历年考研真题解析
考研真题及答案解析
徐之明权威解析2013年考研政治试题马原客观题答案解析一、单项选择题马原部分1.有一副对联，上联是“桔子洲，洲旁舟，舟行洲不行”，下联是“天心阁，阁中鸽，鸽飞阁不飞”。
这形象地说明了运动和静止是相互联系的。
静止是（）A.运动的普遍状态B.运动的内在原因C.运动的衡量尺度D.运动的存在方式【答案】C【思路剖析】本题属于案例型考题，即通过一个具体的事例，去探究其中所包含的哲理。
题干所引对联的作者，是毛泽东和周恩来。
1960年5月，毛泽东、周恩来一行视察长沙，工作之余，到江边散步。
遥望橘子洲头，百舸争流，万帆竞发，毛泽东逸兴遄飞，口占一上联：“橘子洲，洲旁舟，舟行洲不行”，此联动静相对，意境悠远，三个断句，两处“顶针”，“洲”和“舟”又是谐音，应对难度极大。
毛泽东对身边的周恩来说：“恩来，我一时江郎才尽，请你来个锦上添花如何？”周恩来才思敏捷，了解长沙，应声对道：“天心阁，阁中鸽，鸽飞阁不飞。
”天心阁系长沙市内一景，与橘子洲相对。
整个对联工整流畅、浑然一体，留下一段佳句和佳话。
从考试答题的角度论，最关键的是抓住题干中的最后一句：“这形象地说明了运动和静止是相互联系的。
静止是（）。
“.运动的普遍状态”是胡编的干扰项，学术上没有这个说法。
故A.项错误。
“.运动的内在原因”是矛盾，故B项为错误。
物质的存在方式是运动；没有“运动的存在方式”这个说法。
C. 项“静止是运动的衡量尺度”是正确的说法。
该说法的出处是马克思、恩格斯的话：“运动应当从它的反面即从静止找到它的量度”。
所包含的深层哲理是在对立中认识同一。
【必背考点】《马原》第2章之“运动和静止”。
【应试对策】本题的难度，主要不是来自考查的内容，而是来自于干扰项的设定。
“运动”、“普遍”、“内在原因”、“存在方式”等，都是我们学习哲学中经常碰到的基本概念。
如果没有理解作为支撑，并且采取临时抱佛脚的突击记忆方式，比较难做出正确的决断。
2.一位机械工程专家讲过这样一件事：“文革”中，他在某地劳动，有一天公社派他去割羊草。
考研(数学一)历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析)
考研（数学一）历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 选择题 2. 填空题选择题下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求。
1．(2011)已知当x→0时，函数f(x)=3sin．x=sin 3x与cxk是等价无穷小，则( )A．k=1，c=4．B．k=1，c=4．C．k=3，c=4．D．k=3，c=-4．正确答案：C解析：因为当x→0时，函数f(x)=3sin x=sin 3x与cxk是等价无穷小，所以从而k-1=2，即k=3，于是故应选C．2．(2012)设函数f(x)=(ex-1)(e2x-2).….(enx-n)，其中n为正整数，则f’(0)=( ) A．(-1)n-1(n-1)!．B．(-1)n(n-1)!．C．(-1)n-1n!．D．(-1)nn!．正确答案：A解析：利用导数的定义求f’(0)．故应选A．3．(2012)曲线的渐近线的条数为( )A．0．B．1．C．2．D．3．正确答案：C解析：应同时考虑水平渐近线、铅直渐近线与斜渐近线．因为所以y=1是曲线的水平渐近线，同时说明曲线无斜渐近线．又因为所以x=1是曲线的铅直渐近线，x=-1不是曲线的铅直渐近线．综上所述，应选C．4．(2009)设A，B均为2阶矩阵，A*，B*分别为A，B的伴随矩阵．若｜A｜=2，｜B｜=3，则分块矩阵的伴随矩阵为( )A．B．C．D．正确答案：B解析：本题主要考查分块矩阵的行列式、伴随矩阵的相关公式以及分块矩阵的逆矩阵．由=(-1)2×2｜A｜｜B｜=6知，矩阵可逆，从而故应选B．5．(2006)设A、B为两个随机事件，且P(B)＞0，P(A｜B)=1，则必有( ) A．P(A∪B)＞P(A)．B．P(A∪B)＞P(B)．C．P(A∪B)=P(A)．D．P(A∪B)=-P(B)．正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查乘法公式与加法公式．由已知条件与乘法公式有P(AB)=P(B)P(A｜B)=P(B)，再由加法公式有P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(AB)=P(A)．故应选C．6．(2003)设函数f(x)在(-∞，+∞)内连续，其导函数的图形如图1所示，则f(x)有( )A．一个极小值点和两个极大值点．B．两个极小值点和一个极大值点．C．两个极小值点和两个极大值点．D．三个极小值点和一个极大值点．正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查导函数y=f’(x)与函数y=f(x)的图形的关系与一元函数的极值(点)．由于已知函数是抽象函数，无法用推理法及反例排除法解决．考虑用y=f’(x)与y=f(x)的图形之间的关系画出y=f(x)的图形，利用定性分析的方法解决该问题．根据y=f’(x)的图形画出y=f(x)的图形，如图2所示，根据y=f(x)的图形知，f(x)有两个极小值点和两个极大值点．故应选C．7．(2011)函数f(x)=ln｜(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)｜的驻点个数为( )A．0．B．1．C．2．D．3．正确答案：C解析：因为，所以x=1，x=2，x=3是曲线y=f(x)的铅直渐近线．又，由此可画出f(x)=ln｜(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)｜的草图，如图3所示，由图形可知，存在两点x1，x2，使得f’(x1)=f’(x2)=0，即f(x)有两个驻点．故应选C．8．(2006)设函数y=f(x)具有二阶导数，且f’(x)＞0，f’’(x)＞0，△x为自变量x在点x0处的增量，△y与dy分别为f(x)在点x0处对应的增量与微分，若△x＞0，则( )A．0＜dy＜△y．B．0＜△y＜dy．C．△y＜dy＜0．D．dy＜△y＜0．正确答案：A解析：△y=f(x0+△x)-(x0)=f’(ξ)△x (x0＜ξ＜x0+△x)．因为f’’(x)＞0，所以f’(x)单调增加，从而f’(ξ)＞f’(x0)，于是△y=f’(ξ)△x＞f’(x0)△x=dy．又因为f’(x)＞0，所以0＜dy＜△y．故应选A．9．(1999)设两个相互独立的随机变量X和Y分别服从正态分布N(0，1)和N(1，1)，则( )A．P{X+Y≤0}=B．P{X+Y≤1}=C．P{X-Y≤0}=D．P{X-Y≤1}=正确答案：B解析：由于均服从正态分布且相互独立的随机变量的线性组合仍然服从正态分布，所以由正态分布的几何意义知，正态分布的密度函数关于均值左右对称，于是其小于均值的概率为，从而P{X+Y≤1}=故应选B．10．(2002)设函数y=f(x)在(0，+∞)内有界且可导，则( )A．B．C．D．正确答案：B解析：取，因为排除A、C、D．故应选B．11．(2005)以下四个命题中，正确的是( )A．若f’(x)在(0，1)内连续，则f(x)在(0，1)内有界．B．若f(x)在(0，1)内连续，则f(x)在(0，1)内有界．C．若f’(x)在(0，1)内有界，则f(x)在(0，1)内有界．D．若f(x)在(0，1)内有界，则f’(x)在(0，1)内有界．正确答案：C解析：取f’(x)=，在(0，1)内连续，但f(x)=lnx在(0，1)内无界，排除A．取f(x)=，在(0，1)内连续，但f(x)在(0，1)内无界，排除B．取f(x)=，在(0，1)内有界，但f’(x)=在(0，1)内无界，排除D．故应选C．12．(2004)设f’(x)在[a，b]上连续，且f’(a)＞0，f’(b)＜0，则下列结论中错误的是( )A．至少存在一点x0∈(a，b)，使f(x0)＞f(a)．B．至少存在一点x0∈(a，b)，使f(x0)＞f(b)．C．至少存在一点x0∈(a，b)，使f’(x0)=0．D．至少存在一点x0∈(a，b)，使f(x0)=0．正确答案：D解析：取f(x)=2-x2，x∈[-1，1]，则f’(x)=-2x在[a，b]=[-1，1]上连续，且f’(a)=f’(-1)=2＞0，f’(b)=f’(1)=-2＜0，满足已知条件．由f(x)=2-x2的图形可知，在(-1，1)内，f(x)＞1，即对任意x0∈(-1，1)，都有f(x0)≠0，这表明D选项是错误的．故应选D．13．(2001)设f(x)的导数在x=a处连续，又，则( )A．x=a是f(x)的极小值点．B．x=a是f(x)的极大值点．C．(a，f(a))是曲线y=f(x)的拐点．D．x=a不是f(x)的极值点，(a，f(a))也不是曲线y=f(x)的拐点．正确答案：B解析：由f(x)的导数在x=a处连续及=f’(a)=0，即x=a是f(x)的驻点．从而所以x=a是f(x)的极大值点．故应选B．14．(2003)设f(x)为不恒等于零的奇函数，且f’(0)存在，则函数g(x)=( ) A．在x=0处左极限不存在．B．有跳跃间断点x=0．C．在x=0处右极限不存在．D．有可去间断点x=0．正确答案：D解析：因为f(x)为不恒等于零的奇函数，所以f(0)=0，又f’(0)存在．所以故x=0是g(x)的可去间断点．应选D．15．(2005)设函数u(x，y)=φ(x+y)+φ(x+y)+其中函数φ具有二阶导数，ψ具有一阶导数，则必有( )A．B．C．D．正确答案：B解析：取φ(x)=x2，ψ(x)=0，则u(x，y)=(x+y)2+(x-y)2=2x2+2y2．于是由此可知，选项A、C、D都不正确．故应选B．16．(2005)设an＞0，n=1，2，…，若收敛，则下列结论正确的是( ) A．B．C．D．正确答案：D解析：取收敛，但发散，排除A；发散，排除B；发散，排除C．故应选D．17．(2002)设A是m×n矩阵，B是n×m矩阵，则线性方程组(AB)X=0( ) A．当n＞m时仅有零解．B．当n＞m时必有非零解．C．当m＞n时仅有零解．D．当m＞n时必有非零解．正确答案：D解析：(推理法)因为当n＜m时，齐次线性方程组BX=0有非零解，从而线性方程组(AB)X=0有非零解，故应选D．18．(2002)设向量组α1，α2，α3线性无关，向量β1可由α1，α2，α3线性表示，而向量β2不能由α1，α2，α3线性表示，则对任意常数k，必有( )A．α1，α2，α3，kβ1+β2线性无关．B．α1，α2，α3，kβ1+β2线性相关．C．α1，α2，α3，β1+kβ2线性无关．D．α1，α2，α3，β1+kβ2线性相关．正确答案：A解析：因为β2不能由α1，α2，α3线性表示，则α1，α2，α3，β2线性无关．取k=0，由B知，α1，α2，α3，β2线性相关，与α1，α2，α3，β2线性无关矛盾，排除B．取k=0，由C知，α1，α2，α3，β1线性无关，则β1不能由α1，α2，α3线性表示，与已知条件矛盾，排除C．取k=1，由D知，α1，α2，α3．β1+β2线性相关，因为α1，α2，α3线性无关，所以β1+β2可由α1，α2，α3线性表示，而β1可由α1，α2，α3线性表示，于是β2可由α1，α2，α3线性表示，与已知条件矛盾，排除D．故应选A．填空题19．(2000)=_____，正确答案：解析：由定积分的几何意义，表示由直线x=0，x=1，y=0与曲线y=所围成的图形的面积，如图5所示，所以(其中S为单位圆(x-1)2+y2≤1的面积)．20．(2001)(x3+sin2x)cos2xdx=_______．正确答案：解析：21．(2012)设区域D是由曲线y=sinx，x=，y=1围成，则(x5y-1)dxdy=_______.正确答案：-π解析：22．(2008)设D={(x，y)｜x2+y2≤1}，则(x2-y)dxdy=______．正确答案：解析：因为积分区域D关于x轴对称，函数y关于y是奇函数，所以．由轮换对称性以及极坐标下二重积分的计算方法，有23．(2009)设Ω={(x，y，z)｜x2+y2+z2≤1}，则z2dxdydz=_______.正确答案：解析：利用轮换对称性，有再利用球坐标下三重积分的计算有24．(2007)设曲面∑：｜x｜+｜y｜+｜z｜=1，则=_______.正确答案：解析：因为∑关于yOz平面对称，x关于x为奇函数，所以．由轮换对称性，其中S是∑的表面积，记∑在第一卦限部分的面积为S1．如图8所示，则。
2000-2013年考研数学三历年真题及真题解析(世上最全收录)
研究生入学考试2000到2013年最新最全数学三考试试题2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题一、填空题二、选择题2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题一、填空题二、选择题2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题一、填空题二、选择题2003年考研数学（三）真题一、 填空题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 把答案填在题中横线上）（1）设,0,0,0,1cos )(=≠⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=x x xx x f 若若λ其导函数在x=0处连续，则λ的取值范围是_____. （2）已知曲线b x a x y +-=233与x 轴相切，则2b 可以通过a 表示为=2b ________.（3）设a>0，，x a x g x f 其他若,10,0,)()(≤≤⎩⎨⎧==而D 表示全平面，则⎰⎰-=Ddxdy x y g x f I )()(=_______.（4）设n 维向量0,),0,,0,(<=a a a TΛα；E 为n 阶单位矩阵，矩阵 TE A αα-=， T aE B αα1+=， 其中A 的逆矩阵为B ，则a=______.（5）设随机变量X 和Y 的相关系数为0.9, 若4.0-=X Z ，则Y 与Z 的相关系数为________.（6）设总体X 服从参数为2的指数分布，n X X X ,,,21Λ为来自总体X 的简单随机样本，则当∞→n 时，∑==n i i n X n Y 121依概率收敛于______.二、选择题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内）（1）设f(x)为不恒等于零的奇函数，且)0(f '存在，则函数xx f x g )()(=(A) 在x=0处左极限不存在. (B) 有跳跃间断点x=0.(C) 在x=0处右极限不存在. (D) 有可去间断点x=0. [ ] （2）设可微函数f(x,y)在点),(00y x 取得极小值，则下列结论正确的是(A) ),(0y x f 在0y y =处的导数等于零. （B ）),(0y x f 在0y y =处的导数大于零. (C) ),(0y x f 在0y y =处的导数小于零. (D) ),(0y x f 在0y y =处的导数不存在. [ ] （3）设2nn n a a p +=，2nn n a a q -=，Λ,2,1=n ，则下列命题正确的是(A) 若∑∞=1n na条件收敛，则∑∞=1n np与∑∞=1n nq都收敛.(B) 若∑∞=1n na绝对收敛，则∑∞=1n np与∑∞=1n nq都收敛.(C) 若∑∞=1n na条件收敛，则∑∞=1n np与∑∞=1n nq敛散性都不定.(D) 若∑∞=1n na绝对收敛，则∑∞=1n np与∑∞=1n nq敛散性都不定. [ ]（4）设三阶矩阵⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=a b b b a b b b a A ，若A 的伴随矩阵的秩为1，则必有 (A) a=b 或a+2b=0. (B) a=b 或a+2b ≠0.(C) a ≠b 且a+2b=0. (D) a ≠b 且a+2b ≠0. [ ] （5）设s ααα,,,21Λ均为n 维向量，下列结论不正确的是(A) 若对于任意一组不全为零的数s k k k ,,,21Λ，都有02211≠+++s s k k k αααΛ，则s ααα,,,21Λ线性无关.(B) 若s ααα,,,21Λ线性相关，则对于任意一组不全为零的数s k k k ,,,21Λ，都有.02211=+++s s k k k αααΛ(C) s ααα,,,21Λ线性无关的充分必要条件是此向量组的秩为s.(D) s ααα,,,21Λ线性无关的必要条件是其中任意两个向量线性无关. [ ] （6）将一枚硬币独立地掷两次，引进事件：1A ={掷第一次出现正面}，2A ={掷第二次出现正面}，3A ={正、反面各出现一次}，4A ={正面出现两次}，则事件(A) 321,,A A A 相互独立. (B) 432,,A A A 相互独立.(C) 321,,A A A 两两独立. (D) 432,,A A A 两两独立. [ ] 三、（本题满分8分） 设).1,21[,)1(1sin 11)(∈--+=x x x x x f πππ 试补充定义f(1)使得f(x)在]1,21[上连续.四 、（本题满分8分）设f(u,v)具有二阶连续偏导数，且满足12222=∂∂+∂∂v f u f ，又)](21,[),(22y x xy f y x g -=,求.2222ygx g ∂∂+∂∂ 五、（本题满分8分） 计算二重积分 .)sin(22)(22dxdy y x e I Dy x +=⎰⎰-+-π其中积分区域D=}.),{(22π≤+y x y x六、（本题满分9分）求幂级数∑∞=<-+12)1(2)1(1n nnx n x 的和函数f(x)及其极值.七、（本题满分9分）设F(x)=f(x)g(x), 其中函数f(x),g(x)在),(+∞-∞内满足以下条件： )()(x g x f ='，)()(x f x g ='，且f(0)=0, .2)()(xe x g xf =+(1) 求F(x)所满足的一阶微分方程； (2) 求出F(x)的表达式. 八、（本题满分8分）设函数f(x)在[0，3]上连续，在（0，3）内可导，且f(0)+f(1)+f(2)=3, f(3)=1.试证必存在)3,0(∈ξ，使.0)(='ξf九、（本题满分13分） 已知齐次线性方程组⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧=+++++=+++++=+++++=+++++,0)(,0)(,0)(,0)(332211332211332211332211nn nn n n n n x b a x a x a x a x a x b a x a x a x a x a x b a x a x a x a x a x b a ΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛΛ 其中.01≠∑=ni ia试讨论n a a a ,,,21Λ和b 满足何种关系时，(1) 方程组仅有零解；(2) 方程组有非零解. 在有非零解时，求此方程组的一个基础解系. 十、（本题满分13分） 设二次型)0(222),,(31232221321>+-+==b x bx x x ax AX X x x x f T ，中二次型的矩阵A 的特征值之和为1，特征值之积为-12. (1) 求a,b 的值；(2) 利用正交变换将二次型f 化为标准形，并写出所用的正交变换和对应的正交矩阵.十一、（本题满分13分） 设随机变量X 的概率密度为;],8,1[,0,31)(32其他若∈⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=x x x fF(x)是X 的分布函数. 求随机变量Y=F(X)的分布函数.十二、（本题满分13分）设随机变量X 与Y 独立，其中X 的概率分布为⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛7.03.021~X ，而Y 的概率密度为f(y)，求随机变量U=X+Y 的概率密度g(u).2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题一、填空题：本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上.(1) 若()0sin limcos 5x x xx b e a→-=-，则a =______，b =______.(2) 函数(),f u v 由关系式()(),f xg y y x g y =+⎡⎤⎣⎦确定，其中函数()g y 可微，且()0g y ≠，则2fu v∂=∂∂______. (3) 设()211,,2211,,2x xe x f x x ⎧-≤<⎪⎪=⎨⎪-≥⎪⎩ 则()2121f x dx -=⎰_____.(4) 二次型()()()()222123122331,,f x x x x x x x x x =++-++的秩为______. (5) 设随机变量X 服从参数为λ的指数分布，则{P X >=______.(6) 设总体X 服从正态分布()21,N μσ，总体Y 服从正态分布()22,N μσ，112,,,n X X X L 和212,,,n Y Y Y L 分别是来自总体X 和Y 的简单随机样本，则()()122211122n n i j i j X X Y Y E n n ==⎡⎤-+-⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦∑∑______. 二、选择题：本题共8小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，请把所选项前的字母填在答题纸指定位置上.(7) 函数()()()()2sin 212x x f x x x x -=--在下列哪个区间内有界.（A ）()1,0- （B ）()0,1 （C ）()1,2 （D ）()2,3(8) 设()f x 在(),-∞+∞内有定义，且()lim x f x a →∞=，()1,0,0,0,fx g x x x ⎧⎛⎫≠⎪ ⎪=⎝⎭⎨⎪=⎩则（A ）0x =必是()g x 的第一类间断点 （B ）0x =必是()g x 的第二类间断点 （C ）0x =必是()g x 的连续点 （D ）()g x 在点0x =处的连续性与a 的值有关.(9) 设()()1f x x x =-，则（A ）0x =是()f x 的极值点，但()0,0不是曲线()y f x =的拐点 （B ）0x =不是()f x 的极值点，但()0,0是曲线()y f x =的拐点 （C ）0x =是()f x 的极值点，且()0,0是曲线()y f x =的拐点 （D ）0x =不是()f x 的极值点，()0,0也不是曲线()y f x =的拐点 (10) 设有以下命题： ① 若()2121n n n uu ∞-=+∑收敛，则1n n u ∞=∑收敛② 若1nn u∞=∑收敛，则10001n n u∞+=∑收敛③ 若1lim1n n nu u +→∞>，则1n n u ∞=∑发散 ④ 若()1nn n uv ∞=+∑收敛，则1n n a ∞=∑，1n n v ∞=∑都收敛则以上命题中正确的是（A ）①② （B ）②③ （C ）③④ （D ）①④(11) 设()f x '在[],a b 上连续，且()()0,0f a f b ''><，则下列结论中错误的是 （A ）至少存在一点()0,x a b ∈，使得()()0f x f a > （B ）至少存在一点()0,x a b ∈，使得()()0f x f b > （C ）至少存在一点()0,x a b ∈，使得()00f x '= （D ）至少存在一点()0,x a b ∈，使得()00f x = (12) 设n 阶矩阵A 与B 等价，则必有（A ）当()0A a a =≠时，B a = （B ）当()0A a a =≠时，B a =- （C ）当0A ≠时，0B = （D ）当0A =时，0B =(13) 设n 阶矩阵A 的伴随矩阵*0A ≠，若1234,,,ξξξξ是非齐次线性方程组Ax b =的互不相等的解，则对应的齐次线性方程组0Ax =的基础解系（A ）不存在 （B ）仅含一个非零解向量 （C ）含有两个线性无关的解向量 （D ）含有三个线性无关的解向量(14) 设随机变量X 服从正态分布()0,1N ，对给定的()0,1α∈，数n u 满足{}P X u αα>=，若{}P X x α<=，则x 等于（A ）2u α （B ）12uα-（C ）12u α- （D ）1u α-三、解答题：本题共9小题，满分94分. 请将解答写在答题纸指定的位置上. 解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.（15）（本题满分8分）求22201cos lim sin x x x x →⎛⎫-⎪⎝⎭.（16）（本题满分8分）求)Dy d σ⎰⎰，其中D 是由圆224x y +=和()2211x y ++=所围成的平面区域（如图）.（17）（本题满分8分）设()(),f x g x 在[],a b 上连续，且满足()()xxa a f t dt g t dt ≥⎰⎰，[),x ab ∈，()()bb aaf t dtg t dt =⎰⎰证明：()()bbaaxf x dx xg x dx ≤⎰⎰.（18）（本题满分9分）设某商品的需求函数为1005Q P =-，其中价格()0,20P ∈，Q 为需求量. （Ⅰ）求需求量对价格的弹性()0d d E E >；（Ⅱ）推导()1d dRQ E dP=-（其中R 为收益），并用弹性d E 说明价格在何范围内变化时，降低价格反而使收益增加.（19）（本题满分9分）设级数()468242462468x x x x +++-∞<<+∞⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅L 的和函数为()S x .求： （Ⅰ）()S x 所满足的一阶微分方程； （Ⅱ）()S x 的表达式.（20）（本题满分13分）设()()()1231,2,0,1,2,3,1,2,2TTTa ab a b ααα==+-=---+，()1,3,3Tβ=-. 试讨论当,a b 为何值时，（Ⅰ）β不能由123,,ααα线性表示；（Ⅱ）β可由123,,ααα唯一地线性表示，并求出表示式；（Ⅲ）β可由123,,ααα线性表示，但表示式不唯一，并求出表示式.（21）（本题满分13分）设n 阶矩阵111b b bb A bb ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦L L M M M L. （Ⅰ）求A 的特征值和特征向量；（Ⅱ）求可逆矩阵P ，使得1P AP -为对角矩阵.（22）（本题满分13分）设,A B 为两个随机事件，且()()()111,,432P A P B A P A B ===，令 1,0,.A X A ⎧=⎨⎩发生，不发生 1,0,.B Y B ⎧=⎨⎩发生，不发生求：（Ⅰ）二维随机变量(),X Y 的概率分布； （Ⅱ）X 与Y 的相关系数XY ρ； （Ⅲ）22Z X Y =+的概率分布.（23）（本题满分13分） 设随机变量X 的分布函数为()1,,;,0,.x F x x x βαααβα⎧⎛⎫->⎪ ⎪=⎨⎝⎭⎪≤⎩其中参数0,1αβ>>. 设12,,,n X X X L 为来自总体X 的简单随机样本. （Ⅰ）当1α=时，求未知参数β的矩估计量； （Ⅱ）当1α=时，求未知参数β的最大似然估计量； （Ⅲ）当2β=时，求未知参数α的最大似然估计量.2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题一、填空题：本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上.(1) 极限22lim sin1x xx x →∞=+______. (2) 微分方程0xy y '+=满足初始条件()12y =的特解为______. (3) 设二元函数()()1ln 1x yz xex y +=+++，则()1,0dz =______.(4) 设行向量组()()()()2,1,1,1,2,1,,,3,2,1,,4,3,2,1a a a 线性相关，且1a ≠，则a =______.(5) 从数1,2,3,4中任取一个数，记为X ，再从1,,X L 中任取一个数，记为Y ，则{}2P Y ==______.(6) 设二维随机变量(),X Y 的概率分布为若随机事件{}0X =与{}1X Y +=相互独立，则a =______，b =______.二、选择题：本题共8小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，请把所选项前的字母填在答题纸指定位置上.(7) 当a 取下列哪个值时，函数()322912f x x x x a =-+-恰有两个不同的零点.（A ）2 （B ）4 （C ）6 （D ）8(8) 设()()22222123,cos ,cos DDDI I x y d I x y d σσσ==+=+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰，其中(){}22,1D x y xy =+≤，则（A ）321I I I >> （B ）123I I I >> （C ）213I I I >> （D ）312I I I >> (9) 设0,1,2,,n a n >=L 若1nn a∞=∑发散，()111n n n a ∞-=-∑收敛，则下列结论正确的是（A ）211n n a∞-=∑收敛，21nn a∞=∑发散 （B ）21nn a∞=∑收敛，211n n a∞-=∑发散（C ）()2121n n n aa ∞-=+∑收敛 （D ）()2121n n n a a ∞-=-∑收敛(10) 设()sin cos f x x x x =+，下列命题中正确的是 （A ）()0f 是极大值，2f π⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭是极小值 （B ）()0f 是极小值，2f π⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭是极大值 （C ）()0f 是极大值，2f π⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭也是极大值 （D ）()0f 是极小值，2f π⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭也是极小值 (11) 以下四个命题中，正确的是（A ）若()f x '在()0,1内连续，则()f x 在()0,1内有界 （B ）若()f x 在()0,1内连续，则()f x 在()0,1内有界 （C ）若()f x '在()0,1内有界，则()f x 在()0,1内有界 （D ）若()f x 在()0,1内有界，则()f x '在()0,1内有界 (12) 设矩阵()33ijA a ⨯=满足*T A A =，其中*A 为A 的伴随矩阵，TA 为A 的转置矩阵.若111213,,a a a 为三个相等的正数，则11a 为（A ）3 （B ）3 （C ）13（D (13) 设12,λλ是矩阵A 的两个不同的特征值，对应的特征向量分别为12,αα，则()112,A ααα+线性无关的充分必要条件是（A ）10λ= （B ）20λ= （C ）10λ≠ （D ）20λ≠ (14)（注：该题已经不在数三考纲范围内）三、解答题：本题共9小题，满分94分. 请将解答写在答题纸指定的位置上. 解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.（15）（本题满分8分）求011lim 1x x x e x -→+⎛⎫- ⎪-⎝⎭.（16）（本题满分8分）设()f u 具有二阶连续导数，且(),y x g x y f yfx y ⎛⎫⎛⎫=+ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭，求222222g g x y x y ∂∂-∂∂.（17）（本题满分9分） 计算二重积分221Dx y d σ+-⎰⎰，其中(){},01,01D x y x y =≤≤≤≤.（18）（本题满分9分） 求幂级数211121n n x n ∞=⎛⎫-⎪+⎝⎭∑在区间()1,1-内的和函数()S x .（19）（本题满分8分）设()(),f x g x 在[]0,1上的导数连续，且()()()00,0,0f f x g x ''=≥≥.证明：对任何[]0,1α∈，有()()()()()()11ag x f x dx f x g x dx f a g ''+≥⎰⎰（20）（本题满分13分） 已知齐次线性方程组（ⅰ）123123123230,2350,0,x x x x x x x x ax ++=⎧⎪++=⎨⎪++=⎩ 和 （ⅱ）()12321230,210,x bx cx x b x c x ++=⎧⎪⎨+++=⎪⎩ 同解，求,,a b c 的值.（21）（本题满分13分） 设T AC D C B ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭为正定矩阵，其中,A B 分别为m 阶，n 阶对称矩阵，C 为m n ⨯阶矩阵.（Ⅰ）计算T P DP ，其中1mn E A C P OE -⎛⎫-=⎪⎝⎭； （Ⅱ）利用（Ⅰ）的结果判断矩阵1T B C A C --是否为正定矩阵，并证明你的结论.（22）（本题满分13分）设二维随机变量(),X Y 的概率密度为()0,01,02,,1,x y x f x y <<<<⎧=⎨⎩其它. 求：（Ⅰ）(),X Y 的边缘概率密度()(),X Y f x f y ； （Ⅱ）2Z X Y =-的概率密度()Z f z ； （Ⅲ）1122P Y X ⎧⎫≤≤⎨⎬⎩⎭.（23）（本题满分13分）设()12,,,2n X X X n >L 为来自总体()20,N σ的简单随机样本，其样本均值为X ，记,1,2,,i i Y X X i n =-=L .（Ⅰ）求i Y 的方差,1,2,,i DY i n =L ； （Ⅱ）求1Y 与n Y 的协方差()1,n Cov Y Y ；（Ⅲ）若()21n c Y Y +是2σ的无偏估计量，求常数c .2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题一、填空题：1－6小题，每小题4分，共24分. 把答案填在题中横线上. (1) ()11lim ______.nn n n -→∞+⎛⎫=⎪⎝⎭(2) 设函数()f x 在2x =的某邻域内可导，且()()ef x f x '=，()21f =，则()2____.f '''=(3) 设函数()f u 可微，且()102f '=，则()224z f x y =-在点(1,2)处的全微分()1,2d _____.z=(4) 设矩阵2112A ⎛⎫=⎪-⎝⎭，E 为2阶单位矩阵，矩阵B 满足2BA B E =+，则=B . (5)设随机变量X Y 与相互独立，且均服从区间[]0,3上的均匀分布，则{}{}max ,1P X Y ≤=_______.(6) 设总体X 的概率密度为()()121,,,,2xn f x e x X X X -=-∞<<+∞L 为总体X 的简单随机样本，其样本方差为2S ，则2____.ES =二、选择题：7－14小题，每小题4分，共32分. 每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.(7) 设函数()y f x =具有二阶导数，且()0,()0f x f x '''>>，x ∆为自变量x 在点0x 处的增量，d y y ∆与分别为()f x 在点0x 处对应的增量与微分，若0x ∆>，则（）(A) 0d y y <<∆. (B) 0d y y <∆<.(C) d 0y y ∆<<. (D) d 0y y <∆< .(8) 设函数()f x 在0x =处连续，且()22lim1h f h h →=，则（）(A) ()()000f f -'=且存在 (B) ()()010f f -'=且存在 (C) ()()000f f +'=且存在 (D)()()010f f +'=且存在 (9) 若级数1nn a∞=∑收敛，则级数（）(A)1nn a∞=∑收敛 . （B ）1(1)nn n a ∞=-∑收敛.(C)11n n n a a∞+=∑收敛. (D)112n n n a a ∞+=+∑收敛. (10) 设非齐次线性微分方程()()y P x y Q x '+=有两个不同的解12(),(),y x y x C 为任意常数，则该方程的通解是（）(A) []12()()C y x y x -. (B) []112()()()y x C y x y x +-. (C) []12()()C y x y x +. (D) []112()()()y x C y x y x ++ (11) 设(,)(,)f x y x y ϕ与均为可微函数，且(,)0y x y ϕ'≠，已知00(,)x y 是(,)f x y 在约束条件(,)0x y ϕ=下的一个极值点，下列选项正确的是（）(A) 若00(,)0x f x y '=，则00(,)0y f x y '=. (B) 若00(,)0x f x y '=，则00(,)0y f x y '≠. (C) 若00(,)0x f x y '≠，则00(,)0y f x y '=.(D) 若00(,)0x f x y '≠，则00(,)0y f x y '≠. (12) 设12,,,s αααL 均为n 维列向量，A 为m n ⨯矩阵，下列选项正确的是（） (A) 若12,,,s αααL 线性相关，则12,,,s A A A αααL 线性相关. (B) 若12,,,s αααL 线性相关，则12,,,s A A A αααL 线性无关. (C) 若12,,,s αααL 线性无关，则12,,,s A A A αααL 线性相关.(D) 若12,,,s αααL 线性无关，则12,,,s A A A αααL 线性无关.(13) 设A 为3阶矩阵，将A 的第2行加到第1行得B ，再将B 的第1列的1-倍加到第2列得C ，记110010001P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，则（）(A) 1C P AP -=. (B) 1C PAP -=.(C) T C P AP =. (D) T C PAP =.(14) 设随机变量X 服从正态分布211(,)N μσ，随机变量Y 服从正态分布222(,)N μσ，且{}{}1211P X P Y μμ-<>-<则必有（）(A) 12σσ< (B) 12σσ> (C) 12μμ< (D) 12μμ>三、解答题：15－23小题，共94分. 解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤. （15）（本题满分7分）设()1sin,,0,01arctan xy y yf x y x y xy xπ-=->>+，求： (Ⅰ)()()lim ,y g x f x y →+∞=；(Ⅱ)()0lim x g x +→。
历年考研政治真题(选择题)及答案及解析(免费下载)
2011年考研政治真题一.单项选择题：1-16小题，每小题1分，共16分，下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请在答题卡上将选项的字母填写。
1. 著名数学家华罗庚在一次报告中以“一支粉笔多长为好”为题来讲解他的优选法，对此，他解释道：“每支粉笔都要丢掉一段一定长的粉笔头，单就这一点来说：愈长愈好。
但太长了，使用起来很不方便，而且容易折断，每断一次，必然多浪费一个粉笔头，反而不合适。
因而就出现了粉笔多长最合适的问题—这就是一个优选问题。
”所谓优选问题，从辩证的角度看，就是要（）A.注重量的积累B.保持物质的稳定性C.坚持适度原则D.全面考虑事物属性的多样性2. 社会存在是指社会的物质生活条件，它有多方面的内容其中最能集中体现人类社会性质的是（）A.社会形态B．地理环境C．人口因素．D．生产方式3. 马克思把商品转换成货币称为“商品的惊险的跳跃”，“这个跳跃如果不成熟，坏的不是商品，但一定是商品占有者”。
这是因为只有商品变为货币（）A.货币才能转化为资本B.价值才能转化为使用价值C.抽象劳动才能转化为具体劳动D.私人劳动才能转化为社会劳动4．邓小平指出：“社会主义究竟是个什么样子，苏联搞了很多年，也并没有完全搞清楚，可能列宁的思路比较好，搞了个新经济政策，但是后来苏联模式僵化了”。
列宁新经济政策关于社会主义的思路之所以“比较好”是因为（）A.提出了比较系统的社会主义建设纲领B.根据俄国的实际情况来探索社会主义建设的道路C.为俄国找到一种比较成熟的社会主义发展模式D.按照马克思恩格斯关于未来的设想来建设社会主义5．1927年大革命失败后，党的工作重心开始转向农村，在农村建立革命根据地，则革命根据地能够在中国长期存在和发展的根本原因是（）A.中国是一个政治、经济、文化发展不平衡的半殖民地半封建社会B.良好的群众基础和革命形势的继续向前发展C.相当力量正式红军的存在D.党的领导及其正确的政策6. 社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度，既包括公有制经济，也包括非公有制经济，公有制经济纳入社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度中，是因为非公有制经济（）A.是社会主义物质的经济成分B.是社会主义经济的重要组成部分C.是为社会主义服务的经济成分D.在社会主义初级阶段不占主体地位7. 党的十七大通过的党章把“和谐”与“富强”、“民主”、“文明”一起作为社会主义现代化建设的目标写入了社会主义初级阶段的基本路线，其原因在于社会和谐是（）A.中国特色社会主义的本质属性B.中国传统文化的价值取向C.经济建设的内在要求D.解决收入分配差距的重要途径8. 深化文化体制改革，要坚持公益性文化事业和经营性文化产业协调发展，发展营业性文化产业的根本任务是( )A.繁荣文化市场，满足人们群众多方面．多层次．多样化的文化需求B.保证人们群众基本的文化权益C.构建覆盖全社会的比较完备的公共文化服务体系D.加快文化产业基地和区域性特色文化产业群建设9．从1840年到1919年的80年间，中国人民对外来的侵略进行了英勇顽强的反抗，但历次的反侵略战争，都是以中国的失败，中国政府被迫签订丧权辱国条约而告终，从中国内部分析，其根本原因是( )A. 军事战略的错误B.社会制度的腐败C. 经济技术的落后D.思想观念的保守10．1953年9月，彭德怀在一份报告中说，抗美援朝战争的胜利证明：西方侵略者几百年来只要在东方一个海岸上架起几尊大炮就可霸占一个国家的时代一去不复返了。
2021考研数学二历年真题及详解
2021考研数学二历年真题及详解一、选择题（本题共10小题，每小题5分，共50分。
每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求，把所选选项前的字母填在答题卡指定位置上）1.当x→0时，是x7的（）。
A．低阶无穷小B．等价无穷小C．高阶无穷小D．同阶但非等价无穷小答案【答案】C【考点】常用等价无穷小；【解析】因为当x→0时，，所以是x7的高阶无穷小，故选C项。
2.函数，在x＝0处（）。
A．连续且取极大值B．连续且取极小值C．可导且导数为0D．可导且导数不为0答案【答案】D【考点】连续和可导的定义；【解析】因为故f（x）在x＝0处连续。
因为故f′（0）＝1/2，故选D项。
3.有一圆柱体，底面半径与高随时间变化的速率分别为2cm/s，－3cm/s，当底面半径为10cm，高为5cm时，圆柱体的体积与表面积随时间变化的速率分别为（）。
A．125πcm3/s，40πcm3/sB．125πcm3/s，－40πcm3/sC．－100πcm3/s，40πcm3/sD．－100πcm3/s，－40πcm3/s答案【答案】C【考点】复合函数求导；【解析】由题意知，dr/dt＝2，dh/dt＝－3，有V＝πr2h，S＝2πrh＋2πr2，则当r＝10，h ＝5时，dV/dt＝－100π，dS/dt＝40π，故选C项。
4.设函数f（x）＝ax－blnx（a＞0）有2个零点，则b/a的取值范围为（）。
A．（e，＋∞）B．（0，e）C．（0，1/e）D．（1/e，＋∞）答案【答案】A【考点】函数单调性及极值；【解析】函数求导得f′（x）＝a－b/x，令f′（x）＝0，则有驻点x＝b/a，得：在区间（b/a，＋∞）上，f′（x）＞0，f（x）单增；在区间（－∞，b/a）上，f′（x）＜0，f（x）单减。
即f（b/a）为函数f（x）的极小值，若f（x）有2个零点，则f（b/a）＝a·b/a－bln（b/a）＜0，从而ln（b/a）＞1，可得b/a＞e，故选A项。
历年考研数一真题及答案
历年考研数一真题及答案【篇一：历年考研数学一真题及答案(1987-2013)】ss=txt>数学(一)试卷一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案填在题中横线上)(1)?=_____________.(2)曲面x2?2y2?3z2?21在点(1,?2,?2)的法线方程为_____________.(3)微分方程xy???3y??0的通解为_____________.?121?(4)已知方程组??23a?2???x1??1?x???3??1a?2???2无解,则a= ???????x3????0??_____________.(5)设两个相互独立的事件a和b都不发生的概率为19,a发生b不发生的概率与b发生a不发生的概率相等,则p(a)=_____________.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内) (1)设f(x)、g(x)是恒大于零的可导函数,且f?(x)g(x)?f(x)g?(x)?0,则当a?x?b时,有(a)f(x)g(b)?f(b)g(x)(b)f(x)g(a)?f(a)g(x)(c)f(x)g(x)?f(b)g(b)(d)f(x)g(x)?f(a)g(a)(2)设s:x2?y2?z2?a2(z?0),s1为s在第一卦限中的部分,则有(a)??xds?4s??xdss1(b)??yds?4??xdsss1(c)??zds?4??xdsss1(d)??xyzds?4??xyzdsss1(3)设级数??un收敛,则必收敛的级数为n?1(a)??(?1)nun (b)??u2nn?1nn?1(c)??(u2n?1?u2n)n?1(d)??(un?un?1)n?1(a)e(x)?e(y)(b)e(x2)?[e(x)]2?e(y2)?[e(y)]2(c)e(x2)?e(y2) (d)e(x2)?[e(x)]2?e(y2)?[e(y)]2三、(本题满分6分) 1求lim(2?exx??4?sinx).1?exx四、(本题满分5分) 设z?f(xy,xy)?g(xy),其中f具有二阶连续偏导数,g具有二阶连续导数,求?2z?x?y.五、(本题满分6分) 计算曲线积分i??xdy?ydxl4x2?y2,其中l是以点(1,0)为中心,r为半径的圆周(r?1),取逆时针方向.六、(本题满分7分)设对于半空间x?0内任意的光滑有向封闭曲面s,都有??xf(x)dydz?xyf(x)dzdx?e2xzdxdy?0,其中函数f(x)在s(0,??)内具有连续的一阶导数,且xlim?0?f(x)?1,求f(x).七、(本题满分6分)求幂级数??1xnn?13n?(?2)nn的收敛区间,并讨论该区间端点处的收敛性.八、(本题满分7分)设有一半径为r的球体,p0是此球的表面上的一个定点,球体上任一点的密度与该点到p0距离的平方成正比(比例常数k?0),求球体的重心位置.九、(本题满分6分) 设函数f(x)在[0,?]上连续,且???f(x)dx?0,?0f(x)cosxdx?0.试证:在(0,?)内至少存在两个不同的点?1,?2,使f(?1)?f(?2)?0.十、(本题满分6分)??1000?000? 设矩阵a的伴随矩阵a*??1??1010??,且?0?308??aba?1?ba?1?3e,其中e为4阶单位矩阵,求矩阵b.十一、(本题满分8分)某适应性生产线每年1月份进行熟练工与非熟练工的人数统计,然后将16熟练工支援其他生产部门,其缺额由招收新的非熟练工补齐.新、老非熟练工经过培训及实践至年终考核有25成为熟练工.设第n年1月份统计的熟练工与非熟练工所占百分比分别为xn和yn,记成向量??xn?y??. ?n(1)求??xn?1?与??xn?的关系式并写成矩阵形?y?n?1??y?n?式:??xn?1??xn?y??a???. n?1??yn??1??是a的两个线性无关的特征向量,并求出相应的特征值.?1?(3)当??x1??2?时,求??y?????xn?1??. 1???1??yn?1??2??十二、(本题满分8分)某流水线上每个产品不合格的概率为p(0?p?1),各产品合格与否相对独立,当出现1个不合格产品时即停机检修.设开机后第1次停机时已生产了的产品个数为x,求x的数学期望e(x)和方差d(x).十三、(本题满分6分) 设某种元件的使用寿命x的概率密度为?2e?2(x??)x??f(x;?)??x???0x1,x2,,其中??0为未知参数.又设,xn是x的一组样本观测值,求参数?的最大似然估计值.2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试卷一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案填在题中横线上)(1)设y?ex(asinx?bcosx)(a,b为任意常数)为某二阶常系数线性齐次微分方程的通解,则该方程为_____________. (2)r?x2?y2?z2,则div(gradr)(1,?2,2)=_____________.(3)交换二次积分的积分次序:?01?y?1dy?2f(x,y)dx＝_____________. (4)设a2?a?4e?o,则(a?2e)?1= _____________.(5)d(x)?2,则根据车贝晓夫不等式有估计p{x?e(x)?2}? _____________.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内) (1)设函数f(x)在定义域内可导,y?f(x)的图形如右图所示,则y?f?(x)的图形为(a)(b)(c)【篇二：2000年-2016年考研数学一历年真题完整版(word版)】ss=txt>数学(一)试卷一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案填在题中横线上)(1)?=_____________.(2)曲面x2?2y2?3z2?21在点(1,?2,?2)的法线方程为_____________. (3)微分方程xy???3y??0的通解为_____________.1??x1??1??12??????(4)已知方程组23a?2x2?3无解,则a=_____________. ????????1a?2????x3????0??(5)设两个相互独立的事件a和b都不发生的概率为生的概率相等,则p(a)=_____________.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内)(1)设f(x)、g(x)是恒大于零的可导函数,且f?(x)g(x)?f(x)g?(x)?0,则当a?x?b时,有 (a)f(x)g(b)?f(b)g(x) (c)f(x)g(x)?f(b)g(b)(b)f(x)g(a)?f(a)g(x) (d)f(x)g(x)?f(a)g(a)1,a发生b不发生的概率与b发生a不发9(2)设s:x2?y2?z2?a2(z?0),s1为s在第一卦限中的部分,则有 (a)(c) ??xds?4??xdsss1(b)(d)??yds?4??xdsss1ss1??zds?4??xdsss1??xyzds?4??xyzds(3)设级数?un?1?n收敛,则必收敛的级数为u(a)?(?1)nnn?1n?(b)?un?1?2n(c)?(un?1?2n?1?u2n)(d)?(un?1?n?un?1)(5)设二维随机变量(x,y)服从二维正态分布,则随机变量??x?y 与 ??x?y不相关的充分必要条件为(a)e(x)?e(y)(c)e(x2)?e(y2)三、(本题满分6分)(d)e(x2)?[e(x)]2?e(y2)?[e(y)]2(b)e(x2)?[e(x)]2?e(y2)?[e(y)]2求lim(x??2?e1?e1x4x?sinx). x四、(本题满分5分)xx?2z设z?f(xy,)?g(),其中f具有二阶连续偏导数,g具有二阶连续导数,求. yy?x?y五、(本题满分6分)计算曲线积分i?xdy?ydx??l4x2?y2,其中l是以点(1,0)为中心,r为半径的圆周(r?1),取逆时针方向.六、(本题满分7分)设对于半空间x?0内任意的光滑有向封闭曲面s,都有???xsx?0?(f)x?dyd(z)x?2xyfex?dzd0x,f(x)在z(0,d??x)内具有连续的一阶导数dy其中函数,且limf(x)?1,求f(x).七、(本题满分6分)八、(本题满分7分)1xn求幂级数?n的收敛区间,并讨论该区间端点处的收敛性. n3?(?2)nn?1?设有一半径为r的球体,p0是此球的表面上的一个定点,球体上任一点的密度与该点到p0距离的平方成正比(比例常数k?0),求球体的重心位置.九、(本题满分6分)设函数f(x)在[0,?]上连续,且??f(x)dx?0,?f(x)cosxdx?0.试证:在(0,?)内至少存在两?个不同的点?1,?2,使f(?1)?f(?2)?0.十、(本题满分6分)?10?01*?设矩阵a的伴随矩阵a??10??0?300100?0??,?1?1且aba?ba?3e,其中e为4阶单位矩阵,求0??8?矩阵b.十一、(本题满分8分)1熟练工支援其他生产部62门,其缺额由招收新的非熟练工补齐.新、老非熟练工经过培训及实践至年终考核有成为熟练工.设第5某适应性生产线每年1月份进行熟练工与非熟练工的人数统计,然后将n年1月份统计的熟练工与非熟练工所占百分比分别为xn和yn,记成向量??xn?1??xn??xn?1??xn?与的关系式并写成矩阵形式:?a???????.?yn?1??yn??yn?1??yn??xn??. ?yn?(1)求??4???1??1??1??1??x1??2??xn?1?(3)当?????时,求??.y1y?1????n?1????2?十二、(本题满分8分)某流水线上每个产品不合格的概率为p(0?p?1),各产品合格与否相对独立,当出现1个不合格产品时即停机检修.设开机后第1次停机时已生产了的产品个数为x,求x的数学期望e(x)和方差d(x).十三、(本题满分6分)?2e?2(x??)x??设某种元件的使用寿命x的概率密度为f(x;?)??,其中??0为未知参数.又设x???0x1,x2,?,xn是x的一组样本观测值,求参数?的最大似然估计值.2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试卷一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案填在题中横线上)(1)设y?ex(asinx?bcosx)(a,b为任意常数)为某二阶常系数线性齐次微分方程的通解,则该方程为_____________.(2)r?x2?y2?z2,则div(gradr)(1,?2,2)= _____________.(3)交换二次积分的积分次序:?0?1dy?1?y2f(x,y)dx＝_____________.2(4)设a?a?4e?o,则(a?2e)?1= _____________.(5)d(x)?2,则根据车贝晓夫不等式有估计p{x?e(x)?2}?_____________.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内)(1)设函数f(x)在定义域内可导,y?f(x)的图形如右图所示,则y?f?(x)的图形为(a) (b)(c) (d)(2)设f(x,y)在点(0,0)的附近有定义,且fx?(0,0)?3,fy?(0,0)?1则(a)dz|(0,0)?3dx?dy(b)曲面z?f(x,y)在(0,0,f(0,0))处的法向量为{3,1,1}(c)曲线z?f(x,y)在(0,0,f(0,0))处的切向量为{1,0,3}y?0z?f(x,y)(d)曲线在(0,0,f(0,0))处的切向量为{3,0,1}y?0(3)设f(0)?0则f(x)在x=0处可导?f(1?cosh)(a)lim存在2h?0h(c)limh?0f(1?eh)(b) lim存在h?0h(d)limh?0f(h?sinh)存在h2111111111??4??1?0,b???01???1??00000000f(2h)?f(h)存在h?1?(4)设a??1?1??10??0?,则a与b 0??0?(a)合同且相似 (c)不合同但相似(b)合同但不相似 (d)不合同且不相似(5)将一枚硬币重复掷n次,以x和y分别表示正面向上和反面向上的次数, 则x和y相关系数为(a) -1 (c)(b)0 (d)11 2三、(本题满分6分)arctanex. 求?e2x四、(本题满分6分)【篇三：历年考研数学一真题及答案(1987-2015)】1987-2014 （经典珍藏版）1987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试卷一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案填在题中横线上)(1)当x=_____________时,函数y?x?2x取得极小值.(2)由曲线y?lnx与两直线y?e?1?x及y?0所围成的平面图形的面积是_____________.1?x(3)与两直线y??1?tz?2?t及x?1y?2z?11?1?1都平行且过原点的平面方程为_____________.(4)设l为取正向的圆周x2?y2?9,则曲线积分??l(2xy?2y)dx?(x2?4x)dy= _____________.(5)已知三维向量空间的基底为此基底下的坐标是_____________.二、(本题满分8分) 求正的常数a与b,使等式lim1x2x?0bx?sinx?0?1成立.三、(本题满分7分)1(1)设f、g为连续可微函数,u?f(x,xy),v?g(x?xy),求?u?x,?v?x. (2)设矩阵a和b满足关系式ab=a?2b,其中?301?a???110?,求矩阵 ?4?b.?01??四、(本题满分8分)求微分方程y????6y???(9?a2)y??1的通解,其中常数a?0.五、选择题(本题共4小题,每小题3分,满分12分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一个符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内)(1)设limf(x)?f(a)x?a(x?a)2??1,则在x?a处(a)f(x)的导数存在,且f?(a)?0 (b)f(x)取得极大值(c)f(x)取得极小值 (d)f(x)的导数不存在 (2)设f(x)为已知连续函数s,i?t?t0f(tx)dx,其中t?0,s?0,则i的值(a)依赖于s和t (b)依赖于s、t和x(c)依赖于t、x,不依赖于s (d)依赖于s,不依赖于t (3)设常数?k?0,则级数?(?1)nk?nn2n?1(a)发散(b)绝对收敛2(c)条件收敛(d)散敛性与k的取值有关(4)设a为n阶方阵，且a的行列式|a|?a?0,而a*六、（本题满分10分）求幂级数?a1n?1的收敛域，并求其和函数. xnn?2n?1?是a的伴随矩阵，则|a*|等于(a)a (b)1 (c)an?1七、（本题满分10分）求曲面积分i???x(8y?1)dydz?2(1?y2)dzdx?4yzdxdy,?(d)an??z?1?y?3f(x)?其中?是由曲线绕y轴旋转一周而成的曲面,其法向量与y轴正向的夹角恒大于?. ?2x?0??八、（本题满分10分）设函数f(x)在闭区间[0,1]上可微,对于[0,1]上的每一个x,函数f(x)的值都在开区间(0,1)内,且f?(x)?1,证明在(0,1)内有且仅有一个x,使得f(x)?x.九、（本题满分8分）3问a,b为何值时,现线性方程组?x2?x3?x4?02?2x3?2x4?1x2?(a?3)x3?2x4?bx1?2x2?x3?ax4?? 1有唯一解,无解,有无穷多解?并求出有无穷多解时的通解.十、填空题(本题共3小题,每小题2分,满分6分.把答案填在题中横线上)(1)设在一次实验中,事件a发生的概率为p,现进行n次独立试验,则a至少发生一次的概率为____________;而事件a至多发生一次的概率为____________.(2)有两个箱子,第1个箱子有3个白球,2个红球, 第2个箱子有4个白球,4个红球.现从第1个箱子中随机地取1个球放到第2个箱子里,再从第2个箱子中取出1个球,此球是白球的概率为____________.已知上述从第2个箱子中取出的球是白球,则从第一个箱子中取出的球是白球的概率为____________. (3)已知连续随机变量____________.4x的概率密度函数为f(x)??x2?2x?1,则x的数学期望为____________,x的方差为十一、（本题满分6分）设随机变量x,y相互独立,其概率密度函数分别为fx(x)?10?x?1,fy(y)? y?0,求z?2x?y的概率密度函数.?y其它y?05。
考研政治历年真题(含答案解析)
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题三、分析题：34—38小题，每小题10分，共50分。
要求结合所学知识分析材料回答问题。
将答案写在答题纸指定位置上。
34.最近，四川省搞了一次“医患换位体验”活动，让医生以患者的身份挂号、排队、看病、拿药……结果，医生跑前跑后，既受累又受气，一名全程体验了“患者”的医生感慨道：“医生就像拿着个遥控器，把患者指挥得团团转，当患者确实很苦。
”美国医生爱德华·罗森邦行医50年，忽然患上了喉癌，当他重新审视医学、医院和医生时，感慨地说：“站在我病床边和躺在病床上所看到的角度完全不同”。
他后来在《亲尝我自己的药方》一书中写道：“如果我能从头来过的话，我会以完全不同的方式行医，很不幸的是，生命不给人这种重新来过的机会。
”多年前，有位年轻医生患上甲状腺病，当中国医学科学院著名头脑外科专家屠规益为他主刀。
当手术结束时，屠教授低下身来说：“对不起，让您受苦了！”这是屠教授术后经常对病人说的一句话，虽然简短，却让这位年轻医生深感震撼。
著名医学家袁法祖早年从医，曾在老师的带领下，为一名中年妇女进行开腹手术。
术后没几天，那名妇女就去世了，经解剖发现，患者的死亡与手术并无关系，当时，袁法祖的老师轻轻说了句，“她是4个孩子的妈妈”，就是这句简单的话，让袁法祖至今念念不忘，他知道这句话包含了多少情感，懂得了医生的责任有多重大：医生不仅要看到人身上的病，更要看到生病的人。
结合材料回答问题：(1)“医生换位体验”活动中蕴含着何种哲理？(2)从人的本质属性说明为什么“医生不仅要看到人身上的病，更要看到生病的人”。
(3)你在现实生活中遇到类似医患关系的矛盾，按照矛盾辩证法该如何对待和处理？2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试政治试题三、分析题：34～38小题，每小题10分，共50分。
要求结合所学知识分析材料并回答问题。
将答案写在答题纸指定位置上。
34. 结合材料回答问题：华佗是我国东汉名医。
考研政治历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)
考研政治历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 多项选择题单项选择题每小题1分，共16分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1．当代资本主义国际垄断组织的主要形式是A．国际卡特尔B．混合联合企业C．跨国公司D．国际康采恩正确答案：C解析：本题考查垄断资本在世界范围的扩张这一知识点的内容，测试考生对当代资本主义国际垄断组织主要形式的理解和把握，同时也考查考生对下列两个问题的区分。
一是战前和战后国际垄断组织的主要形式；二是战后国内和国际垄断组织的主要形式。
回答好这道题在审题过程中要特别注意题干中的两个限定条件。
一是“当代资本主义”二是“国际垄断组织”。
在这两个限定条件下，就排除了选项A、B、D。
因为国际卡特尔是战前国际垄断组织的主要形式。
而战后即当代资本主义国际垄断组织的主要形式是跨国公司；混合联合企业是战后国内垄断组织的主要形式。
因此。
正确答案是C。
通过解析这道题说明，仔细审题是做好选择题的关键。
2．国家垄断资本主义的产生和发展，从根本上说是A．国内市场竞争的结果B．国际竞争激化的结果C．垄断统治加强的结果D．生产社会化和资本主义私人占有制之间矛盾发展的结果正确答案：D解析：本题考查垄断资本主义的发展的这一知识点的内容，相对比较简单。
第二次世界大战后国家垄断资本的迅速发展，根本原因在于资本主义基本矛盾的不断发展和深化。
这是因为，随着科技革命的发展，生产和资本社会化程度日益提高与资本主义占有关系的矛盾日益激化，产生了一系列矛盾。
这些矛盾单靠私人垄断资本无法解决，要求私人垄断资本与国家政权相结合，凭借国家的力量加以缓解。
国家垄断资本主义获得广泛发展，这是当代资本主义的最重要的新特征。
因此，正确答案是D。
3．邓小平指出：“社会主义究竟是个什么样子，苏联搞了很多年，也并没有完全搞清楚。
可能列宁的思路比较好，搞了个新经济政策。
但是后来苏联的模式僵化了。
毛概 历年考研真题 详细解答 毛泽东思想概论
毛泽东思想概论1998—2008真题及考试空挡统计（已剔除历年真题与新大纲解析不符部分）说明：★：选择题可能出处；★★★：分析题可能出处，在理解的基础上记忆。
第一章毛泽东思想是马克思主义中国化的理论成果一、毛泽东思想的形成与发展1．马克思主义是指导中国革命和建设的行动指南2．毛泽东思想产生的社会历史条件★3．毛泽东思想发展的历史进程★历年真题10．毛泽东完整地提出新民主主义革命总路线和总政策的著作是（2000年）A．《中国社会各阶级的分析》B．《新民主主义论》C．《在晋绥干部会议上的讲话》D．《论人民民主专政》【答案】C【分析】1948年4月，毛泽东《在晋绥干部会议上的讲话》中指出，无产阶级领导的，人民大众的，方队帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的革命，这就是中国共产党在当前历史阶段的总路线和总政策。
这是对中国共产党的新民主主义革命总路线的完整表述。
因此选项C正确。
A项中提出的是关于新民主主义革命的基本思想，B项形成了完整的新民主主义革命的理论，标志着毛泽东思想的成熟，D项总结了中国民主革命的历史经验，提出了“人民民主专政”是我们的主要经验、主要纲领。
7．毛泽东首次明确提出“新民主主义革命”这一科学概念的著作是（2004年）A．《〈共产党人〉发刊词》B．《中国革命和中国共产党》C．《新民主主义论》D．《论联合政府》【答案】B【分析】毛泽东在《中国革命和中国共产党》一文中，首次明确提出了“新民主主义革命”这个概念，并从理论和实践的结合上对新民主主义革命的对象、任务、动力、性质和前途等问题作了全面深刻的论述。
因此选项B正确。
选项A提出的是党的建设是一项伟大工程以及党的建设的目标；C项第一次系统论述了新民主主义的政治纳领、经济纳领和文化纲领，论述了新民主主主革命的性质以及所从属的世界革命的范畴；D项主要论述了党的最低纲领和最高纲领及其相互关系，论述了中国共产党的三大工作作风。
25．在土地革命战争后期和抗日战争时期，毛泽东思想得到系统总结和多方面展开而达到成熟。
历年考研英语一真题及答案解析
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions w ill be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by makin g themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1.[A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]mod ify [D] recognize2.[A]when [B]lest[C]before [D] unless3.[A]restored [B]weakened [C]esta blished [D] eliminated4.[A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected[D] accepted5.[A]advanced [B]caught [C ]bound [D]founded6.[A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7.[A]resorts [B]sticks[C]loads [D]applies8.[A]evade [B]raise[C]deny [D]settle9.[A]line [B]barrier[C]similarity [D]conflict10.[A]by [B]as[C]though [D]towards[A]so [B]since[C]provided [D]though12.[A]serve [B]satisfy[C]upset [D]replace13.[A]confirm [B]express [C ]cultivate [D]offer14.[A]guarded [B]followed [C]stud ied [D]tied15.[A]concepts [B]theories [C ]divisions [D]conceptions16.[A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed [B]released [C]ra nked [D]distorted18.[A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19.[A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable[D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in aword [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who br eaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. Thetactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when itannounced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power pla nt running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really in tended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Ver mont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Withinthe complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions ke ep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have r epeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to createsuperfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest forcommonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinia n evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an1)extend your welcome and2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
考研英语二2010-2019历年真题及答案解析
2010年考研英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic__1__ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert__2__an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising__3__in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "__4__" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, __5__ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the __6__ of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global __7__ in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths __8__ healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to __9__ in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade __10__ warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was __11__ flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the__12__ tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has __13__ more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials __14__Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began__15__orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is __16__ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those __17__doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not__18__for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other __19__. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people __20__ infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding off SectionSection Ⅱ Reading comprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B ,C and D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ā70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that foll owed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory” because ____.A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesB. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22. By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable” (Para. 3), the author suggeststhat_____.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT ture?A. Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The art market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A. auction houses' favoritesB. contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD. styles representing Impressionists25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true" he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late '70s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed -- but only a few of the men -- gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year -- a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me" "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares at the back of it wanting to talk.26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D. Shsring housework.27. Judging from the context ,the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A. men tend to talk more in public tan womenB. nearly 50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29. Which of the following can best summarize the mian idea of this text ?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists .B. Marriage break_up stems from sex inequalities.C. Husband and wofe have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30. In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on ______A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerTxet3over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors —habits —among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private ind ustry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever —had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corpora tions could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins —are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31. According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually[C] are deepiy rooted in history[D] are basically private concerns32. Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people’habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their effect on people’buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33. which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilver34. From the text wekonw that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35. the author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of strauder v. West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personlly asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36. From the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that ______[A]both litcrate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37. The practice of selecting so—called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadcquavy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures38. Even in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. in discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose T if the statement is true or F it the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Copying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBOTH Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper by a German researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape, echelon or otherwise—expend less energy. The air flowing over a birds wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as up wash. Other birds flying in the up wash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California ,has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to rendezvous over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (with a concomitant reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are, of course, kinks to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in convoy? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft couldbe separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the unnervingly cosy groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation. Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the second world war, but Dr Lissaman says they are apocryphal. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,” he adds. So he should know.41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45. It has been documented that during World War II, A merica’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.Section Ⅲ Translation46.Directions: In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47.Directions: You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to1)Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;2) Welcome him/her to visit China in due course.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) Interpret the chart and2)Give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)2010年考研英语二答案Section I USE of English1 [D]2 [C]3 [B]4 [A]5 [A]6 [B]7 [D]8 [C]9 [B] 10 [A]11[C] 12 [D] 13 [D] 14 [A] 15 [C] 16 [B] 17 [D] 18 [C] 19 [A] 20 [B]Section II Reading Comprehension21 D选【D】，因为第一段段尾句As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy. 即雷曼兄弟公司破产。
考研数学二(微分方程)历年真题试卷汇编3(题后含答案及解析)
考研数学二（微分方程）历年真题试卷汇编3(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 选择题 2. 填空题 3. 解答题选择题下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求。
1．已知函数y＝y(x)在任意点x处的增量，其中α是△x(Ax→0)的高阶无穷小，且y(0)＝π，则y(1)等于A．．B．2π．C．π．D．．正确答案：A解析：[分析] 由题设可知函数y＝y(x)在点x处可微，根据微分与导数的关系，可得，解此可分离变量方程．[详解] 根据微分的定义，可知函数y＝y(x)在点x处可微，且由微分与导数的关系，得，此为可分离变量方程，分离变量得业，两边积分得lny＝arctanx＋lnC，即y＝Cearctanx，代入y(0)＝π，得C ＝π，于是y＝πearctanx，，故应选(A)．[评注] 由，根据导数定义得．另外，从本题可知，由函数在任意点x处的微分或导数的定义，可构造微分方程．这样可将微分或导数的定义与微分方程结合起来构造综合题型．知识模块：微分方程2．已知是微分方程的解，则的表达式为A．B．C．D．正确答案：A解析：[分析] 将代入微分方程，再令ψ的中间变量为u，求出ψ(u)的表达式，进而可求出．[详解] 将代入微分方程，得令lnx＝u，有。
故应选(A)．[评注] 本题巧妙地将微分方程的解与求函数关系结合起来，具有一定的综合性．但问题本身并不复杂，只要仔细计算就可以找到正确选项．知识模块：微分方程3．设y1，y2是一阶线性非齐次微分方程y’＋p(x)y＝q(x)的两个特解．若常数λ，μ使λy1＋μy2是该方程的解，λy1－μy2是对应的齐次方程的解，则A．B．C．D．正确答案：A解析：[分析] 此题主要考查线性微分方程解的性质和结构．[详解] 因λy1－μy12是方程y’＋p(x)y＝0的解，所以(λy1－μy2)’＋p(x)(λy1－μy2)＝0，即λ[y’1＋p(x)y1]－μ[y’2＋p(x)y2]＝0．由已知得(λ－μ)q(x)＝0，因为q(x)≠0，所以λ－μ＝0，又λy1＋μy21是非齐次方程y’＋p(x)y＝q(x)的解，故(λy1＋μy2)’＋p(x)(λy1＋μy2)＝g(x)．即λ[y’1＋p(x)y1]－μ[y’2＋p(x)y2]＝q(x)．由已知得(λ＋μ)q(x)＝g(x)．因为q(x)≠0，所以λ＋u＝1，解得[评注] 此题属反问题，题目构造较新颖．知识模块：微分方程4．具有特解y1＝e－x，y2＝2xe－x，y3＝3ex的三阶常系数齐次线性微分方程是A．y’’’－y”—y’＋y＝0．B．y’’’＋y”—y’－y＝0．C．y’’’－6y”＋11y’－6y＝0．D．y’’’－2y”－y’＋2y＝0．正确答案：B解析：[分析] 由于常系数线性齐次微分方程由其特征方程唯一确定，因此可先由齐次方程的解得到对应的特征根，再由根与系数的关系确定特征方程，从而得到齐次微分方程．[详解] 由特解的形式可知，对应特征方程的根为λ1＝λ2＝－1，λ3＝1，于是特征方程为(λ＋1)2(λ－1)＝λ3＋λ3－λ－1＝0，故所求方程为y’’’＋y”－y’－y＝0，故应选(B)．[评注] 已知齐次微分方程的特解，求微分方程，关键在于掌握特征根与对应特解之间的关系，包括实单根、重根和复数根所对应的特解形式．知识模块：微分方程5．微分方程y”＋y＝x2＋1＋sinx的特解形式可设为A．y*＝ax2＋bx＋c＋x(Asinx＋Bcosc)．B．y*＝x(ax2＋bx＋c＋Asinx＋Bcosx)．C．y*＝ax2＋bx＋c＋Asinx．D．y*＝ax2＋bx＋c＋Acosx．正确答案：A解析：[分析] 本题应注意方程的右端为两项之和，因此由叠加原理，方程y”＋y＝x2＋1＋sinx的特解为方程y”＋y＝x2＋1的特解与方程y”＋y＝sinx的特解之和．[详解] 方程y”＋y—＝x2＋1＋sinx对应的齐次方程的特征方程为λ2＋1＝0，特征根为λ1，2＝±i，由于a＝0不是特征根，于是方程y”＋y＝x2＋1的特解可设为y*1＝ax2＋bx＋c，而λ＝±i是特征方程的根，于是方程y”＋y＝sinx的特解可设为y*1＝x(Asinx＋cosx)，所以，由叠加原理得原方程的特解可设为y*＝ax2＋bx＋c＋x(Asinx＋Bcosx)．故应选(A)．知识模块：微分方程6．函数y＝C1ex＋C2e－2x＋xex 满足的一个微分方程是A．y”－y”－2y＝3xex ．B．y”－y’－2y＝3ex ．C．y”＋y’－2y＝3xex ．D．y”＋y’－2y＝3ex ．正确答案：D解析：[分析] 考虑到本题的四个选项都是二阶方程，可先由y＝C1ex＋C2e －2x＋xex求出y’，y”，再从y，y’，y”中消去C1，C2，即可得到所求的二阶方程．[详解] 由y＝C1e＋C2e－2x＋xex，得y’＝C1ex－2C2e－2x＋(x ＋1)ex，y”＝C1ex＋4C2e2x＋(x＋2)ex，从y，y’，y”中消去C1，C2，得y”＋y’－2y＝3xx，故应选(D)．知识模块：微分方程7．在下列微分方程中，以y＝C1ex＋C22cos2x＋C3sin2x(C1，C2，C3为任意常数)为通解的是A．y”‘＋y”－4y’－4y＝0．B．y”‘＋y”＋4y’＋4y＝0．C．y”‘－y”－4y’＋4y＝0．D．y”‘－y”＋4y’－4y＝0．正确答案：D解析：[详解] 由通解表达式y＝C1ex＋C2cos2x＋C3sin2x可知其特征根为λ1＝1，λ2，3＝±2i．可见对应特征方程为(λ－1)(λ2＋4)＝λ3－λ2＋4λ－4，故对应微分方程为y”‘－y”＋4y’－4y＝0，应选(D)．[评注] 对于三阶或三阶以上的常系数线性微分方程，同样应该掌握其特征方程与对应解之间的关系．知识模块：微分方程8．微分方程y”－λ2y＝eλx＋e－λx(λ＞0)的特解形式为A．a(eλx＋e－λx)．B．ax(eλx＋e－λx)．C．x(aeλx＋be－λx)．D．x2(aeλx＋be－λx)．正确答案：C解析：[分析]分别把自由项为eλx及e－λx的特解相加．[详解] ±λ均是特征方程r2－λ2＝0的根．自由项为eλx及e－λx如的特解形式分别为x(aeλx)及x(be－λx)，所以微分方程y”－λ2y＝eλx＋e－λx(λ＞0)的特解形式为x(aeλx＋be－λx)．故应选(C)．[评注]此题主要考查线性微分方程解的结构．知识模块：微分方程填空题9．过点且满足的曲线方程为_______．正确答案：应填。
考研教育学统考《311教育学专业基础综合》历年考研真题及详解
目 录2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题（回忆版）及详解2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试311教育学专业基础综合真题及详解一、单项选择题：1～45小题。
每小题2分，共90分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1赫尔巴特所代表的传统教育思想的核心一般被概括为：教材中心、课堂中心和（ ）。
A．教师中心B．学校中心C．学生中心D．活动中心【答案】A【解析】以赫尔巴特为代表的传统教育思想的三个中心是教材中心、课堂中心、教师中心。
而以杜威为代表的现代教育思想则强调经验中心、活动中心、学生中心。
2强调知识的内在逻辑和系统性，主张分科教学的是（ ）。
A．经验主义课程论B．学科中心课程论C．存在主义课程论D．后现代主义课程论【答案】B【解析】学科中心课程理论强调的是知识的内在逻辑和系统性，主张实施分科教学。
经验主义课程认为应以儿童活动为中心来组织课程，课程的组织形式应该心理学化。
存在主义课程论认为课程最终要以学生的需要来决定。
2014-2016年考研政治毛概部分真题及解析
2016考研政治毛中特真题及答案解析一、单选题5.毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系是马克思主义中国化的两大理论成果。
贯穿这两大理论成果始终，并体现在两大成果各个基本观点中的世界观和方法论的基础是A.群众路线B.独立自主C.实事实是D.改革创新答案：C【解析】本题考核的是毛中特的精髓，毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系的精髓是实事求是，故选C。
6.社会主义基本制度确立后，如何在中国这样一个经济文化比较落后的东方大国建设和巩固社会主义，是党面临的全新课题。
1956年4月，毛泽东作了《论十大关系》的报告，在初步总结我国社会主义建设经验的基础上，从十个方面论述了我国社会主义建设需要重点把握的重大关系。
"十大关系"所围绕的基本方针是A.集中力量向科学进军B.调动一切积极因素为社会主义事业服务C.既反保守又反冒进、在综合平衡中稳步前进D.正确处理人民内部矛盾答案：B【解析】本题考核的是十大关系所围绕的基本方针，调动一切积极因素为社会主义事业服务，故选B。
7.新世纪以来，我国经济和社会发展呈现出一系列新的阶段性特征，但是，这些新的阶段性特征的出现并没有改变我国仍处于社会主义初级阶段这一基本事实。
这表明，社会主义初级阶段是A.科学社会主义基本原则与时代精神相结合的过程B.长期性与阶段性统一的动态发展过程C.先进社会制度与落后社会生产的矛盾运动过程D.社会性质与发展程度的有机统一过程答案：B【解析】本题考核的是"社会主义初级阶段"这个概念，根据材料描述的"一系列新的阶段性特征"、"并没有改变我国仍处于社会主义初级阶段这一基本事实"选出最优选项B。
8.西藏自治区成立五十年来，通过实行民族区域自治制度，从落后走向进步，从贫穷走向富裕，从封闭走向开放，社会制度实现了历史性的跨越。
今天的西藏，社会稳定、经济发展、民生改善、生态向好，各方面成绩卓著。
历年考研英语二真题+答案解析
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(19)Egypt, France,a , . ,(20) .1.[A] [B] [C] [D]2.[A] [B] [C] [D]3.[A] [B] [C] [D]4.[A] [B] [C] [D]5.[A] [B] [C] [D]6.[A] [B] [C] [D]7.[A] [B] [C] [D]8.[A] [B] [C] [D]9.[A] [B] [C] [D]10.[A] [B] [C] [D]11.[A] [B] [C] [D]12.[A] [B] [C] [D]13.[A] [B] [C] [D]14.[A] [B] [C] [D]15.[A] [B] [C] [D]16.[A] [B] [C] [D]17.[A] [B] [C] [D]18.[A] [B] [C] [D]19.[A] [B] [C] [D]20.[A] [B] [C] [D]A:. D. 1.(40 )1, . , , . , . , 10% a ’s .. . , .a , .a : .10% , . , ? ., a , ., . ’ , , . ,., , . . .21 1 .[A][B][C][D]22 .[A][B] a[C][D]23 3 .[A][B] '[C][D] '24. 4, a . [A][B][C][D]25 .[A][B]A[C][D]A2: , ’ . ,a , , ’ . , , . ,I ’ .’ , , , , . 20 :a , . ’s , , ,a , . , , , . 1980s, a ’s , ,, , .I , . . I ’s : . , , a ,a 1930s., , a “ ” ’ . “” a ’ a . ,a . a – .26 " "( 3, .1) .[A][B] '[C] '[D] '27 2, ?[A] ' .[B] .[C] a .[D] .28 's .[A][B] 's[C] 's[D]29 4 .[A] '[B][C][D] '30 ' .[A][B][C][D]32010. a America's . 200520% . 2010 a . . (), a , a ―‖ a .29 , . A ,a 's . , a Utah a ., . : aa , ; ; ' 's. Aa . a ,a ... .‖'s , . , a ..a ’s ‘ ’ .a , , . a . .31 Ia323334“ ”(46)aa35’s4, . a . , , .. , , ; ; . , ., , a ., , , . , . , . , .a , ,. , , . , Columbia University, a : ; ., . , , ’s . , . ,a . . , .36“ ”( 1.2) .[A][B][C][D]37 2 .[A][B][C][D]38 .[A] a[B][C][D]39 .[A][B][C] ’[D]40 .[A] [B] [C] [D]B:. . 1.(10 )“ , , ,” . , ., Britain . a ,a : . , , ., . 1337, –,( ) . . . , , , , , , ., . , 's . , a , ." , , , , ," ." " , .a , , . , .. , , :“ , , .” . , , . :“ , ; , , .”. , Britain , . . —— . : .46:2.(15 ).2004 40 a 3.3 25 " " .A471) a 2) a100 2" " .48、1) 2)150 (15)2013I, . _1 , a . , 2 ., 1975 “ 3 ,” 4 . a 5 ?a , 6 . , 7 , , 8 ., 14 . a 15 .16 , 17 ’s . 18 , a 19 . A 20 a .1. [A] [B] [C] [D]2. [A] [B] [C] [D]3. [A] [B] [C] [D]4. [A] [B] [C] [D]5. [A] [B] [C] [D]6. [A] [B] [C] [D]7. [A] [B] [C] [D]8. [A] [B] [C] [D]9. [A] [B] [C] [D]10. [A] [B] [C] [D]11. [A] [B] [C] [D]12. [A] [B] [C] [D]13. [A] [B] [C] [D]14. [A] [B] [C] [D]15. [A] [B] [C] [D]16. [A] [B] [C] [D]17. [A] [B] [C] [D]18. [A] [B] [C] [D]19. [A] [B] [C] [D]20. [A] [B] [C] [D]A. A, B, C D. 1. (40 )1, “ America,” , a a : , “aa . , .”’sa , , ., , , . , , . ’t . ’t , , , . ,—. ., , . , , . ’s . , “ 10 2009, [.] 70 ; — 6 —.”’t ’ . , a “E ” : “ a . a . , , , a . ... a . ’s , , . , ‘ ’‘ .’ ’ , , . ... ? . ’ , , . . ... $100 . a a , a , 42 —.”’t a . ’s China: “ ’s , .[] . A 8,000 ’s , . a a , a a 12 . 96 , 10,000 a . ‘ ,’ . ‘’s .’ ”, , , a , . “ a , , , , .”—, , . . , . 25 :a , 13.8 ; a , 8.7 ; , 7.7 ; ’s , 4.1 .a , , . 21 .21. 1[A] [B][C] [D]22. 3, a ,[A] [B] a[C] [D]23. 4[A][B] a[C][D]24. , ,[A] . [B][C] [D] 2125. ?[A] [B][C] [D]2aA , . a , 7 2 . a , , Italy . , “,” ., . : , . , . ‟t , . . , , . . , , , , , ‟s . a , , a a ., , . a a . .. .26 “ ”[A] Atlantic. [B] .[C] a . [D] .27 2[A] . [B] .[C] . [D] .28, ’s[A] . [B] a .[C] . [D] .29[A] . [B] .[C] . [D] .30 ?[A] : . [B] : .[C] : . [D] : .3, a , , .; , , . . , , a , . a , .‟t . University Toronto a a 20 , . ‟ , a .. a ( ), a . , ., , “”“” . . a , a ; , .: a . 12 . , ‟t . .31. .[A] [B][C] [D]32. a .[A] [B][C] [D]33. .[A] [B][C] [D]34. .[A] [B]‘‘ ’’[C] [D]35. ’s .[A] [B] [C] [D]4a , —14 Europe .a 60 . , a . 40 . a :24 .?“, I ’t ,” . “ i .” : “ ,”, a France .I ’s . I ’t ; , . , , a ., US —“ ” . , ,—.’s , a .36. , .[A] [B][C] [D]37. ’s .[A] a [B] a[C] a ’s [D] a38. , .[A] [B][C] [D]39. ’s ’s .[A] [B] [C] [D]40. .[A] [B][C] [D] “ ”B:a a . (41-45) 1. (10 )[A] a[B][C][D][E][F][G] ,. , £60 a , £40 , 10 £130,000 a I 's '" a . , . " . I , a , . I'd . 's a ." 's a . 's , ' - - " a , " - a . 's .41't , 's , . I a , . : 's . 's a , , ,' .42; . 's a . , ' , , 350g , .43- 's . , , , . , ' a , " ' .44, a . , , . ' ' , , , .45't a , a a - £1.75 a £21 - " a . 's £16.95 - £12.99 a 's: I I'd .46. : . 2. (15 )I a 53 I , , I’ , I 4.I . . I a , I –. I 't 's .'t . I I . I –.47a .1)2) 100 . 't .(10 )B (15 )48,(1) ,(2)150 .2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题标准答案I （10）1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4041 42 43 44 45Ⅲ最近，“承受力”\坚持不懈”成了一个流行词，但对来说，他对其含义有自己亲身的体会。
-历年考研数学三真题及答案解析
是c+等价无穷小，则(C) R = 3,c = 4已知 f(x)在 X = O 处可导，且 /(0) = 0,则 Iim x ~f M~2 / CV)Λ→0设｛冷｝是数列，则下列命题正确的是OOX若£心收敛’则∑(∕G H -I +U 2π)收敛/1-1n-1X OC若£(%如)收敛，则收敛“■]/1-1OO X若X ©收敛，则X(∕Y 2^1 T6)收敛 ∕ι≡lπ-! 若X("2-1 Tf 2』收敛‘则X ©收敛π-l ∕ι≡lπ JT π设/ =JJIn(Sin x)dx , J = JJ In(COt x)dx, K = U In(COS x)dx 贝IJ 八 J , K的大 小关系是解，k lt k 2为任意常数.则Ax = β的通解为(A) k = l,c = 4(B) IC = ^C =-4⑷-2/(0)(B) -/'(O) (C) /(O) (D) 0(C) (D)(A) I<J<K (B) I<K<J (C) J <I<K (D) K<J<I⑸ 设A 为3阶矩阵・将A 的第2列加到第1列得矩阵3.再交换B 的第2行与第31 O OU O 0,行得单位矩阵记为片=1 1 O，£ = O O 1,0 0 1’O 1 O 丿(C) P 2P 1 (D) P['P ∖(6)设人为4x3矩阵，7，J Il > “3 是非齐次线性方程组AX = 0的3个线性无关的(B) P^P I (A)砒 ,则4 =(B)t h∑211 + k2{η2-η^(C)T h；+ & (% - 帀)+ £(“2 - 7)(D)+ «2(〃2 一〃1)+ 鸟3(〃3一帀)(7)设F i(x), F2(X)为两个分布函数，其相应的概率密度f l(x), /I(X)是连续函数, 则必为概率密度的是(A)∕1U)Λ(x)(B) If2(X)FM(C) ∕1(X)F2(X)(D) f l(x)F2(x) + f2(x)F i(x)(8)设总体X服从参数2(Λ>0)的泊松分布，X P X l,..∙X,1(∕z≥2)为来自总体的简1" IilZil单随即样本，贝IJ对应的统iiS7；=-yx(., T l =——Vx1-+-X,,刃台^ H-I ⅛r IJ '(A) ET i > ET2i DT l > DT2(B) ETl > ET^DT i < DT2(C) ET x < ET2.DT x > DT1(D) ET x < ET1,DT x < DT1二、填空题：旷14小题，每小题4分，共24分，请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上.X(9)设/(x) = IimX(I+ 3r)7,则 / (X) = __ ・∕→0X(10)设函数2 = (1 +丄)匚则^I(II= _______ ・y(11)曲线tan(x + y + -)="在点(0,0)处的切线方程为_______ ・4(12)曲线y = 直线X = I及X轴所囤成的平面图形绕X轴旋转所成的旋转体的体积 _____ .(13)设二次型/(X P X2,X3)= XΓAΛ-的秩为1, A中行元素之和为3,则/在正交变换下X = Qy的标准型为 ____ •(14)设二维随机变⅛(X,K)服从N(“,“;bSb?;。
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三、材料分析题
由此可见，不仅在舞台上，在各行各业，在各 个岗位，在工作中，在生活中，无论是大师还是 普通人，失误和错误是难免的，关键是出现失误 和错误以后怎么去对待，怎么去处理。处理不当， 会酿成事故，导致全盘失败；处理得当，能败中 取胜，化腐朽为神奇。 (1)为什么“无论是大师还是普通人，失误和 错误是难免的”? (2)梅兰芳为什么能“把险些造成舞台事故的 错误”变为成功的“经典之作”? (3)当我们在认识和实践活动中出现错误或失 败该怎样对待和处理?
2010年考研政治试题
一、单项选择题
1.
物质和意识的对立只有在非常有限 的范围内才有绝对的意义，超过这个 范围便是相对的了，这个范围是指（） A.物质和意识何者为第一性 B．物质和意识是否具有统一性 C．物质和意识何者更为重要 D．物质和意识何者与社会生活的关系 更密切
2009年考研政治试题
一、单项选择题 2. 1978年关于真理标准大讨论是一场新的 思想解放运动。实践之所以成为检验真理 的唯一标准是由 A．真理的主观性和实践的客观性所要求的 B．真理的相对性和实践的决定性所预设的 C．真理的属性和实践的功能所规定的 D．真理的本性和实践的特点所决定的
2012年考研政治试题
二、多项选择题
17．1971年，迪尼斯乐园的路径设计获得“世界最佳设计奖” 设计者说，“其实那不是我设计的”，那原因是在迪斯尼 乐园主体工程完成后，。。。。。。，并且在空地上撒下 草种，5个月后，乐园里绿草茵茵，草地除了上不少宽窄 不一的小路，格罗佩斯根据这些行人踏出来的小路，建设 了人行道，成了优雅自然，简捷便利，个性突出的优秀设 计，格罗佩斯的设计告诉我们认识和实践的启示是( ) A．要从实践中获得灵感 B.要尊重实践的要求 C.不要对自然事物做任何改变 D.要求对事物本来的面目做直接反映 2011年考研政治试题
2012年考研政治试题
二、多项选择题
18.2011年4月，耶鲁大学出版了《马克思为什么是对的》一书，书中 列举了当前西方社会10个典型的歪曲马克思主义的观点。其中一种观 点认为：马克思主义将世间万物都归结于经济因素，艺术、宗教，政 治、法律、道德等都被简单地视为经济的反映，对人类历史错综复杂 的本质视而不见，而试图建立一种非黑即白的单一历史观，上述观点 是对马克思主义关于经济基础和上层建筑辩证关系思想的严重歪曲， 其表现为 A．把社会历史发展多重因素的综合作用歪曲为单一因素决定论 B．把上层建筑与经济基础的相互作用歪曲为机械的单向作用 C．把经济作为社会的“基础”所具有的归根到底的决定作用歪曲为唯 一决定作用 D．把意识形态对社会历史始终具有的积极能动作用歪曲为消极被动作 用
2010年考研政治试题
二、多项选择题
17.近一年多来由美国次贷危机引发的金融危机迅 速在全球蔓延，在危机面前，人们应该积极主动 应对，化危为机。下列名言中符合意识能动性原 理的是 A．信心比黄金更重要 B．我们唯一恐惧的就是恐惧本身 C．问题与解决问题的方法是同时产生的 D．事不必难，知难不难
2009年考研政治试题
2008年考研政Βιβλιοθήκη 试题二、多项选择题
17.马克思主义是关于无产阶级和人类解放 的科学，实现共产主义是全人类解放的根 本体现。人类解放包括 A．从自然的压迫下解放出来 B．从客观规律的制约下解放出来 C．从旧的社会关系的束缚下解放出来 D．从旧的传统观念的禁锢下解放出来
2013年考研政治试题
二、多项选择题
二、多项选择题
18.历史经验表明经济危机往往孕育着新的科技革 命，1857年世界经济危机引发了电气革命，推动 人类社会从蒸汽时代进入电气时代。1929年的世 界经济危机，引发了电子革命推动人类社会从电 气时代进入电子时代，由此证明（） A．科技革命是摆脱社会危机的根本出路 B．科学技术是社会形态更替的根本标志 C．社会实践的需要是科技发展的强大动力 D．科技创新能够推动社会经济跨越式发展
18.唯物史观第一次科学地解决了历史创造 者的问题，认为人民群众是历史的创造者。 人民群众 A．从量上说是指社会人的绝大多数 B．从质上说是对社会历史发展起推动作用 的人们 C．在任何历史时期都不包括剥削阶级 D．最稳定的主体部分始终是从事物质资料 生产的劳动群众及其知识分子
2013年考研政治试题
2012年考研政治试题
一、单项选择题
2.有这样一道数学题： “90%×90%×90%×90%×90%=？其答案是约59%。 90分看似一个非常不错的成绩，然而，在一项环 环相扣的连续不断的工作中，如果每个环节都打 点折扣，最终得出的成绩就是不及格。这里蕴含 的辩证法道理是（ ） A肯定中包含否定 B量变引起事变 C必然性通过偶然性开辟道路 D可能和现实是相互转化的
二、多项选择题
18．邓小平说：“农村搞家庭联产承包这个发明 权是农民的，农村改革中的好多东西都是基层创 造出来，我们把它拿来加工提高作为全国的指 导。”这对我们实现思想理论创新具有普遍指导 意义，它要求我们 A．要以解放思想为先导 B．打破一切理论的约束 C．关注生活实践的需要 D．尊重人民群众的诉求
二、多项选择题
17．从上世纪70年代至今,商务印书馆先后出版了多个版 本的《新华字典》，除了一些旧的词条，增加了一些新的 词条，并对若干词条的词义给了修改。例如1971年版对 “科举这个词的解释是：”从隋唐到清代的封建王朝为了 维护其反动统治而设立分科考生文武官吏后备人员的制 度”,1992年版删去“反动“二字，1998版又删去“为了 维护其统治而设”直到2008年版删去了这句话。一本小字 典记载着词语的发展变化也记录了时代前进的印证，字典 词条释义的变化表明人们的意识（） A．是客观世界的能动反映 B．取决于词语含义的改变 C．随着社会生活变化而变化 D．需要借助语言这一物质外壳表达出来 2010年考研政治试题
2008年考研政治试题
一、单项选择题
3. 在听完一位成功的企业家讲课后，一些 来自企业的学员感到有些失望，便问他： “你讲的那些内容我们也差不多知道，可 为什么我们之间的差距会那么大呢？”这 位企业家回答说：“那是因为你们仅是知 道，而我却做到了，这就是我们的差别。” 这句话表明了实践高于理论认识，因为实 践具有 A. 普遍有效性 B. 客观规律性 C. 主体能动性 D. 直接现实性
(2)梅兰芳大师将舞台事故的错误变成经典之作， 从认识论角度，是因为他的这种成功的认识来源 于实践。在实践和认识的关系中。首先，实践是 认识的来源。第二，实践是认识发展的动力。第 三，实践是检验认识是否具有真理性的标准。第 四，实践是认识的目的。正是由于梅兰芳大师的 应对突发事故多年来积累的实践经验，才使得错 误变成经典之作。 从辩证法角度，梅兰芳大师将错误通过一定 条件，即长期积累的实践经验，转化成了经典， 体现了矛盾双方在一定条件下可以相互转化。(考 生从任一角度答题均可得分)
2009年考研政治试题
一、单项选择题
1.
马克思主义哲学与唯心主义哲学、 旧唯物主义哲学的根本区别在于（） A．坚持人的主体地位 B．坚持用辩证发展的观点去认识世界 C．坚持物质第一性、意识第二性 D．坚持从客观的物质实践活动去理解 现实世界
2008年考研政治试题
一、单项选择题
2.
最近，由多国科学家组成的团队利 用一台粒子加速器，让两束原子在一 个圆环轨道上做高速运动，发现这些 原子自身的时间确实比外界时间慢了。 这项实验进一步证明了作为物质运动 存在形式的时间具有（） A．客观性 B. 有限性 C. 相对性 D. 一维性
2012年考研政治试题
一、单项选择题
1. 著名数学家华罗庚在一次报告中以“一支粉笔 多长为好”为题来讲解他的优选法，对此，他解 释道：“每支粉笔都要丢掉一段一定长的粉笔头， 单就这一点来说：愈长愈好。但太长了，使用起 来很不方便，而且容易折断，每断一次，必然多 浪费一个粉笔头，反而不合适。因而就出现了粉 笔多长最合适的问题—这就是一个优选问题。” 所谓优选问题，从辩证的角度看，就是要（ ） A.注重量的积累 B.保持物质的稳定性 C.坚持适度原则 D.全面考虑事物属性的多样性
三、材料分析题
可梅兰芳马上意识到，我是白娘子，他是负心郎 许仙，我去扶他不合常理，这戏不是演砸了吗?大 师到底是大师，梅兰芳随机应变，在扶住他的同 时，又轻轻地推了他一下。所以，剧情就由原来 的一戳变成了一戳、一扶和一推，更淋漓尽致地 表现出了白娘子对许仙爱恨交织的复杂心情。这 个动作，把险些造成舞台事故的错误演得出神入 化，得到了大家的认可。从此，在以后的演出中， 梅兰芳就沿用了这个动作，而且，其他剧种也都 移植采用了这个动作处理，这个动作成了经典之 作。
2010年考研政治试题
【参考答案】 (1)马克思主义哲学唯物辩证法认为：必然性 和偶然性是揭示客观事物发生、发展和灭亡的不 同趋势的范畴。必然性是指事物联系和发展过程 中一定要发生、确定不移的趋势;偶然性是指事物 联系和发展过程中并非确定发生的，可以出现也 可以不出现，可以这样出现也可以那样出现的不 确定的趋势。而梅兰芳大师这件出演失误可以看 作是偶然性与必然性的统一，必然性存在于偶然 性之中，通过大量的偶然性表现出来，所以说失 误的错误是难免的。
二、多项选择题
17.“沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春。“辩证 法认为发展的实质是新事物的产生和旧事物的灭 亡。新生事物必然取代旧事物，从根本上说，是 因为 A．新生事物产生于旧事物之后，是新出现的事物 B．新生事物具有新的结构和功能，能适应已经变 化了的环境和条件 C．新生事物是对旧事物的扬弃，并添加了旧事物 所不能容纳的新内容 D．在社会历史领域内，新生事物符合广大人民群 众的根本利益和要求
一、单项选择题
1.有一幅对联，上联“桔子洲，洲旁
舟，舟行洲不行，”下联“天心阁， 阁中鸽，鸽飞阁不飞。”这形象的说 明了运动和静止是相互依存的静止是： A．运动的衡量尺度 B．运动的内在原因 C．运动的普遍状态 D．运动的存在方式