, and feedback to the control system, to modify the control instructions. These three parts combine to form a complete closed-loop control of the CNC system.Control system mainly consists of bus, CPU, power supply, memory, operating panel and display, position control unit, programmable logic controller control unit and datainput / output interface and so on. The latest generation of CNC system also includes a communication unit; it can complete the CNC, PLC's internal data communications and external high-order networks. Servo drive system including servo drives and motors. Position measuring system is mainly used grating, or circular grating incremental displacement encoder.CNC system hardware from the NC device, input / output devices, drives and machine logic control devices, electrical components, between the four parts through the I / O interface to interconnect.Numerical control device is the core of CNC system, its software and hardware to control the implementation of various CNC functions.The hardware structure of no device by CNC installations in the printed circuit board with infixing pattern can be divided into the big board structure and function module (small board) structure; Press CNC apparatus hardware manufacturing mode, can be divided into special structure and personal computer type structure; Press CNC apparatus in the number of microprocessor can be divided into single microprocessor structure and many microprocessor structure.(1)Large panel structure and function templates structure1) Large panel structurePanel structures CNC system CNC equipment from the main circuit board, position control panels, PC boards, graphics control panel, additional I / O board and power supply unit and other components. The main circuit board printed circuit board is big; the other circuit board is a small plate, inserted in the large printed circuit board slot. This structure is similar to the structure of micro-computer.2) Function templates structure(2)Single-microprocessor structure and mulct-microprocessor structure1) Single-microprocessor structureIn a single-microprocessor structure, only a microprocessor to focus on control, time-sharing deals with the various tasks of CNC equipment.2) melt-microprocessor structureWith the increase in numerical control system functions, CNC machine tools to improve the processing speed of a single microprocessor CNC system can not meet the requirement; therefore, many CNC systems uses a multi-microprocessor structure. If a numerical control system has two or more microprocessors, each microprocessor via the data bus or communication to connect, share system memory and common I / O interfaces, each processor sharing system Part of the work, which is multi-processor systems.CNC software is divided into application software and system software. CNC system software for the realization of various functions of the CNC system, the preparation of special software, also known as control software, stored in the computer EPROM memory. CNC Systems feature a variety of settings and different control schemes, and their system software in the structure and size vary widely, but generally include input data processing procedures, computing interpolation procedures, speed control procedures, management procedures and diagnostic procedures.(1)Input data processing proceduresIt receives input part program, the standard code, said processing instructions and datadecoding, data processing, according to the prescribed format for storage. Some systems also calculated to compensate, or interpolation operation and speed control for pre-computation. Typically, the input data processing program, including input, decoding and data processing three elements.(2)Computing interpolation proceduresCNC work piece processing system according to the data provided, such as curve type, start, end, etc. operations. According to the results of operations were sent to each axis feed pulse. This process is called interpolation operation. Feed drive servo system Impulsive table or by a corresponding movement of the tool to complete the procedural requirements of the processing tasks.Interpolation for CNC system is the side of the operation, while processing, is a typical real-time control, so the interpolation directly affects the speed of operation the machine feed rate, and should therefore be possible to shorten computation time, which is the preparation of interpolation Complements the key to the program.(3)Speed control proceduresSpeed control program according to the given value control the speed of operation of the frequency interpolation, in order to maintain a predetermined feed rate. Changes in speed is large, the need for automatic control of acceleration and deceleration to avoid speed drive system caused by mutations in step.(4)Management proceduresManagement procedures responsible for data input, data processing, interpolation processing services operations as the various procedures for regulation and management. Management process but also on the panel command, the clock signal, the interrupt caused by fault signals for processing.(5)Diagnostic proceduresDiagnostic features are found in the running system failure in a timely manner, and that the type of failure. Y ou can also run before or after the failure, check the system main components (CPU, memory, interfaces, switches, servo systems, etc.) function is normal, and that the site of failure.MachiningAny machining must have three basic conditions: machining tools, work piece and machining sports. Machining tool edge should be, the material must be rigid than the work piece. Different forms of tool structure and cutting movements constitute different cutting methods. Blade with a blade-shaped and have a fixed number of methods for cutting tools for turning, drilling, boring, milling, planning, broaching, and sawing, etc.; edge shape and edge with no fixed number of abrasive or abrasive Cutting methods are grinding, grinding, honing and polishing.Machining is the most important machinery manufacturing processing methods. Although the rough improve manufacturing precision, casting, forging, extrusion, powder metallurgy processing applications on widely, but to adapt to a wide range of machining,and can achieve high accuracy and low surface roughness, in Manufacturing still plays an important role in the process. Cutting metal materials have many classifications. Common are the following three kinds.By cutting process feature distinguishing characteristics of the decision process on the structure of cutting tools and cutting tools and work piece relative motion form. According to the technical characteristics of cutting can be divided into: turning, milling, drilling, boring, reaming, planning, shaping, slotting, broaching, sawing, grinding, grinding, honing, super finishing, polishing, gear Processing, the worm process, thread processing, ultra-precision machining, bench and scrapers and so on. By material removal rate and machining accuracy distinction can be divided into: ① rough: with large depth of cut, one or a few times by the knife away from the work cut out most or all allowances, such as rough turning, rough planning, Rough milling, drilling and sawing, etc., rough machining precision high efficiency low, generally used as a pre-processing, and sometimes also for final processing. ② Semi-finishing: General roughing and finishing as the middle between the process, but the work piece accuracy and surface roughness on the less demanding position, but also can be used as the final processing. ③ finishing: cutting with a fine way to achieve higher machining surface accuracy and surface quality, such as fine cars, fine planning, precision hinges, grinding and so on. General is the final finishing process. ④Finishing process: after the finish, the aim is to obtain a smaller surface roughness and to slightly improve the accuracy. Finishing processing allowance is small, such as honing, grinding, ultra-precision grinding and super finishing and so on. ⑤Modification process: the aim is to reduce the surface roughness, to improve the corrosion, dust properties and improve appearance, but does not require higher precision, such as polishing, sanding, etc. ⑥ultra-precision machining: aerospace, lasers, electronics, nuclear energy and other cutting-edge technologies that need some special precision parts, high accuracy over IT4, surface roughness less than Ra 0.01 microns. This need to take special measures to ultra-precision machining, such as turning mirror, mirror grinding, chemical mechanical polishing of soft abrasive.Distinguished by method of surface machining, the work piece is to rely on the machined surface for cutting tool and the work piece to obtain the relative motion. By surface methods, cutting can be divided into three categories. ①tip trajectory method: relying on the tip relative to the trajectory of the surface to obtain the required work piece surface geometry, such as cylindrical turning, planning surface, cylindrical grinding, with the forming surface, such as by turning mode. The trajectory depends on the tool tip provided by the cutting tool and work piece relative motion. ② forming tool method: short forming method, with the final work piece surface profile that matches the shape forming cutter or grinding wheel, such as processing a shaped surface. At this time forming part of the machine movement was replaced by the blade geometry, such as the shape of turning, milling and forming grinding forming and so on. The more difficult the manufacture of forming cutter, machine - clamp - work piece - tool formed by the process system can withstand the cutting force is limited, forming method is generally used for processing short shaped surface. ③generating method: also known as rotary cutting method, cutting tool and work piece during processing as a relatively developed into a campaign tool (or wheel) and the work piece instantaneous center line of pure rolling interaction between thetwo maintain a certain ratio between Is obtained by processing the surface of the blade in this movement in the envelope. Gear machining hobbling, gear shaping, shaving, honing, and grinding teeth (not including form grinding teeth), etc. are generating method processing.PLCEarly called the programmable logic controller PLC (Programmable Logic Controller, PLC), which is mainly used to replace the logic control relays. With the technology, which uses micro-computer technology, industrial control device function has been greatly exceeded the scope of logic control, therefore, such a device today called programmable logic controller, referred to as the PC. However, in order to avoid personal computer (Personal Computer) in the short confusion, it will be referred to as programmable logic controller PLC, plc since 1966, the U.S. Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) developed there, the current United States, Japan, Germany, PLC Good quality and powerful.The basic structure of Programmable Logic ControllerA. PowerPLC's power in the whole system plays a very important role. If you do not have a good, reliable power system is not working, so the PLC manufacturers design and manufacture of power very seriously. General AC voltage fluctuations of +10% (+15%) range, you can not take other measures to PLC to connect directly to the AC line.B.Central processing unit (CPU)Central processing unit (CPU) is the central PLC control. It is given by the function of PLC system program from the programmer receives and stores the user program and data type; check the power supply, memory, I / O and timer alert status, and to diagnose syntax errors in the user program. When the PLC into run-time, first it scans the scene to receive the status of various input devices and data, respectively, into I / O image area, and then one by one from the user program reads the user program memory, after a shell and press Provisions of the Directive the result of logic or arithmetic operations into the I / O image area or data register. And the entire user program is finished, and finally I / O image area of the state or the output of the output register data to the appropriate output device, and so on to run until stopped.To further improve the reliability of PLC, PLC is also large in recent years constitutes a redundant dual-CPU system, or by three voting systems CPU. Thus, even if a CPU fails, the whole system can still work properly.C.MemoryStorage system software of memory called system program memory. Storage application software of memory called the user program memory.D.Input and output interface circuit1, the live input interface circuit by the optical coupling circuit and the computer input interface circuit, the role of PLC and field control of an interface for input channels.2, Field output interface circuit by the output data registers, interrupt request strobe circuit and integrated circuit, the role of PLC output interface circuit through the on-siteimplementation of parts of the output to the field corresponding control signal.E.Function moduleSuch as counting, positioning modules.munication moduleSuch as Ethernet, RS485, Prefab’s-DP communication module.数控系统数控系统是数字控制系统简称，英文名称为Numerical Control System，早期是由硬件电路构成的称为硬件数控（Hard NC），1970年代以后，硬件电路元件逐步由专用的计算机代替称为计算机数控系统。
毕业设计外文翻译模板
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：组合钻床动力滑台液压系统及电控系统设计外文题目： Drilling machine译文题目：组合钻床学生姓名：马莉莉专业：机械设计制造及其自动化0701班指导教师姓名：王洁评阅日期：正文内容小四号字，宋体，行距1.5倍行距。
The drilling machine is a machine for making holes with removal of chips and it is used to create or enlarge holes. There are many different types of drilling machine for different jobs, but they can be basically broken down into two categories.The bench drill is used for drilling holes through raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal and gets its name because it is bolted to bench for stability so that larger pieces of work can be drilled safely. The pillar drill is a larger version that stands upright on the floor. It can do exactly the same work as the bench drill, but because of its size it can be used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigger holes. Most modern drilling machines are digitally automated using the latest computer numerical control (CNC) technology.Because they can be programmed to produce precise results, over and over again, CNC drilling machines are particularly useful for pattern hole drilling, small hole drilling and angled holes.If you need your drilling machine to work at high volume, a multi spindle drill head will allow you to drill many holes at the same time. These are also sometimes referred to as gang drills.Twist drills are suitable for wood, metal and plastics and can be used for both hand and machine drilling, with a drill set typically including sizes from 1mm to 14mm. A type of drill machine known as the turret stores tools in the turret and positions them in the order needed for work.Drilling machines, which can also be referred to as bench mounted drills or floor standing drills are fixed style of drills that may be mounted on a stand or bolted to the floor or workbench. A drilling machine consists of a base, column, table, spindle), and drill head, usually driven by an induction motor.The head typically has a set of three which radiate from a central hub that, when turned, move the spindle and chuck vertically, parallel to the axis of the column. The table can be adjusted vertically and is generally moved by a rack and pinion. Some older models do however rely on the operator to lift and re clamp the table in position. The table may also be offset from the spindles axis and in some cases rotated to a position perpendicular to the column.The size of a drill press is typically measured in terms of swing which can be is defined as twice the throat distance, which is the distance from the centre of the spindle to the closest edge of the pillar. Speed change on these drilling machines is achieved by manually moving a belt across a stepped pulley arrangement.Some drills add a third stepped pulley to increase the speed range. Moderndrilling machines can, however, use a variable-speed motor in conjunction with the stepped-pulley system. Some machine shop drilling machines are equipped with a continuously variable transmission, giving a wide speed range, as well as the ability to change speed while the machine is running.Machine drilling has a number of advantages over a hand-held drill. Firstly, it requires much less to apply the drill to the work piece. The movement of the chuck and spindle is by a lever working on a rack and pinion, which gives the operator considerable mechanical advantage.The use of a table also allows a vice or clamp to be used to position and restrain the work. This makes the operation much more secure. In addition to this, the angle of the spindle is fixed relative to the table, allowing holes to be drilled accurately and repetitively.Most modern drilling machines are digitally automated using the latest computer numerical control (CNC) technology. Because they can be programmed to produce precise results, over and over again, CNC drilling machines are particularly useful for pattern hole drilling, small hole drilling and angled holes.Drilling machines are often used for miscellaneous workshop tasks such as sanding, honing or polishing, by mounting sanding drums, honing wheels and various other rotating accessories in the chuck. To add your products click on the traders account link above.You can click on the links below to browse for new, used or to hire a drilling machine.Drilling machines are used for drilling, boring, countersinking, reaming, and tapping. Several types are used in metalworking: vertical drilling machines, horizontal drilling machines, center-drilling machines, gang drilling machines, multiple-spindle drilling machines, and special-purpose drilling machines.Vertical drilling machines are the most widely used in metalworking. They are used to make holes in relatively small work-pieces in individual and small-lot production; they are also used in maintenance shops. The tool, such as a drill, countersink, or reamer, is fastened on a vertical spindle, and the work-piece is secured on the table of the machine. The axes of the tool and the hole to be drilled are aligned by moving the workpiece. Programmed control is also used to orient the workpiece and to automate the operation. Bench-mounted machines, usually of the single-spindle type, are used to make holes up to 12 mm in diameter, for instance, in instrument-making.Heavy and large workpieces and workpieces with holes located along a curved edge are worked on radial drilling machines. Here the axes of the tool and the hole to be drilled are aligned by moving the spindle relative to the stationary work-piece.Horizontal drilling machines are usually used to make deep holes, for instance, in axles, shafts, and gun barrels for firearms and artillery pieces.Center-drilling machines are used to drill centers in the ends of blanks. They are sometimes equipped with supports that can cut off the blank before centering, and in such cases they are called center-drilling machines. Gang drilling machines with more than one drill head are used to produce several holes at one time. Multiple-spindle drilling machines feature automation of the work process. Such machines can be assembled from several standardized, self-contained heads with electric motors and reduction gears that rotate the spindle and feed the head. There are one-, two-, and three-sidedmultiple-spindle drilling machines with vertical, horizontal, and inclined spindles for drilling and tapping. Several dozen such spindles may be mounted on a single machine. Special-purpose drilling machines, on which a limited range of operations is performed, are equipped with various automated devices.Multiple operations on workpieces are performed by various combination machines. These include one- and two-sided jig boring machines,drilling-tapping machines (usually gang drilling machines with reversible thread-cutting spindles), milling-type drilling machines and drilling-mortising machines used mainly for woodworking, and automatic drilling machines.In woodworking much use is made of single- and multiple-spindle vertical drilling machines, one- and two-sided, horizontal drilling machines (usually with multiple spindles), and machines equipped with a swivel spindle that can be positioned vertically and horizontally. In addition to drilling holes, woodworking machines may be used to make grooves, recesses, and mortises and to remove knots.英文翻译指导教师评阅意见。
毕业设计中英文翻译
Bridge Waterway OpeningsIn a majority of cases the height and length of a bridge depend solely upon the amount of clear waterway opening that must be provided to accommodate the floodwaters of the stream. Actually, the problem goes beyond that of merely accommodating the floodwaters and requires prediction of the various magnitudes of floods for given time intervals. It would be impossible to state that some given magnitude is the maximum that will ever occur, and it is therefore impossible to design for the maximum, since it cannot be ascertained. It seems more logical to design for a predicted flood of some selected interval ---a flood magnitude that could reasonably be expected to occur once within a given number of years. For example, a bridge may be designed for a 50-year flood interval; that is, for a flood which is expected (according to the laws of probability) to occur on the average of one time in 50 years. Once this design flood frequency, or interval of expected occurrence, has been decided, the analysis to determine a magnitude is made. Whenever possible, this analysis is based upon gauged stream records. In areas and for streams where flood frequency and magnitude records are not available, an analysis can still be made. With data from gauged streams in the vicinity, regional flood frequencies can be worked out; with a correlation between the computed discharge for the ungauged stream and the regional flood frequency, a flood frequency curve can be computed for the stream in question. Highway CulvertsAny closed conduit used to conduct surface runoff from one side of a roadway to the other is referred to as a culvert. Culverts vary in size from large multiple installations used in lieu of a bridge to small circular or elliptical pipe, and their design varies in significance. Accepted practice treats conduits under the roadway as culverts. Although the unit cost of culverts is much less than that of bridges, they are far more numerous, normally averaging about eight to the mile, and represent a greater cost in highway. Statistics show that about 15 cents of the highway construction dollar goes to culverts, as compared with 10 cents for bridge. Culvert design then is equally as important as that of bridges or other phases of highway and should be treated accordingly.Municipal Storm DrainageIn urban and suburban areas, runoff waters are handled through a system of drainage structures referred to as storm sewers and their appurtenances. The drainage problem is increased in these areas primarily for two reasons: the impervious nature of the area creates a very high runoff; and there is little room for natural water courses. It is often necessary to collect the entire storm water into a system of pipes and transmit it over considerable distances before it can be loosed again as surface runoff. This collection and transmission further increase the problem, since all of the water must be collected with virtually no ponding, thus eliminating any natural storage; and though increased velocity the peak runoffs are reached more quickly. Also, the shorter times of peaks cause the system to be more sensitive to short-duration, high-intensity rainfall. Storm sewers, like culverts and bridges, are designed for storms of various intensity –return-period relationship, depending upon the economy and amount of ponding that can be tolerated.Airport DrainageThe problem of providing proper drainage facilities for airports is similar in many ways to that of highways and streets. However, because of the large and relatively flat surface involved the varying soil conditions, the absence of natural water courses and possible side ditches, and the greater concentration of discharge at the terminus of the construction area, some phases of the problem are more complex. For the average airport the overall area to be drained is relatively large and an extensive drainage system is required. The magnitude of such a system makes it even more imperative that sound engineeringprinciples based on all of the best available data be used to ensure the most economical design. Overdesign of facilities results in excessive money investment with no return, and underdesign can result in conditions hazardous to the air traffic using the airport.In other to ensure surfaces that are smooth, firm, stable, and reasonably free from flooding, it is necessary to provide a system which will do several things. It must collect and remove the surface water from the airport surface; intercept and remove surface water flowing toward the airport from adjacent areas; collect and remove any excessive subsurface water beneath the surface of the airport facilities and in many cases lower the ground-water table; and provide protection against erosion of the sloping areas. Ditches and Cut-slope DrainageA highway cross section normally includes one and often two ditches paralleling the roadway. Generally referred to as side ditches these serve to intercept the drainage from slopes and to conduct it to where it can be carried under the roadway or away from the highway section, depending upon the natural drainage. To a limited extent they also serve to conduct subsurface drainage from beneath the roadway to points where it can be carried away from the highway section.A second type of ditch, generally referred to as a crown ditch, is often used for the erosion protection of cut slopes. This ditch along the top of the cut slope serves to intercept surface runoff from the slopes above and conduct it to natural water courses on milder slopes, thus preventing the erosion that would be caused by permitting the runoff to spill down the cut faces.12 Construction techniquesThe decision of how a bridge should be built depends mainly on local conditions. These include cost of materials, available equipment, allowable construction time and environmental restriction. Since all these vary with location and time, the best construction technique for a given structure may also vary. Incremental launching or Push-out MethodIn this form of construction the deck is pushed across the span with hydraulic rams or winches. Decks of prestressed post-tensioned precast segments, steel or girders have been erected. Usually spans are limited to 50～60 m to avoid excessive deflection and cantilever stresses , although greater distances have been bridged by installing temporary support towers . Typically the method is most appropriate for long, multi-span bridges in the range 300 ~ 600 m ,but ,much shorter and longer bridges have been constructed . Unfortunately, this very economical mode of construction can only be applied when both the horizontal and vertical alignments of the deck are perfectly straight, or alternatively of constant radius. Where pushing involves a small downward grade (4% ~ 5%) then a braking system should be installed to prevent the deck slipping away uncontrolled and heavy bracing is then needed at the restraining piers.Bridge launching demands very careful surveying and setting out with continuous and precise checks made of deck deflections. A light aluminum or steel-launching nose forms the head of the deck to provide guidance over the pier. Special teflon or chrome-nickel steel plate bearings are used to reduce sliding friction to about 5% of the weight, thus slender piers would normally be supplemented with braced columns to avoid cracking and other damage. These columns would generally also support the temporary friction bearings and help steer the nose.In the case of precast construction, ideally segments should be cast on beds near the abutments and transferred by rail to the post-tensioning bed, the actual transport distance obviously being kept to the minimum. Usually a segment is cast against the face of the previously concerted unit to ensure a good fit when finally glued in place with an epoxy resin. If this procedure is not adopted , gaps of approximately 500mm shold be left between segments with the reinforcements running through andstressed together to form a complete unit , but when access or space on the embankment is at a premium it may be necessary to launch the deck intermittently to allow sections to be added progressively .The correponding prestressing arrangements , both for the temporary and permanent conditions would be more complicated and careful calculations needed at all positions .The pricipal advantage of the bridge-launching technique is the saving in falsework, especially for high decks. Segments can also be fabricated or precast in a protected environment using highly productive equipment. For concrete segment, typically two segment are laid each week (usually 10 ~ 30 m in length and perhaps 300 to 400 tonnes in weight) and after posttensioning incrementally launched at about 20 m per day depending upon the winching/jacking equipment.Balanced Cantiulever ConstructionDevelopment in box section and prestressed concrete led to short segment being assembled or cast in place on falsework to form a beam of full roadway width. Subsequently the method was refined virtually to eliminate the falsework by using a previously constructed section of the beam to provide the fixing for a subsequently cantilevered section. The principle is demonsrated step-by-step in the example shown in Fig.1.In the simple case illustrated, the bridge consists of three spans in the ratio 1:1:2. First the abutments and piers are constructed independently from the bridge superstructure. The segment immediately above each pier is then either cast in situ or placed as a precast unit .The deck is subsequently formed by adding sections symmetrically either side.Ideally sections either side should be placed simultaneously but this is usually impracticable and some inbalance will result from the extra segment weight, wind forces, construction plant and material. When the cantilever has reached both the abutment and centre span,work can begin from the other pier , and the remainder of the deck completed in a similar manner . Finally the two individual cantilevers are linked at the centre by a key segment to form a single span. The key is normally cast in situ.The procedure initially requires the first sections above the column and perhaps one or two each side to be erected conventionally either in situ concrete or precast and temporarily supported while steel tendons are threaded and post-tensioned . Subsequent pairs of section are added and held in place by post-tensioning followed by grouting of the ducts. During this phase only the cantilever tendons in the upper flange and webs are tensioned. Continuity tendons are stressed after the key section has been cast in place. The final gap left between the two half spans should be wide enough to enable the jacking equipment to be inserted. When the individual cantilevers are completed and the key section inserted the continuity tendons are anchored symmetrically about the centre of the span and serve to resist superimposed loads, live loads, redistribution of dead loads and cantilever prestressing forces.The earlier bridges were designed on the free cantilever principle with an expansion joint incorporated at the center .Unfortunately，settlements , deformations , concrete creep and prestress relaxation tended to produce deflection in each half span , disfiguring the general appearance of the bridge and causing discomfort to drivers .These effects coupled with the difficulties in designing a suitable joint led designers to choose a continuous connection, resulting in a more uniform distribution of the loads and reduced deflection. The natural movements were provided for at the bridge abutments using sliding bearings or in the case of long multi-span bridges, joints at about 500 m centres.Special Requirements in Advanced Construction TechniquesThere are three important areas that the engineering and construction team has to consider:(1) Stress analysis during construction: Because the loadings and support conditions of the bridge are different from the finished bridge, stresses in each construction stage must be calculated to ensurethe safety of the structure .For this purpose, realistic construction loads must be used and site personnel must be informed on all the loading limitations. Wind and temperature are usually significant for construction stage.(2) Camber: In order to obtain a bridge with the right elevation, the required camber of the bridge at each construction stage must be calculated. It is required that due consideration be given to creep and shrinkage of the concrete. This kind of the concrete. This kind of calculation, although cumbersome, has been simplified by the use of the compiters.(3) Quality control: This is important for any method construction, but it is more so for the complicated construction techniques. Curing of concrete, post-tensioning, joint preparation, etc. are detrimental to a successful structure. The site personnel must be made aware of the minimum concrete strengths required for post-tensioning, form removal, falsework removal, launching and other steps of operations.Generally speaking, these advanced construction techniques require more engineering work than the conventional falsework type construction, but the saving could be significant.大桥涵洞在大多数情况中桥梁的高度和跨度完全取决于河流的流量，桥梁的高度和跨度必须能够容纳最大洪水量.事实上，这不仅仅是洪水最大流量的问题,还需要在不同时间间隔预测不同程度的水灾。
毕业设计外文翻译范例
毕业设计外文翻译范例引言在大学生的学习生涯中，毕业设计是一项重要的任务。
它是对学生在大学期间所学知识的综合运用，也是对学生能力的一次全面考核。
外文翻译作为毕业设计的一部分，对于提高学生的英语水平和跨文化交流能力有着重要的作用。
本文将探讨毕业设计外文翻译的重要性、挑战以及解决方法。
毕业设计外文翻译的重要性外文翻译在毕业设计中具有重要的地位和作用。
首先，外文翻译可以帮助学生扩大知识面，并且了解国际上的研究动态和前沿技术。
通过翻译外文文献，学生可以学习到最新的研究成果和方法，为毕业设计提供参考和借鉴。
其次，外文翻译能够提高学生的英语水平。
通过翻译外文文献，学生可以锻炼自己的听、说、读、写能力，提高对英语的理解和应用能力。
在全球化的背景下，具备良好的英语能力对于学生的就业和未来发展具有重要意义。
最后，外文翻译可以培养学生的跨文化交流能力。
在进行外文翻译的过程中，学生需要了解不同文化背景下的表达方式和思维方式，从而更好地与其他文化背景的人进行沟通和交流。
这对于提高学生的跨文化合作能力和全球视野具有重要意义。
毕业设计外文翻译的挑战尽管毕业设计外文翻译具有重要的作用，但也面临一些挑战。
首先，外文翻译需要学生具备良好的英语水平和专业知识。
许多外文文献使用专业术语和复杂的句式，对学生的英语能力和专业知识提出了较高的要求。
同时，外文翻译还要求学生具备良好的分析能力和逻辑思维能力，能够准确理解和表达文献中的内容。
其次，外文翻译需要花费大量的时间和精力。
翻译一篇外文文献需要学生仔细阅读和理解原文，然后进行翻译和校对。
这个过程需要反复推敲和修正，耗费了学生大量的时间和精力。
在繁重的学业任务中，学生可能面临时间不足的问题，影响翻译质量和效率。
最后，外文翻译还可能面临文化差异和语言障碍。
不同的语言和文化有着不同的表达方式和思维方式，学生需要充分理解和融入到原文的语言和文化中，才能进行准确和恰当的翻译。
这对学生的跨文化交流能力提出了较高的要求。
英译汉论文
安徽建筑大学毕业设计 (英译汉)专业会计班级会计2班学生姓名魏蕊学号 *********** 课题中小企业经济管理方面内部控制探讨指导教师强群莉2016年 5 月日Discussion on the internal control of small and medium sized enterpriseeconomic management【Abstract】: With the development of the national economy, small and medium-sized enterprises have become an important force to promote social and economic development. Ensure the promotion of enterprise economy has an important role in promoting. To analyze and explore the internal control strategy of SMEs is the necessary management means and measures to ensure the normal operation of the economic activities of small and medium enterprises under the new situation. Economic management activities, is an important measure to guarantee the operation of enterprises, internal control, as to promote the healthy operation of the small and medium-sized enterprise's important economic management means is the small and medium-sized enterprise must correctly treat and innovative way of economic regulation and control.【Key words】Small and medium-sized enterprise economic management , Internal control1 The present situation of the development of economic management in the small and medium sized enterprises in China1.1 China's small and medium enterprises in the development of China's economic system disadvantageOur country implements the economic system which is based on the public ownership as the basis for the common development of various economic systems. Under this system, the small and medium-sized enterprises have made great contributions in stimulating economic growth, increasing employment, and promoting the economy of our country. According to statistics, 2014 economic development in the first quarter, an increase of seven percent points over the same quarter in 2013, while China's SMEs occupy an important position in the process of economic growth. However, the development of small and medium enterprises are also increasingly prominent disadvantage factors. Compared with large state-owned enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises are small in scale, advanced production technology, low production efficiency, low utilization of resources, weak economic strength. So in the process of economic system reform, there will be many small and medium enterprisescan not afford the economic changes brought about by the reform, which led to bankruptcy or merger. Small and medium enterprises in the market economy in our country are sensitive and vulnerable part, can not quickly adapt to the reform and changes in the economic system. At the same time, our country pay more attention to the development of state-owned enterprises, compared with the state-owned enterprises, state support for small and medium-sized enterprises and support degree is relatively small, and the independence of the small and medium-sized enterprise is very poor, so that influence of the state's macro regulation and control policy of small and medium-sized enterprises more obvious, in response to changes in the market is more sensitive. From the employee's trust degree analysis, owing to the influence of the traditional concept of stability, most people will tend to select the position of state-owned enterprises, and to small and medium-sized enterprises hold prejudices that small and medium-sized enterprise strength is weak, the development of small space, development is not stable enough, the small and medium-sized enterprise talent loss, development is relatively more slowly, resulting in a vicious circle.1.2 the internal management of small and medium-sized enterprises in our country has a big problem, which seriously restricts its development.The main contents and steps of economic management are planning, implementation, control and improvement. The small and medium-sized enterprises in our country are in a disadvantaged position in the external economic development environment, and need to strengthen the internal management and regulation. Internal management issues belong to the internal contradictions of small and medium-sized enterprises should be taken seriously. Small and medium-sized enterprises belonging to the "family business" everywhere, under the leadership of the enterprise is not has higher cultural quality and strong leadership, decision-making level of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively low, making some operating conditions deteriorating. Small and medium-sized enterprises in human resources management is not mature enough, due to its profit ability is bad, in order to improve the economic benefits, blindly to the labor force pressure, but will not improve the staff's welfare, continuously for a long time, so that employees a sense of trust and loyalty to the enterprise gradually decreased, eventually lost the support of the people, the brain drain, more serious can cause damage to the reputation of the enterprise, recruitment difficulties, or even stop production. Small and medium-sized enterprises of production technology to update and reform enough attention, no long-term vision of development, backward production equipment and production technology of the low production efficiency and resources to make full use of, high productioncost, and so on problems emerge in endlessly, eventually leading to enterprises in the same industry continues to lag behind, and eliminated.2 connotation characteristics of enterprise internal controlEconomic organizations to achieve the operating assets of the operation target of purpose and safety, security accounting information in the correct name and reliability, to ensure the implementation of the business policy and high efficiency of economic operations of the names of the internal control, the series adopted in the enterprise internal related self adjustment with constraints, scientific planning and evaluation of control measures. Enterprise internal control is based on the professional management system, with the purpose of risk prevention, effective supervision, through the full range of process control of production and operation of business activities and the formation of management norms. It is a kind of mutually restricted business organization form and the responsibility division system in the economic activity of the enterprise unit individual in order to strengthen their economic management. The purpose of internal control of enterprises is to improve management, improve economic efficiency, it is with the development of commodity economy and enterprise's own production of economic activities of the complexity of the gradual development and improvement of the. The internal control of enterprises is the coordination management method system and the constraint control procedures for the effective organization of the business activities of the relevant functional departments. Enterprise internal control elements include control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information communication, evaluation and supervision, etc..3 strengthen the significance of internal control of small and medium sized enterprises3.1 strengthen the internal control is conducive to optimize the environment to improve the economic management level of small and medium enterprisesRational and efficient enterprise's economic management measures is an important guarantee for the healthy development of SMEs. Effective and consistent implementation of business leaders brew of decision making strategy and management of the system, it is the premise of scientific enterprise operation. SMEs to strengthen internal controls, you can optimize the operating environment through a variety of means of effective control measures, encourage all employees to seriously implement and enforce enterprise to achieve the goal of economic activity established principles, policies, and help to promote enterprises to increase thelevel of economic management.3.2 strengthen internal controls in favor of clear scientific information to improve corporate financial information in decision-makingThe current market environment for the development of social economy, deepen the degree of fierce competition in the form of a market economy, the development of SMEs are facing extremely complex operating environment, the SMEs to strengthen their economic management, they must master a variety of economic and other various financial markets information to ensure that companies can carry out scientific orientation and decision-making for its own stability and development. Establish an internal control system will help improve the accuracy and reliability of corporate accounting information.3.3 strengthen internal controls help to avoid the risk of maintaining the security of small and medium business investmentUnder the market economy environment, the presence of current enterprise investments run considerable risks. Capital assets are the material basis for the enterprise engaged in production activities. SMEs can strengthen internal controls audit by accounting, cost management and other methods of payments, operations and production activities of corporate funds for scientific supervision, good internal control system can effectively avoid the waste of resources, improve management efficiency and production operations , reduce costs, improve economic efficiency of enterprises.3.4 strengthen internal controls to protect small and medium conducive to scientific examination administered by the production efficiencyThe development of enterprises, scientific work is inseparable from their own economic activity and the effectiveness of run production activities. Evaluation system is to promote the production enthusiasm of important management measures. Strengthen internal control systems to determine the production through scientific and rational division of responsibilities, formulate strict rules and regulations, processes, evaluation and examination and other measures. Effectively planning and supervision of the corporate management of production and economic activity, and promptly correct the deviation errors and defects, to ensure the realization of economic enterprise management objectives.4.measures to strengthen internal control strategy for SMEsSMEs need with its own characteristics, strengthen internal control measures:4.1 strengthen internal control and management awareness, a clear responsibility to management objectives.Internal control objectives is closely related to their business objectives, SMEs must be practical, and actively guide enterprises to personnel the importance of internal control management concept sufficiently clear sense of responsibility to promote the coordinated operation of the various departments of enterprises to maintain the safety and integrity of assets, ensure proper information management reliability, reduce operating costs, maximize profits, and improve the work efficiency of the internal control objectives.4.2 Scientific Construction of internal control system, improve the economic management functions.Scientific and rational internal control system is the management foundation for enterprise development. SMEs must be based on actual needs, carefully build the organization and reasonable division of responsibilities, to guide staff conduct economic production and operation of various economic activities, according to their own laws and regulations, and improve economic management functions, deepening reform ideas, act upon and implement and implement economic policies to ensure effective implementation of economic activity.4.3 Optimization of internal and external environment for the development of SMEs, ensure economic production runInternal control is inseparable from the economic operation of the environment, it is bound by the operation of the market, the economic impact of various environmental factors, organizational structure, staff capacity and motivation of practitioners, corporate budgeting, cost management. Environmental control is the regulation of internal and external environmental factors have an important influence on the development of enterprises, current, comprehensive SMEs to own a variety of potential, expand market space, and optimize enterprise development environment and safeguard the development of production.4.4 innovation enterprise management control measures to achieve management objectivesInnovation is important to the vitality of enterprise development, enterprise internal control should be established on the basis of a commoncode of ethics, innovative forms of management, clear objectives of the responsibility, to update scientific concepts, and strengthen internal control effectiveness. Enterprises should regularly staff education and professional quality training of internal knowledge, strengthen coordination and efficiency of the internal management of constraints and business activities, and promote scientific operation of financial management. To achieve business objectives.4.5 sound internal control legal protection, promote the efficient functioning of the economyEstablishing a rigorous internal review and oversight mechanisms, internal audit mechanism should the top leadership of the enterprise directly responsible to maintain the relative independence. Enterprises adhere to the principle of combining responsibility and rights, strengthening of business process control, supervision of financial information, the performance results of the assessment, internal control and other aspects of the coordination system to provide legal protection, and promote the smooth development of colleges and universities run economic activity.Conclusion: In short, internal control is the driving force of the development of modern enterprises, enterprises to achieve business objectives of the scientific safeguards. Under the current circumstances, SMEs should be based on reality, persist in reform and innovation, adhere to the times, optimize the organizational structure, clear division of responsibilities, strengthen and improve economic management and monitoring mechanism to achieve rapid and efficient sustainable development of SMEs.中小企业经济管理方面的内部控制探讨【摘要】：随着国民经济的多元化发展，中小企业已成为促进社会经济发展的重要力量。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】
华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文）翻译英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述学院汽车工程学院专业班级车辆工程七班学生姓名刘嘉先学生学号201130085184指导教师李利平填写日期2015年3月15日英文原文版出处：Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach，V A, May 1-4，2000，p. 623-634译文成绩：指导教师(导师组长）签名：译文：简介特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而，大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。
一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果，并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。
常用术语,如“残差信号”,是指在不同的文件不同的技术.试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。
本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。
功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。
论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。
在下一节中，为特征提取技术描述，将更详细地讨论每一个功能。
最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。
特征提取概述许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。
这些振动水平，然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。
原则上,关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。
因此，新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较,以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。
在实践中，这种比较是不能奏效的。
由于大的变型中,签名的直接比较是困难的。
相反,一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。
毕设论文英文翻译
毕设论文英文翻译翻译是一项具有艺术性和科学性的实践活动。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英文翻译毕设论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英文翻译毕设论文篇1旅游资料英文翻译方法摘要：由于在英汉两种语言文化间的存在差异，不利于翻译，而旅游资料的翻译从一定程度上讲就是向外国游客介绍一个国家独特的文化，因此，研究翻译的方法突显重要。
本文分析音译、增补、简化、借喻等方法，来进一步提高旅游资料的翻译的准确性。
关键词：旅游资料翻译方法来中国旅游的国外游客一般是通过阅读旅游资料，包括景点介绍、民俗风情画册、告示标牌、图片、古迹楹联解说等内容来了解我国的奇观异景。
隐含文本特征的旅游资料，其译文质量直接影响外国游客对中国的了解，也是翻译的重点和难点，影响我国文化的传播。
由此看来，进一步提高旅游资料翻译的准确性显得尤为重要，本文就旅游资料的英译过程中可以采用的方法进行探讨。
1、旅游英语翻译中的中西方文化差异中西方民族在长期的社会实践中形成了不同的文化心理和思维方式，反映在语言中就是谋篇布局、写作方式等行为习惯。
中文写作的功能与价值都强调“表达”，而英文写作的功能与价值都注重“阐释”。
强调表达的中文写作传统使中文写作充满了主观的意识、想象和情绪。
而强调阐释的英文写作传统则使英文写作充满了客观的反映、分析、推演和论证。
英汉两种思维的差异，易导致翻译错误。
英汉两种文化的差异，导致汉语中有些旅游词汇在英语中找不到对等词汇，中国独有的文化遗产、古迹、历史传说、典故、民族风情、宗教信仰和思维模式等，相关词语出现缺失现象。
如“紫禁城”没有对等翻译。
2、旅游英语翻译方法为了加强旅游英语翻译过程中外国旅游者对我国民族文化的理解，更直观、准确地进行语言和文字的交流与沟通，应灵活运用各种翻译技巧，进行文字的转换与文化的传播。
2.1音译法在中国的人文景观的名称前常用汉语拼音方法给出英语对等词语。
例如：岳阳楼，Yueyang Tower;峨眉山的宝光寺，Bao Guang Monastery ( Divine Light Monastery)等。
本科毕业设计-一个简单的英语词典排版系统设计论文
C语言课程设计实习报告姓名：学号：院（系）：专业：班级序号：题目类型：□编程实现□代码修改代码分析2016 年 6 月一.题目描述一种简单份的英文词典排版系统要求：（1）能输入和显示打入的词。
（2）能分辨出单词。
（3）对重复的单词和已输入的单词能自动排除。
（4）能按A----Z排序排版。
（5）能将运行结果以文本形式存储。
（6）具有添加新单词并重新排版的能力。
分析：运行结果以文本形式存储，因而要提供文件份额输入输出操作; 通过查找操作检查重复单词；提供排序操作实现按A---Z的顺序排版；提供插入操作添加新单词并重新排版。
另外通过键盘式菜单实现功能选择。
数据结构采用指针数组或二维数组。
以回车键或者空格键作为单词输入结束标志对重复的单词自动排除排除可选第一章的查找方法，数据结构可采用指针和数组。
二.算法设计1 总体设计整个系统被设计为单词录入模块，文件存储模块和单词浏览三个模块。
I.单词录入模块要完成输入单词，检查是否重复，排序操作。
II.文件存储模块把存放单词的词组中的数据写入文件。
III.单词浏览模块完成英文词典的输出，即文件的输出操作。
2详细设计1)按照上面的整体思路，分别设计各个模块。
I.单词录入模块要完成输入单词，检查是否重复，排序操作。
是设计程序的核心部分，对于检查是否重复，以及排序两个主要方面，我在设计中采用了两个结构体。
输入一个单词，存放在一个临时字符数组中，以空格或回车表示单词的结束（这也是默认操作），然后换行输出刚刚输入的单词。
采用插入排序算法的思想把该单词插入单词数组中，不同的是如果两个单词相同则不插入。
II.文件存储模块把存放单词的词组中的数据写入文件，这个模块还需具有添加新单词的功能。
采用fwrite或fprintf把单词数组输入到文件中。
III.单词浏览模块完成英文词典的输出，即文件的输出操作。
将文件储存模块的内容输出。
采用fread或fscanf把单词从文件中读出，然后输出。
毕业设计--基于Android的电子词典软件的设计与实现 (含外文翻译)
LANZHOU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY毕业设计基于Android的电子词典软件的设计与实现学生姓名学号专业班级指导教师学院计算机与通信学院摘要本文设计了基于Android平台的电子词典软件。
此英文词典包括两部分，一部分是离线的英文词典，一部分是在线的英文词典。
离线的英文词典主要是使用Android自带的轻量级数据库SQLite来保存单词信息，系统通过SQLite数据库的query方法来查找到与指定英文相对应的单词的中文释义。
在线的英文词典是利用oracle数据库来保存单词信息，然后利用Http 协议解析出单词信息显示到手机界面上，同时还能够增加、删除、更新单词信息。
当然，对于查询到的生疏的单词可以添加到单词本以便于随时复习。
关键词：Android，oracle数据库，SQLite数据库，英文单词AbstractIn this paper, we design and implementation about electronic dictionary software which is based on the Android platform. English dictionary mainly include two parts, and one is to realize the offline English dictionary, the other is to realize the online English dictionary. Offline English dictionary is mainly used a lightweight database SQLite that belongs to Android to preserve words information, we find the specified English word corresponding to the Chinese interpretation by using query method of SQLite database. Offline English dictionary use an oracle database to save the word information, and then parse out the word information to display in the mobile phone interface by Http protocol, at the same time there have the functions that is used to increase, delete, update word information. Of course, we can add unfamiliar word to the note of word in order to review at any time.Keywords: Android; oracle database; SQLite database; English words目录第1章绪论 (1)第2章系统需求分析 (3)2.1 软件的功能要求 (3)2.2 需求分析 (3)2.3 功能需求（用例图分析） (4)2.3.1 基本功能需求例图 (4)2.3.2 离线词典的例图 (6)2.3.3 在线查询用例图 (7)2.3.4 添加到单词本的用例图 (8)2.4 系统结构图和流程图 (10)2.5 系统界面需求 (14)2.6 运行环境 (15)2.6.1 关键技术 (15)2.6.2 运行环境 (16)第3章数据库的设计 (16)3.1 在线词典的服务器端的数据库设计 (16)3.1.1 数据库中数据表的设计 (16)3.1.2 在线词典的客户端的数据库设计 (17)3.1.3 离线时的数据库的设计 (18)3.1.4 软件数据模型 (19)3.2 连接数据库 (20)3.2.1 数据库的创建 (20)3.2.2.数据库的操作 (20)3.2.3 数据的查看 (21)3.2.4 服务器和客户端的连接 (21)第4章环境的搭建 (23)4.1关于Android的简单介绍 (23)4.1.1 Android环境的搭建 (23)4.1.2Android命令行的使用 (24)4.1.3 Android工程的简单介绍 (25)4.2 Java Web环境的搭建 (28)第5章具体功能模块的设计 (31)5.1 查询模块的设计 (32)5.1.1 离线查询 (32)5.1.2 在线查询 (33)5.2 添加单词模块 (35)5.3 删除单词模块 (36)5.4 修改单词模块 (37)5.5 菜单模块的实现 (38)5.6 生词本模块的设计 (42)第6章系统测试与性能分析 (44)6.1测试 (44)6.2 性能测试及分析 (45)总结 (46)参考文献 (47)附录一：英文翻译原文 (48)附录二：英文翻译译文 (56)附录三：程序清单 (63)致谢 (70)第1章绪论如今，英语在人们的工作、学习中显得越来越重要，而手机词典软件的出现无疑带来了极大的便利，遇到遇到生疏的英语单词，现在拿起手机就能轻松解决。
毕业设计中英文翻译
毕业设计中英文翻译毕业设计中英文翻译在如今全球化的时代，英语已经成为了一种全球通用的语言。
无论是在学术界、商业领域还是在科技创新中，英语的重要性都不言而喻。
因此，在大学期间，许多学生都会选择参与一项毕业设计，而其中一项重要的任务就是进行中英文翻译。
中英文翻译是一项艰巨的任务，它要求翻译者不仅要精通两种语言的语法和词汇，还要具备对两种语言文化的深入了解。
毕业设计中的中英文翻译不仅仅是简单的将中文句子翻译成英文，更重要的是要传达出原文的意思和情感。
首先，进行中英文翻译时，翻译者需要注意语言的准确性。
中英文之间存在着许多差异，不同的语言有着不同的表达方式和习惯用法。
因此，翻译者需要根据上下文和意图准确选择合适的词汇和句子结构，以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
其次，翻译者还需要注重文化的转化。
中英文之间的文化差异是翻译过程中需要特别关注的问题。
不同的文化背景会对某些词汇和表达方式产生不同的理解和联想。
因此，翻译者需要具备对两种文化的深入了解，以便准确传达原文的意思和情感。
此外，翻译者还需要注重语言的风格和语气的转化。
中英文之间的语言风格和语气也存在着差异。
中文通常较为直接和形象，而英文则更加注重简洁和直接。
因此，在进行中英文翻译时，翻译者需要根据原文的风格和语气，灵活运用英文的表达方式，以确保翻译的自然和流畅。
此外，翻译者还需要注重上下文的转化。
上下文是理解和翻译一段文字的重要依据。
在进行中英文翻译时，翻译者需要仔细分析原文的上下文，以确保翻译的连贯性和一致性。
同时，翻译者还需要注意上下文的转化，将原文的意思和情感准确传达给读者。
最后，进行中英文翻译时，翻译者需要注重专业知识的转化。
毕业设计通常涉及到各个学科领域的知识，因此，翻译者需要具备相应的专业知识，以便准确理解和翻译相关的术语和概念。
同时，翻译者还需要不断学习和更新自己的专业知识，以应对不断变化的学术和科技发展。
综上所述，毕业设计中的中英文翻译是一项复杂而重要的任务。
毕业设计的论文中英翻译
Anti-Aircraft Fire Control and the Development of IntegratedSystems at SperryT he dawn of the electrical age brought new types of control systems. Able to transmit data between distributed components and effect action at a distance, these systems employed feedback devices as well as human beings to close control loops at every level. By the time theories of feedback and stability began to become practical for engineers in the 1930s a tradition of remote and automatic control engineering had developed that built distributed control systems with centralized information processors. These two strands of technology, control theory and control systems, came together to produce the large-scale integrated systems typical of World War II and after.Elmer Ambrose Sperry (I860-1930) and the company he founded, the Sperry Gyroscope Company, led the engineering of control systems between 1910 and 1940. Sperry and his engineers built distributed data transmission systems that laid the foundations of today‟s command and control systems. Sperry‟s fire control systems included more than governors or stabilizers; they consisted of distributed sensors, data transmitters, central processors, and outputs that drove machinery. This article tells the story of Sperry‟s involvement in anti-aircraft fire control between the world wars and shows how an industrial firm conceived of control systems before the common use of control theory. In the 1930s the task of fire control became progressively more automated, as Sperry engineers gradually replaced human operators with automatic devices. Feedback, human interface, and system integration posed challenging problems for fire control engineers during this period. By the end of the decade these problems would become critical as the country struggled to build up its technology to meet the demands of an impending war.Anti-Aircraft Artillery Fire ControlBefore World War I, developments in ship design, guns, and armor drove the need for improved fire control on Navy ships. By 1920, similar forces were at work in the air: wartime experiences and postwar developments in aerial bombing created the need for sophisticated fire control for anti-aircraft artillery. Shooting an airplane out of the sky is essentially a problem of “leading” the target. As aircraft developed rapidly in the twenties, their increased speed and altitude rapidly pushed the task of computing the lead out of the range of human reaction and calculation. Fire control equipment for anti-aircraft guns was a means of technologically aiding human operators to accomplish a task beyond their natural capabilities.During the first world war, anti-aircraft fire control had undergone some preliminary development. Elmer Sperry, as chairman of the Aviation Committee of the Naval Consulting Board, developed two instruments for this problem: a goniometer,a range-finder, and a pretelemeter, a fire director or calculator. Neither, however, was widely used in the field.When the war ended in I918 the Army undertook virtually no new development in anti-aircraft fire control for five to seven years. In the mid-1920s however, the Army began to develop individual components for anti-aircraft equipment including stereoscopic height-finders, searchlights, and sound location equipment. The Sperry Company was involved in the latter two efforts. About this time Maj. Thomas Wilson, at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia, began developing a central computer for firecontrol data, loosely based on the system of “director firing” that had developed in naval gunn ery. Wilson‟s device resembled earlier fire control calculators, accepting data as input from sensing components, performing calculations to predict the future location of the target, and producing direction information to the guns.Integration and Data TransmissionStill, the components of an anti-aircraft battery remained independent, tied together only by telephone. As Preston R. Bassett, chief engineer and later president of the Sperry Company, recalled, “no sooner, however, did the components get to the point of functioning satisfactorily within themselves, than the problem of properly transmitting the information from one to the other came to be of prime importance.”Tactical and terrain considerations often required that different fire control elements be separated by up to several hundred feet. Observers telephoned their data to an officer, who manually entered it into the central computer, read off the results, and telephoned them to the gun installations. This communication system introduced both a time delay and the opportunity for error. The components needed tighter integration, and such a system required automatic data communications.In the 1920s the Sperry Gyroscope Company led the field in data communications. Its experience came from Elmer Spe rry‟s most successful invention, a true-north seeking gyro for ships. A significant feature of the Sperry Gyrocompass was its ability to transmit heading data from a single central gyro to repeaters located at a number of locations around the ship. The repeaters, essentially follow-up servos, connected to another follow-up, which tracked the motion of the gyro without interference. These data transmitters had attracted the interest of the Navy, which needed a stable heading reference and a system of data communication for its own fire control problems. In 1916, Sperry built a fire control system for the Navy which, although it placed minimal emphasis on automatic computing, was a sophisticated distributed data system. By 1920 Sperry had installed these systems on a number of US. battleships.Because of the Sperry Company‟s experience with fire control in the Navy, as well as Elmer Sperry‟s earlier work with the goniometer and the pretelemeter, the Army approached the company for help with data transmission for anti-aircraft fire control. To Elmer Sperry, it looked like an easy problem: the calculations resembled those in a naval application, but the physical platform, unlike a ship at sea, anchored to the ground. Sperry engineers visited Wilson at the Frankford Arsenal in 1925, and Elmer Sperry followed up with a letter expressing his interest in working on the problem. He stressed his company‟s experience with naval problems, as well as its recent developments in bombsights, “work from the other end of the pro position.” Bombsights had to incorporate numerous parameters of wind, groundspeed, airspeed, and ballistics, so an anti-aircraft gun director was in some ways a reciprocal bombsight . In fact, part of the reason anti-aircraft fire control equipment worked at all was that it assumed attacking bombers had to fly straight and level to line up their bombsights. Elmer Sperry‟s interests were warmly received, and in I925 and 1926 the Sperry Company built two data transmission systems for the Army‟s gun directors.The original director built at Frankford was designated T-1, or the “Wilson Director.” The Army had purchased a Vickers director manufactured in England, but encouraged Wilson to design one thatcould be manufactured in this country Sperry‟s two data tran smission projects were to add automatic communications between the elements of both the Wilson and the Vickers systems (Vickers would eventually incorporate the Sperry system into its product). Wilson died in 1927, and the Sperry Company took over the entire director development from the Frankford Arsenal with a contract to build and deliver a director incorporating the best features of both the Wilson and Vickers systems. From 1927 to 193.5, Sperry undertook a small but intensive development program in anti-aircraft systems. The company financed its engineering internally, selling directors in small quantities to the Army, mostly for evaluation, for only the actual cost of production [S]. Of the nearly 10 models Sperry developed during this period, it never sold more than 12 of any model; the average order was five. The Sperry Company offset some development costs by sales to foreign govemments, especially Russia, with the Army‟s approval 191.The T-6 DirectorSperry‟s modified version of Wilson‟s director was designated T-4 in development. This model incorporated corrections for air density, super-elevation, and wind. Assembled and tested at Frankford in the fall of 1928, it had problems with backlash and reliability in its predicting mechanisms. Still, the Army found the T-4 promising and after testing returned it to Sperry for modification. The company changed the design for simpler manufacture, eliminated two operators, and improved reliability. In 1930 Sperry returned with the T-6, which tested successfully. By the end of 1931, the Army had ordered 12 of the units. The T-6 was standardized by the Army as the M-2 director.Since the T-6 was the first anti-aircraft director to be put into production, as well as the first one the Army formally procured, it is instructive to examine its operation in detail. A technical memorandum dated 1930 explained the theory behind the T-6 calculations and how the equations were solved by the system. Although this publication lists no author, it probably was written by Earl W. Chafee, Sperry‟s director of fire control engineering. The director was a complex mechanical analog computer that connected four three-inch anti-aircraft guns and an altitude finder into an integratedsystem (see Fig. 1). Just as with Sperry‟s naval fire control system, the primary means of connection were “data transmitters,” similar to those that connected gyrocompasses to repeaters aboard ship.The director takes three primary inputs. Target altitude comes from a stereoscopic range finder. This device has two telescopes separated by a baseline of 12 feet; a single operator adjusts the angle between them to bring the two images into coincidence. Slant range, or the raw target distance, is then corrected to derive its altitude component. Two additional operators, each with a separate telescope, track the target, one for azimuth and one for elevation. Each sighting device has a data transmitter that measures angle or range and sends it to the computer. The computer receives these data and incorporates manual adjustments for wind velocity, wind direction, muzzle velocity, air density, and other factors. The computer calculates three variables: azimuth, elevation, and a setting for the fuze. The latter, manually set before loading, determines the time after firing at which the shell will explode. Shells are not intended to hit the target plane directly but rather to explode near it, scattering fragments to destroy it.The director performs two major calculations. First, pvediction models the motion of the target and extrapolates its position to some time in the future. Prediction corresponds to “leading” the target. Second, the ballistic calculation figures how to make the shell arrive at the desired point in space at the future time and explode, solving for the azimuth and elevation of the gun and the setting on the fuze. This calculation corresponds to the traditional artillery man‟s task of looking up data in a precalculated “firing table” and setting gun parameters accordingly. Ballistic calculation is simpler than prediction, so we will examine it first.The T-6 director solves the ballistic problem by directly mechanizing the traditional method, employing a “mechanical firing table.” Traditional firing tables printed on paper show solutions for a given angular height of the target, for a given horizontal range, and a number of other variables. The T-6 replaces the firing table with a Sperry ballistic cam.” A three-dimensionally machined cone shaped device, the ballistic cam or “pin follower” solves a pre-determined function. Two independent variables are input by the angular rotation of the cam and the longitudinal position of a pin that rests on top of the cam. As the pin moves up and down the length of the cam, and as the cam rotates, the height of the pin traces a function of two variables: the solution to the ballistics problem (or part of it). The T-6 director incorporates eight ballistic cams, each solving for a different component of the computation including superelevation, time of flight, wind correction, muzzle velocity. air density correction. Ballistic cams represented, in essence, the stored data of the mechanical computer. Later directors could be adapted to different guns simply by replacing the ballistic cams with a new set, machined according to different firing tables. The ballistic cams comprised a central component of Sperry‟s mechanical computing technology. The difficulty of their manufacture would prove a major limitation on the usefulness of Sperry directors.The T-6 director performed its other computational function, prediction, in an innovative way as well. Though the target came into the system in polar coordinates (azimuth, elevation, and range), targets usually flew a constant trajectory (it was assumed) in rectangular coordinates-i.e. straight andlevel. Thus, it was simpler to extrapolate to the future in rectangular coordinates than in the polar system. So the Sperry director projected the movement of the target onto a horizontal plane, derived the velocity from changes in position, added a fixed time multiplied by the velocity to determine a future position, and then converted the solution back into polar coordinates. This method became known as the “plan prediction method”because of the representation of the data on a flat “plan” as viewed from above; it was commonly used through World War II. In the plan prediction method, “the actual movement of the target is mechanically reproduced on a small scale within the Computer and the desired angles or speeds can be measured directly from the movements of these elements.”Together, the ballistic and prediction calculations form a feedback loop. Operators enter an estimated “time of flight” for the shell when they first begin tracking. The predictor uses this estimate to perform its initial calculation, which feeds into the ballistic stage. The output of the ballistics calculation then feeds back an updated time-of-flight estimate, which the predictor uses to refine the initial estimate. Thus “a cumulative cycle of correction brings the predicted future position of the target up to the point indicated by the actual future time of flight.”A square box about four feet on each side (see Fig. 2) the T-6 director was mounted on a pedestal on which it could rotate. Three crew would sit on seats and one or two would stand on a step mounted to the machine. The remainder of the crew stood on a fixed platform; they would have had to shuffle around as the unit rotated. This was probably not a problem, as the rotation angles were small. The direc tor‟s pedestal mounted on a trailer, on which data transmission cables and the range finder could be packed for transportation.We have seen that the T-6 computer took only three inputs, elevation, azimuth, and altitude (range), and yet it required nine operators. These nine did not include the operation of the range finder, which was considered a separate instrument, but only those operating the director itself. What did these nine men do?Human ServomechanismsTo the designers of the director, the operato rs functioned as “manual servomechanisms.”One specification for the machine required “minimum dependence on …human element.‟ The Sperry Company explained, “All operations must be made as mechanical and foolproof as possible; training requirements must visualize the conditions existent under rapid mobilization.” The lessons of World War I ring in this statement; even at the height of isolationism, with the country sliding into depression, design engineers understood the difficulty of raising large numbers of trained personnel in a national emergency. The designers not only thought the system should account for minimal training and high personnel turnover, they also considered the ability of operators to perform their duties under the stress of battle. Thus, nearly all the work for the crew was in a “follow-the-pointer”mode: each man concentrated on an instrument with two indicating dials, one the actual and one the desired value for a particular parameter. With a hand crank, he adjusted the parameter to match the two dials.Still, it seems curious that the T-6 director required so many men to perform this follow-the-pointer input. When the external rangefinder transmitted its data to the computer, it appeared on a dial and an operator had to follow the pointer to actually input the data into the computing mechanism. The machine did not explicitly calculate velocities. Rather, two operators (one for X and one for Y) adjusted variable-speed drives until their rate dials matched that of a constant-speed motor. When the prediction computation was complete, an operator had to feed the result into the ballistic calculation mechanism. Finally, when the entire calculation cycle was completed, another operator had to follow the pointer to transmit azimuth to the gun crew, who in turn had to match the train and elevation of the gun to the pointer indications.Human operators were the means of connecting “individual elements” into an integrated system. In one sense the men were impedance amplifiers, and hence quite similar to servomechanisms in other mechanical calculators of the time, especially Vannevar Bush‟s differential analyzer .The term “manual servomechanism”itself is an oxymoron: by the conventional definition, all servomechanisms are automatic. The very use of the term acknowledges the existence of an automatic technology that will eventually replace the manual method. With the T-6, this process was already underway. Though the director required nine operators, it had already eliminated two from the previous generation T-4. Servos replaced the operator who fed back superelevation data and the one who transmitted the fuze setting. Furthermore, in this early machine one man corresponded to one variable, and the machine‟s requirement for operators corresponded directly to the data flow of its computation. Thus the crew that operated the T-6 director was an exact reflection of the algorithm inside it.Why, then, were only two of the variables automated? This partial, almost hesitating automation indicates there was more to the human servo-motors than Sperry wanted to acknowledge. As much as the company touted “their duties are purely mechanical and little skill or judgment is required on the part of the operators,” men were still required to exercise some judgment, even if unconsciously. The data were noisy, and even an unskilled human eye could eliminate complications due to erroneous or corrupted data. The mechanisms themselves were rather delicate and erroneous input data, especially if it indicated conditions that were not physically possible, could lock up or damage the mechanisms. Theoperators performed as integrators in both senses of the term: they integrated different elements into a system.Later Sperry DirectorsWhen Elmer Sperry died in 1930, his engineers were at work on a newer generation director, the T-8. This machine was intended to be lighter and more portable than earlier models, as well as less expensive and “procurable in quantities in case of emergency.” The company still emphasized the need for unskilled men to operate the system in wartime, and their role as system integrators. The operators were “mechanical links in the apparatus, thereby making it possible to avoid mechanical complication which would be involved by the use of electrical or mechanical servo motors.” Still, army field experience with the T-6 had shown that servo-motors were a viable way to reduce the number of operators and improve reliability, so the requirements for the T-8 specified that wherever possible “electrical shall be used to reduce the number of operators to a minimum.” Thus the T-8 continued the process of automating fire control, and reduced the number of operators to four. Two men followed the target with telescopes, and only two were required for follow-the-pointer functions. The other follow-the-pointers had been replaced by follow-up servos fitted with magnetic brakes to eliminate hunting. Several experimental versions of the T-8 were built, and it was standardized by the Army as the M3 in 1934.Throughout the remain der of the …30s Sperry and the army fine-tuned the director system in the M3. Succeeding M3 models automated further, replacing the follow-the-pointers for target velocity with a velocity follow-up which employed a ball-and-disc integrator. The M4 series, standardized in 1939, was similar to the M3 but abandoned the constant altitude assumption and added an altitude predictor for gliding targets. The M7, standardized in 1941, was essentially similar to the M4 but added full power control to the guns for automatic pointing in elevation and azimuth. These later systems had eliminated errors. Automatic setters and loaders did not improve the situation because of reliability problems. At the start of World War II, the M7 was the primary anti-aircraft director available to the army.The M7 was a highly developed and integrated system, optimized for reliability and ease of operation and maintenance. As a mechanical computer, it was an elegant, if intricate, device, weighing 850 pounds and including about 11,000 parts. The design of the M7 capitalized on the strength of the Sperry Company: manufacturing of precision mechanisms, especially ballistic cams. By the time the U.S. entered the second world war, however, these capabilities were a scarce resource, especially for high volumes. Production of the M7 by Sperry and Ford Motor Company as subcontractor was a “real choke” and could not keep up with production of the 90mm guns, well into 1942. The army had also adopted an English system, known as the “Kerrison Director” or M5, which was less accurate than the M7 but easier to manufacture. Sperry redesigned the M5 for high-volume production in 1940, but passed in 1941.Conclusion: Human Beings as System IntegratorsThe Sperry directors we have examined here were transitional, experimental systems. Exactly for that reason, however, they allow us to peer inside the process of automation, to examine the displacement of human operators by servomechanisms while the process was still underway. Skilled asthe Sperry Company was at data transmission, it only gradually became comfortable with the automatic communication of data between subsystems. Sperry could brag about the low skill levels required of the operators of the machine, but in 1930 it was unwilling to remove them completely from the process. Men were the glue that held integrated systems together.As products, the Sperry Company‟s anti-aircraft gun directors were only partially successful. Still, we should judge a technological development program not only by the machines it produces but also by the knowledge it creates, and by how that knowledge contributes to future advances. Sperry‟s anti-aircraft directors of the 1930s were early examples of distributed control systems, technology that would assume critical importance in the following decades with the development of radar and digital computers. When building the more complex systems of later years, engineers at Bell Labs, MIT, and elsewhere would incorporate and build on the Sperry Company‟s experience,grappling with the engineering difficulties of feedback, control, and the augmentation of human capabilities by technological systems.在斯佩里防空炮火控和集成系统的发展电气时代的到来带来了新类型的控制系统。
赵亚威毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
宁波大红鹰学院毕业设计（论文）外文翻译所在学院：机电学院班级： 09机自6班姓名：赵亚威学号： 091280742指导教师：张育斌合作导师：2012年 11 月 15 日The realization of wireless sensor networks and applications inagriculture1 IntroductionWireless sensor networks (Wireless Sensor Network, WSN) are deployed in the monitoring area by the large number of low-cost micro sensor nodes, wireless communication through the formation of a multi-hop network self-organization. The aim is to perceive collaboration, collection and processing of network coverage in the perception of objects, and send observers. "Sensors, sensing object and the observer," constitute the three elements of the network. Here that the sensor is not in the traditional sense of the simple perception of physical signals and the sensor into a digital signal, which is the sensor module, data processing module and wireless communication module integrated in a small physical unit, that is , enhanced features than many traditional sensors can not only be aware of environmental information, but also data processing and wireless communication capabilities. With the built-in sensor nodes in a variety of sensors, where the environment can measure heat, infrared, sonar, radar and seismic signals and other signals to detect temperature, humidity, noise, light intensity, pressure, soil composition, moving object the size, speed and direction, and so many physical phenomena of interest to us. Wireless sensor network is a new mode of information acquisition and information processing. Because of the shortage of water resources are at a considerable degree, plus 90% of the waste, untreated sewage or handling standards for direct discharge of water pollution, water quality is lower than 11% of agricultural water supply standards. Water is the lifeblood of agriculture, is the controlling element of the ecological environment, but it is also strategic economic resources, extraction of groundwater by pump irrigation of farmland, rational use of water resources, development of water supply, improve the ecological environment in China is currently accurate Agriculture key, so use of irrigation water and energy supply in today's world is the general trend of technological development.2 Overview of wireless sensor networks2.1 The system architecture of wireless sensor networksWireless sensor network system architecture shown in Figure 1, typically include sensor nodes, aggregation nodes and management nodes. Clouds in the observation area sensor nodes in order to constitute a network of self-organized manner. Sensor node processing the collected information, the way to multi-hop relay the information transmitted to the sink node. Then through the Internet or mobile communicationnetwork and other channels to reach management node. End-users through the management of wireless sensor network node management and configuration, release monitoring tasks or collect return data.2.2 The characteristics of wireless sensor networks(1) self-organization. As the network and the network itself, the physical environment in which the unpredictability of factors, such as: can not pre-set exact location of the node can not know in advance the relationship between the nodes adjacent to some nodes because of energy depletion or other causes of death, newnodes join and so on, make the network deployment and expansion without the need to rely on any of the default network infrastructure, layered protocol between nodes and distributed algorithms by coordinating their behavior, a node can quickly start automatically after the formation of a separatemulti-hop routing network.(2) multi-hop routing.Limited communication distance of nodes in the network, the node can only communicate directly with its neighbors, if beyond the range of its RF communication nodes, you need to be routed through intermediate nodes.(3) the spatial distribution of a large area, node density, the number is huge.(4) data-center.In wireless sensor networks, people usually only care about a region within a certain numerical observations, and not to the specific observations concerned a single node.(5) node capacity constraints.The energy of sensor nodes, processing power, storage capacity and communication ability and so is very limited.①power energy restricted.As the miniaturization of sensor nodes, node battery power is limited, and because physical constraints make it difficult for nodes to replace the battery, so battery power limitations of sensor nodes is the wireless sensor network design one of the most critical constraints, which directly determines the network's worklife.② computing and storage capacity is limited.Bring low-cost micro sensor nodes weak processor, memory capacity of small features, so it can not perform complex calculations, and the traditional Internet network protocols and algorithms on the relative maturity of wireless sensor networks, too costly, difficult to use,must therefore be simple, effective protocols and algorithms, such as the ZigBee protocol.③communication is limited.Typically, the energy consumption of wireless communication and communication distance d E the relation: E = kdn.Where 2 <n <4.N is usually taken as 3.2.3 The shortcomings of wireless sensor networks(1) energy is limited. Sensor nodes are usually powered by ordinary batteries or lithium batteries, the energy limited.In unattended environments, wireless sensor network applications is one of the bottlenecks.(2) node cost is higher. Currently on the market price in thousands of sensor nodes over the wireless sensor network nodes need many, limiting promote the use of wireless sensor networks.(3) The poor security. As a result of wireless channel, distributed control technology, the network more vulnerable to passive eavesdropping, active intrusion and other attacks.(4) collaboration. Individual sensor nodes are often unable to complete the target of measurement, tracking and recognition, while the number of sensor nodes need to exchange information through the algorithm on data obtained for processing, aggregation and filtering, the final result.3 the current wireless sensor network applications in agricultureView of the water shortage and the demand for farmland irrigation, irrigation equipment under the existing conditions of application fields of crops, soil, water distribution, etc., for precise analysis of the current agricultural solved key technical problems, we propose a use ofwireless sensor network technology, suitable for large areas of agricultural land Intelligent Irrigation Control.3.1 The system worksOf SCM system with multiple sensors on the humidity, temperature, rainfall, pH, water evaporation (wind speed) and air temperature, and other information collection to achieve the precise automatic irrigation control field, the output of the signal information through a wireless full-dup lex Public data transmission sent to the control center transceiver module (embedded systems) to determine whether to activate the pump for the farm water supply, water supply or not, this sa me information sent by the GPRS communication through the Internet to remote control centers, remote monitoring, and some models by computer to process information, make a water supply plan.3.2 Hardware Design of Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless sensor network model is different from the traditional wireless network infrastructure, network, monitoring the region by a large number of sensor nodes randomly dispenser (the node), coordinated by the node and quickly set up their own communications network, under the principle of priority for energy efficiency division of work tasks for monitoring regional information .Self-organizing properties of the network when the node failure is reflected in the new node is added or when the network is capable of adaptive re-established to adjust the overall detection accuracy, give full play to its advantages in resources, that is, each node in the network with data collected in addition both data forwarding function smulti-hop routing. Wireless sensor networks composed of nodes in each category by the general data acquisition, data processing, data transmission and power the four parts. Each of microcontrollerhardware and software design are the same. The design of the study design was only for a single chip system. Be monitored in the form of physical signals determines the type of sensor .Embedded processors are often used CPU, such as the MOTOROLA company's 68HC16, C51 MCU and so on. Data transmission unit can be selected from low-power, short-range wireless communication modules, but considering the anti-theft and natural damage, the system chooses the larger power, transmission distance of SA68D21DL, farmers can be placed in the office or home, the main controller. Figure 2 depicts the composition of the node, in which the direction of the arrow indicates that the data flow direction in the node.3.3 The main control systemIn this system, the control network and Internet hosts as the connection between the wireless sensor network protocol conversion gateway. The hardware used Zhiyuan Electronics Mini ARM embedded computer modules. MiniISA series acquisition board structure using smart card, that card on the built-in MCU.MCU on the board on-board I / O ports control, to achieve I / O data buffer, thereby reducing the interface to the host board for Mini ISA dependence, saving the host data processing time, to ensure MiniISA system more efficient operation. MCU board can also collect data or output data for further processing. System schematic shown in Figure 3.3.4 Design of the remote control system is mainlyGPRS communication system, GPRS and Internet network access system, the monitoring center console-friendly interface display control system. This part of the hardware can be applied to existing mobile telecommunications companies and Internet resources, software and professional capabilities to consider the cost of independent development, the proposed application of the existing remote software, such as "Ball Remote Control" software, remote monitoring equipment Co., Ltd. in Hunan Province The RC-2000 remote control software visualization system. Concluding RemarksThis paper reviews the nodes of wireless sensor networks, characteristics, and current applications in agriculture, research-based embedded systems, intelligent wide are a of farmland out of the water supply system, water is detected field information to continue through the automatic control Electric water pump to start, and realized the remote GPRS communications, PC, to learn through the health system and over which it controlled, automatic acquisition of soil information to determine whether to activate the pump from the line for the farm water supply, which is in line with China's rural areasbasic national conditions. The system is simple, click on the system transformation, can be designed courtyard automatic water supply systems, automatic water supply system and a garden greenhouse automatic water supply system, so the scalability of the system is better, relatively broad prospects.Today's wireless sensor network as a new hotspot in the field of information, involving interdisciplinary. With the reduced cost sensors and related solutions to continuous optimization problems, such as power consumption and data fusion algorithm is more small, node localization algorithm in continuous improvement, and more advanced wireless RF module, wireless sensor networks will be more in agriculture wide range of applications.译文：无线传感器网络的实现及在农业上的应用1引言无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Network ,WSN）就是由部署在监测区域内大量的廉价微型传感器节点组成，通过无线通信方式形成的一个多跳的自组织的网络系统。
英文翻译(完美作品) 毕业设计
集料生产加工的建模和分析Dany Hajjarl和Simaan M.AbouRizk，会员,中国土木水利工程学刊文摘:这篇论文介绍了一种专门为集料加工行业而生产的模拟开发工具称为CRUISER，该专用的工具提供通用模拟器的另一种选择且一般很难被建设的实践者使用。
CRUISER是基于面向对象的环境,让视觉创造的过程仿真的模型和试验。
两个主要集料生产建模过程是:(1)经粉碎减少集料大小;(2) 通过大小分离筛选。
潜在的模式都是基于一个组合设备生产制造，进行各种规格、实证数据流分析和随机分析，该系统对所提出的理论进行了大量的设备配置并在很多组织实施。
介绍碎石集料生产涉及到材料的减少和原料的大小分离或者设想成为一种适用于建设的碎料。
这样做的目的是获得质量要求的集料并在最低限度的成本满足用户。
对于工厂选址决策、配置,以及设备设置一般是基于现场人员的经验。
本文综述为集料的分析模型, 提出了一种特殊目的的模拟工具,可以用来建模和模拟一个完整的破碎设备。
总生产生产建设过程中,涉及到的集料尺寸减少和分离以及许多支持操作,如钻孔、爆破、装卸、运输、和产品处理。
本文讨论的方法只适用于加工阶段。
对于一个理论和实践的概述，读者可参阅Nunnaly(1980年)和Peurifoy以及其他人(1996)并伴随这些活动。
集料的制备集料的制备包括两个主要的活动:(1)减少材料尺寸;(2)根据尺寸分离。
尺寸是通过使用专用的粉碎设备减小，该设备操作锋利的原理(钳口,回转破碎机,圆锥破碎机)或高冲击(单、双叶轮撞击机) (史密斯和科利1993)。
大多数集料上浆方法是进行筛选的方式运行,根据粒子的最低通过选择长度而分级。
典型的工业屏幕支持多种不同开放甲板的尺寸。
在简单的静态屏幕，运输是倾斜表面充分为材料所移动的重力而安排。
其他类型的屏幕上的组合则是利用旋转重力运动振动提供 (Peurifoy，1996)。
多级循环处理在图1中集料的加工是利用集料生产设备几个阶段,穿过几个破碎机的示范和屏幕。
基于java的英汉互译词典的设计课程设计报告
高级程序设计与软件工程课程设计报告设计题目：基于java的英汉互译词典的设计毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。
尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。
对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
作者签名：日期：指导教师签名：日期：使用授权说明本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。
作者签名：日期：学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。
除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。
对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。
本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。
作者签名：日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。
本人授权大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。
涉密论文按学校规定处理。
作者签名：日期：年月日导师签名：日期：年月日注意事项1.设计（论文）的内容包括：1）封面（按教务处制定的标准封面格式制作）2）原创性声明3）中文摘要（300字左右）、关键词4）外文摘要、关键词5）目次页（附件不统一编入）6）论文主体部分：引言（或绪论）、正文、结论7）参考文献8）致谢9）附录（对论文支持必要时）2.论文字数要求：理工类设计（论文）正文字数不少于1万字（不包括图纸、程序清单等），文科类论文正文字数不少于1.2万字。
毕业设计外文翻译例文分析解析
大连科技学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译学生姓名专业班级指导教师职称所在单位教研室主任完毕日期 2016年4月15日Translation EquivalenceDespite the fact that the world is becoming a global village, translation remains a major way for languages and cultures to interact and influence each other. And name translation, especially government name translation, occupies a quite significant place in international exchange.Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. While interpreting—the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages—antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature. There exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2023 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE. Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated. Due to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations. Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation (machine translation) or to mechanically aid the human translator (computer-assisted translation). The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation servicesand has facilitated language localizationIt is generally accepted that translation, not as a separate entity, blooms into flower under such circumstances like culture, societal functions, politics and power relations. Nowadays, the field of translation studies is immersed with abundantly diversified translation standards, with no exception that some of them are presented by renowned figures and are rather authoritative. In the translation practice, however, how should we select the so-called translation standards to serve as our guidelines in the translation process and how should we adopt the translation standards to evaluate a translation product?In the macro - context of flourish of linguistic theories, theorists in the translation circle, keep to the golden law of the principle of equivalence. The theory of Translation Equivalence is the central issue in western translation theories. And the presentation of this theory gives great impetus to the development and improvement of translation theory. It’s not diffi cult for us to discover that it is the theory of Translation Equivalence that serves as guidelines in government name translation in China. Name translation, as defined, is the replacement of the name in the source language by an equivalent name or other words in the target language. Translating Chinese government names into English, similarly, is replacing the Chinese government name with an equivalent in English.Metaphorically speaking, translation is often described as a moving trajectory going from A to B along a path or a container to carry something across from A to B. This view is commonly held by both translation practitioners and theorists in the West. In this view, theydo not expect that this trajectory or something will change its identity as it moves or as it is carried. In China, to translate is also understood by many people normally as “to translate the whole text sentence by sentence and paragraph by paragraph, without any omission, addition, or other changes. In both views, the source text and the target text must be “the same”. This helps explain the etymological source for the term “translation equivalence”. It is in essence a word which describes the relationship between the ST and the TT.Equivalence means the state or fact or property of being equivalent. It is widely used in several scientific fields such as chemistry and mathematics. Therefore, it comes to have a strong scientific meaning that is rather absolute and concise. Influenced by this, translation equivalence also comes to have an absolute denotation though it was first applied in translation study as a general word. From a linguistic point of view, it can be divided into three sub-types, i.e., formal equivalence, semantic equivalence, and pragmatic equivalence. In actual translation, it frequently happens that they cannot be obtained at the same time, thus forming a kind of relative translation equivalence in terms of quality. In terms of quantity, sometimes the ST and TT are not equivalent too. Absolute translation equivalence both in quality and quantity, even though obtainable, is limited to a few cases.The following is a brief discussion of translation equivalence study conducted by three influential western scholars, Eugene Nida, Andrew Chesterman and Peter Newmark. It’s expected that their studies can instruct GNT study in China and provide translators with insightful methods.Nida’s definition of translation is: “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” It i s a replacement of textual material in one language〔SL〕by equivalent textual material in another language（TL）. The translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity. In a sense, this is just another way of emphasizing the reproducing of the message rather than the conservation of the form of the utterance. The message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language to reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original. Translation equivalence is an empirical phenomenon discovered by comparing SL and TL texts and it’s a useful operational concept like the term “unit of translati on”.Nida argues that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, whereas dynamic equivalence is based upon “the principle of equivalent effect”.Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a ST word or phrase. Nida and Taber make it clear that there are not always formal equivalents between language pairs. Therefore, formal equivalents should be used wherever possible if the translation aims at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. The use of formal equivalents might at times have serious implications in the TT since the translation will not beeasily understood by the target readership. According to Nida and Taber, formal correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard.Dyn amic equivalence is based on what Nida calls “the principle of equivalent effect” where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. The message has to be modified to the receptor’s linguistic needs and cultural expectation and aims at complete naturalness of expression. Naturalness is a key requirement for Nida. He defines the goal of dynamic equivalence as seeking the closest natural equivalent to the SL message. This receptor-oriented approach considers adaptations of grammar, of lexicon and of cultural references to be essential in order to achieve naturalness; the TL should not show interference from the SL, and the ‘foreignness ‘of the ST setting is minimized.Nida is in favor of the application of dynamic equivalence, as a more effective translation procedure. Thus, the product of the translation process, that is the text in the TL, must have the same impact on the different readers it was addressing. Only in Nida and Taber's edition is it clearly stated that dynamic equivalence in translation is far more than mere correct communication of information.As Andrew Chesterman points out in his recent book Memes of Translation, equivalence is one of the five element of translation theory, standing shoulder to shoulder withsource-target, untranslatability, free-vs-literal, All-writing-is-translating in importance. Pragmatically speaking, observed Chesterman, “the only true examples of equivalence (i.e., absolute equivalence) are those in which an ST item X is invariably translated into a given TL as Y, and vice versa. Typical examples would be words denoting numbers (with the exception of contexts in which they have culture-bound connotations, such as “magic” or “unlucky”), certain technical terms (oxygen, molecule) and the like. From this point of view, the only true test of equivalence would be invariable back-translation. This, of course, is unlikely to occur except in the case of a small set of lexical items, or perhaps simple isolated syntactic structure”.Peter Newmark. Departing from Nida’s receptor-oriented line, Newmark argues that the success of equivalent effect is “illusory “and that the conflict of loyalties and the gap between emphasis on source and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in translation theory and practice. He suggests narrowing the gap by replacing the old terms with those of semantic and communicative translation. The former attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original, while the latter “attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.” Newmark’s description of communicative translation resembles Nida’s dynamic equivalence in the effect it is trying to create on the TT reader, while semantic translation has similarities to Nida’s formal equivalence.Meanwhile, Newmark points out that only by combining both semantic and communicative translation can we achieve the goal of keeping the ‘spirit’ of the original. Semantic translation requires the translator retain the aesthetic value of the original, trying his best to keep the linguistic feature and characteristic style of the author. According to semantic translation, the translator should always retain the semantic and syntactic structures of the original. Deletion and abridgement lead to distortion of the author’s intention and his writing style.翻译对等尽管全世界正在渐渐成为一种地球村，但翻译仍然是语言和和文化之间旳交流互动和互相影响旳重要方式之一。
基于直接机器翻译技术的汉英翻译系统设计
基于直接机器翻译技术的汉英翻译系统设计随着全球化的发展，信息交流越来越频繁，语言之间的沟通成为了非常重要的一环。
而汉英翻译是最为重要的一种语言之间的翻译。
然而传统的汉英翻译方式很难做到高质量翻译以及实时翻译的需求。
因此，采用直接机器翻译技术设计汉英翻译系统已成为未来的发展趋势。
什么是直接机器翻译？直接机器翻译是指直接从源语言（汉语）翻译成目标语言（英语）的一种机器翻译方式。
它没有中间语言的转换，直接将源语言的编码转换为目标语言的编码。
相对于传统的基于规则或者统计的机器翻译方式，直接机器翻译更快速、准确，而且成本更低。
直接机器翻译的关键技术1. 神经网络技术神经网络是直接机器翻译技术的核心技术。
它在机器翻译系统中扮演了编码器和解码器的角色。
通过神经网络，翻译系统可以将输入的源语言句子转换为一系列的向量，然后再将这些向量转换为目标语言句子。
同时，神经网络还能够在整个机器翻译过程中完成词序和句序的转换。
2. 语音识别技术语音识别技术是直接机器翻译的重要技术之一。
当汉语是以口语的形式存在时，传统的输入法无法识别，因此语音识别技术可以将口语转化为机器可识别的文本，为机器翻译提供了方便。
3. 自然语言处理技术自然语言处理技术可以帮助机器翻译系统识别不同语言之间的语法、词汇和句法，协助机器准确理解翻译内容的含义。
它是翻译系统的核心技术之一，能够更好地实现直接翻译的质量和速度。
直接机器翻译技术优势相比于传统的基于规则或者统计的翻译技术，直接机器翻译具有以下优势：1. 速度快。
直接机器翻译能够直接将输入的语言翻译为输出语言，不需要经过多步骤的转换，因此能够更快速地实现翻译。
2. 更精准。
直接机器翻译是通过神经网络等技术进行逐字逐句的翻译，因此它的翻译质量相对来说更加准确和精细。
3. 成本更低。
传统的翻译方式需要耗费大量的人力和物力，需要雇佣训练有素的翻译人员或者使用一些辅助翻译软件，而直接机器翻译却不需要太多人力和物力成本。
毕业设计中英文翻译doc全文免费
引言概述：本文将分析毕业设计中英文翻译的相关内容。
英文翻译已成为毕业设计中非常重要的一部分，尤其是对于需要与国际合作伙伴进行交流或是需要参考国际文献的学生而言。
因此，本文将从准备工作、翻译要求、技巧与注意事项、常见问题及解决方法以及翻译的评估和总结五个大点进行详细阐述。
正文内容：一、准备工作1.深入了解所翻译文本的背景与内容2.查找并收集相关领域的参考资料3.确定翻译的目标和要求4.确定翻译使用的软件和工具5.制定翻译计划和时间安排二、翻译要求1.翻译精确性与准确性的要求2.翻译专业性与技术性的要求3.翻译语言风格与文化差异的要求4.翻译时效性与速度的要求5.翻译文件格式和排版的要求三、技巧与注意事项1.分析句子结构与语法2.注意词语的多义性与上下文的含义3.灵活运用词典和在线翻译工具4.注意语言表达的流畅性与自然性5.校对和审校翻译结果四、常见问题及解决方法1.生词和专业术语的处理2.语法和表达错误的修改3.文化差异和陈述方式的转换4.上下文理解和逻辑结构的优化5.长句和复杂句的重组和简化五、翻译的评估和总结1.评估翻译的质量和准确性2.总结翻译过程中的经验和教训3.反思并改进翻译方法和技巧4.学习他人的翻译作品和经验5.持续提升和精进翻译技能总结：毕业设计中英文翻译是一项具有挑战性的任务，但通过充分的准备工作、翻译要求的明确、运用恰当的技巧与注意事项、解决常见问题的经验以及评估和总结的反思，我们可以提高翻译的质量和准确性。
同时，不断学习和提升翻译技能也是非常重要的。
通过本文提出的方法和建议，希望能够帮助读者在毕业设计中的英文翻译中取得好的成果。
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摘要英汉互译系统是基于J2EE开发的，在J2SDK和Eclipse平台上使用java与Microsoft Access开发的，主要是解决个人及广大的朋友们实现英译汉、汉译英的功能，本系统实现对生词、错词进行添加、删除和修改。
之所以选择J2EE来开发本系统有诸多的优越性，下面分别介绍：J2EE的优越性：J2EE是一套全然不同于传统应用开发的技术架构，包含许多组件，主要可简化且规范应用系统的开发与部署，进而提高可移植性、安全与再用价值。
Java语言的优越性和前景：java是以撰写跨平台应用软件的面向对象的程序设计语言，是由Sun Microsystems公司于1995年5月推出的Java程序设计语言和Java平台（即JavaSE, JavaEE, JavaME）的总称。
Java 技术具有卓越的通用性、高效性、平台移植性和安全性，广泛应用于个人PC、数据中心、游戏控制台、科学超级计算机、移动电话和互联网，同时拥有全球最大的开发者专业社群。
在全球云计算和移动互联网的产业环境下，Java更具备了显著优势和广阔前景。
作品的选材：现在我们处于一个信息的时代，随着时代的进步，语言也伴随这进步，我们处在一个形形色色的语言大家庭中，会其他国家的语言变得尤为重要，而英语在这些语言中又显得突出了，之所以选择做一个英汉互译的翻译软件是为了帮助自己和他人能学习更多的英语词汇，提升自己的技能水平。
系统用程序的方式解决了那些非常复杂的操作，比如翻越词典，所有的步骤只需在电脑或者手机上安装即可查询。
只需要查询，添加，删除和修改简单的几步操作就可以完成，非常简单实用。
【关键词】 java技术；英汉互译；查询；删除；修改；添加AbstractTranslation system is based on J2EE development, developed using java the J2SDK and Eclipse platform and Microsoft Access, mainly to solve personal and the majority of the friends realized English to Chinese and Chinese to English functionality of the system to achieve the new words,wrong word to add, delete, and modify. Chose J2EE to develop the system has many advantages, the following were introduced:The superiority of J2EE:J2EE is a set of completely different from traditional application development, technical architecture, contains a number of components, mainly to simplify the specification of application systems development and deployment, and to improve portability, security and re-use value.The superiority of the Java language and prospects:java programming language in writing object-oriented cross-platform software applications, was launched in May 1995 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. Java programming language and the Java platform (ie JavaSE, JavaEE, and JavaME) general. Java technology has excellent versatility, efficiency, platform portability, and security, are widely used in personal PC, data center, gaming consoles, scientific supercomputers, mobile phones and the Internet, at the same time has the world's largest community of professional developers . Global cloud computing and mobile Internet industry environment, Java has significant advantages and broad prospects.The selection of works:Now we are in an information age, with the progress of the times, the language is also accompanied by this progress, we arein a diverse languages extended family, will be the language of the other countries has become particularly important, and the prominent English language , chose to do a translation translation software to help themselves and others to learn more English vocabulary, enhance their level of skills.Program to solve a very complex operation, such as crossing the dictionary, all the steps are simply installed on a computer or mobile phone can query. Only need a few simple steps operation can be completed, a very simple and practical.【Key Words】java technology; Translation; queries; delete; modified; Add目录第一章问题定义及内容简介 (9)1.1问题的定义 (9)1.2 内容简介 (9)第二章研究背景与研究意义 (2)2.1 研究背景 (2)2.2 研究意义 (3)第三章开发平台与语言简介 (5)3.1 Eclipse简介 (5)3.2 java 简介 (6)3.3 Access 简介 (7)第四章系统需求分析及可行性分析 (8)4.1 系统需求分析 (8)4.1.1 现状分析 (8)4.1.2 功能需求分析 (9)4.1.3 数据库需求分析 (9)4.1.4 系统数据流程分析 (10)4.2 系统总体功能介绍 (12)4.3 模块功能介绍 (12)4.3.1 主界面功能 (12)4.3.2 英译汉功能 (12)4.3.3 汉译英功能 (13)4.4 数据项 (13)4.5 系统难点分析 (15)第五章系统设计 (15)5.1系统的总体设计 (15)5.1.1系统的功能模块设计 (15)5.2 系统的详细设计 (17)5.2.1 概念设计 (17)5.3 系统的物理设计 (18)第六章总体设计 (19)6．1 算法的实现 (19)6.2 字符串的联系 (20)6.3 数据库设计 (20)6.3.1 数据库图 (20)6.3.2 数据库的约束与关系 (21)6.4 系统的实现 (21)6.4.1 主界面功能实现 (21)6.4.2 英译汉功能实现 (23)6.4.3 汉译英功能及词库备份实现 (24)6.4.4 查询类的实现及数据库绑定 (26)6.4.5 添加类的实现及数据库绑定 (27)6.4.6 修改类的实现及数据库绑定 (29)6.4.7 删除类的实现及数据库绑定 (31)第七章 Socket编程 (35)7.1 Socket编程 (35)7.2 Socket的实现 (35)第八章程序总结 (41)8.1 本系统的优点 (41)8.2 本系统的不足及改良 (42)8.3 设计和实现过程中的收获 (42)参考文献 (43)参考书籍： (43)谢辞 (45)第一章问题定义及内容简介1.1问题的定义解决英译汉、汉译英以及传统的英汉互译的软件缺陷进行以下的改变：1.实现添加生词到数据库，方便下次查询，备份词库、避免数据丢失。
2.修改错误的词汇，汉英解释和单词的性质。
3.对不必要的词汇进行删除，大大的减少了数据冗余和重复。
4.考虑数据库的选择和数据库连接、配置等问题、减少不必要的问题出现1.2 内容简介通过设计实践，达到以下目的：1.培养学生严谨务实的工作态度，并在老师的指导下，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力，促进理论联系实际学风养成。
2.巩固和加深对面向对象程序设计的基本概念、基本理论和实现技术的理解。
3.掌握Java开发的主要环境与工具，掌握面向对象的常用控件的使用方法。
4.初步掌握面向对象系统分析与设计的基本方法和步骤，并能针对简单的实际应用问题进行初步地分析和设计。
5.掌握Java编程语言，并针对具体应用问题进行编程实现。
6.通过撰写课程设计论文，锻炼学生科技论文写作能力。
英汉互译的实现：功能要求：能够编辑词典库中的信息，能够实现英译汉，汉译英（要考虑一词多义）。
该系统主要用于实现英汉互译的功能，先选择是英译汉还是汉译英然后再查询框中查询，该系统会自动弹出匹配信息。
第二章研究背景与研究意义2.1 研究背景电子引词典是一种将传统的印刷词典转成数码方式、进行快速查询的数字学习工具。
电脑辞典以轻便易携、查询快捷、功能丰富等特点，成为21世纪学生学习生活、社会人士移动办公的掌上利器。
电脑辞典主要有五大板块功能，分别为：辞典查询学习功能、电子记事功能、计算功能、参考资料功能以及数据传输功能。
目前市场上的电子辞典内置的辞典有学习词典如英汉、雅思等，也有专业词典如电子、医药、信息等。