外文翻译：手动变速器概述

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汽车变速器的分类及区别

汽车变速器的分类及区别手动变速器(MT)手动变速器,也称手动挡,即用手拨动变速杆才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置,改变传动比,从而达到变速的目的。

自动变速器(AT)自动变速器,利用行星齿轮机构进行变速,它能根据油门踏板程度与车速变化,自动地进行变速。

而驾驶者只需操纵加速踏板控制车速即可。

一般来讲,汽车上常用的自动变速器有以下几种类型:液力自动变速器、液压传动自动变速器、电力传动自动变速器、有级式机械自动变速器与无级式机械自动变速器等。

其中,最常见的就是液力自动变速器。

无级变速器(CVT)无级变速器就是由两组变速轮盘与一条传动带组成的。

因此,其比传统自动变速器结构简单,体积更小。

另外,它可以自由改变传动比,从而实现全程无级变速,使汽车的车速变化平稳,没有传统变速器换挡时那种“顿”的感觉。

手自一体变速器手自一体变速器由德国保时捷车厂在911车型上首先推出,称为Tip－tronic,它可使高性能跑车不必受限于传统的自动挡束缚,让驾驶者也能享受手动换挡的乐趣。

此型车在其挡位上设有“＋”、“－”选择挡位。

在D挡时,可自由变换降挡(－)或加挡(＋),如同手动挡一样。

驾驶者可以在入弯前像手动挡般的强迫降挡减速,出弯时可以低中挡加油出弯。

现在的自动挡车的方向盘上又增加了“＋”、“－”换挡按钮,驾驶者就能手不离开方向盘加减挡。

手动与自动主要有三方面的区别:一就是操控方式不同。

手动档需要驾驶者配合离合器进行换档操作,自动档则由变速箱根据设定的传动比来操作,不需要人工干预。

二就是驾驶感觉不同。

手动档强调人的主观能动性,能充分唤起驾驶者的驾驶欲望与某种成就感。

自动档则没有什么驾驶乐趣,讲究实用、省力。

三就是油耗不同。

相同品牌、排量的汽车,手动档车比自动档车省油10%左右。

手动档的车有驾驶的乐趣,而自动档的车开起来轻松又愉快,所以现在越来越多的车开始提供自手动变速器。

AT也就就是常说的自动档,MT就就是手动档。

在游戏默认为自动档,可以通过选项中的进行调整。

2024年度-专题三手动变速器教案

变速器漏油
密封件老化、油封损坏、壳体破器损坏、拨叉变形、离合器分离不彻底等可能导致挂挡困难。
跳挡
自锁装置失效、拨叉轴定位不良、齿轮磨损严重等可能引发跳挡现象。
13
故障诊断方法与步骤
初步检查
检查变速器油位、油质，观察有无漏油现象。
挂挡困难诊断
检查离合器分离情况，检查拨叉、同步器等部件。
减速操作
当需要减速时，可松开油门踏板，使车辆利用惯性滑行减速。如需更快减速，可轻踩刹车踏板，同时踩下离合器，避免发动机熄火。
10
坡道起步与停车操作
坡道起步操作
在坡道上起步时，需拉紧手刹，将离合器踩到底，挂入一档。然后慢慢松开离合器至半联动状态，轻踩油门使车辆有向前冲的趋势时，松开手刹，继续轻踩油门使车辆平稳起步。
20
拆卸顺序和注意事项
拆卸顺序断开蓄电池负极电缆。拆卸变速器上的相关附件，如车速里程表软轴、液位检查塞等。
21
拆卸顺序和注意事项
01
举升汽车并可靠支撑，拆卸传动轴。
02
03
拆卸变速器与发动机的连接螺栓，将变速器与发动机分
离。
放下汽车，将变速器从汽车上拆下。
22
拆卸顺序和注意事项
注意事项
6
传动比及变速范围
传动比
手动变速器的传动比是指输入轴转速与输出轴转速之比。传动比的大小决定了汽车的行驶速度和牵引力。
变速范围
手动变速器的变速范围是指变速器所能提供的最大和最小传动比之间的比值。变速范围越大，汽车适应不同行驶条件的能力越强。一般来说，手动变速器的变速范围在3-5之间。
7
02
手动变速器操作方法与技巧
手动变速器的作用是根据汽车行驶条件的变化，改变传动比，使发动机在最佳工况下工作，同时实现倒车和空档功能。

自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

附录1：外文翻译自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0。

The new Opel/Vauxhall公司在2014年秋季推出了自动化五速手动变速箱(MTA) Easytronic 3.0。

该变速器使用电动液压离合器和位移控制，其主要部件主来自手动变速箱(F17-5)。

这个新的变速器新增了停止/启动功能，而他的控制系统是根据安全标准ISO 26262设计的。

DIPL.-ING。

THOMAS ZEMMRICH是德国Adam Opel公司变速器自动化MT系统组长和技术专家。

持续战略2014年秋季，欧宝/沃克斯豪尔公司引进了新一代自动化手动变速器MTA(手动变速器) Easytronic 3.0。

这延续了公司自2001年开始战略，通过这种低成本的变速器有效代替小型车辆的常规自动变速器。

由于传统变速器在传动过程中有扭矩中断会使车辆在驾驶时舒适度不佳。

因此，他们设计了与传统变速箱相比操作操作更简便，燃油经济性更好的，并且带有运动驾驶风格的自动化变速器。

这篇文章介绍了欧宝新推出的MTA 的设计和性能特点。

变速器的设计这款新推出的变速器是在Opel公司五速手动变速箱(F17-5)的基础上开发的，它的扭矩容量为190Nm。

这款变速器用在中小型汽油发动机手动档车型上的排量高达1.4L，用在材油机手动挡车型上的排量为1.3L。

虽然拥有高达200Nm转矩容量的6速变速箱越来越受到欢迎，但是考虑到成本，目前五速版的变速箱任是小型汽车的首选。

这款变速器采用拨叉和同步器进行换档，所选的齿轮组传动比范围为5.53，这对于一个五速变速箱来说是一个相当大的传动比范围。

由于较大的传动比范围，使得一档工作时不需要输入较大的转矩，使驾驶舒适性能得到提高，且在五档工作时不需要发动机输入较高的转速就可以获得较高的驾驶速度，还能够降低噪音，提高燃油经济性。

后者是实现自动手动变速器而不损失任何性能，因为加速度可以通过快速自动降档来实现。

外文翻译-手动变速器

附录附录A.Manual TransmissionIt’s no secret that cars with manual transmissions are usually more fun to drive than the automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing interest in the act of driving, then chances are you also appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how does a manual transmission actually work?A history hows that manual transmissions preceded automatics by several decades. In fact，up until General Motors offered an automatic in 1938, all cars were of the shift-it-yourself variety. While it’s logical for many types of today’s vehicles to be equipped with an automatic――such as a full-size sedan, SUV or pickup――the fact remains that nothing is more of a thrill to drive than a tautly suspended sport sedan, snort coupe or two-sealer equipped with a precise-shifting five-or six-speed gearbox．We know whicn types or cars have manual trannies. Now let’s take a loo k at how they work. From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the’60s to the most high-tech six-speed one in a car of today, the principles of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must shift from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch housing (or bell housing）, in turn, bolts to the back of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive, the transmission still attaches to the engine in a similar fashion but is usually referred to as a transaxle. This is because the transmission, differential and drive axles are one complete unit. In a front-wheel-drive car, the transmission also serves as part of the front axle for the front wheels. In the remaining text, a transmission and a transaxle will both be referred to using the term transmission.The function of any transmission is transferring engine power to the driveshaft and rear wheels (or axle halfshafts and front wheels in a front-wheel-drive vehicle). Gears inside the transmission change the vehicle’s drive-wheel speed and torque in relation to engine speed and torque．Lower(numerically higher) gear ratios serve as torque multipliers and help the engine to develop enough power to accelerate from a standstill.Initially, power and torque from the engine comes into the front of the transmissions and rotates the main drive gear (or input shaft), which meshes with the cluster or countersha ft gear――a series of gears forged into one piece that resembles a cluster of gears. The cluster-gear assembly rotates any time the clutch is engaged to a running engine，whether or not the transmission is in gear or in neutral.There are two basic types of manual transmissions. The sliding-gear type and the constant-mesh design. With the basic――and now obsolete――sliding-gear type，nothing is turning inside the transmission case except the main drive gear and cluster gear when the trans is in neutral. In order to mesh the gears and apply engine power to move the vehicle, the driver presses the clutch pedal and moves the shifter handle, which in turn moves the shift linkage and forks to slide a gear along the mainshaft, which is mounted directly above the clust er. Once the gears are meshed, the clutch pedal is released and the engine’s power is sent to the drive wheels. There can be several gears on the mainshaft of different diameters and tooth counts, and the transmission shift linkage is designed so the driver has to unmesh one gear before being able to mesh another. With these older transmissions, gear clash is a problem because the gears are all rotating at different speeds.All modern transmissions are of the constant-mesh type, which still uses a similar gear arrangement as the sliding-gear type. However，all the mainshaft gears are in constant mesh with the cluster gears. This is possible because the gears on the mainshaft are not splined to the shaft, but are free to rotate on it. With a constant-mesh gearbox, the main drive gear, cluster gear and all the mainshaft gears are always turning, even when the transmission is in neutral.Alongside each gear on the mainshaft is a dog clutch, with a hub that’s positively splined to the shaft and an outer ring that can slide over against each gear. Both the mainshaft gear and the ring of the dog clutch have a row of teeth. Moving shift linkage moves the dog clutch against the adjacent mainshaft gear, causing the teeth to interlock and solidly lock the gear to the mainshaft.To prevent gears from grinding or clashing during engagement, a constant-mesh, fully "synchronized" manual transmission is equipped with synchronizers. A synchronizer typically consists of an inner-splined hub, an outer sleeve, shifter plates，lock rings（or springs）and blocking rings. The hub is splined onto the mainshaft between a pair of main drive gears. Held in place by the lock rings，the shifter plates position the sleeve over the hub while also holding the floating blocking rings in proper alignment.A synchro’s inner hub and sleeve are made of steel, but the blocking ring――the partof the synchro that rubs on the gear to change its speed――is usually made of a softer material, such as brass. The blocking ring has teeth that match the teeth on the dog clutch. Most synchros perform double duty――they push the synchro in one direction and lock one gear to the mainshaft. Push the synchro the other way and it disengages from the first gear, passes through a neutral position, and engages a gear on the other side.That’s the basics on the inner workings of a manual transmission. As for advances, they have been extensive over the years, mainly in the area of additional gears. Back in the 60’s, four-speeds were common in American and European performance cars．Most of these transmissions had 1:1 final-drive ratios with no overdrives. Today, overdriven five-speeds are standard on practically all passenger cars available with a manual gearbox.Overdrive is an arrangement of gearing that provides more revolutions of the driven shaft（the driveshaft going to the wheels）than the driving shaft（crankshaft of the engine）. For example, a transmission with a fourth-gear ratio of 1:1 and a fifth-gear ratio of 0.70:1 will reduce engine rpm by 30 percent, while the vehicle maintains the same road speed. Thus, fuel efficiency will improve and engine wear will be notably reduced. Today, six-speed transmissions are becoming more and more common. One of the first cars sold in America with a six-speed was the ’89 Corvette. D esigned by Chevrolet and Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen（ZF）and built by ZF in Germany, this tough-as-nails six-speed was available in the Corvette up to the conclusion of the ’96 model year. Today，the Corvette uses a Tremec T56 six-speed mounted at the back of the car.Many cars are available today with six-speeds, including the Mazda Miata, Porsche Boxster S and 911, Dodge Viper, Mercedes-Benz SLK320, Honda S2000, Toyota Celica GT-S and many others. Some of these gearboxes provide radical 50-percent (0.50:1) sixth-gear overdrives such as in the Viper and Corvette, while others provide tightly spaced gear ratios like in the S2000 and Celica for spirited backroad performance driving. While the bigger cars mentioned above such as the Viper and Vette often have two overdrive ratios（fifth and sixth）the smaller cars like the Celica and S2000 usually have one overdriven gear ratio（sixth) and fifth is 1:1.Clearly a slick-shifting manual transmission is one of the main components in a fun-to-drive car, along with a powerful engine，confidence-inspiring suspension and competent brakes.附录B.手动变速器相对于自动变速箱的车手动变速箱汽车开起来有更好的驾驶乐趣这是众所周知的。

汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译A manual n。

also known as a standard n。

XXX。

It consistsof gears。

synchros。

roller bearings。

shafts。

and gear selectors。

The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from XXX gears are used to select the desired。

and the sector fork moves gears from one to another using the gearshift knob。

Synchros are used to slow the gear to a。

before it is XXX。

The counter shaft holds the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft。

Unlike automatic ns。

XXX。

as there isno XXX。

Note: XXX "n Shifter" was deleted as it had no XXX.)XXX have four to six forward gears and one reverse gear。

However。

some cars may have up to eight forward gears。

while semi trucks XXX by the number of forward gears。

such as a 5-speed standard n.The n of a standard n includes three shafts: the input shaft。

汽车手动变速器实训报告

一、实习目的与要求本次实习旨在让学生掌握汽车手动变速器的结构、工作原理、拆装方法及注意事项，提高学生的动手能力，为今后从事汽车维修和保养工作打下基础。

二、实习内容1. 手动变速器概述手动变速器（Manual Transmission，简称MT）是一种通过驾驶员手动操作变速杆来改变传动比，从而实现变速的装置。

手动变速器主要由壳体、传动组件、操纵组件等组成。

2. 手动变速器结构及工作原理（1）手动变速器结构手动变速器主要由以下几部分组成：①壳体：壳体是变速器的骨架，用于容纳和固定其他部件。

②传动组件：传动组件包括输入轴、输出轴、齿轮、同步器等。

③操纵组件：操纵组件包括变速杆、换挡拉杆、拨叉等。

（2）手动变速器工作原理手动变速器的工作原理是通过拨动变速杆，切换中间轴上的主动齿轮，通过大小不同的齿轮组合与动力输出轴结合，从而改变驱动轮的转矩和转速。

3. 手动变速器拆装方法及注意事项（1）手动变速器拆装方法①拆下变速器上盖，观察变速器内部结构。

②拆下变速器后盖，取出调整垫片和密封圈。

③拆下换挡杆、换挡拉杆、拨叉等操纵组件。

④拆下传动组件，包括输入轴、输出轴、齿轮、同步器等。

⑤清洗各部件，检查磨损情况。

⑥根据实际情况，更换磨损部件。

⑦按照拆卸相反顺序，安装各部件。

（2）手动变速器拆装注意事项①拆装过程中，注意保持各部件的清洁和完整。

②拆卸时，注意观察各部件的安装位置和连接方式。

③使用专用工具，避免损坏零件。

④拆装过程中，注意安全，防止意外伤害。

⑤拆装完成后，检查各部件是否安装正确，确保变速器正常工作。

三、实习过程及心得体会1. 实习过程本次实习，我们按照实习指导书的要求，进行了手动变速器的拆装实训。

在实习过程中，我们首先了解了手动变速器的结构和工作原理，然后按照拆装方法，拆装了变速器。

在拆装过程中，我们遇到了一些困难，但在老师和同学的指导下，我们克服了困难，完成了实习任务。

2. 心得体会通过本次实习，我对手动变速器的结构、工作原理、拆装方法及注意事项有了更深入的了解。

汽车变速器变速箱外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

TRANSMISSIONOf all transmission technologies, the manual gearbox is the most efficient; around 96 per cent of the energy that is put in comes out of the other end. But not everyone can drive one or wants to. Because you have to dip the clutch pedal, it is less comfortable to drive in heavy traffic. It makes the driver tired and the torque interruptions’ head-nod effect on passengers can be wearing.The driver's clutch control and corresponding torque interruptions are also the manuals weak point. When accelerating up through the gearbox, each up-shift requires the driver to cut the torque momentarily by lifting the gas pedal and dipping the clutch. It may just take a second to complete the operation, but during this time the vehicle is losing speed and acceleration.At the opposite end of the spectrum is the traditional automatic. The modern transmission is by far, the most complicated mechanical component in today’s automobile. It is a type of transmission that shifts itself .A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine.There are two basic types of automatic transmissions based on whetherthe vehicle is rear wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the rear of the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheel. Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine, through the torque converter , then through the transmission and driver shaft until it reaches the final driver where it is split and sent to the two rear wheel .On a front wheel drive car, the transmission is usually combined .With the final drive to from what is called a transaxle. The engine on a front wheel driver car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it onthe side of the engine facing the rear of the car. Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to the front wheels. In this example, power flows from the engine through the torque converter to a large chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine. From there，The power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles.There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular. A must less popular rear drive arrangement has the transmission mounted to the final drive at the rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine. This system is found on the new corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling. Another rear drive system mounts everything, the engine, transmission and final drive in the rear. This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche.The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that are designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets, the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets, the torque converter, the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer consider being an art form.On the automobile planet gear mainly uses in two places, one is the driving axle reduction gear, two is the automatic transmission. Very many net friends all want to know that, the planet gear has any function, why automobile must have it . We knew very well the gear major part all rotates the spool thread fixed gear. For example mechanical type clock and watch, above all gears although all in make the rotation, but their rotation center (with center of a circle position superposition) often installs through the bearing on the cabinet, therefore, their rotating axis all is the relative cabinet fixed, thus also is called "dead axle gear" . Has must have surely moves, the corresponding place, some kind of not that manner knows very well is called "planet gear" the gear, their rotation spool thread is not fixed, but is installs the support which may rotate in (blue color) on(in chart black part is shell, yellow expression bearing). The planet gear (green) besides can look like the dead axle gear such to revolve own rotating axis (B-B) to rotate, their rotating axis also (is called planet) along with the blue color support to circle other gears the spool thread (A-A) to rotate. Circles oneself spool thread the rotation to be called "rotation", circles other gear spool threads the rotation to be called "revolution", looks like in solar system planet such, therefore acquires fame.The spool thread fixed gear drive principle is very simple, meshes mutually in a pair in the gear, some gear takes the driving pulley, the power spreads from its there, another gear takes the driven wheel, the power outputs from it toward outside. Also some gears only take the stopover station, at the same time meshes with the driving pulley, one side meshes in addition with the driven wheel, the power passes from its there.In contains the planet gear in the gear system, the situation was different. Because has the planet frame, in other words, may have three rotating axes permissions power input/Output, but also may use the coupling or the brake and so on method. in needs time limits axis the rotation, is left over two axes to carry on the transmission, as the matter stands, meshes mutually between the gear relations may have the many kinds of combinations: The power from sun gear input, outputs from other sun gear, the planet put through brake mechanism has checked dies; Power from sun gear input, from planet output, moreover a sun gear ecks dies; The power from a planet input, outputs from sun gear, moreover a sun gear checks dies; Two powers separately from two sun gears inputs, after synthesis from planet output; Two powers separately from the planet and sun gear input, after the synthesis output from other sun gear; The power from sun gear input, divides two groups outputs from other sun gear and the planet frame; The power from a planet input, divides two groups to output from two sun gears;Its shift quality is good thanks to its torque converter, but efficiency is relatively poor despite recent advances. Because of this, a lot of the current research is trying to find an efficient alternative to the conventional automatic.The main technologies are continuously variable transmissions (CVTs); dualclutch transmissions (DCTs) and automated manual transmission (AMTs).They all offer different benefits over the conventional planetary automatic.The CVT uses a belt chain or torodial shaped dish drive to vary an infinite number of gear ratios. It has improved efficiency and cost when compared to conventional automatics. Its advantage comes from its simplicity. It consists of very few components；usually a rubber or metal-link belt；a hydraulically operated driving pulley, a mechanical torque-sensing driving pulley, microprocessors and some sensors.The transmission works by varying the distance between the face of the two main pulleys. The pulleys have V－shaped grooves in which the connecting the belt rides. One side of the pulley is fixed axially; the other side moves, actuated by hydraulics.When actuated, the cylinder can increase or reduce the amount of space between the two sides of the pulley. This allows the belt to ride lower or higher along the walls of the pulley, depending on driving conditions. This changes the gear ratio. A torodial-type design works in a similar way but runs an discs and power- rollersThe "step less" nature of its design is CVT's biggest draw for automotive engineers .Because of this, a CVT can work to keep the engine in its optimum power range, thereby increasing efficiency and mileage. A CVT can convert every point on the equine’s operating curve to a corresponding point on its own operating curve.The transmission is most popular with Japanese carmakers and Japanese supplier JATCO is a major producer. But in the US and Europe driving styles are different. Uptake has been slow despite Audi and other manufacturers having Offered CVT operations on their ranges.The DCT is, in effect, two manual gearboxes coupled together. Gear shifts are made by switching from one clutch on one gearbox to another clutch on the other. The shift quality is equal to a conventional automatic, but slip, fluid drag and hydraulic losses in the system result in only slightly improved efficienc y and acceleration over the conventional planetary automatic. Developing the controlstrategy is costly too."Resent advances in conventional automatic technology have weakened the argument to develop and set up production for CVT or DCT," says Bill Martin, managing director of transmission firm Zeroshift "Some carmakers have cancelled DCT projects because of the cost."The cheapest way to build an automatic is with an AMT. AMTs use actuators to replace the clutch pedal and gear stick of a conventional manual. They keep the high efficiency and acceleration of a manual gearbox, but the shift quality on some models is lacking. Torque interruptions and the head-nod effect are the most common complaint.SO what is the alternative? There are always new ideas in transmissions, but Zeroshift says that its technology has efficiency benefits over a manual, delivering fuel economy improvements to city driving. Shift quality can also be equal to that of a refined automatic.Zeroshift's approach is an upgrade to the AMT. The synchromesh is replaced with an advanced dog engagement system.Dog engagement has been used for many years in motor sport to allow fast shifts. Conventional dog Boxes are unsuitable for road use as the large spaces between the drive lugs or 'dogs" create backlash, an uncomfortable shunt caused by the sudden change in torque direction.Zeroshift's technology solves this problem by adding a second set of drive dogs. It has also made each of The two sets of dogs only capable of transmitti ng torque in one or other opposing directions错误!未找到引用源。

汽车变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

TRANSMISSIONManual transmission is one of the most common transmission, referredto as MT. Its basic structure in a single sentence is a central axis, twoinput shaft, namely, the axial and axial oart, they constituted the transmission of the subject, and, of course, a reverse axis. Manual transmission gear transmission and manual, contain can in axial sliding gears, through different meshing gears to change gear of torsional purpose.The typical structure and principle of the manual transmission.Input shaft also says, it's in front of the spline shaft directly withclutch platen, thus the spline set by the engine relay of torque. The firstshaft gear meshing gears, often with oart as input shaft, and the gear on oart will turn. Also called shaft, because even more solid shaft of gear. The output shaft, and the second shaft position have the drive shaftgear, may at any time and under the influence of the control devices and the corresponding oart gear, thus changing the speed and torque itself. The output shaft is associated with tail spline shaft torque transmissionshaft, through to drive to gear reducer.Predictably, transmission gear drive forward path is: input shaftgear - oart gnaws gnaws gear - because the second shaft gear - corresponding corresponding gear. Pour on the axle gear can also controldevice, by moving axis in the strike, and the output shaft gear and oart gear, in the opposite direction.Most cars have five forward and reverse gear, each one has certain ratio,the majority of gear transmission more than 1, 4 gears transmission is 1, called directly, and ratio is less than 1 of article 5 gear shift accelerated called. The output axis gear in the mesh position, can acceptpower transmission.Due to the gearbox output shaft to input shaft and the speed of theirgear rotating, transform an "synchronization problem". Two rotating speeddifferent meshing gears forcibly inevitable impact and collision damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to use "two feet clutch" method, ShengDang in neutral position shift to stay for a while, in the space location on the door, in order to reduce gear speed. But this operation is more complex, difficult to grasp accurately. Thereforedesigners to create "synchronizer", through the synchronizer will makethe meshing gears reach speed and smooth.Currently the synchronous transmission adopts is inertial synchronizer, it mainly consists of joints, synchronizer lock ring etc,it is characteristic of the friction effect on achieving synchronization.Mating, synchronizer and mating locking ring gear tooth circle have chamfering (locking horns), the synchronizer lock ring inside surface ofgear engagement ring and the friction surface contact. The lock horns with cone when designing the proper choice, has been made to the surface friction of meshing gears with gear synchronous, also can rapid producesa locking function, prevent the synchronous before meshing gears. When synchronous lock ring of gear engagement with surface contact surface, the outer circle in friction torque under the action of gear speed rapiddecrease (increase) or to synchronous speed equal, both locking ring spunconcurrent, relative to lock ring gear synchronous speed is zero, thus inertia moment also disappear, then in force, driven by the junction of unimpeded with synchronous lock ring gear engagement, and further to engagement with the engagement ring gear tooth and complete shift process.functional (1) change ratio, meet different driving conditions for tractionengine, the need to work in the favorable conditions and meet the speed may request. In a wide range of vehicle speed changing the size and automobile driving wheel on the size of the torque. Due to the differentdemands, automobile driving conditions of vehicle speed and torque can drive in a broad range of change. For example, in high speed can be reachedon 100km/h, while in the urban district, speed in 50km/h. In the empty flat roads, road, very little resistanceWhen When carrying carrying carrying uphill, uphill, uphill, driving driving driving resistance resistance resistance was was was great. great. great. And And And the thecharacteristics of automobile engine speed range is lesser, and torque changes more cannot meet the actual conditions range. (2) drive backward, to satisfy the need to drive car backwards. Realizing the backing, engine crankshaft are generally only to a direction,and sometimes need to back, so, often used in the transmission of reverseto realize the car drive backward.(3) in power, interruption, idle running engine starting, auto shift or need to stop the dynamic output, interrupted to transfer the power ofthe drive wheels.(4), when the clutch engagement realize gap, gearbox can not power output. For example, can ensure drivers in engine flameout loosen the clutch when leaving drivers seat.constituteBy continuously variable transmission gearbox and speed control twoparts. The main function of the variable transmission torque and speed is the change of numerical and direction, The main function of theoperation is controlled transmission mechanism, realize thetransformation of transmission ratio, shift to speed torque. Principle,Mechanical transmission main application of the principle of geartransmission velocity. Say simply, there are a number of differenttransmission gearbox group of gear pair of vehicle, and behavior, is alsoshifting gears trunk by manipulating institutions make different gearpair work. As in low-speed, ratio of gear pair work, and in high-speed, let ratio of small gear pair work.Classification,1, according to the change of transmission, transmission way, there can be divided into grade level and synthetical three.(a) : several levels of transmission ratio, can choose the fixed by gear. And can be divided into: gear axis of ordinary gear transmission and fixed gear planetary gear (part) of planetary gear transmission axisof rotation.b) stepless type transmission: ratio can be continuous variation within a certain range, commonly, mechanical and electric hydraulic typeetc.(c) comprehensive type transmission by a class type, transmission andstepless type transmission, the ratio of the maximum and minimum values can be in between the scope for several section stepless change.2, press control can be divided into compulsory manipulation, transmission, automatic control and semi-automatic control 3 kinds.(a) mandatory manipulation of transmission by direct manipulation, change gear shift lever drivers.(b) automatic control type transmission ratio of choice and change: the shift is automatic. Drivers simply manipulate accelerated pedal, transmission can according to the engine speed and load control signal signal actuator, realize the transformation of gear.(c) semi-automatic control type transmission can be divided into twokinds: one kind is part of gear, automatic shift gears, manual (mandatory)shift, Another kind is selected by button in mining under gear clutch pedalor accelerated release pedal, the executing agency to shift. Transmission of maintenance1 transmission gears maintenanceTransmission gears are always changing speed, load, gear toothsurface by bluntThe impact of load, which struck gear tooth surface (especially) damage. Common injuries are:(1) gear transmission is worn gear under normal working conditions, shows the wear uniform angled tooth gear, long wear along the directionTooth thickness shouldof the tooth should not exceed 30 percent longer,not exceed usd, Gear tooth surface area of not less than two-thirds, Running gear mesh clearance shall be commonly used, 0.15-0.26 mm to 0.8 mm limit, Gear engagement between 0.10-0.15 mm, should use limit for 0.60mm. Available batches or soft metal rivalries. If more than clearance method for measuring the pairs, should be replaced.due to fail togear clearance is mainly(2) gear teeth,broken toothmeet the requirements, gear meshing parts or work under great impact load.If you are not greater than 2mm edge of gear oil can smile ShiXiuafter-grinding continue to use, If the scope or have more than three pairs,should smile.(3) often mesh surface of the helical gear often wear face due. 10-0.30mm, in order to ensure that the axial clearance, if tooth gear good operation within the wear, can repair tank, but the amount of grinding grinding should not exceed. 50.(4) often meshing gears shaft neck, needle roller bearing and wear into seat hole hole meshing gears seat with needle bearings and shaft neckwith clearance should be 0.01 - three 0.08 mm, otherwise must be changed.2 the overhaul. Transmission shellGearbox shell is transmissions, to ensure the basis of each part of the transmission is correct position, work under load. Common injuries are:(1) the abrasion of shell bearing hole hole wear will destroy its bearing assembly relation with the bearing, the direct impact of input, output shaft transmission position relative to the hole. Bearing seat with0-0.03 mm clearance shall be used for the maximum limit, should be replacedor 0.10 mm) shell or pile hole repair.(2) shell threaded holes repair note oil ROM plug hole, dumping screwhole threads connecting bolts damage and between shellThreaded hole, can take damage with screw repair.3 transmission shaft of maintenanceTransmission in the process of operation, each bearing the torsionalmoment of change, and bending moment, JianChi part is under pressure, impact and sliding friction etc. Various axial load of common injuries are:(1) the shaft neck and neck too worn wear axis gear axis will not onlyoffset, and can bring the change gear clearance, when making noisetransmission shaft neck. Also make coordination relationship with bearingdamage, may cause ablation. So roller bearings in a place with no more than 0.02 axis wear mm needle bearing shaft neck wear with place, otherwisethan 0.07 mm landscape change or chrome.side of thein stress and more seriouswear JianChi wear(2) JianChispline. JianChi with check, when more than 0.25 or and wear with more thanusd keyway apprentice, gear engagement mm, combining with the gear with JianChi weeks, according to the mm apprentice woodruff key and shaft neckkeyways apprentice to JianChi 0.08 mm over there when the keyway weeks, or should be repaired or replaced shaft.(3) transmission shaft bending thimble resist transmission shaft withmaintenance on both ends of the roof, using pinhole batches of shaft radial micrometers, check the deviation should be less than 0.10 mm) pressure correction repair.4 synchronizer overhaulA. lock ring type inertial synchronizer ring maintenance: lock hornscone a about six degrees - 7 degrees, in use, cone Angle deformation ofrapid synchronous, and not be change in time. B. B. locking locking locking pin pin pin type type type inertial inertial inertial synchronizer: synchronizer: synchronizer: locking locking locking pin pin pin type type synchronizer major damage for cone rim wear, when, cone-disk cone rim on the thread of groove depth 0.40 mm wear to 010mm deep, should be replaced.If the cone rim are scratching, face to face, but two turning machining, must not be more than 1mm should be replaced.变速器手动变速器是最常见的变速器，简称MT MT。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译39变速器概述 (2) - 副本

附录附录A英文科技文献Transmission OverviewTransmission gearbox's function the engine's output rotational speed is high, the maximum work rate and the maximum torque appears in certain rotational speed area. In order to display engine's optimum performance, must have a set of variable speed gear, is coordinated the engine the rotational speed and wheel's actual moving velocity. The transmission gearbox may in the automobile travel process, has the different gear ratio between the engine and the wheel, through shifts gears may cause the engine work under its best power performance condition. Transmission gearbox's trend of development is more and more complex, the automaticity is also getting higher and higher, the automatic transmission will be future mainstream.Automotive Transmission's mission is to transfer power, and in the process of dynamic change in the transmission gear ratio in order to adjust or change the characteristics of the engine, at the same time through the transmission to adapt to different driving requirements. This shows that the transmission lines in the automotive transmission plays a crucial role. With the rapid development of science and technology, people's car is getting higher and higher performance requirements, vehicle performance, life, energyconsumption, such as vibration and noise transmission depends largely on the performance, it is necessary to attach importance to the study of transmission.Transmission gearbox's pattern the automobile automatic transmission common to have three patterns: Respectively is hydraulic automatic transmission gearbox (AT), machinery stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electrically controlled machinery automatic transmission (AMT). At present what applies is most widespread is, AT becomes automatic transmission's pronoun nearly.AT is by the fluid strength torque converter, the planet gear and the hydraulic control system is composed, combines the way through the fluid strength transmission and the gear to realize the speed change bending moment. And the fluid strength torque converter is the most important part, it by components and so on pump pulley, turbine wheel and guide pulley is composed, has at the same time the transmission torque and the meeting and parting function.And AT compare, CVT has omitted complex and the unwieldy gear combination variable transmission, but is two groups of band pulleys carries on the variable transmission. Through changes the driving gear and the driven wheel transmission belt's contact radius carries on the speed change. Because has cancelled the gear drive,therefore its velocity ratio may change at will, the speed change is smoother, has not shifted gears kicks the feeling.AMT and the hydraulic automatic transmission gearbox (AT) is the having steps automatic transmission equally. It in the ordinary manual transmission gearbox's foundation, through installs the electrically operated installment which the microcomputer controls, the substitution originally coupling's separation which, the joint and the transmission gearbox completes by the manual control elects to keep off, to shift gears the movement, realizes fluid drive.Manual transmission gear mainly uses the principle of deceleration. Transmission within the group have different transmission ratio gear pair, and the car at the time of shift work, that is, through the manipulation of institutions so that the different transmission gear pair work. Manual transmission, also known as manual gear transmission, with axial sliding in the gears, the meshing gears through different speed to achieve the purpose of torque variation. Manual shift transmission can operate in full compliance with the will of the driver, and the simple structure, the failure rate is relatively low, value for money.Automatic transmission is based on speed and load (throttle pedal travel) for two-parameter control gear in accordance with the above two parameters to automatically take-off and landing.Automatic transmission and manual transmission in common, that is, there are two-stage transmission, automatic transmission can only speed the pace to automatically shift, manual transmission can be eliminated, "setback" of the shift feel.Automatic transmission is a torque converter, planetary gears and hydraulic manipulation of bodies, through the hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve the purpose of variable-speed torque variation.Also known as CVT-type continuously variable CVT. This transmission and automatic transmission gear generally the biggest difference is that it eliminates the need of complex and cumbersome combination of variable-speed gear transmission, and only two groups to carry out variable-speed drive pulley.CVT transmission than the traditional structure of simple, smaller and it is not the number of manual gear transmission, no automatic transmission planetary gear complex group, mainly rely on the driving wheel, the driven wheel and the transmission ratio brought about by the realization of non-class change.Widely used in automotive internal combustion engine as a power source, the torque and speed range is very small, and complex conditions require the use of motor vehicles and the speed of the driving force in the considerable changes in the scope. Toresolve this contradiction, in the transmission system to set up the transmission to change transmission ratio, the expansion of the driving wheel torque and speed range in order to adapt to constantly changing traffic conditions, such as start, acceleration, climbing and so on, while the engine in the most favorable conditions to work under the scope; in the same direction of rotation of the engine under the premise of the automobile can be driven back; the use of neutral, interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idle speed, and ease of transmission or power shift . Transmission is designed to meet the above requirements, so that the conditions in a particular vehicle stability.In addition to transmission can be used to meet certain requirements, but also to ensure that it and the car can have a good match, and can improve the car's power and economy to ensure that the engine in a favorable condition to increase the scope of the work of the use of motor vehicles life, reduce energy consumption, reduce noise, such as the use of motor vehicles.Today the world's major car companies CVT are very active in the study. The near future, with electronic control technology to further improve, electronically controlled Continuously VariableTransmission-type is expected to be a wide range of development and application.附录B文献翻译变速器概述发动机的输出转速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的转速区出现。

手动变速箱

手动变速箱手动变速箱称手动变速器（ManualTransmission，简称MT）又称机械式变速器，即必须用手拨动变速杆（俗称“挡把”）才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改变传动比，从而达到变速的目的。

发动机的物理特性决定了变速箱的存在。

首先，任何发动机都有其峰值转速；其次，发动机最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的转速区出现。

比如，发动机最大功率出现在5500转。

变速箱可以在汽车行驶过程中在发动机和车轮之间产生不同的变速比，换档可以使得发动机工作在其最佳的动力性能状态下。

理想情况下，变速箱应具有灵活的变速比。

无级变速箱（CVT）就具有这种特性，可以较好的发挥发动机的动力性能无级变速箱有着连续的变速比。

其一直因为价格、尺寸及可靠性的关系而没有大量装备汽车。

改进的设计使得CVT的使用已比较普遍。

国产AUDI 2.8 CVT变速箱通过离合器与发动机相连，这样，变速箱的输入轴就可以和发动机达到同步转速。

奔驰C级(图库论坛)级Sport Coupe 6速手动变速箱一个5档的变速箱提供5种不同的变速比，在输入轴和输出轴间产生转速差。

北京博睿通达自动变速箱维修全国知名品牌、是目前全国最大型的汽车自动变速箱维修点之一。

北京市唯一变速箱阀体维修店。

本维修站始终坚持“诚信为本”的经营方针，凭借高效优质的服务比同行低的价格和良好口碑，已为北京及周边省市奥迪、宝马、别克、奔驰、路虎捷豹、沃尔沃、日本爱信的变速箱客户提供定点维修服务，并为多家4S店提供自动变速箱维修代工服务，代理原厂变速箱总成，凭借其现代化的科学管理、先进的检测设备、专业的技术水平、诚信的服务，赢得各界车主、各地4S店、修理厂、汽配商及自动变速箱维修同行的广泛赞誉。

北京博睿通达自动变速箱维修拥有全套的先进的专业维修检测设备和一批技术精湛的专业维修技师，种类齐全的自动变速箱总成及零件库存，这些都是保证波箱维修品质的必备条件。

质量是产品的基础，没有过硬的质量，谈什么竞争和发展！博睿通达视质量为生命，以完美的信誉服务客户是博睿通达始终不变的追求，不断学习，开拓创新是博睿通达的精神，博睿通达期望更多维修的同行携手共创更辉煌的明天。

手动变速器工作原理

手动变速器工作原理
手动变速器（Manual Transmission）是汽车的重要配件，它可以将发动机的输出功率调节到合适的车辆转速，从而满足不同路况和负载需求。

它的工作原理是：通过离合器和换挡器将发动机的输出功率转换成不同的车辆转速。

手动变速器的结构一般包括发动机、换挡器、离合器和车轮。

发动机的输出功率通过离合器传递到换挡器，换挡器再将功率传递到车轮，实现车辆的运动。

发动机的输出功率是不断变化的，而换挡器的作用是将发动机的输出功率转换成合适的车辆转速，并实现车辆的变速功能。

换挡器一般由档位齿轮、换挡齿轮、换挡杆、换挡把手等组成，档位齿轮可以改变换挡齿轮之间的传动比，从而调整车辆的变速比。

离合器是一种可控制的机械设备，它可以控制发动机和车轮之间的联系，当操纵换挡把手找到合适的档位时，离合器会将发动机的输出功率传递到换挡器，换挡器再将功率传递到车轮，实现车辆的运动。

车轮将换挡器传递的功率转换成车辆的运动，车轮的转速受到换挡器的调节，从而实现车辆的变速功能。

总之，手动变速器是一种将发动机的输出功率调节到合适的车辆转
速，从而满足不同路况和负载需求的机械设备。

它的工作原理是：通过离合器和换挡器将发动机的输出功率转换成不同的车辆转速，由车轮将换挡器传递的功率转换成车辆的运动，从而实现车辆的变速功能。

汽车手动变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

附录外文文献Manual transmission is the most basic of transmission of a type, its effect is changing, and provide the transmission reverse and neutral. Usually, the pilot on the clutch pedal through manipulation and in any HuanDangGan can choose between gear. There are a few manual transmission, such as motorcycles, cars, some transmission shift transmission allows only sequence, the transmission is called sequence shift transmission. In recent years, along with the electronic control components durability, computerized automatic switching clutch automatic shift of transmission in Europe since the start line are more and more popular, car Volkswagen and ford are sold in the city on the double clutch provide updated generation, transmission from the start with two clutches, every shift automatically switch to another group of clutch engagement, need not as quick as traditional in manual have only one group separated again clutch engagement, shifting speed is faster, more small change gear vibration.Internal structure: shaftDecorate a form of transmission shaft type usually have two and three shaft type two kinds. Usually a rear wheel drive car will adopt three axis type, i.e. input shaft transmission, the output shaft and oart. Input shaft front associated with engine, borrow clutch output shaft back-end through the flange and universal transmission device connected.Input shaft and the output shaft in the same horizontal line, with their oart parallel arrangement. From the input shaft power through the gears to preach to the output shaft oart again. In many input and output shaft transmission shaft could engage in together, so to power, then the gear oart called directly. Direct files through uniaxial transmission, the ratio of 1:1, the highest transmission efficiency. Even in the transmission directly, cannot offer the input shaft, and the output shaft is decorated in a straight line to reduce work needed to inherit the torque transmission.Reversing deviceGenerally speaking, the reverse gear reducer than can alsosynchronizerIn synchronized meshing gears have type synchronizer Settings, can make two gear engagement in the first, before the speed reached synchronizer in all of this manual gear transmission of the car has been usedClutch,The clutch is can make two gear with a separate with mechanical parts, two gear transmission power can be combined, but when to speed, so will depend on the first two gear clutch, change gear ratio, the two gear transmission power, continue again Control：GearIn simple terms, the high speed, low speed ShengDang when the time cameEvery car high speedCompared with automatic transmissionThis refers to the automatic transmission of traditional hydraulic transmission, namely through hydraulic torque converter and planetary gear transmission power automatic transmission.Advantages： transmission efficiency than automatic gearboxes for high, of course, theoretically can compare economical.maintenance will be cheaper than transmission.If you want to higher cost, can begin from both the row of convenience and high power附录外文文献的中文翻译手动变速器是汽车变速器中最基本的一种类型，其作用是改变传动比，并提供倒档和空档。

五大变速箱原理

五大变速箱原理、发展前景解析MT、AT、AMT、DCT、CVT介绍作者：Tony.Qian 来源：盖世汽车网发布时间：2009年08月25日一、MT手动变速箱MT的英文全称是manual transmission。

中文意思是手动变速器，也称手动挡。

即用手拨动变速杆才能改变变速器内的齿轮啮合位置，改变传动比，从而达到变速的目的。

踩下离合时，方可拨得动变速杆。

如果驾驶者技术好，装手动变速器的汽车在加速、超车时比自动变速车快，也省油。

MT变速箱是目前使用主广泛的变速器。

未来手动变速箱的发展趋势是档位不断提高，以使发动机的转矩和转速更好地匹配汽车复杂的工况需求。

随着人们对汽车驾驭简化的要求不断提高，特别是国人希望能简化汽车操作，手动变速箱的市场必定会受到AT、CVT、DCT、AMT四大变速箱的冲击。

有专家预测到自动变速箱的市场占有率将从2007年的74%下降到67%。

但MT手动变速箱由于机械可靠性高、结构简单、动力性好这些原因，手动变速箱会是变速箱领域重要的组成部分。

我们先来看一个2档变速箱的简单模型，看看各部分之间是如何配合的：输入轴（绿色）通过离合器和发动机相连，轴和上面的齿轮是一个部件。

轴和齿轮（红色）叫做中间轴。

它们一起旋转。

轴（绿色）旋转通过啮合的齿轮带动中间轴的旋转，这时，中间轴就可以传输发动机的动力了。

轴（黄色）是一个花键轴，直接和驱动轴相连，通过差速器来驱动汽车。

车轮转动会带着花键轴一起转动。

齿轮（蓝色）在花键轴上自由转动。

在发动机停止，但车辆仍在运动中时，齿轮（蓝色）和中间轴都在静止状态，而花键轴依然随车轮转动。

齿轮（蓝色）和花键轴是由套筒来连接的，套筒可以随着花键轴转动，同时也可以在花键轴上左右自由滑动来啮合齿轮（蓝色）。

挂进1档时，套筒就和右边的齿轮（蓝色）啮合。

见下图：如图所示，输入轴（绿色）带动中间轴，中间轴带动右边的齿轮（蓝色），齿轮通过套筒和花键轴相连，传递能量至驱动轴上。

中英文文献翻译-手动变速器概述

附录Manual TransmissionIt’s no secret that cars with manual transmissions are usually more fun to drive than the automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing interest in the act of driving, then chances are you also appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how does a manual transmission actually work?A history hows that manual transmissions preceded automatics by several decades. In fact, up until General Motors offered an automatic in 1938, all cars were of the shift-it-yourself var iety. While it’s logical for many types of today’s vehicles to be equipped with an automatic---such as a full-size sedan, SUV or pickup----the fact remains that nothing is more of a thrill to drive than a tautly suspended sport sedan, sport coupe or two-seater equipped with a precise-shifting five-or six-speed gearbox.We know which types of cars have manual trannies. Now let’s take a look at how they work. From the most basic four-speed manual trannies. Now let’s take a look at how they work.From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the’60s to the most high-tech six-speed one in a car of today, the principles of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must shift from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch housing ,in turn, bolts to the back of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive, the transmission still attaches to the engine in a similar fashion but is usually referred to as a transaxle. This is because the transmission, differential and drive axles are one complete unit. In a front-wheel-drive car, the transmission also serves as part of the front axle for the front wheels. In the remaining text, a transmission and a transaxle will both be referred to using the term transmission.The function of any transmission is transferring engine power to the driveshaft and rear wheels . Gears inside the transmission change the vehicle’s drive-wheel speed and torque in relation to inside the transmission change the vehicle’s drive-wheel speed and torque inrelation to engine speed and torque. Lower gear ratios serve as torque multipliers and help the engine to develop enough power to accelerate from a standstill.Initially, power and torque from the engine comes into the front of the transmission and rotates the main drive gear, which meshes with the cluster or counter shaft gear----a series of gears forged into one piece that resembles a cluster of gears. The cluster-gear assembly rotates any time the clutch is engaged to a running engine, whether or not the transmission is in gear or in neutral.There are two basic types of manual transmissions. The sliding-gear type and the constant-mesh design. With the basic---and now obsolete---sliding-gear type, nothing is turning inside the transmission case except the main drive gear and cluster gear when the trans is in neutral. In order to mesh the gears and apply engine power to move the vehicle, the driver presses the clutch pedal and moves the shifter handle, which in turn moves the shift linkage and forks to slide a gear along the mainshaft, which is mounted directly above the cluster. Once the gears are meshed, the clutch pedal is released and the engine’s power is sent to the drive wheels. There can be several gears on the mainshaft of different diameters and tooth counts, and the transmission shift linkage is designed so the driver has to unmesh one gear before being able to mesh another. With these older transmissions, gear clash is a problem because the gears are all rotating at different speeds.All modern transmissions are of the constant-mesh type, which still uses a similar gear arrangement as the sliding-gear type. However, all the mainshaft gears are in constant mesh with the cluster gears. This is possible because the gears on the mainshaft are not splined to the shaft, but are free to rotate on it. With a constant-mesh gearbox, the main drive gear, cluster gear and all the mainshaft gears are always turning, even when the transmission is in neutral.Alongside each gear on the mainshaft is a dog clutch, with a hub that’s positively splined to the shaft and an outer ring that can slide over against each gear. Both themainshaft gear and the ring of the dog clutch have a row of teeth. Moving shift linkage moves the dog clutch against the adjacent mainshaft gear, causing the teeth to interlock and solidly lock the gear to the mainshaft.To prevent gears from grinding or clashing during engagement, a constant-mesh, fully “synchronized”manual transmission is equipped with synchronizers. A synchronizer typically consists of an inner-splined hub, an outer sleeve, shifter plates, lock rings and blocking rings. The hub is splined onto the mainshaft between a pair of main drive gears. Held in place by the lock rings, the shifter plates position the sleeve over the hub while also holding the floating blocking rings in proper alignment.A synchro’s inner hub and sleeve are made of steel, but the blocking ring----the part of the synchro that rubs on the gear to change its speed----is usually made of a softer material, such as brass. The blocking ring has teeth that match the teeth on the dog clutch. Most synchros perform double duty----they push the synchro in one direction and lock one gear to the mainshaft. Push the synchro the other way and it disengages from the first gear, passes through a neutral position, and engages a gear on the other side.That’s the basics on the inner workings of a manual transmission. As for advances, they have been extensive over the years, mainly in the area of additional gears. Back in the’60s,four-speeds were common in American and European performance cars. Most of these transmissions had 1:1 final-drive ratios with no overdrives. Today, overdriven five-speeds are standard on practically all passenger cars available with a manual gearbox.Overdrive is an arrangement of gearing that provides more revolutions of the driven shaft than the driving shaft. For example, a transmission with a fourth-gear ratio of 1:1 and a fifth-gear ratio of 0.70:1 will reduce engine rpm by 30 percent, while the vehicle maintains the same road speed. Thus, fuel efficiency will improve and engine wear will be notably reduced. Today, six-speed transmissions are becoming more and more common. One of the first cars sold in America with a six-speed was the’89Corvette. Designed by Chevr olet andZahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen and built by ZF in Germany, this tough-as-nails six-speed was available in the Corvette up to the conclusion of the’96 model year. Today, the Corvette uses a Tremec T56 six-speed mounted at the back of the car.Many cars are available today with six-speeds, including the Mazda Miata, Porsche Boxster S and 911, Dodge Viper, Mercedes-Benz SLK320, Honda S2000,Toyota Celica GT-S and many others. Some of these gearboxes provide radical 50-percent sixth-gear overdrives such as in the Viper and Corvette, while others provide tightly spaced gear ratios like in the S2000 and Celica for spirited backroad performance driving. While the bigger cars mentioned above such as the Viper and Vette often have two overdrive ratios the smaller cars like the Celica and S2000 usually have one overdriven gear ratio and fifth is 1:1.Clearly a slick-shifting manual transmission is one of the main components in a fun-to-drive car, along with a powerful engine, confidence-inspiring suspension and competent brakes.手动变速器驾驶手动变速器汽车比驾驶自动装置的汽车更有乐趣，这显然已经不是什么秘密了。