经济学十大原理及英文翻译
PrinciplesofEconomics经济学十大原理
Principles of Economics——by N Gregory MankiwPrinciple #1 People Face TradeoffsWe face tradeoffs everyday.Tradeoffs occur when constraints such as budget or time force us to give up one thing in order to get something else.John is a high school senior facing a trade-off whose outcome will help to guide the course of his life. John is trying to choose the right college. His grade point average and SAT scores have placed him in the upper percentile of his class and have made him a very attractive prospect for any college. For John, a number of factors determine his ultimate choice. He has to compare the advantages and disadvantages of each institution. In this way, he can make appropriate tradeoffs to reach an informed decision.One possibility for John is a commuter college close to his home. If John chooses this school, he will live at home and have a lower tuition cost. Each of these factors will keep the overall cost of his education affordable. But John has his heart set on a career as an architect and the commuter college has limited course work in this area.John’s next option is a private university in another part of the country. This university will provide him with a degree in architecture and also has an international reputation, one that will give John greater credibility when he applies to graduate school. But the school may also be prohibitively expensive. Also, leaving home may provide freedom but will also be a less structured environment than he is used to.John has a third choice: a state school. The state school offers a possible compromise between the commuter college and the private university. It also offers John a degree in architecture where he will be reasonably close to home andfriends and his tuition costs will be lower than the private school. But the private school’s architecture program has an international reputation and its average class size is much smaller and therefore more personal.John must now evaluate each of these factors based on his own needs and desires. For example, John’s first priority is getting the best possible education. He knows that competition for a graduate degree in architecture will be very stiff and he wants his best foot forward when the times comes. His second priority is where he lives. John wants to stay near home where he can be near his friends and family. In the final analysis, though, John’s decision will have to first take into account his budget constraints.John must now compare his priorities with an eye toward these constraints. As John makes his tradeoffs, he is practicing one of the basic principles of economics: There’s no such thing as a free lunch. To get one thing that we want we usually have to give up something else that we want.Since his parents have told him that they do not want to pay for the private school, John must strike it from his list. He must now make appropriate tradeoffs between the commuter college and the state school in order to arrive at the right choice.John’s next tradeoff is between th e quality of life that each will offer and the quality of its education.John has already made two important decisions. He defines “quality of life” as living at home near friends while his definition for “quality of education” is a degree in architecture. By comparing the two schools on these bases, John is able to arrive at the best possible tradeoff.Like all of us, John was able to establish his own priorities, then determine which tradeoffs were necessary to arrive at the best possible outcome.By understanding our options and making appropriate tradeofs, we were able to make the best decisions for our own lives.Principle #2 The Cost of Something is What You Give Up to Get ItWomen's roles in our society have changed tremendously in the last hundred years. This change has impacted the opportunity costs for women as they consider whether to work inside or outside the home.The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up in order to get it. Similarly, the opportunity cost of an activity is what you give up in order to do it.Your choices depend on opportunity costs which in turn depend on many factors including money, time, and quality of experience.In earlier, pre-industrial generations, women received most of their social prestige for their roles as wife and mother, while their labor was needed literally to keep the home fires burning. The kinds of jobs open to them, on the other hand, were limited and paid poorly. The opportunity cost of working outside the home was often too high to be worthwhile given the importance of their responsibilities at home.As barriers to women entering certain professions have fallen, more women have sought preparation for those professions. In 1968, women received 8% of the medical degrees, 3% of the MBAs and 4% of the law degrees granted that year. By 1986, women were awarded 31% of the MD’s and MBAs, and accounted for 39% of the law degrees. Today, the figures continue to climb, with women composing 43% of law school enrollment.The broader, more lucrative career fields open to women today require the careful evaluation of changed opportunity costs when choosing whether or not to work outside the home.For example, let us consider a couple who currently work full time, eachmaking $50,000 a year. what is the opportunity cost of choosing to work? What is the opportunity cost of choosing to stay at home?Suppose the couple has a child, and no options for free child care. They willhave to purchase equivalent child care from a baby sitter, day care center, or give up one of their salaries and stay home. Child care will require an annual cash outlay of $15,000.They have limited free time each week, and find that house cleaning rarely gets done. They can employ a professional house cleaning service or stay home to do the cleaning themselves.The opportunity cost of working is the value they place on their time if they did not work. One of them could provide child care worth $15,000 and house cleaning worth $1,200.Assuming these are the only benefits foregone by working, the opportunity cost of working is the $16,200.They both have highly lucrative job skills so the financial benefits of working We get the same answer y asking the question: “What is the opportunity cost of staying at home?” By staying a t home, one forgoes the opportunity to work,thus giving up an income of $50,000 a year. The opportunity cost of staying home is $50,000.The monetary benefit of staying at home to take care of the household tasks and care for the child is $16,200. Although there are financial benefits to staying at home, these benefits have a lower monetary value than the opportunity cost of forgoing their salary.These considerations reflect important aspects of opportunity cost. Understandably, as possibilities for women to work outside the home have multiplied, the opportunity costs for women to remain at home have increased. Of course, there may be non-monetary costs to working that we have not yet considered. Often a worker will turn down overtime even though it pays one and a half times the normal hourly wage. Why? The worker places more value on free time than the extra 50% the employer is offering.This non-monetary opportunity cost is harder to measure. If it were strictly dollars and cents, our couple’s deci sion would be easy.But they both place a great deal of value on the quality of life for their child and they both love the time they spend with their child. So the opportunity cost of working may be much higher than the financial cost of $16,2000.In 1979, the hourly earnings of women were only 62% of the wages earned by their male counterparts. By 1992, that percentage had risen to 74%As women’s salaries become comparable to men’s, the opportunity cost for women staying at home has become closer to the opportunity cost for men.The decision to stay home with the children is no longer the sole responsibility of the woman.As men and women reassess the changing nature of work both inside and outside the home, their shifting priorities will give them a new understanding of opportunity cost and help them find a new balance between family and career. Principle #3 Rational People Think at the MarginRay is considering a very tempting offer. A few weeks back, Ray heard that his favorite band was coming to town. He was so excited he was willing to spend twenty-five dollars for the best seat in the house.He kept calling the box office but the overwhelming number of callers made it nearly impossible to get through. When he finally did, he had to settle for a ten dollar ticket in the restricted view section.Now, on the night of the concert, Ray is approached by Scott, a ticket scalper. Scott wishes to sell Ray a twenty-five dollar ticker with and unrestricted view for twenty dollars.How will Ray make this deci sion? Not by saying, “No, because I already have a ticket,” or “Yes, because it’s a good ticket.” He will apply the principles of marginal thinking. Ray will weigh the incremental benefits of each choice in light of incremental costs.Ray must determine if the marginal improvement in his seat will justify the added expense. In order to do this, he will analyze the marginal benefit of the better seat. In other words, Ray must ask himself if a better seat is worth twenty dollars to him.Ray’s analysis t ells him that the marginal benefit of a better seat is that he will enjoy the concert much more. Therefore, the marginal improvement over his original seat justifies the additional expense. Ray quickly accepts the offer.This is clearly a good deal for Ray but what about Scott the scalper? Surely he can’t make profit selling twenty-five dollar tickets for twenty dollars, can he?As soon as they went on sale, Scott purchased fifty tickets at twenty-five dollars each. This gave him a total out-of-pocket expense of one thousand, two hundred and fifty dollars. He was gambling that he could sell these tickets at a profit. Sure enough, when Scott arrives at the stadium three hours before show time, he finds dozens of disappointed fans willing to pay more than face value for his tickets. He quickly sells thirty tickets at forty dollars apiece. This makes back one thousand and two hundred dollars of his original investment.After the first hour, though, Scott experiences a sharp decline in sales and he finds that he can no longer sell tickets above face value. During the next hour and forty minutes he is only able to sell ten tickets, all at their face value of twenty-five dollars. Did Scott’s gamble pay off?This two hundred and fifty dollars, when added to his first hour sales gives him a total of one thousand, four hundred and fifty dollars. Scott now has a two hundred dollar profit on his original one thousand, two hundred and fifty dollarinvestment. However, Scott now wishes he had only bought forty tickets. He still has ten tickets left at twenty minutes to show time. What should he do with these ten tickets?Since he’s recouped his sunk cost, Scott realizes its better to sell them for something rather than nothing. He how offers the remaining tickets for twenty dollars apiece and finds several willing buyers, including Ray. Even though he’s taking a loss on these last tickets, marginally he’s better off selling them at that price rather than throwing them away.Ray and Scott are not the only winners in this transaction. Kim is another fan, one who is willing to gamble that Scott’s price will come down even more. By five minutes to show time Scott has sold all but two of his remaining tickers for twenty dollars. Scott now has total sales of one thousand, five hundred and thirty dollars which gives him a profit of two hundred and eighty dollars over his original one thousand, two hundred and fifty dollar investment.As soon as Scott is down to two tickets and there’s no time left before the start of the s how, Kim makes her move. Knowing that Scott doesn’t want to be with tickets so close to show time, Kim offers the scalper five dollars for the final two. Since Scott has nothing to lose and ten dollars to gain by unloading the last two tickets, they make a deal.As the concert begins, Ray is able to get a better seat and Scott is able to maximize his profits, all by applying the principles of marginal thinkingPrinciple #4 People Respond to IncentivesFor many people, graduation from high school is an exciting time, filled with renewed possibilities and challenges. Some will choose to directly enter the work-force. Others will decide to continue their education by attending college. Inevitably, the decision will be an economic one.When financial resources are limited, people must consider the prices of goods and services they wish to purchase, including the price of a college education.And because of budget constraints, they often face tradeoffs. At a time like this, people are very prone to respond to incentives.Alan and Sarah, two recent high school graduates, are perfect examples of how incentives can affect choices. Both have decided to attend college immediately after graduation.Sarah’s family has saved fifteen thousand dollars for tuition a t one of the finest private schools in the country. Alan’s family has saved seven thousand dollars for college, and he plans on attending his state university. The next step is for them to figure out the most effective ways to finance their education.Alan discovers that the cost of tuition at the state school, plus other expenses, is higher than he had anticipated -- ten thousand dollars a year.He could postpone his college plans and get a job to help pay for his tuition. But he might only be qualified for low-paying jobs, which would greatly reduce his saving power for college.In Sarah’s situation, the cost of private schooling is much higher than she had thought. With the cost being twenty thousand dollars a year, she has to choose her state university.In times like these, people like Alan and Sarah are looking for better options. The government can possibly help them by offering incentives, such as a tuition tax credit. A tuition tax credit is a deduction off the tax owed on a person’s tax return.For example, if the tax credit is thirty percent, the family can deduct thirty percent of the total cost of tuition from the taxes owed on their tax return. In the case of a college tuition tax credit, the income is designated to pay for tuition only.Given the introduction of a college tuition tax credit, Alan is now able to afford state university directly after graduation. The annual cost of attending the university is ten thousand dollars. He can use his parents’ seven thousanddollars and add the money from the three thousand dollar tax credit to pay the remainder.A tuition tax credit will also enable Sarah to attend the private school she originally chose.Tuition for that school is twenty thousand dollars a year. With her parents’ contrubution of fifteen thousand dollars and a tax credit of six thousand dollars she can now afford tuition there.Many people think that our society would only benefit from the education that government incentives make possible. But although we know that people respond to incentives, such policies can also create unexpected negative ramifications.For example, a government tax credit increases the disposable income of middle and upper income families. Meanwhile, lower income families, the ones most in need of extra money for education, are less affected.College tuition tax credit can also have a negative ramification in the education market as a whole. With extra money available, more people can afford to attend college. In other words, the “demand” for college e ducation increases.But it takes time for schools to increase their capacity to accommodate the extra students. Most universities have an established system with a set number of campus buildings, faculty, and administration. In other words, even though “demand” for college education increases, the “supply” remains constant.In this situation, schools respond to the increased demand by raising tuition to cover the costs of adding classrooms, dormitories, teachers, and administrations. These market-wide tuition increases may partially reduce the effectiveness of the original tax credit.Ultimately, incentives such as tuition tax credits can have a positive effect on society. But, as with any government policy, consideration must be given to the direct effects as well as the indirect effects that the incentives create.Policymakers must fully understand these differing principles in order for the incentives to cause the positive effects on society that they intend.Principle #5 Trade Can Make Everyone Better OffTrade. We do it every day of our lives. People trade money for goods. So do businesses... And nations... Trade is the lifeblood of international economy. Every nation grows stronger and its economy improves as it exercises the principles of international trade.There are two elements to a well-balanced trade relationship: comparative advantage and specialization.Economists use the term “Comparative Advantage” when describing the opportunity cost of two producers. The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost is said to have a comparative advantage in producing that good.To see the benefit of comparative advantage, let us examine two countries, America and Japan, and two goods, food and cars.For our example we will assume that both countries produce cars and grow food. In both the U.S. and Japan, a worker can each produce one car per month. Because America has more land it is more efficient at producing food than Japan. A U.S. worker can produce two tons of food per month, whereas a Japanese worker can produce only one ton per month.If America is as efficient as Japan at car manufacturing and better at food production, why do we need to trade with her?Because the opportunity cost of producing a car is two tons of food in the U.S., but only one ton of food in Japan. So, Japan has a comparative advantage over the U.S. in producing cars.Because it is less expensive for America to import cars than to produce them domestically and more profitable to export our surplus food than to try and consume it all internally, the U.S. has a comparative advantage in food production. Once this comparative advantage has been determined, each country recognizes the need to specialize.Japan can now spend more time producing cars and less time growing food while the U.S. can spend more time in the production of food and less time on the automobile assembly line.Each country is now specializing in the production of a good in which it has a comparative advantage. In order to receive the good it is not producing, it must trade with the other. This trade relationship benefits both partners.Such a relationship breeds an interdependence among trading partners.In many ways, we as Americans tend to view the Japanese as our competitors in the global marketplace. After all, we both produce automobiles and food and are competing for the biggest possible market share of each.But is it right to view this competition as a sports contest, where one side wins and the other side loses?No. Such a limited view tends to ignore the positive benefits of interdependent trade to both countries. In fact, the opposite is true: Trade between two countries makes each country better off.During the past thirty years, Japan’s comparative advantage and specialization is the manufacture of automobiles has led it to become a leading industrial power. Many believe that this growth has come at the expense of the American economy. But how true is this?As Japan built up its comparative advantage in auto assembly, the United States was freed up to specialize in other markets where it could built up its owncomparative advantage. These markets included finance, high technology and the manufacture of auto parts. Each of these markets are fundamental to the delivery of goods and services including the production of automobiles. By specializing in the areas of their comparative advantage, America and Japan are able to complement each other’s production.By working together in trade, each side can guarantee that the final product is sold at the best price for the consumers of both countries. This allows for a greater number of purchasers for both the Japanese and American firms. Further, the more of these goods that are sold, the stronger the economy will be in each of the partner nations.Such interdependent relationships are becoming more and more common as the global marketplace expands. This expansion of trade guarantees better economies and a brighter future for all nations involved.Principle #6 Markets are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic ActivityIn any free market economy, the prices of goods and services are determined by the laws of supply and demand.The prices and quantity sold of goods and services reach equilibrium by responding to the behavior of buyers and sellers. The force that moves price and quantity to equilibrium is called “The Invisible Hand,” a phrase coined by Adam Smith in the 1700s.In a marketplace that is heavily regulated by the government, this invisible hand can no longer work, because prices reflect political policy rather than the consumer’s choice.Before 1978, America’s airline industry was a regulated marketplace where prices were determined by the government. Consumers had little choice in terms of fare, airline, or quality of service.After five decades of regulation, prices could not adjust naturally to free market forces. Because fares were set by planning committees, airlines had no incentive to compete for customers or to run efficiently.Airlines had become so inefficient and polluting that the problem came to the attention of the U.S. Congress.Congress reasoned that by setting market forces loose in the airline industry, airlines would soon compete with one another for passengers.In 1978 Congress passed the Airline Deregulation Act with the support of President Carter. They speculated that the invisible hand of a free market was still a good way to organize the economic activity.By opening more routes to competition, more suppliers entered the market. They hoped that this would lead to lower airfares, better efficiency, technological advances, and greater choices for travelers.In the years following deregulation, the invisible hand of the marketplace has benefited all kinds of travelers.Take Amy, for example, who wants to fly our to visit her boyfriend for the weekend. In a regulated market, she would have the choice of one or two carriers and a fare that is fixed by the government. But in a free market, she can choose from a range of fares and companies. All that is required is a call to her travel agent, who can compare the prices of all the major airlines.If she can travel with one airline at an off-peak time, for example, she can save hundreds of dollars off the full fare of another. A regulated marketplace would probably now allow this kind of flexibility.Deregulation has forced airlines to become innovative in competing with one another.This graph demonstrates the hub and spoke system developed by the airlines as a outgrowth of deregulation. As small regional airports, or spokes, feed into larger hubs in a major city, passengers are routed to their destination from the hub. Large airlines can control the terminals at their hub airports and charge other airlines to use them.United Airlines, for instance, often routes passenger traffic through their Chicago hub. They then service smaller airports with economical propeller planes and save large jets for longer routes that have more passengers. For this reason, Amy might make a stop at a large airport before continuing on to her destination. Southwest Airlines is a good example of a company that has benefited by deregulation. It began as a small commuter airline which served markets ignored by larger companies.Flying short and low-maintenance routes enabled Southwest to quickly establish itself as a price leader.Since shorter routes require less maintenance and smaller crews, Southwest streamlined operations. They have developed passenger routing and baggage loading techniques that allow them to turn a plane around in thirty minutes. They save time and money, the keys to survival in the airline business.This efficiency translates into savings on fuel, labor, insurance and other expenses that get passed on to the consumer.Efficiency is the outstanding advantage that Southwest uses over its competitors. To fill an undersold flight, Southwest can add passengers for literally the price of peanuts.Other airlines have tried to mimic Southwest’s success. As they enter the market the increased competition keeps prices in check. This prevents any one airline from monopolizing the market.Some airlines, however, were not able to survive after deregulation. Giants of the past like Pan Am and Eastern airlines folded in 1991 because they were unable tostreamline operations and match the lower fares of their competitors. Instead, expenses took there toll as labor unions resisted wage cuts.Other airlines were forced to make trade-offs in their quest for efficiency. Compromises in safety have been uncovered as airline cut expenses to stay competitive. Or some airline are forced to fly an aging fleet longer in an effort to avoid expenditures and keep air fares down.Yet overall, deregulation of the airline industry has been a windfall to the consumer. The US General Accounting Office reports that on average, air fares are down almost 10 percent at small, medium, and large airports since deregulation. The increased number of flights, savings in travel time, and overall efficiency of the hub-and-spoke system has saved US consumers 10.3 billion dollars a year. Deregulation has also spurred overall advances in safely. The accident rate per one hundred thousand departures has dropped 90%.By removing barriers to free competition, the government has allowed the airline industry to demonstrate one of the basic principles of economics: that markets are a good way to organize economic activity.Principle #7 Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market OutcomesThe American public education system has long been a model for the free world. Why is our government concerned with education? Wouldn’t the system work better if left to the free market?There are two reasons why the government stays involved in education - the same two reasons that motivate it to intervene in other markets. The first is to promote equity, and the second is to promote efficiency.The original intent behind the establishment of a public school system was to promote equity for all citizens. Historically, private schools have offered an excellent education. Unfortunately, this education is expensive and therefore is out of the reach of many citizens.The public school system was established to address this inequity by offering a reasonably standardized curriculum with equal access to all. Therefore, all students can gain the opportunities that education makes possible.Primarily viewed as extending from kindergarten through the twelfth grade, this system also reaches into the higher education years with community colleges and state universities.In addition, the government assists higher education through various policies which help students to afford attending private and public institutions. These programs include Pell grants, student loans and government sponsored scholarships, which make higher education more affordable to a large number of citizens.Dale’s education reveals the role of government action in promoting equity and efficiency.。
曼昆英文版《经济学原理》01-经济学十大原理
Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.
People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.
Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
1. People face tradeoffs. Efficiency v. Equity
1. People face tradeoffs.
"There is no such thing as a free lunch! lunch!"
1. People face tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices.
曼昆微观经济学经济学十大原理 英文版
how firms decide how much to produce, how many workers to hire（企业决策：生产（数量）、雇佣工人数量）
how society decides how to divide its resources between national defense, consumer goods, protecting the environment, and other needs（国家决策：国防、消费品、环 4 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 保等）
Tradeoff的原因本质是：资源的稀缺性
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
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HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS Principle #1: 人们面临权衡取舍 People Face Tradeoffs
Exampense requires resources that could
机会成本也来源于资源稀缺性，由于机会成本的存在从而需要取
舍。
机会成本是人们选择，而放弃其他全部选择中收益最大的部分。
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HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #2: 某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西
The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
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HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #3: 理性人考虑边际量
Rational People Think at the Margin Rational people
经济学的十大原理
Principle #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity. • A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.
Principle #4: People Respond to Incentives. • Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond. • The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternative’s marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!
Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin. • Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.
People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.
Principle #8: The Standard of Living Depends on a Country’s Production. • Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries’ productivities. • Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced fபைடு நூலகம்om each hour of a worker’s time.
曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照
十大经济学原理。
曼昆在《经济学原理》一书中提出了十大经济学原理，他们分别是：十大经济学原理一：人们面临权衡取舍。
人们为了获得一件东西，必须放弃另一件东西。
决策需要对目标进行比较。
People Face Trade offs. To get one thing, you have to give up something else. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.例子：这样的例子很多，典型的是在“大炮与黄油”之间的选择，军事上所占的资源越多，可供民用消费和投资的资源就会越少。
同样，政府用于生产公共品的资源越多，剩下的用于生产私人品的资源就越少；我们用来消费的食品越多，则用来消费的衣服就越少；学生用于学习的时间越多，那么用于休息的时间就越少。
十大经济学原理二：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。
决策者必须要考虑其行为的显性成本和隐性成本。
The Cost of Something is what You Give Up to Get It. Decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions.例子：某公司决定在一个公园附近开采金矿的成本。
开采者称由于公园的门票收入几乎不受影响，因此金矿开采的成本很低。
但可以发现伴随着金矿开采带来的噪声、水和空气的污染、环境的恶化等，是否真的不会影响公园的风景价值？尽管货币价值成本可能会很小，但是考虑到环境和自然生态价值会丧失，因此机会成本事实上可能很大。
十大经济学原理三：理性人考虑边际量。
理性的决策者当且仅当行动的边际收益超过边际成本时才采取行动。
Rational People Think at Margin. A rational decision-maker takes action if and only ifthe marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost.例子：“边际量”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.1
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读经济学原理，每日更新/欢迎来主页查看/翻译经过校对第一章经济学十大原理The word economy comes from the Greek woid oikonomos,which means “one who manages a household." At first, this origin might seem peculiar. But in fact, households and economies have much in common. A household faces many decisions. It must decide wliich household members do which tasks and what each member receives in return: Wlio cooks diimer? Wlio does the laundiy? Who gets the extra dessert at dinner? Who gets to drive the car? In short, a household must allocate its scarce resources （time, dessert, car mileage） among its various members, taking into account each member's abilities, efforts, and desires.经济这个词来源于希腊语，其意为“管理一个家庭的人”。
乍一看，这个起源似乎有点奇特。
但事实上，家庭和经济有着许多共同之处。
一个家庭面临着许多决策。
它必须决定哪些家庭成员去做什么，以及作为回报每个家庭成员能得到什么：谁做晚饭？谁洗衣服？谁在晚餐时多得到一块甜点？谁有权选择看什么电视节目？简言之，家庭必须考虑到每个成员的能力、努力和愿望，以在各个成员中配置稀缺资源（时间，甜点，车辆英里程）。
经济学十大原理
CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
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HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin
例如:
当一个经理在考虑是否要增加产出
时, 她会在增加的劳动力与原材料 的成本和额外的收益之间进行比较
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Ten Principles of Economics
PRINCIPLES OF
ECONOMICS
FOURTH EDITION
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What kinds of questions does economics
市场（Market） : a group of buyers and sellers
(need not be in a single location)
组织经济活动意味着需要决定 生产什么 怎么生产 生产多少 谁将得到它们
CHAPTER 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
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HOW PEOPLE INTERACT
Principle #6: Markets Are Usually A Good Way to Organize Economic Activity
市场经济：许多企业和家庭在物品和劳务市
场上相互交易，通过他们的分散决策来配置 资源的经济
In a market economy, these decisions
第01章经济学十大原理
自给自足经济
•每个家庭生产他们消费的大部分物品 •较少的交换 •资源的配置和利用由居民的直接消费决定 •经济效率低下
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计划经济
• 生产资料归政府所有，经济的管理，实际 上像一个单一的大公司；
• 中央统一决策投资、消费、价格等，用计 划来解决资源的配置问题，并期望实现资源的 最大化利用；
• 市场经济制度( market economy/market economic system)
• 计划经济制度( command economy/planned economic system)
• 混合经济制度( mixed economy/mixed economic system)
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
• 人们工作、消费和储蓄的决策 • 企业的生产行为 • 商品价格的决定
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
经济学十大原理
• 在对个体研究的同时，经济学家还要分析 影响整个经济的力量和趋势，包括：
• 平均收入的增长 • 找不到工作（失业）的人占总人口的比例 • 价格上升的速度 • ……
PRINCIPLES OF
Economics
THIRD EDITION
N. Gregory Mankiw
About N. Gregory Mankiw
• 曾就读于麻省理工大学、普林斯 顿大学。29岁即成为哈佛大学历史 上最年轻的终身教授之一； • 现任哈佛大学经济学教授，同时 担任马萨诸塞州剑桥的一个非赢利 性智囊团——国家经济局所属的货 币经济计划部主任，还被聘为国会 预算办公室及波士顿联邦储蓄银行 的顾问； • 另外，他还供职于ETS考试研发 委员会下的经济学高阶水平考试委 员会和NBER商业周期委员会；
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.5
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理原理四Principle 4: People Respond to Incentives原理四：人们会对激励作出反应An incentive is something (such as the prospect of a punishment or reward) that induces a person to act. Because rational people make decisions by comparing costs and benefits, they respond to incentives. You will see that incentives play a central role in the study of economics. One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field could be summarized as simply “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.”激励是指诱使或迫使人们做某事的东西（例如可能的惩罚或奖励）。
由于理性人在决策时比较边际成本和边际收益，他们对激励作出反应。
你将看到激励在经济学的学习中占有核心地位。
某个经济学家甚至说，整个经济学可以简单总结为“人们对激励作出反应，剩下的内容只是对该原理的解释。
”Incentives are key to analyzing how markets work. For example, when the price of an apple rises, people decide to eat fewer apples. At the same time, apple orchards decide to hire more workers and harvest more apples. In other words, a higher price in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. As we will see, the influence of prices on the behavior of consumers and producers is crucial to how a market economy allocates scarce resources.激励在分析市场如何运行时十分重要。
经济学十大原理及英文翻译
经济学十大原理 1.人们面临交替关系2.某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的的东西3.理性人考虑边际量4.人们会对激励作出反应5.贸易能使每个人状况更好6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法7.政府有时可以改善市场结果8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力9.当政府发行了过多货币时,物价上升10.社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期交替关系。
#1. people face trade-offs.
#2. the cost of something is what you give up to get it.
#3. rational people think at margin.
#4. people respond to incentives.
#5. trade can make everyone better off.
#6. markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.
#7, governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
#8. a country's standard of living depends on the its ability to produce goods and services.
#9.prices rise when the government prints too much money.
#10. society faces short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment。
经济学十大原理 英文
The Ten Principles of EconomicsEconomics is a social science that studies how individuals, businesses, and governments make decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited needs and wants. Through a systematic analysis of economic behavior, economists have formulated several principles that underpin the study of economics. These principles help us understand how the economy operates and how individuals and societies make economic choices. Here are the ten fundamental principles of economics:Principle 1: People Face Trade-offsIndividuals face trade-offs due to limited resources. A person can only allocate their time, money, and energy to certain activities, which necessitates sacrificing others. For example, a student must choose between studying for an exam and going out with friends. Similarly, governments face trade-offs when allocating their budgets between defense, healthcare, education, and other areas.Principle 2: The Cost of Something is What You Give Up to Get ItMaking decisions always involves considering opportunity costs. Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a choice. For instance, if you choose to spend your money on a new smartphone, the opportunity cost is the vacation you could have taken instead. Understanding opportunity costs is essential for making rational decisions.Principle 3: Rational People Think at the MarginRational decision-making involves weighing the marginal benefits against the marginal costs. The marginal benefit is the additional benefit derived from consuming or producing one more unit of a good or service, while the marginal cost is the additional cost of producing or consuming that unit. Rational individuals make decisions by comparing these marginal benefits and costs.Principle 4: People Respond to IncentivesIncentives play a crucial role in economics. An incentive is anything that influences the behavior of individuals or firms. People respond to incentives in predictable ways. For example, when the price of a product increases, consumers tend to buy less of that product. Understanding incentives helps predict how people will react to changes in prices, taxes, subsidies, or regulations.Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better OffTrade allows individuals and countries to specialize in what they do best, leading to increased productivity and overall welfare. By specializing in their comparative advantage and engaging in trade, individuals can consume a greater variety of goods and services at a lower opportunity cost. Trade allows for the efficient allocation of resources and can make everyone involved better off.Principle 6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic ActivityMarkets have proven to be effective in organizing economic activity. The interaction of buyers and sellers in a market determines prices and quantities. Prices serve as signals to individuals and firms, guiding them on how to allocate resources. Markets also encourage competition, leading to efficiency and innovation. However, there are cases where markets may fail to allocate resources efficiently, such as when there are externalities or monopoly power.Principle 7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market OutcomesGovernments intervene in the economy to address market failures and promote the general welfare. They enforce property rights and contracts, provide public goods and services, and regulate market activities. Additionally, governments aim to correct market failures caused by externalities, information asymmetry, or natural monopolies. However, government intervention can also lead to unintended consequences and inefficiencies if not carefully implemented.Principle 8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and ServicesProductivity is the key driver of a nation’s standard of living. Countries with high levels of productivity can produce more goods and services per unit of input. Productivity growth is essential for sustained improvements in living standards over time. Factors that contribute to productivity growth include investments in physical and human capital, technological advancements, and efficient institutions.Principle 9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much MoneyInflation is primarily caused by the excessive growth of the money supply. When the government prints more money, the value of money decreases, leading to higher prices. Inflation erodes the purchasing power of individuals and businesses, distorts price signals, and hampers economic stability. Central banks play a key role in managing the money supply and controlling inflation.Principle 10: Society Faces a Short-Run Trade-off between Inflation and UnemploymentThe Philips curve illustrates the short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment. In the short run, policies that aim to reduce unemployment may lead to higher inflation, and policies that aim to decrease inflation may result in higher unemployment. This trade-off highlights the challenges faced by policymakers in balancing price stability and low unemployment rates.These ten principles provide a foundation for understanding the complexities of economics. By applying these principles, economists can analyze economic behavior, develop models, and make predictions about the effects of policy changes. Understanding these principles is not only important for economists but also for individuals, businesses, and policymakers in making informed decisions to improve economic outcomes.。
Chap_01Ten Principles of Economics经济学十大原理
Basic knowledge for our major of business and economics
What Is Economics Like Interesting economics: idea Boring economics: technique Useful economics: Alan Greenspan, the chairman of the Fed
Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
1.人们面临权衡取舍
为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们 通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。
大炮 vs.黄油 食物 vs. 衣服 休闲 vs. 工作 效率 vs. 平等
organize economic activity. Governments can sometimes improve
economic outcomes.
经济学十大原理
人们如何与他人相互交易
贸易可以使每个人状况更好。 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。 政府有时能改善市场经济效果。
Reference Textbooks Paul Samuelson and William :Economics J. Stiglitz: Economics
Good examples William Baumol and Alan Blinder:
Economics: Principles and Policy
1.人们面临权衡取舍
效率与平等
效率—— 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最 多东西的特性。
曼昆经济学原理(双语)1.9参考资料
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理参考资料Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand亚当·斯密与看不见的手It may be only a coincidence that Adam Smith’s great book The Wealth of Nations was published in 1776, the exact year in which American revolutionaries signed the Declaration of Independence. But the two documents share a point of view that was prevalent at the time: Individuals are usually best left to their own devices, without the heavy hand of government guiding their actions.亚当·斯密的巨著《国富论》出版于1776年，也就是美国革命者签署《独立宣言》的那一年，这也许只是一个巧合。
但这两份文件都有一个当时流行的观点：个人通常最好听其自然，没有政府的重拳指导他们的行动。
This political philosophy provides the intellectual basis for the market economy and for free society more generally. Why do decentralized market economies work so well? Is it because people canbe counted on to treat one another with love and kindness? Not at all. Here is Adam Smith’s description of how people interact in a market economy: Man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only.这种政治哲学为市场经济和更普遍的自由社会提供了智力基础。
曼昆微观经济学经济学十大原理 英文版
教材（英文版）：Principles of Economics, 7ed.
written by N. Gregory Mankiw
中文版：《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》，梁小明、
梁砾译，北京大学出版社
参考书：《经济学原理学习指南》，大卫· 哈克斯著，梁小
民译，北京大学出版社；《曼昆<经济学原理（微观经济学 分册）>笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解》，圣才考研 网主编，中国石化出版社
万美元时，高中篮球明星科 比.布赖恩特（Kobe Bryant ）决定不读大学而直接进入 职业篮球联盟（ NBA ）。
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
11
Examples:
Choice A B C D E Revenue 200$ 150$ 180$ 201$ 200$ opportunity cost 201$ 201$ 201$ 200$ 201$
1
CHAPTER
1
Ten Principles of Economics （经济学十大原理）
Economics
PRINCIPLES OF
N. Gregory Mankiw
© 2015 CUFE
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
society gets the most from its scarce resources
Equality:经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性 when
prosperity is distributed uniformly among society’s members.
Tradeoff: To achieve greater equality, income could be
第一章经济学十大原理
第一章经济学十大原理经济学是一门研究资源的分配和利用的学科，以及个体和集体在资源分配中做出的决策的科学研究。
经济学有着自己的一套理论体系和原则，这些原理是经济学家在经济学研究中总结出来的规律和定理，可以指导我们在实践中理解和解决经济问题。
本文将介绍第一章经济学十大原理。
1.人们面临选择的原理（People face trade-offs）：这个原理表明在做出经济决策时，人们面临资源有限的限制，因此必须在不同的选择之间进行权衡和取舍。
2.成本的概念（The cost of something is what you give up toget it）：这个原理指出，为了得到其中一种好处，我们常常不得不放弃其他好处。
成本的概念不仅指金钱成本，还包括时间、努力和其他资源的代价。
3.理性人做出的决策（Rational people think at the margin）：理性人指的是那些能够对不同选择的边际收益和边际成本进行比较，并根据这一比较做出决策的人。
边际指的是额外的、相对小的变化。
4.激励原理（People respond to incentives）：人们往往对激励作出反应。
正向的激励（奖励）会促使人们做出其中一种行为，而负向的激励（惩罚）会抑制人们的行为。
5.贸易可以使每个人受益（Trade can make everyone better off）：这个原理表明，人们通过贸易可以达到互利双赢的局面。
通过分工和交换，人们可以利用各自的优势，从而实现资源的最优分配。
6.市场的概念（Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity）：市场是一种供给和需求之间的交互机制，通过价格的形成和调整来协调资源的供求关系。
市场机制可以促使资源的高效配置。
8.一国经济与全球经济的关系（A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services）：一个国家的生活水平取决于其生产商品和服务的能力。
经济学原理 中英
经济学原理中英经济学原理是经济学研究的基础，它是指在经济学理论体系中最基本的准则和原则。
它可以帮助人们理解经济现象和经济问题，从而作出合理的经济决策。
经济学原理包括以下几个方面：1. 稀缺性原理（Scarcity principle）：这个原理认为资源是有限的，而需求是无限的。
因此，个体和社会必须做出选择和取舍。
人们不可能同时满足所有的需求和欲望，而是需要在有限的资源下做出选择。
2. 机会成本原理（Opportunity cost principle）：机会成本是指因选择某种行为而放弃的最高价值的替代品。
在做出经济决策时，人们应该考虑到选择某个选项所带来的机会成本。
例如，如果一个人选择上大学而放弃了工作，他/她的机会成本就是可能获得的工作收入。
3. 边际原理（Marginal principle）：边际指的是增加或减少一个单位的变动。
边际原理认为，个体在决策时会考虑每一单位的变动对他们的总效用或总成本的影响。
例如，当一个人决定购买一件商品时，他/她会权衡每一单位的消费带来的满足度和价格。
4. 激励原理（Incentive principle）：人们的行为往往会受到内部激励（如个人愿望）和外部激励（如奖励和惩罚）的影响。
激励原理认为个体会根据激励的程度来决定是否从事某种行为。
例如，当政府给予企业税收减免时，企业会更有动力来扩大投资。
5. 边际效用递减原理（Law of diminishing marginal utility）：这个原理认为，个体在消费某一种商品或服务时，其边际效用会随着消费量的增加而递减。
换句话说，随着消费量的增加，每额外一单位的消费所带来的额外满足度会越来越小。
这些经济学原理可以帮助人们分析经济问题和做出经济决策。
通过了解这些原理，个人和社会可以更好地管理资源、理解市场运作和预测经济变化的影响。
经济学十大原理—英文版
Principle 1: People Face Trade-offs
The first lesson about making decisions is summarized in the adage “There is no such thing as a free lunch.” To get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
Although the study of economics has many facets, the field is unified by several central ideas. In this chapter, we look at Ten Principles of Economics. Don’t worry if you don’t understand them all at first or if you don’t find them completely convincing. In later chapters, we will explore these ideas more fully. The ten principles are introduced here to give you an overview of what economics is all about. You can think of this chapter as a “preview of coming attractions.”
经济学十大原理
一种东西的机会成本（opportunitycost）是为了得到这种东西所放弃的东西。当做出任何一项决策，例如，是否上大学时，决策者应该认识到伴随着每一种可能的选择而来的机会成本。实际上，决策者通常是知道这一点的。那些到了上大学的年龄的运动员如果退学，转而从事职业运动就能赚几百万美元，他们深深认识到，他们上大学的机会成本极高。他们往往如此决定：不值得花费这种成本来获得上大学的利益，这一点也不奇怪。
8. a country's standard of living depends on the its ability to produce goods and services.
9.prices rise when the government prints too much money.
10. society faces short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment.
生产率与生活水平之间的关系对公共政策也有深远的含义。在考虑任何一项政策如何影响生活水平时，关键问题是这项政策如何影响我们生产物品与劳务的能力。
原理九：当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升
什么引起了通货膨胀？在大多数严重或持续的通货膨胀情况下，罪魁祸首总是相同的———货币量的增长。当一个政府创造了大量本国货币时，货币的价值下降了。
我们说政府有时可以改善市场结果并不意味着它总能这样。学习经济学的目的之一就是帮助你判断什么时候一项政府政策适用于促进效率与公证。
原理八：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力
世界各国生活水平的差别是惊人的。随着时间推移，生活水平的变化也很大。用什么来解释各国和不同时期中生活水平的巨大差别呢？答案是几乎所有生活水平的变动都可以归因于各国生产率（productivity）的差别。
经济学十个原理
婚姻是一种政治行为, 焦大不会爱林妹妹 婚姻是一种政治行为, 焦大不会爱林妹妹 人类繁衍的需要
理性人的经济行为
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
婚姻是一种不完全信息下的经济活动 婚姻是一种不完全信息下的经济活动 不完全信息 契约关系 和契约关系 信息不对称 导致婚姻不稳定 留私房钱 机会主义行为 签约 履约 解约 婚姻也有成本 收益大于成本才有婚姻; 婚姻也有成本 和 收益 收益大于成本才有婚姻 两人的目标: 两人的目标 追求幸福最大化 夫妻一起生活实现了 规模经济
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生产可能性曲线
生产可能性曲线揭示了资源的稀缺性 说明任何经济活动都必须作出选择 而选择是要付出代价的---机会成本 而选择是要付出代价的 机会成本 这个机会成本是递减的 同时,资源配置必须讲效率 生产什么？ 资源配置必须讲效率: 同时 资源配置必须讲效率 生产什么？ 如何生 为谁生产？ 产？ 为谁生产？ 为了满足人们日益增长的需要,就要发展经济 为了满足人们日益增长的需要 就要发展经济 (实现经济增长的路径 资源替代 技术创新 实现经济增长的路径: 实现经济增长的路径 资源替代; 技术创新)
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
学习经济学可以帮助你更好地认识和理 解周围的世界,帮助你对事物更加客观 解周围的世界 帮助你对事物更加客观 深 全面地把握,特别是对一些经济现象更 入 全面地把握 特别是对一些经济现象更 好地理解和把握. 好地理解和把握 例: 爱情 婚姻 家庭
经济十大原理范文
经济十大原理范文1. 人们面临权衡取舍的原理（Principle of trade-offs）：人们的资源是有限的，而他们的欲望是无限的，所以人们必须在不同的选择之间做出取舍。
例如，一个国家决定增加军费开支，就必须减少教育和医疗开支。
2. 机会成本的原理（Principle of opportunity cost）：当你做出一个选择时，你必须放弃其它的选择。
机会成本是你放弃的选项的价值。
例如，如果你选择上大学而不是直接就业，大学教育的机会成本就是你可能在就业市场上获得的工作收入。
3. 边际分析的原理（Principle of marginal analysis）：个人和企业在做出决策时，应该比较边际成本和边际收益。
边际成本是指做一项行动所需的额外成本，而边际收益是指由该行动带来的额外收益。
如果边际收益大于边际成本，那么这个行动是值得采取的。
4. 贸易能使每个人受益的原理（Principle of trade can make everyone better off）：贸易可以使不同的人特长所在的领域得到发挥，从而带来更高的生产效率和更多的选择。
通过贸易，每个人都可以从他人的专长中受益。
5. 市场调节的原理（Principle of markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity）：市场是协调买卖双方，分配资源，调节价格的机制。
市场通过供求关系自发地调节价格和数量，使资源分配得以最优。
因此，通常情况下，市场是一个有效的资源分配机制。
7. 技术进步对经济产出的影响原理（Principle of the impact of technological progress on economic output）：技术进步是经济增长的主要驱动力之一、技术进步可以提高劳动生产率，降低成本，创造新的产品和服务。
8. 货币对经济增长的影响原理（Principle of the impact of monetary policy on economic growth）：货币政策是经济增长的重要因素。
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#2. the cost of something is what you Hale Waihona Puke ive up to get it.
#3. rational people think at margin. #4. people respond to incentives.
#5. trade can make everyone better off. #6. markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.
经济学十大原理 1.人们面临交替关系2.某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的的东西3.理性人考虑边际量4.人们会对激励作出反应5.贸易能使每个人状况更好6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法7.政府有时可以改善市场结果8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力9.当政府发行了过多货币时,物价上升10.社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期交替关系。 #1. people face trade-offs.
#7, governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.
#8. a country's standard of living depends on the its ability to produce goods and services.