现在将来时与过去将来时的用法

现在将来时与过去将来时

一．表示将来时间的多种结构

1.will / shall (not) + V(原型)

“will / shall + 不定式”通常用来表示将来时间。Will 用于第一、二、三人称主语，Shall 用于第一人称主语，都可表示将来时间，但这种将来意义常常夹杂着情态意义，即带有说话人的主观态度和看法，比如表示“预见（Prediction）”:

The next train to Beijing will leave at 8 a.m.

You will feel better after taking this medicine.

He won’t be here in time unless he comes by air.

I’m sure I shan’t lose my way in the woods.

We shall know the result next week.

2.will / shall (not) + V进行体/完成体

既然“will / shall + V(原型)”往往夹杂着情态意义，如果我们要表示“纯粹”将来，便可采用“will / shall + V(进行体)”结构。这种结构通常带有“自然要发生”的含义，因而不包含“意愿”、“意图”等情态意义。例如：

The train will be arriving at two o’clock.

I shall be writing to you soon.

He won’t be coming to the party this evening.

You can use my bike, I won’t be needing it tomorrow.

这种“will / shall + V(进行体)”的结构也可以表示将来某一时刻或时间段里正在进行的动作。例如：

What will you be doing this time tomorrow morning?

I’ll be working in this company during May.

如果表示将来某一时刻之前已经完成的动作，便可用“will / shall + V(完成体)”。例如：You will have completed the English course by this time next year.

The snow will have disappeared before the end of March.

3.be (not) going to +V(原型)

这一结构的主要意义，一是表示“意图”，即打算在将来做某事。例如：

I’m going to post that letter by air mail.

We are going to call a meeting to discuss it.

He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.

这一结构的另一意义是表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。Look at these black clouds一there’s going to be a storm.

I feel dizzy(眩晕). I think I’m going to faint(晕倒).

4.be + Ving(现在进行体)

这一结构的主要意义是表示按照计划、安排，即将发生的动作，常用于表示位置转移的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等，也可用于其它动态动词。例如：

We are leaving on Friday.

He is moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow.

The president is coming to the United States this week.

The plane is taking off at 5:00 p.m.

5.be (not) to+ V(原型)

这一结构的主要用法，一是表示按计划、安排，即将发生的动作。例如：

I am to have tea with my best friend this afternoon.

Where are we to stay tonight?

二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如：

You are to stand here. Do you understand?

Tell her she’s not to be back late.

The dictionary is not to be had here.

6.一般现在时

用一般现在时表示将来时间，常见于条件状语和时间状语分句。例如：

If she comes, I’ll tell her all about it.

I’ll give it to you after I return.

二．过去将来时间表示法

1.would +V(原型)

用“would +V(原型)”表示过去将来时间,通常带有表示过去将来的时间状语，而且多见于从属分句。例如：

He said he would come back the next day.

We never imagined that he would become a doctor.

用“would +V(进行体)”表示在过去将来某一时间正在进行的动作。例如：

He told his friend that this time next year he would be studying at abroad.

He never imagined that someday he would be living away from his motherland.

用“would +V(完成体)”表示从过去某时开始一直延续到将来某时的动作或事态。例如：She said that by the end of May she would have been studying medicine for three years.

By six o’clock that afternoon, they would have been cleaning the house for five hours.

2.was / were going to + V(原型)

用“was / were going to + V(原型)”表示过去将来.

例如：He was going to play tennis that afternoon.

He said that he was going to live in the countryside when he retired.

3.was / were to + V(原型)

用“was / were to + V(原型)”表示过去将来，通常指按过去的计划、安排，将在某个过去将来时间发生的事态。例如：

As I was to leave the next day, I went to bed early on Thursday evening.

4.一般过去时表过去将来

常用于某些条件状语和时间状语分句。例如：

He said he would tell her all about it if he met her.

She told me that she would come to see me when she visited China again.