2012年6月真题答案
2012年6月大学英语四级考试真题与答案完整版
2012年6月大学英语四级考试真题与答案完整版Part I WritingOn Excessive PackagingNowadays the phenomena of over-packaging of goods are prevailing in our society: clothes swathed in tissue paper, placed in cardboard box and finally wrapped in well-designed plastic bags, imported bottles of wine packed in wooden boxes, fruits put in hand-woven baskets, just to name a few.There are several reasons of this over-packaging. The first is that a large number of companies believe that they can a ttract customers’ attention and stimulate their purchasing desire by over-packaging their goods, thus gaining more profits. On the other hand, quite a number of consumers mistakenly hold that the more delicate the package is, the better the quality will be, thus encouraging excessive packaging.From my perspective, excessive packaging has its consequences, including the loss of precious resources as well as extra workforce on garbage disposal.To solve the problem, it’s necessary to take the following measures. First, laws and regulations must be made to restrict excessive packaging. In addition, we need to advocate clear packaging and raise consumer’s awareness that excessive packaging doesn’t equal to high quality.【解析】本次作文的话题是“过度包装”，话题不断新，考生应该都比较熟悉。
2012年6月英语四级真题及答案(含解析)
2012年6月大学英语四级真题答案解析Part I Writing标准版Doing Shopping OnlineWith the development of the Internet, shopping is no longer a tiring thing. Just click your mouse to choose the articles you like, and the purchase is done. You don't even have to step out of the room. It seems all easy and quick.However, people's opinions vary on this trend. Some believe that on line shopping is time and money saving. With plentiful selection options, they can buy whatever they like at any time convenient. Still others insist that mis-purchasing alone is annoying enough, not to mention the credibility of the sellers and the safety of their accounts.In my opinion, the convenience and excitement of on line shopping is beyond all doubts. In the meantime, we must always bear in mind that certain traps do exist, so we'd better make sure the sellers are trustworthy before buying. In addition, we should also guard ourselves from the potential hackers who might steal our account information.文章点评：这是一篇“中等偏上”的学生作文。
2012年6月大学英语六级真题及答案解析
Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes)Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal CommunicationPart ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15minutes)Directions: In this part. You will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)、B)、C)and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes New York, makes this offer to well prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to stu dents anxious about saving time and money. That’s both an opportunity and a warning for the best higher-education system in the world.The United States has almost all of the world’s best universities. A recent Chinese survey ranks 35 American universities among the top 50, eight among the top 10. Our research universities have been the key to developing the competitive advantages that help Americans produce 25% of all the world’s wealth. In 2007, 623,805 of the world’s brightest students were attracted to American universities.Yet, there are signs of peril (危险)within American higher education. U.S. colleges have to compete in the marketplace. Students may choose among 6,000 public, private, nonprofit, for profit, or religious institutions of higher learning. In addition, almost all of the 532 billion the federal government provides for university research is awarded competitively.But many colleges and universities are stuck in the past. For instance, the idea of the fall-to-spring “school year”hasn’t changed much since before the American Revolution, when we were a summer stretch no longer makes sense. Former George Washington University president Stephen Trachtenberg estimates that a typical college uses its facilities for academic purposes a little more than half the calendar year.“While college facilities sit idle, they continue to generate maintenance expenses that contribute to the high cost of running a college,” he has written.Within academic departments, tenure(终身职位)，combined with age-discrimination laws, makes faculty turnover—critical for a university to remain current in changing times—difficult. Instead of protecting speech and encouraging diversity and innovative thinking, the tenure system often stifles(压制)them: younger professors must win the approval of established colleagues for tenure, encouraging like-mindedness and sometimes inhibiting the free flow of ideas.Meanwhile, tuition has soared, leaving graduating students with unprecedented loan debt. Strong campus presidents to manage these problems are becoming harder to find, and to keep. In fact, students now stay on campus almost as long as their presidents. The average amount of time students now take to complete an undergraduate degree has stretched to six years and seven months as students interrupted by work, inconvenienced by unavailable classes, or lured by one more football season find it hard to graduate.Congress has tried to help students with college costs through Pell Grants and other forms of tuition support. But some of their fixes have made the problem worse. The stack of congressional regulations governing federal student grants and loans now stands twice as tall as I do. Filling out these forms consumes 7% of every tuition dollar.For all of these reasons, some colleges like Hartwick are rethinking the old way of doing things and questioning decades-old assumptions about what a college degree means. For instance, why does it have to take four years to earn a diploma? This fall, 16 first-year students and four second-year students at Hartwick enrolled in the school’s new three year degree program. According to the college, the plan is designed for high-ability, highly motivated student who wish to save money or to move along more rapidly toward advanced degrees.By eliminating that extra year, there year degree students save 25% in costs. Instead of taking 30 credits a year, these students take 40. During January, Hartwick runs a four week course during which students may earn three to four credits on or off campus, including a number of international sites. Summer courses are not required, but a student may enroll in them—and pay extra. Three year students get first crack at course registration. There are no changes in the number of courses professors teach or in their pay.The three-year degree isn’t a new idea. Geniuses have always breezed through. Judson College, a 350-student institution in Alabama, has offered students a three-year option for 40 years. Students attend “short terms”in May and June to earn the credits required for graduation. Bates College in Maine and Ball State University in Indiana are among other colleges offering three-year options.Changes at the high-school level are also helping to make it easier for many students to earn their undergraduate degrees in less time. One of five students arrives at college today with Advanced Placement (AP) credits amounting to a semester or more of college level work. Many universities, including large schools like the University of Texas, make it easy for these AP students to graduate faster.For students who don’t plan to stop with an undergraduate degree, the three-year plan may have an even greater appeal. Dr. John Sergent, head of V anderbilt University Medical School’s residency (住院医生) program, enrolled in Vanderbilt’s undergraduate college in 1959. He entered medical school after only three years as did four or five of his classmates.” My first year of medical school counted as my senior year, which meant I had to take three to four labs a week to get all my sciences in. I basically skipp ed my senior year,” says Sergent. He still had time to be a student senator and meet his wife.There are, however, drawbacks to moving through school at such a brisk pace. For one, it deprives students of the luxury of time to roam (遨游) intellectually. Compressing everything into three years also leaves less time for growing up, engaging in extracurricular activities, and studying abroad. On crowded campuses it could mean fewer opportunities to get into a prized professor’s class. Iowa’s Waldorf College has graduated several hundred students in its three-year degree program, but it now phasing out the option. Most Waldorf students wanted the full four-year experience—academically, socially, and athletically. And faculty members will be wary of any change that threatens the core curriculum in the name of moving students into the workforce.“Most high governmental officials seem to conceive of education in this light—as a way to ensure economic competitiveness and continued economic growth,”Derek Bok, former president of Harvard, told The Washington Post. “I strongly disagree with this app roach.” Another risk: the new campus schedules might eventually produce less revenue for the institution and longer working hours for faculty members.Adopting a three-year option will not come easily to most school. Those that wish to tackle tradition and make American campus more cost-conscious may find it easier to take Trachtenberg’s advice: open campuses year-round.“You could run two complete coll eges, with two complete faculties,”he says.“That’s without cutting the length of students’ vacations, increasing class sizes, or requiring faculty to teach more.”Whether they experiment with three-year degrees, offer year-round classes, challenge the tenure system—or all of the above—universities are slowly realizing that to stay competitive and relevant they must adapt to a rapidly changing world.Expanding the three-year option may be difficult, but it may be less difficult than asking Congress for additional financial help, asking legislators for more state support, or asking students even higher tuition payments. Campuses willing to adopt convenient schedules along with more focused, less-expensive degrees may find that they have a competitive advantage in attracting bright, motivated students. These sorts of innovations can help American universities avoid the perils of success.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2012年6月大学英语六级考试真题+答案
2012年6月大学英语六级考试真题Part I Writing （30 minutes）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication. Your essay should start with a brief description of the picture. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.Part II Listening Comprehension （30 minutes）Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1. ［A］The injury will confine Anna to bed for quite a while.［B］The serious accident may leave Anna paralyzed.［C］The man happened to see Anna fall on her back.［D］The doctor’s therapy has been very successful.2. ［A］The man could watch the ballet with her.［B］Her schedule conflicts with her sister’s.［C］She happened to have bought two tickets.［D］She can get a ballet ticket for the man.3. ［A］He will send someone right away.［B］He has to do other repairs first.［C］The woman can try to fix it herself.［D］The woman can call later that day.4. ［A］Borrow some money from the woman.［B］Give his contribution some time later.［C］Take up a collection next week.［D］Buy an expensive gift for Gemma.5. ［A］Add more fruits and vegetables to her diet.［B］Ask Tony to convey thanks to his mother.［C］Decline the invitation as early as possible.［D］Tell Tony’s mother that she eats no meat.6. ［A］The increasing crime rate.［B］The circulation of newspapers.［C］The coverage of newspapers.［D］The impact of mass media.7. ［A］Move the conference to a more spacious place.［B］Limit the number of participants in the conference.［C］Check the number of people who have registered.［D］Provide people with advice on career development.8. ［A］The apartment is still available. ［C］On-campus housing is hard to secure.［B］The advertisement is outdated. ［D］The apartment is close to the campus.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. ［A］To test how responsive dolphins are to various signals.［B］To see if dolphins can learn to communicate with each other.［C］To examine how long it takes dolphins to acquire a skill.［D］To find out if the female dolphin is cleverer than the male one.10. ［A］Raise their heads above the water. ［C］Press the right-hand lever first.［B］Swim straight into the same tank. ［D］Produce the appropriate sound.11. ［A］Both dolphins were put in the same tank.［B］The male dolphin received more rewards.［C］Only one dolphin was able to see the light.［D］The lever was beyond the dolphins’ reach.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. ［A］In a resort town. ［C］On a cattle farm.［B］In a lecture room. ［D］In a botanical garden.13. ［A］It is an ideal place for people to retire to.［B］It has kept many traditions from Victorian times.［C］It is at the centre of the fashion industry.［D］It remains very attractive with its mineral waters.14. ［A］It is located in the eastern part of Harrogate.［B］It will be used as a centre for athletic training.［C］It was named after a land owner in the old days.［D］It is protected as parkland by a special law.15. ［A］The beautiful flowers. ［C］The refreshing air.［B］The vast grassland. ［D］The mineral waters.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. ［A］He provides counseling for university students.［B］He teaches psychology at Ohio State University.［C］He specializes in interpersonal relationships.［D］He has experience tutoring black students.17. ［A］Students who scored low on standardized tests.［B］Students who are accustomed to living in dorms.［C］Black students from families with low incomes.［D］Black freshmen with high standardized test scores.18. ［A］They generally spent more time together than white pairs.［B］They moved out of the college dorms at the end of the semester.［C］They were more appreciative of the university’s housing policy.［D］They broke up more often than same-race roommates.19. ［A］Their test scores rose gradually. ［C］They grew bored of each other.［B］They started doing similar activities. ［D］Their racial attitudes improved.Passage TwoQuestions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.20. ［A］It can help solve global food crises.［B］It will change the concept of food.［C］It has attracted worldwide attention.［D］It will become popular gradually.21. ［A］It has been drastically cut by NASA.［B］It comes regularly from its donors.［C］It has been increased over the years.［D］It is still far from being sufficient.22. ［A］They are not as natural as we believed.［B］They are less healthy than we expected.［C］They are more nutritious and delicious.［D］They are not as expensive as before.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23. ［A］He is a habitual criminal.［B］He was wrongly imprisoned.［C］He was accused of family violence.［D］He has bitter memories of childhood.24. ［A］The evidence found at the crime scene.［B］The jury’s prejudice against his race.［C］The two victims’ identification.［D］The testimony of his two friends.25. ［A］Eyewitnesses are often misled by the lawyer’s questions.［B］Frightened victims can rarely make correct identification.［C］Many factors influence the accuracy of witness testimony.［D］The US judicial system has much room for improvement.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.About 700,000 children in Mexico dropped out of school last year as recession-stricken families pushed kids to work, and a weak economic recovery will allow only a （26）__________ in the drop-out rate in 2010, a top education （27）__________ said.Mexico’s economy suffered more than any other in Latin America last year, （28）__________ an estimated 7 percent due to a （29）__________ in U.S. demand for Mexican exports such as cars.The （30）__________ led to a 4 percent increase in the number of kids who left （31）__________ in 2009, said Juan de Dios Castro, who （32）__________ the nation’s adult education program and keeps a close watch on drop-out rates.“（33）__________ rose and that is a factor that makes our job more difficult,”Castro told Reuters in an interview earlier this month.Hindered by higher taxes and weak demand for its exports, Mexico’s economy is seen only （34）__________ this year. As a result, drop-out rates will not improve much, Castro said. “There will be some improvement, but not significant,”Castro said.Mexico has （35）__________ had high drop-out rates as poor families pull kids out of school to help put food on the table. And children often sell candy and crafts in the streets or work in restaurants.Part III Reading Comprehension （40 minutes）Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.In face of global warming, much effort has been ___36___ on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through a variety of strategies. But while much of the research and innovation has concentrated on finding less-polluting energy ___37___, it may be decades before clean technologies like wind and solar meet a ___38___ portion of our energy needs.In the meantime, the amount of CO2 in the air is rapidly approaching the limits proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change（IPCC）. “As long as we’re consuming fossil fuels, we’re putting out CO2,”says Klaus Lackner, a geophysicist at Columbi a University. “We cannot let the CO2 in the atmosphere rise ___39___.”That ___40___ of urgency has increased interest in ___41___ and storing CO2, which the IPCC says could provide the more than 50% reduction in emissions thought needed to reduce global w arming. “We see the potential for capture and storage to play an in tegral role in reducing emissions,”says Kim Corley, Shell’s senior advisor of CO2 and ___42___ affairs. That forward thinking strategy is gaining support.But what do you do with the gas once you’ve captured it? One option is to put it to new uses. Dakota Gasification of North Dakota captures CO2 at a plant that ___43___ coal into synthetic natural gas. It then ships the gas 200 miles by pipeline to Canada, where it is pumped ___44___ in oil recovery operations.However, scientists say that the scale of CO2 emissions will require vast amounts of long-term storage. Some ___45___ storing the CO2 in coal mines or liquid storage in the ocean.A）converts I）understandingB）alternatives J）takesC）played K）capturingD）significant L）environmentalE）sense M）importantF）focused N）regularlyG）indefinitely O）proposeH）undergroundSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Teens’ Secret Lives OnlineA） Celina McPhail’s mom wouldn’t let her have a Facebook account. The 12-year-old is on Instagram instead. Her mother, Maria McPhail, agreed to let her download the app（应用软件）onto her iPod Touch, because she thought she was fostering an interest in photography. But Ms. McPhail, of Austin, Texas, has learned that Celina and her friends mostly use the service to post Photoshopped photo-jokes and text messages they create on another free app called Versagram.When kids can’t get on Facebook, “they’re good at f inding ways around that,” she says.B）It’s harder than ever to keep an eye on the children. Many parents limit their preteens’ access to well-known sites like Facebook and monitor what their children do online. But with kids constantly seeking new places to connect—preferably, unsupervised by their families—most parents are learning how difficult it is to prevent their kids from interacting with social media. C）Children are using technology at ever-younger ages. About 15% of kids under the age of 11 have their own mobile phone, according to eMarketer. The Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project reported last summer that 16% of kids aged from 12 to 17 who are online used Twitter, double the number from two years earlier.D）Parents worry about the risks of online predators and bullying, and there are other concerns. Kids are creating permanent public records, and they may encounter excessive or inappropriate advertising. Yet many parents also believe it is in their kids’ interest to be expert in technology. E）As families grapple with how to use social media safely, many marketers are working to create social networks and other interactive applications for kids that parents will approve. Some go even further, seeing themselves as providing a crucial education in online literacy—“training wheels for social media”, as Rebecca Levey, founder of social media site KidzVuz puts it.F）Last week, 20 companies pitched online and mobile products for kids in Pasadena, Calif., at the 6th annual Digital Kids Conference. This summer, Microsoft and Scholastic will help sponsor the first Digital Family Summit in Philadelphia. Scholastic will preview a new version of Storia, an interactive e-reading application aimed at kids ages 3 to 14. “As kids migrate more to devices, we don’t want to be left out,”says Deborah Forte, president of Scholastic Media.G）“Digital media is a great thing for kids; even a 12-year-old can have a personal brand,”says Stephanie Schwab, the founder of the Digital Family convention. Her 3-year-old uses an iPad every day. When Ms. Schwab recently wondered out loud what the weather was like, her son responded, “Ask Siri.”H）KidzVuz is a social media start-up aimed at teaching kids how to create content at an early age. Kids create a profile with a handle （say, “GossipGirl”）but no name, and parents have to approve the account. Kids then create video reviews of books, films, food and clothes. There is no private messaging, and comments are actively monitored for nastiness. The site was launched by two technologically active mothers in New York City. One co-founder, Ms. Levey, says the idea is to create a safe place for children to learn how to communicate effectively and politely on a medium that will be key to their social, academic and economic lives.I）Faith King, a 9-year-old third grader in RedBank, N.J., says since she started posting video reviews to KidzVuz, she has learned important lessons of film production. “You need to make sure the lights are on so people can see you,”she says. She also has learned to focus on interesting contents. “Don’t review a dictionary,”she advises. Her mother, Cristie Ritz-King, says her daughter’s love of the site has prompted many conversations about the importance of being skeptical about strangers online and questioning the accuracy of information. She wants her daughter to learn early on to be agile（机敏的）with social media. “It’s never going away,”she says.J）The University of Southern California’s Annenberg Innovation Lab has created Playground, a social platform for school-age students. The idea is for kids to learn how to create Internet content —and to consider the implications of privacy, the permanence of a Web footprint, the basics of brand building and a little about online manners. Educators need to teach Internet literacy at anearly age, says Erin Reilly, Playground’s creator. “Kids are always going to find a back door for communication and coll aboration,” she says.K）Along with established social sites for kids, such as Walt Disney Co.’s Club Penguin, kids are flocking to newer sites such as , a meeting place aimed at girls’ ages 5 to 12 who are interested in designing clothes, and Everloop, a social network for kids under the age of 13. Viddy, a video-sharing site which functions similarly to Instagram, is becoming more popular with kids and teenagers as well.L）Some kids do join YouTube, Google, Facebook, Tumblr and Twitter, despite policies meant to bar kids under 13. These sites require that users enter their date of birth upon signing up, and they must be at least 13 years old. Apple—which requires an account to download apps like Instagram to an iPhone—has the same requirement. But there is little to bar kids from entering a false date of birth or getting an adult to set up an account. Instagram declined to comment.M）“If we learn that someone is not old enough to have a Google account, or we receive a report, we will investigate and take the appropriate action,”says Google spokesman Jay Nancarrow. He adds that users first have a chance to demonstrate that they meet our age requirements. If they don’t, we will close the account. Facebook and most other sites have similar policies.N）Still, some children establish public identities on social media networks like YouTube and Facebook with their parents’ permission. Autumn Miller, a 10-year-old from Southern California, has nearly 6,000 people following her Facebook fan-page postings（博文）, which include links to videos of her in makeup and costumes, dancing Laker-Girl style. Autie’s Freestyle Friday Dance Channel on YouTube has nearly 13,000 subscribers and hosts 39 videos that have logged in excess of 3.5 million views.O）Facebook’s “fan pages”—in which brands can establish a Facebook presence and those who “like”the brand can see its postings—are supposed to be managed by someone of appropriate age to have a profile page, according to Andrew Noyes, Facebook’s manager of public policy communications. Autie’s father Mr. Miller confirmed that his daughter mostly succeeds in overseeing her own fan page with parental supervision.P）But many parents and children find themselves in an evasive（躲躲闪闪的）dance online. Alexa Ashley’s mother, Lisa, allowed her on Facebook at 13—then took the account away. When she learned that her daughter, now 14, had an Instagram account and wanted to check it out, Alexa bristled at her mother’s interest. Alexa says she doesn’t mind being barred from Facebook—where her grandmother’s comments embarrassed her. She is sticking with Instagram for now.46. In spite of different kinds of concerns, many parents still think it is good for their kids to be skilled in internet technology.47. The more electronic devices are being used by children, the more markets the internet companies are longing to occupy.48. Maria McPhail allowed her 12-year-old daughter to download the app of Instagram because she believed her daughter was interested in photography.49. Parents’ watch and control can help children manage their own fan pages.50. Despite the age limitations, some kids fake their birthdates to open an online account.51. Being skeptical about strangers online and questioning the accuracy of information are very important.52. No kids can send or receive private messages on KidzVuz and their reviews are under severe control.53. Proper measures will be adopted by Google if its users are not old enough to have Google accounts.54. When Ms. Schwab asked about the weather conditions, her son advised her to seek help from Siri.55. Under the permission of parents, some children create public accounts on social media networks such as YouTube and Facebook.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked ［A］, ［Ｂ］, ［Ｃ］and ［Ｄ］You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. That’s partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert more effort, to achieve those goals.What’s far less understood by scientists, however, are the potentially harmful effects of goal-setting.Newspapers relay daily accounts of goal-setting prevalent in industries and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street, yet there has been surprisingly little research on how the long-trumpeted practice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic crisis, and unethical （不道德的）behavior in general.“Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial effects. And yet, the same motivation that can push people to exert more effort in a constructive way could also motivate people to be more likely to engage in unethical behaviors,” says Mauri ce Schweitzer, an associate professor at Penn’s Wharton School.“It turns out there’s no economic benefit to just having a goal—you just get a psychological benefit.”Schweitzer says, “But in many cases, goals have economic rewards that make them more powerful.”A prime example Schweitzer and his colleagues cite is the 2004 collapse of energy-trading giant Enron, where managers used financial incentives to motivate salesmen to meet specific revenue goals. The problem, Schweitzer says, is the actual trades were not profitable.Other studies have shown that saddling employees with unrealistic goals can compel them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears imposed a sales quota on its auto repair staff. It prompted employees to overcharge for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis.Schweitzer concedes his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that commends the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates of the practice have taken issue with histeam’s use of such evidence as news accounts to support his conclusion that goal-setting is widely over-prescribed.In a rebuttal （反驳）paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes: “Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot thrive without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can thrive without goals to provide a sense of purpose.”But Schweitzer contends the “mounting causal evidence”linking goal-setting and harmful behavior should be studied to help spotlight issues that merit caution and further investigation. “Even a few negative effects could be so large that they outweigh man y positive effects,” he says.“Goal-setting does help coordinate and motivate people. My idea would be to combine that with careful oversight, a strong organizational culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harm the organization,” Schweitzer says.56. What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting?［A］Its role has been largely underestimated.［B］The goals most people set are unrealistic.［C］The goals increase people’s work efficiency.［D］Its negative effects have long been neglected.57. What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?［A］Financial incentives ensure companies meet specific revenue goals.［B］Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success.［C］Goals with financial rewards have strong motivational power.［D］Businesses are less likely to succeed without setting realistic goals.58. How did Sears’ goal-setting affect its employees?［A］They resorted to unethical practice to meet their sales quota.［B］They improved their customer service on a companywide basis.［C］They were obliged to work more hours to increase their sales.［D］They competed with one another to attract more customers.59. What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzer’s research?［A］It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting.［B］Its conclusion is not based on solid scientific evidence.［C］It runs counter to the existing literature on the subject.［D］Its findings are not of much practical value.60. What is Schweitzer’s contention against Edwin Locke?［A］Goal-setting has become too deep-rooted in corporate culture.［B］Studying goal-setting can throw more light on successful business practices.［C］The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study.［D］The positive effects of goal-setting outweigh its negative effects.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed: what can the West’s overly indebted and sluggish （经济滞长的）nations learn from a flourishing Asia?Just a few decades ago, Asia’s two giants were stagnating （停滞不前）under faulty economic ideologies. However, once China began embracing free-market reforms in the 1980s, followed by India in the 1990s, both countries achieved rapid growth. Crucially, as they opened up their markets, they balanced market economy with sensible government direction. As the Indian economist Amartya Sen has wisely said, “The invisible hand of the market has often relied heavily on the visible hand of government.”Contrast this middle path with America and Europe, which have each gone ideologically overboard in their own ways. Since the 1980s, America has been increasingly clinging to the ideology of uncontrolled free markets and dismissing the role of government—following Ronald Reagan’s idea that “government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem.”Of course, when the markets came crashing down in 2007, it was decisive government intervention that saved the day. Despite this fact, many Americans are still strongly opposed to “big government.”If Americans could only free themselves from their antigovernment doctrine, they would begin to see that America’s problems are not insoluble. A few sensible federal measures could put the country back on the right path. A simple consumption tax of, say, 5% would significantly reduce the country’s huge government deficit without damaging productivity. A small gasoline tax would help free America from its dependence on oil imports and create incentives for green energy development. In the same way, a significant reduction of wasteful agricultural subsidies could also lower the deficit. But in order to take advantage of these common-sense solutions, Americans will have to put aside their own attachment to the idea of smaller government and less regulation. American politicians will have to develop the courage to follow what is taught in all American public-policy schools: that there are good taxes and bad taxes. Asian countries have embraced this wisdom, and have built sound long-term fiscal （财政的）policies as a result.Meanwhile, Europe has fallen prey to a different ideological trap: the belief that European governments would always have infinite resources and could continue borrowing as if there were no tomorrow. Unlike the Americans, who felt that the markets knew best, the Europeans failed to anticipate how the markets would react to their endless borrowing. Today, the European Union is creating a $580 billion fund to ward off sovereign collapse. This will buy the EU time, but it will not solve the bloc’s larger problem.61. What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in China and India?［A］Copying western-style economic behavior.［B］Timely reform of government at all levels.［C］Free market plus government intervention.［D］Heavy reliance on the hand of government.62. What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem”（Lines 3-4, Para. 3）?［A］Many social ills are caused by wrong government policies.［B］Many social problems arise from government inefficiency.［C］Government action is key to solving economic problems.［D］Government regulation hinders economic development.63. What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007?［A］Abandonment of big government by the public.［B］Self-regulatory repair mechanisms of the free market.［C］Effective measures adopted by the government.［D］Cooperation between the government and businesses.64. What is the author’s suggestion to the American public in face of the government deficit?［A］They give up the idea of smaller government and less regulation.［B］They develop green energy to avoid dependence on oil import.［C］They urge the government to revise its existing public policies.［D］They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.65. What’s the problem with the European Union?［A］Conservative ideology.［B］Shrinking market.［C］Lack of resources.［D］Excessive borrowing.Part IV Translation （30 minutes）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.《孙子兵法》（The Art of War）是中国古代最重要的一部军事著作之一，是我国优秀传统文化的重要组成部分。
2012年6月浙江省大学英语三级考试真题参考答案
2012年6月浙江省大学英语三级考试真题参考答案Part I Listening Comprehension Section A 1-5 D B C C A 6-10 C B C B D Section B 11-15 C A C B C 16-20 B C A B C Section C 21. education 22. curious 23. living 24. museums 25. historical 26. vivid 27.attitudes 28. What about the tourist who goes to Hong Kong? 29.seeing and feeling the lack of space 30. The tourist to Hong Kong will never forget the contrasts Part II Reading Comprehension 31-35 C C B D D 36-40 D B B C B 41-45 D A B A C 46-50 B G C I K 51-55 N A L D F Part III Integrated Reading 56-60 C C A A D 61-65 B C B C C 66-70 B B B A B 71-75C D A C A 76. The earth's magnetic field 77. iron-containing cell 78. Internal compass 79. Fly 80. Gerta Fleissner Part IV Writing Sample:Sports and MeAlmost pepole likes sports. Men and women, girls and boys, young and old, the people in China and the people in the other countries enjoy sports. Sports can help people people keep keep keep healthy, healthy, healthy, change change change people's people's people's characters, characters, characters, make make make people people people more more more beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, help help people live happily. People People in in in different different different places places places like like like different different different sports. sports. sports. Those Those Those living living living near near near the the the sea sea sea like like swimming, while those living near the mountains like climbing. I live among the tall buildings.Let's talk about my sports. I have no favourite sports. I don't like swimming, because I cannot swim. I don't like running, because it takes me too tired. Maybe I like volleyball, because I can play it. When I was a student in high school, I played volleyball with my classmates. That was great fun! But it is not my favourite sports. Perhaps some people think I'm a lazy woman and maybe so fat. Haha, I'm really lazy, but not fat. Every holiday, I like to stay at home. I will watch TV , go sleeping, read magzines, drink tea. This is my lazy life. I enjoy it very much. 。
2012年6月研究生英语学位课统考(GET)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年6月研究生英语学位课统考（GET）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. VOCABULARY 3. CLOZE 4. READING COMPREHENSION 5. TRANSLATION 6. WRITINGLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSection A Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.听力原文：W: Larry, are you feeling OK? You’re so quiet at the party tonight.M: To be honest, whenever I go back to campus now, I feel really old—and all the students look so young! I feel out of place when I’m surrounded by students.Q: What does the man mean?1．A．He is pretty comfortable in this kind of setting.B．He is not at ease when seeing her.C．He is not used to the current surroundings.D．He rarely feels shy in unfamiliar places.正确答案：C解析：女士说：Larry，你没事吧?今晚的聚会上你那么安静。
2012年6月英语B级真题答案及解析
2012年6月英语B级真题答案听力原文Sectio n A1.I’m goingto make coffee. Wouldyou like some?2.May I speakto Mr. Johnso n?3.Will you please writeyour name here?4.Can you help me to start the machin e?5.Shall we discuss the new plan now?Sectio nB6.M: Did you put the report on my desk?W: Yes, I did.Q: What did the man want?7.W: It seemsthe comput er doesn’t work.M: Y ou can ask John to repair it.Q: What does the man tell the womanto do?8.M: Have you read my email?W: What email? I haven’t got any email yet.Q: What does the womanmean?9.W: Hello, ABC Compan y! What can I do for you?M: I want to know when we can get the books we ordere d.Q: What does the man ask about?10.W: what do you thinkof your new manage r?M: Oh, he is very nice.Q: What does the man thinkof his manage r?答案与解析Part I Listen ing Compre hensi onSectio n A1．I’m goingto make coffee. Wouldyou like some?[答案解析]C．本题询问“我去做咖啡，你要喝些吗？”A．不用谢，没关系；B 请这边走； C 不，谢谢 D 你是对的。
2012年6月英语四级真题及答案(含解析)
2012年6月大学英语四级真题答案解析Part I Writing标准版Doing Shopping OnlineWith the development of the Internet, shopping is no longer a tiring thing. Just click your mouse to choose the articles you like, and the purchase is done. You don't even have to step out of the room. It seems all easy and quick.However, people's opinions vary on this trend. Some believe that on line shopping is time and money saving. With plentiful selection options, they can buy whatever they like at any time convenient. Still others insist that mis-purchasing alone is annoying enough, not to mention the credibility of the sellers and the safety of their accounts.In my opinion, the convenience and excitement of on line shopping is beyond all doubts. In the meantime, we must always bear in mind that certain traps do exist, so we'd better make sure the sellers are trustworthy before buying. In addition, we should also guard ourselves from the potential hackers who might steal our account information.文章点评：这是一篇“中等偏上”的学生作文。
2012年6月英语CET6真题及答案
2012年6月全国大学英语六级考试试卷PartⅣReading Comprehension(Reading in Depth) (25minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.In face of global warming, much effort has been focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions through a variety of strategies. But while much of the research and innovation has concentrated on finding less-polluting energy alternatives, it may be decades before clean technologies like wind and solar meet a significant portion of our energy needs.In the meantime, the amount of CO2 in the air is rapidly approaching the limits proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). “As long as we’re consuming fossil fuels, we’re putting out CO2,”says Klaus Lackner, a geophysicist at Colu mbia, University” We cannot let the CO2 in the atmosphere rise indefinitely.”That sense of urgency has increased interest in capturing and storing CO2, which the IPCC says could provide the more than 50% reduction in emissions thought needed to reduce global warming.“We see the potential for capture and storage to play an integral role in reducing emissions,” says Kim Corley, Shell’s senior advisor of CO2 and environmental affairs. That forward thinking strategy is gaining support. The U.S. Department of Energy recently proposed putting $1 billion into a new $2.4 billion coal-burning energy plant. The plant’s carbon-capture technologies would serve as a pilot project for other new coal-burning plants.But what do you do with the gas once you’ve captured it? One option is to put it to new uses. Dakota Gasification of North Dakota captures CO2 at a plant that converts coal into synthetic natural gas. It then ships the gas 200 miles by pipeline to Canada, where it is pumped underground in oil recovery operations. In the Netherlands, Shell delivers CO2 to farmers who pipe it into their greenhouses, increasing their yield of fruits and vegetables.However, scientists say that the scale of CO2 emissions will require vast amounts of long-term storage. Some propose storing the CO2 in coal mines or liquid storage in the ocean, Shell favors storing CO2 in deep geological structures such as saline(盐的) formations and exhausted oil and gas fields that exist throughout the world.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2012年6月16日六级真题及答案
2012年6月16日大学英语六级考试真题Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes)Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication参考答案:2012.6.16 CET6英语六级作文真题、范文及点评Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15minutes)Directions: In this part. You will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)、B)、C)and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes New York, makes this offer to well prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about sav ing time and money. That’s both an opportunity and a warning for the best higher-education system in the world.The United States has almost all of the world’s best universities. A recent Chinese survey ranks 35 American universities among the top 50, eight among the top 10. Our researchuniversities have been the key to developing the competitive advantages that help Americans produce 25% of all the world’s wealth. In 2007, 623,805 of the world’s brightest students were attracted to American universities.Yet, there are signs of peril (危险)within American higher education. U.S. colleges have to compete in the marketplace. Students may choose among 6,000 public, private, nonprofit, for profit, or religious institutions of higher learning. In addition, almost all of the 532 billion the federal government provides for university research is awarded competitively.But many colleges and universities are stuck in the past. For instance, the idea of thefall-to-spring“school year”hasn’t changed much since befo re the American Revolution, when we were a summer stretch no longer makes sense. Former George Washington University president Stephen Trachtenberg estimates that a typical college uses its facilities for academic purposes a little more than half the calen dar year.“While college facilities sit idle, they continue to generate maintenance expenses that contribute to the high cost of running a college,” he has written.Within academic departments, tenure(终身职位)，combined with age-discrimination laws, makes faculty turnover—critical for a university to remain current in changing times—difficult. Instead of protecting speech and encouraging diversity and innovative thinking, the tenure system often stifles(压制)them: younger professors must win the approval of established colleagues for tenure, encouraging like-mindedness and sometimes inhibiting the free flow of ideas.Meanwhile, tuition has soared, leaving graduating students with unprecedented loan debt. Strong campus presidents to manage these problems are becoming harder to find, and to keep. In fact, students now stay on campus almost as long as their presidents. The average amount of time students now take to complete an undergraduate degree has stretched to six years and seven months as students interrupted by work, inconvenienced by unavailable classes, or lured by one more football season find it hard to graduate.Congress has tried to help students with college costs through Pell Grants and other forms of tuition support. But some of their fixes have made the problem worse. The stack of congressional regulations governing federal student grants and loans now stands twice as tall as I do. Filling out these forms consumes 7% of every tuition dollar.For all of these reasons, some colleges like Hartwick are rethinking the old way of doing things and questioning decades-old assumptions about what a college degree means. For instance, why does it have to take four years to earn a diploma? This fall, 16 first-year students and four second-year students at Har twick enrolled in the school’s new three year degree program. According to the college, the plan is designed for high-ability, highly motivated student who wish to save money or to move along more rapidly toward advanced degrees.By eliminating that extra year, there year degree students save 25% in costs. Instead of taking 30 credits a year, these students take 40. During January, Hartwick runs a four week course during which students may earn three to four credits on or off campus, including a number of international sites. Summer courses are not required, but a student may enroll in them—and pay extra. Three year students get first crack at course registration. There are no changes in the number of courses professors teach or in their pay.The three-y ear degree isn’t a new idea. Geniuses have always breezed through. Judson College, a 350-student institution in Alabama, has offered students a three-year option for 40 years. Students attend “short terms” in May and June to earn the credits required for g raduation. BatesCollege in Maine and Ball State University in Indiana are among other colleges offeringthree-year options.Changes at the high-school level are also helping to make it easier for many students to earn their undergraduate degrees in less time. One of five students arrives at college today with Advanced Placement (AP) credits amounting to a semester or more of college level work. Many universities, including large schools like the University of Texas, make it easy for these AP students to graduate faster.For students who don’t plan to stop with an undergraduate degree, the three-year plan may have an even greater appeal. Dr. John Sergent, head of Vanderbilt University Medical School’s residency (住院医生) program, enrolled in Vanderbilt’s un dergraduate college in 1959. He entered medical school after only three years as did four or five of his classmates.” My first year of medical school counted as my senior year, which meant I had to take three to four labs a week to get all my sciences in. I basically skipped my senior year,” says Sergent. He still had time to be a student senator and meet his wife.There are, however, drawbacks to moving through school at such a brisk pace. For one, it deprives students of the luxury of time to roam (遨游) intellectually. Compressing everything into three years also leaves less time for growing up, engaging in extracurricular activities, and studying abroad. On crowded campuses it could mean fewer opportunities to get into a prized professor’s class. Iowa’s Waldorf College has graduated several hundred students in its three-year degree program, but it now phasing out the option. Most Waldorf students wanted the fullfour-year experience—academically, socially, and athletically. And faculty members will be wary of any change that threatens the core curriculum in the name of moving students into the workforce.“Most high governmental officials seem to conceive of education in this light—as a way to ensure economic competitiveness and continued economic growth,” Derek Bok, former president of Harvard, told The Washington Post. “I strongly disagree with this approach.” Another risk: the new campus schedules might eventually produce less revenue for the institution and longer working hours for faculty members.Adopting a three-year option will not come easily to most school. Those that wish to tackle tradition and make American campus more cost-conscious may find it easier to take Trachtenberg’s advice: open campuses year-round.“You could run two complete college s, with two complete faculties,”he says.“That’s without cutting the length of students’ vacations, increasing class sizes, or requiring faculty to teach more.”Whether they experiment with three-year degrees, offer year-round classes, challenge the tenure system—or all of the above—universities are slowly realizing that to stay competitive and relevant they must adapt to a rapidly changing world.Expanding the three-year option may be difficult, but it may be less difficult than asking Congress for additional financial help, asking legislators for more state support, or asking students even higher tuition payments. Campuses willing to adopt convenient schedules along with more focused, less-expensive degrees may find that they have a competitive advantage in attracting bright, motivated students. These sorts of innovations can help American universities avoid the perils of success.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2012年6月英语六级真题及答案
2012年6月大学英语六级(CET-6)真题试卷PartⅠWriting(30minutes)注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。
Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a composition on the topic The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication.You should write at least150words but no more than200words.The Certificate CrazePart II Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)(15minutes) Directions:In this part,you will have15minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet1.For questions1-7,choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A),B),C)and D).For questions8-10,complete the seen tenses withthe information given in the passage.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College,a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York,makes New York,makes this offer to well prepared students:earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees.A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about saving time and money.That’s both an opportunity and a warning for the best higher-education system in the world.The United States has almost all of the world’s best universities.A recent Chinese survey ranks35American universities among the top50,eight among the top10.Our research universities have been the key to developing the competitive advantages that help Americans produce25%of all the world’s wealth.In2007,623,805of the world’s brightest students were attracted to American universities.Yet,there are signs of peril(危险)within American higher education.U.S.colleges have to compete in the marketplace.Students may choose among6,000public,private,nonprofit,for profit, or religious institutions of higher learning.In addition,almost all of the532billion the federal government provides for university research is awarded competitively.But many colleges and universities are stuck in the past.For instance,the idea of thefall-to-spring“school year”hasn’t changed much since before the American Revolution,when we were a summer stretch no longer makes sense.Former George Washington University president Stephen Trachtenberg estimates that a typical college uses its facilities for academic purposes a little more than half the calendar year.“While college facilities sit idle,they continue to generate maintenance expenses that contribute to the high cost of running a college,”he has written.Within academic departments,tenure(终身职位)，combined with age-discrimination laws, makes faculty turnover—critical for a university to remain current in changing times—difficult. Instead of protecting speech and encouraging diversity and innovative thinking,the tenure system often stifles(压制)them:younger professors must win the approval of established colleagues for tenure,encouraging like-mindedness and sometimes inhibiting the free flow of ideas.Meanwhile,tuition has soared,leaving graduating students with unprecedented loan debt. Strong campus presidents to manage these problems are becoming harder to find,and to keep.Infact,students now stay on campus almost as long as their presidents.The average amount of time students now take to complete an undergraduate degree has stretched to six years and seven months as students interrupted by work,inconvenienced by unavailable classes,or lured by one more football season find it hard to graduate.Congress has tried to help students with college costs through Pell Grants and other forms of tuition support.But some of their fixes have made the problem worse.The stack of congressional regulations governing federal student grants and loans now stands twice as tall as I do.Filling out these forms consumes7%of every tuition dollar.For all of these reasons,some colleges like Hartwick are rethinking the old way of doing things and questioning decades-old assumptions about what a college degree means.For instance, why does it have to take four years to earn a diploma?This fall,16first-year students and four second-year students at Hartwick enrolled in the school’s new three year degree program. According to the college,the plan is designed for high-ability,highly motivated student who wish to save money or to move along more rapidly toward advanced degrees.By eliminating that extra year,there year degree students save25%in costs.Instead of taking 30credits a year,these students take40.During January,Hartwick runs a four week course during which students may earn three to four credits on or off campus,including a number of international sites.Summer courses are not required,but a student may enroll in them—and pay extra.Three year students get first crack at course registration.There are no changes in the number of courses professors teach or in their pay.The three-year degree isn’t a new idea.Geniuses have always breezed through.Judson College, a350-student institution in Alabama,has offered students a three-year option for40years.Students attend“short terms”in May and June to earn the credits required for graduation.Bates College in Maine and Ball State University in Indiana are among other colleges offering three-year options.Changes at the high-school level are also helping to make it easier for many students to earn their undergraduate degrees in less time.One of five students arrives at college today with Advanced Placement(AP)credits amounting to a semester or more of college level work.Many universities,including large schools like the University of Texas,make it easy for these AP students to graduate faster.For students who don’t plan to stop with an undergraduate degree,the three-year plan may have an even greater appeal.Dr.John Sergent,head of Vanderbilt University Medical School’s residency(住院医生)program,enrolled in Vanderbilt’s undergraduate college in1959.He entered medical school after only three years as did four or five of his classmates.”My first year of medical school counted as my senior year,which meant I had to take three to four labs a week to get all my sciences in.I basically skipped my senior year,”says Sergent.He still had time to be a student senator and meet his wife.There are,however,drawbacks to moving through school at such a brisk pace.For one,it deprives students of the luxury of time to roam(遨游)pressing everything into three years also leaves less time for growing up,engaging in extracurricular activities,and studying abroad.On crowded campuses it could mean fewer opportunities to get into a prized professor’s class.Iowa’s Waldorf College has graduated several hundred students in its three-year degree program,but it now phasing out the option.Most Waldorf students wanted the full four-year experience—academically,socially,and athletically.And faculty members will be wary of any change that threatens the core curriculum in the name of moving students into the workforce.“Most high governmental officials seem to conceive of education in this light—as a way to ensure economic competitiveness and continued economic growth,”Derek Bok,former president of Harvard,told The Washington Post.“I strongly disagree with this approach.”Another risk:the new campus schedules might eventually produce less revenue for the institution and longer working hours for faculty members.Adopting a three-year option will not come easily to most school.Those that wish to tackle tradition and make American campus more cost-conscious may find it easier to take Trachtenberg’s advice:open campuses year-round.“You could run two complete colleges,with two complete faculties,”he says.“That’s without cutting the length of students’vacations,increasing class sizes,or requiring faculty to teach more.”Whether they experiment with three-year degrees,offer year-round classes,challenge the tenure system—or all of the above—universities are slowly realizing that to stay competitive and relevant they must adapt to a rapidly changing world.Expanding the three-year option may be difficult,but it may be less difficult than asking Congress for additional financial help,asking legislators for more state support,or asking studentseven higher tuition payments.Campuses willing to adopt convenient schedules along with more focused,less-expensive degrees may find that they have a competitive advantage in attracting bright, motivated students.These sorts of innovations can help American universities avoid the perils of success.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
大学英语六级2012年6月真题及答案解析
2012年6月16日大学英语六级考试真题附答案Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal CommunicationPart Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15minutes)Directions: In this part. You will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked A)、B)、C)and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes New York, makes this offer to well prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about saving time and money. That’s both an opportunity and a warning for the best higher-education system in the world.The United States has almost all of the world’s best universities. A recent Chinese survey ranks 35 American universities among the top 50, eight among the top 10. Our research universities have been the key to developing the competitive advantages that help Americans produce 25% of all the world’s wealth. In 2007, 623,805 of the world’s brightest students were attracted to American universities.Yet, there are signs of peril (危险)within American higher education. U.S. colleges have to compete in the marketplace. Students may choose among 6,000 public, private, nonprofit, for profit, or religious institutions of higher learning. In addition, almost all of the 532 billion the federal government provides for university research is awarded competitively.But many colleges and universities are stuck in the past. For instance, the idea of thefall-to-spring“school year”hasn’t changed much since before the American Revolution, when we were a summer stretch no longer makes sense. Former George Washington University president Stephen Trachtenberg estimates that a typical college uses its facilities for academic purposes a little more than half the calendar year.“While college facilities sit idle, they continue to generate maintenance expenses that contribute to t he high cost of running a college,” he has written.Within academic departments, tenure(终身职位)，combined with age-discrimination laws, makes faculty turnover—critical for a university to remain current in changing times—difficult. Instead of protecting speech and encouraging diversity and innovative thinking, the tenure system often stifles(压制)them: younger professors must win the approval of established colleagues for tenure, encouraging like-mindedness and sometimes inhibiting the free flow of ideas.Meanwhile, tuition has soared, leaving graduating students with unprecedented loan debt. Strong campus presidents to manage these problems are becoming harder to find, and to keep. In fact, students now stay on campus almost as long as their presidents. The average amount of time students now take to complete an undergraduate degree has stretched to six years and seven months as students interrupted by work, inconvenienced by unavailable classes, or lured by one more football season find it hard to graduate.Congress has tried to help students with college costs through Pell Grants and other forms of tuition support. But some of their fixes have made the problem worse. The stack of congressional regulations governing federal student grants and loans now stands twice as tall as I do. Filling out these forms consumes 7% of every tuition dollar.For all of these reasons, some colleges like Hartwick are rethinking the old way of doing things and questioning decades-old assumptions about what a college degree means. For instance, why does it have to take four years to earn a diploma? This fall, 16 first-year students and four second-year students at Hartwick enrolled in the school’s new three year degree program. According to the college, the plan is designed for high-ability, highly motivated student who wish to save money or to move along more rapidly toward advanced degrees.By eliminating that extra year, there year degree students save 25% in costs. Instead of taking 30 credits a year, these students take 40. During January, Hartwick runs a four week course during which students may earn three to four credits on or off campus, including a number of international sites. Summer courses are not required, but a student may enroll in them—and pay extra. Three year students get first crack at course registration. There are no changes in the number of courses professors teach or in their pay.The three-year degree isn’t a new idea. Geniuses have always breezed through. Judson College, a 350-student institution in Alabama, has offered students a three-year option for 40 years. Students attend “short terms” in May and June to earn the credits r equired for graduation. Bates College in Maine and Ball State University in Indiana are among other colleges offeringthree-year options.Changes at the high-school level are also helping to make it easier for many students to earn their undergraduate degrees in less time. One of five students arrives at college today with Advanced Placement (AP) credits amounting to a semester or more of college level work. Manyuniversities, including large schools like the University of Texas, make it easy for these AP students to graduate faster.For students who don’t plan to stop with an undergraduate degree, the three-year plan may have an even greater appeal. Dr. John Sergent, head of Vanderbilt University Medical School’s residency (住院医生) program, enrolled in Vanderbilt’s undergraduate colle ge in 1959. He entered medical school after only three years as did four or five of his classmates.” My first year of medical school counted as my senior year, which meant I had to take three to four labs a week to get all my sciences in. I basically skipp ed my senior year,” says Sergent. He still had time to be a student senator and meet his wife.There are, however, drawbacks to moving through school at such a brisk pace. For one, it deprives students of the luxury of time to roam (遨游) intellectually. Compressing everything into three years also leaves less time for growing up, engaging in extracurricular activities, and studying abroad. On crowded campuses it could mean fewer opportunities to get into a prized professor’s class. Iowa’s Waldorf College has graduated several hundred students in its three-year degree program, but it now phasing out the option. Most Waldorf students wanted the fullfour-year experience—academically, socially, and athletically. And faculty members will be wary of any change that threatens the core curriculum in the name of moving students into the workforce.“Most high governmental officials seem to conceive of education in this light—as a way to ensure economic competitiveness and continued economic growth,” Derek Bok, former president of Harvard, told The Washington Post. “I strongly disagree with this approach.” Another risk: the new campus schedules might eventually produce less revenue for the institution and longer working hours for faculty members.Adopting a three-year option will not come easily to most school. Those that wish to tackle tradition and make American campus more cost-conscious may find it easier to take Trachtenberg’s advice: open campuses year-round.“You could run two complete colleges, with two complete faculties,”he says.“That’s without cutting the length of students’ vacations,inc reasing class sizes, or requiring faculty to teach more.”Whether they experiment with three-year degrees, offer year-round classes, challenge the tenure system—or all of the above—universities are slowly realizing that to stay competitive and relevant they must adapt to a rapidly changing world.Expanding the three-year option may be difficult, but it may be less difficult than asking Congress for additional financial help, asking legislators for more state support, or asking students even higher tuition payments. Campuses willing to adopt convenient schedules along with more focused, less-expensive degrees may find that they have a competitive advantage in attracting bright, motivated students. These sorts of innovations can help American universities avoid the perils of success.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2012年6月A级真题试卷几及答案
高等学校英语应用能力考试2012年6月A级试卷Part I Listening Comprehension (15minutes)Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections.Section ADirections:This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Example:You will hear:You will read: A) New York City. B) An evening party.C) An air trip. D) The man’s job.From the dialogue we learn that the man is to take a flight to New York. Therefore, C) An air trip is the correct answer. You should mark C) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. [A] [B] [C] [D]Now the test will begin.1. A) Report to his boss. B) Talk with his agent. C) See his doctor. D) Visit his lawyer.2. A) The airport is too far away. B) The man has missed the bus.C) This bus doesn’t go to the airport. D) There is no bus going to the airport.3. A) Before 8:45. B) Before 9:15. C) After 9:00. D) At 9:00.4. A) The man works in the city center. B) The man wants to live in the suburbs.C) The woman works in the suburbs. D) The woman lives in the city center.5. A) They can’t agree on the price. B) The man’s order is too small.C) The man asks for earlier delivery. D) They disagree on the discount.Section BDirections:This section is to test your ability to understand short conversations. There are 2 recorded conversations in it. After each conversation, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Conversation 16.A) The screen has gone black. B) The keyboard doesn’t work.C) The connections are broken. D) The power supply is off.7. A) Start the computer again. B) Check the connections.C) Change the mouse. D) Replace the keyboard.Conversation 28. A) Happy. B) Excited. C) Nervous. D) Angry.9. A) A copy of his resume. B) An application form.C) A recommendation letter. D) A recent photo.10. A) Fashionably. B) Carefully. C) Nicely. D) Formally.Section CDirections: This section is to test your ability to comprehend short passages. You will hear a recorded passage. After that you will hear five questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read two times. When you hear a question, you should complete the answer to it with a word or a short phrase (in not more than 3 words). The questions and incomplete answers are printed in your test paper. You should write your answers on the Answer Sheet correspondingly. Now listen to the passage.11. Who is invited to give a talk at the reception?Professor Richard Johnson from ________________________________.12. What period will follow Professor Johnson’s talk?A _______________________________________________ period.13. What refreshments have been prepared outside for the guests?Some chocolates, ______________________________________________.14. When will Professor Johnson finish his talk?At about _______________________________________________ tonight.15. Why must Professor Johnson leave by 8:30?He is taking ___________________________________________ home tonight.Part II Structure (15 minutes)Directions: This part is to test your ability to construct grammatically correct sentences. It consists of 2 sections.Section ADirections: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. You are required to complete each one by deciding on the most appropriate word or words from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.16. She was quite sure that she ________ the door before she left the office.A) will lock B) would lock C) has locked D) had locked17. In fact, there are different reasons ________ people are working long hours.A) where B) which C) why D) how18. Broadband (宽带) connections are widely available now, ________ makes online shoppingmuch easier.A) what B) whatever C) who D) which19. The manager decided to continue the sales for________ two weeks because of the large stockof goods.A) other B) another C) the other D) others20. We don’t have to hurry as the bus ________ for London at five in the evening.A) leaves B) left C) has been leaving D) has left21. ________ great losses in the financial crisis, the company closed down last year.A) Being suffered B) To suffer C) Having suffered D) Suffered22. Last week two engineers ________ to help solve the technical problems of the project.A) have sent B) were sent C) sent D) had sent23. You have to work in this position for two years ________ getting promoted.A) on B) since C) with D) before24. Please feel free to tell us ________ you think about our program so that we can benefit fromyour views and experience.A) what B) that C) if D) lest25. The company is offering a five percent discount to customers as a way ________ its onlinesales.A) promoting B) promoted C) to promote D) promotesSection BDirections: There are 10 incomplete statements here. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given in brackets. Write the word or words in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet.26. I am (please) __________ to inform you that you have won the first prize.27. The expert made a very (help) __________ suggestion for the project.28. I am told that Mr. Smith has refused (work) __________ in the Human Resources Department.29. The manager promised that the customer’s complaint would (look into) __________ as soonas possible.30. Consumers have become less interested in 3D TV at home, partly because of (have) ________to wear special glasses.31. Those who get nervous (easy) __________ may try Taiji, which relaxes the mind andstrengthens the body.32. According to a report (publish) __________ yesterday, an increasing number of young peopleare involved in community activities.33. We are informed that all the materials (arrive) __________ in the port of Chicago by now.34. Greatly (encourage) _________ by his friends, Jack has signed up for the singing competition.35. In his speech the manager expressed his thanks to those who have made their (contribute)__________ to the company.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Directions: This part is to test your reading ability. There are 5 tasks for you to fulfill. You should read the reading materials carefully and do the tasks as you are instructed.Task 1Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 36 to 40. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with asingle line through the center.The practice of exchanging foreign currency can vary by country. In one country, you may have to change your money at the airport, and in other countries you may need to buy your foreign currency in advance. Here are some places you can exchange foreign currency for U.S. currency. Your BankIn many cases you can purchase U.S. currency for your trip from a bank. Banks tend to have higher exchange rates than some currency exchange businesses. Before you purchase currency from a bank, check the currency change rates for that day so you can compare the rate the bank is giving and determine if it’s a good offer. There is a fee involved in withdrawing foreign currency from your bank.The AirportCurrency exchange businesses can be found at most international airports, so you can purchase U.S. currency either before you board your flight or at the U.S. airport on arrival. Note that U.S. airports typically have fewer currency exchange counters than travelers are accustomed to seeing in other parts of the world. If the airport you are flying into is not in a major U.S. city, consider using the exchange service in your departure airport to be on the safe side. If you are in an airport where several exchange companies operate, be sure to shop around for the best rate and lowest exchange fee. .36. The practice of exchanging foreign currency __________.A) changes with time of the year B) depends on exchange rates of the dayC) is exactly the same all over the world D) is likely to differ from country to country37. When you withdraw foreign currency from your bank, you have to __________.A) open a bank account B) pay a fee to the bankC) use your credit card D) inform the bank in advance38. Before purchasing foreign currency from a bank, you are advised to __________.A) compare the exchange rates B) examine the services of the bankC) pay the exchange fee in advance D) deposit some money with the bank39. In which case are you advised to consider using the exchange service in your departureairport?A) If you are flying with a foreign airline.B) If the airport is far from the city center.C) If you are not flying into a major US city.D) If the airport you are flying into is not safe.40. The passage is mainly about __________.A) U.S currency B) exchange fees C) American airports D) currency exchangeTask 2Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 41 to 45.Start your day off right with our continental breakfast free. Not only do we offer a generous variety of traditional continental foods, but also a couple of hot items each day. Too busy to sit down for breakfast? During the week, you can choose to take away a breakfast bag.We provide high speed Internet access in all guest rooms and common areas. Are you sick ofsitting at the desk all day? We provide lap (放在膝盖上的) desks in every room to improve your work environment. Didn’t bring your laptop computer with you? Please use our computer and printer located in our business center. We can also provide fax and copy service at the front desk.Our 400 sq. feet of meeting space can hold up to 30 people. For an extra fee, we can provide electronic digital equipment. Conveniently located just next to the business center, our meeting space works well for all your business needs.We are located directly off Highway 131 at Exit 78. We are just 2 miles north of the M6-South Beltline. There are multiple restaurants within walking distance. Our address:755 54th Street S. W. Wyoming, MI 49509(616)261-5500, Fax (616)261-9120Grrso-Hampton@41. Which of the following is TRUE about the breakfast in the hotel?A) Chinese foods are also available. B) All the items provided are hot food.C) Free continental breakfast is provided. D) Breakfast can be taken away at weekends.42. Where can guests send their faxes in the hotel?A) From their own room. B) In the common area.C) In the meeting room. D) At the front desk.43. What’s the purpose of providing lap desks in all of the guest rooms?A) To improve the work environment. B) To connect the business center.C) To use fax and copy service. D) To speed up Internet access.44. According to the passage, hotel guests can use electronic digital equipment _________.A) by booking in advance B) by paying an extra feeC) with the help of a staff member D) with the manager’s permission45. One of the advantages of the hotel is that _________.A) it is located in a business centerB) there are many restaurants nearbyC) its meeting space is the largest in the cityD) a laptop computer is available in each roomTask 3Directions: Read the following passage. After reading it, you are required to complete the outline below it (No.46 to No.50). You should write your answers briefly (in not more than three words) on the Answer Sheet correspondingly.CORT, a Berkshire Hathaway Company, is the world’s largest provider of rental (出租的) furniture. In business for over 40 years, we have served millions of individuals as well as over 80% of Fortune 500 companies.We have grown to be not only the industry’s leading provider of residential and commercial rental furniture, we also offer a full line of houseware rentals.And we don’t just help furnish your home, we can help you find it too. ApartmentSearch by CORT is our free online apartment locator which gives you access to millions of available apartment units nationwide. We can also help you locate a single family or townhome rental property that best suits your needs and budget.CORT has over 100 showrooms across the US. We also have established a global network of business partners that allow us to provide solutions in close to 70 countries around the world. Wemaintain our own fleet (车队) of trucks and have multiple distribution centers all aimed at providing fast, efficient service.Task 4Directions: Thefollowing is a list of words or expressions related to exhibitions. After reading it, you are required to find the items equivalent to (与…等同) those given in Chinese in the table below. Then you should put the corresponding letters in the brackets on the Answer Sheet, numbered 51 through 55.A —expoB —registration feeC —scope of exhibitsD —exhibitor ’s profileE —trade showF —participation feeG —exhibition space H —queuing areaI —participation procedures J —reserve a spotK —theme zones L —sponsor and organizerM —fire exit N —exhibit directoryO —overseas supporter P —registration systemQ —sign upExamples: (A) 博览会 (D) 参展商简介Task 5Directions ：Read the following passage. After reading it, you should give brief answers to the 5 questions (No.56 to No.60) that follow. The answers (in not more than three words ) should bewritten after the corresponding numbers on the Answer Sheet.Anchor’s Care at home services offer a full range of personal care assistance as well as help with domestic tasks to support you with the activities of everyday life.We ensure that you retain your independence and quality of life, helping you to stay in your own home for as long as it suits you. Whether you need a little help around the house or more extensive home care, we are here to help with individually-tailored support.We have been providing home care for over 20 years and therefore know how important it is to feel completely comfortable with any care worker that comes into your home. And we understand that looking for a care worker can often be a source of real anxiety and concern.We select our care workers for their skill, reliability and professionalism, and ensure they are trained to deliver a first class service. Once placed, our care workers are regularly assessed to ensure that they continue to constantly deliver high quality care.56. What kind of home services is offered by Anchor’s Care?A full range of _______________________________________ and help with domestic tasks.57. Why does Anchor’s Care provide individually-tailored support?To help its customers retain their independence and _________________________________.58. How long has Anchor’s Care been providing home care services?For _______________________________________________________________________.59. How does Anchor’s Care select care workers?They are selected according to their skill, _________________________ and professionalism.60. Why does Anchor’s Care regularly assess its workers?To ensure they constantly deliver _________________________________.Part IV Translation -- English into Chinese (25 minutes)Directions: This part, numbered 61 through 65, is to test your ability to translate English into Chinese. After each of the sentences numbered 61 to 64, you will read four choices of suggested translation. You should choose the best translation and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. And for the paragraph numbered 65, write your translation in the corresponding space on the Translation/ Composition Sheet.61. I would like to pay a visit to your factory to find out about the possibility of importingautomobile parts from you.A) 我想去你们工厂参观，看看你们厂是否有可能进口汽车零部件。
2012年6月英语六级真题及答案
CET-6Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions ：For For this this this part, part, part, you you you are are are allowed allowed allowed 30 30 30 minutes minutes minutes to to to write write write a a a composition composition composition on on on the the the topic topic topic The The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal CommunicationPart Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15minutes)Directions: In this part. You will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)、B)、C)and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes New York, makes this offer to well prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the the same same same offer offer offer to to to students students students anxious anxious anxious about about about saving saving saving time time time and and and money. money. money. That’s That’s That’s both both both an an an opportunity opportunity opportunity and and and a a warning for the best higher-education system in the world. T he United States has almost all of the world’s best universities. A recent Chinese survey ranks 35 American universities among the top 50, eight among the top 10. Our research universities have been the key to developing the competitive advantages that hel p Americans produce 25% of all the world’s wealth. In 2007, 623,805 of the world’s brightest students were attracted to American universities.Yet, there are signs of peril (危险)within American higher education. U.S. colleges have to compete in the marketplace. Students may choose among 6,000 public, private, nonprofit, for profit, or religious institutions of higher learning. In addition, almost all of the 532 billion the federal government provides for university research is awarded competitively. But many colleges and universities are stuck in the past. For instance, the idea of the fall-to-fall-to-spring“school year”hasn’t changed much since before th spring“school year”hasn’t changed much since before the American Revolution, when we were a a summer summer summer stretch stretch stretch no no no longer longer longer makes makes makes sense. sense. sense. Former Former Former George George George Washington Washington Washington University University University president president president Stephen Stephen Trachtenberg estimates that a typical college uses its facilities for academic purposes a little more than half the calendar y ear.“While college facilities sit idle, they continue to generate maintenance expenses that contribute to the high cost of running a college,” he has written.Within academic departments, tenure(终身职位)，combined with age-discrimination laws, makes faculty faculty turnover turnover turnover——critical critical for for for a a a university university university to to to remain remain remain current current current in in in changing changing changing times times times——difficult. difficult. Instead Instead Instead of of protecting speech and encouraging diversity and innovative thinking, the tenure system often stifles(压制)them: younger professors must win the approval of established colleagues for tenure, encouraging like-mindedness and sometimes inhibiting the free flow of ideas. Meanwhile, tuition has soared, leaving graduating students with with unprecedented loan debt. unprecedented loan debt. Strong campus presidents to manage these problems are becoming harder to find, and to keep. In fact, students now stay on campus almost as long as their presidents. The average amount of time students now take to to complete complete complete an an an undergraduate undergraduate degree degree has has has stretched stretched stretched to to to six six six years years years and and and seven seven seven months months months as as as students students interrupted by work, inconvenienced by unavailable classes, or lured by one more football season find it hard to graduate. Congress has tried to help students with college costs through Pell Grants and other forms of tuition support. But some of their fixes have made the problem worse. The stack of congressional regulations governing governing federal federal federal student student student grants grants grants and and and loans loans loans now now now stands stands stands twice twice twice as as as tall tall tall as as as I I I do. do. do. Filling Filling Filling out out out these these these forms forms consumes 7% of every tuition dollar. For all of these reasons, some colleges like Hartwick are rethinking the old way of doing things and questioning questioning decades-old decades-old decades-old assumptions assumptions assumptions about about about what what what a a a college college college degree degree degree means. means. means. For For For instance, instance, instance, why why why does does does it it have to take four years to earn a diploma? This fall, 16 first-year students and four second-year students at Hartwick enrolled in the school’s new three year degree program. According to the college, the plan is designed for high-ability, highly motivated student who wish to save money or to move along more rapidly toward advanced degrees. By eliminating that extra year, there year degree students save 25% in costs. Instead of taking 30 credits a year, these students take 40. During January, Hartwick runs a four week course during which students students may may may earn earn earn three three three to to to four four four credits credits credits on on on or or or off off off campus, campus, campus, including including including a a a number number number of of of international international international sites. sites. Summer courses are not required, but a student may enroll in them —and pay extra. Three year students get first crack at course registration. There are no changes in the number of courses professors teach or in their pay. The three-year degree isn’t a new idea. Geniuses have always breezed through. Judson College, a 350-student 350-student institution institution institution in in in Alabama, Alabama, Alabama, has has has offered offered offered students students students a a a three-year three-year three-year option option option for for for 40 40 40 years. years. years. Students Students attend attend “short “short “short terms” terms” terms” in in in May May May and and and June June June to to to earn earn earn the the the credits credits credits required required required for for for graduation. graduation. graduation. Bates Bates Bates College College College in in Maine and Ball State University in Indiana are among other colleges offering three-year options. Changes at the high-school level are also helping to make it easier for many students to earn their undergraduate undergraduate degrees degrees degrees in in in less less less time. time. time. One One One of of of five five five students students students arrives arrives arrives at at at college college college today today today with with with Advanced Advanced Placement Placement (AP) (AP) (AP) credits credits credits amounting amounting amounting to to to a a a semester semester semester or or or more more more of of of college college college level level level work. work. work. Many Many Many universities, universities, including large schools like the University of Texas, make it easy for these AP students students to to to graduate graduate faster. For students who don’t plan to stop with an undergraduate degree, the three-year plan may have an even greater appeal. Dr. John Sergent, head of Vanderbilt University Medical School’s residency (住院医生) ) program, program, program, enrolled enrolled enrolled in in in Vanderbilt’s Vanderbilt’s undergraduate undergraduate colle colle college ge ge in in in 1959. 1959. 1959. He He He entered entered entered medical medical medical school school after only three years as did four or five of his classmates.” My first year of medical school counted as my senior year, which meant I had to take three to four labs a week to get all my sciences in. I basicall skipp skipped my senior year,” says Sergent. He still had time to be a student senator and meet his wife.ed my senior year,” says Sergent. He still had time to be a student senator and meet his wife. There are, however, drawbacks to moving through school at such a brisk pace. For one, it deprives students of the luxury of time to roam (遨游) intellectually. Compressing everything into three years also also leaves less time for growing up, leaves less time for growing up, engaging in extracurricular extracurricular activities, and studying abroad. On activities, and studying abroad. On crowded crowded campuses campuses campuses it it it could could could mean mean mean fewer fewer fewer opportunities opportunities opportunities to to to get get get into into into a a a prized prized prized professor’s professor’s professor’s class. class. class. Iowa’s Iowa’s Waldorf College has graduated several hundred students in its three-year degree program, but it now phasing phasing out out out the the the option. option. option. Most Most Most Waldorf Waldorf Waldorf students students students wanted wanted wanted the the the full full full four-year four-year four-year experience experience experience——academically, socially, socially, and and and athletically. athletically. athletically. And And And faculty faculty faculty members members members will will will be be be wary wary wary of of of any any any change change change that that that threatens threatens threatens the the the core core curriculum in the name of moving students into the workforce. “Most high governmental officials seem to conceive of education in this light—as a way to ensure economic competitiveness and continued economic growt h,” Derek Bok, former president of Harvard, told told The The The Washington Washington Washington Post. Post. Post. “I “I “I strongly strongly strongly disagree disagree disagree with with with this this this approach.” approach.” approach.” Another Another Another risk: risk: risk: the the the new new new campus campus schedules schedules might might might eventually eventually eventually produce produce produce less less less revenue revenue revenue for for for the the the institution institution institution and and and longer longer longer working working working hours hours hours for for faculty members. Adopting Adopting a a a three-year three-year three-year option option option will will will not not not come come come easily easily easily to to to most most most school. school. school. Those Those Those that that that wish wish wish to to to tackle tackle tradition tradition and and and make make make American American American campus campus campus more more more cost-cost-cost-conscious conscious conscious may may may find find find it it it easier easier easier to to to take take take Trachtenberg’s Trachtenberg’s advice: open campuses year-year-round.“You round.“You could run two complete college colleges, s, with two complete faculties,”he says.“That’s without cutting the length of students’ vacations, increasing class sizes, or requiring faculty to teach more.”Whether Whether they they they experiment experiment experiment with with with three-year three-year three-year degrees, degrees, degrees, offer offer offer year-round year-round year-round classes, classes, classes, challenge challenge challenge the the the tenure tenure system system——or all of the above—universities are slowly realizing that to stay competitive and relevant they must adapt to a rapidly changing world. Expanding the three-year option may be difficult, but it may be less difficult than asking Congress for additional financial help, asking legislators for more state support, or asking students even higher tuition payments. Campuses willing to adopt convenient schedules along with more focused, less-expensive degrees may find that they have a competitive advantage in attracting bright, motivated students. These sorts of innovations can help American universities avoid the perils of success. 1. Why did Hartwick College start three-year degree programs? A) To create chances for the poor. C) To enroll more students. B) To cut students’ expenses. D) To solve its financial problems.2. By quoting Stephen Trachtenberg the author wants to say that . A) American universities are resistant to change B) the summer vacation contributes to student growth C) college facilities could be put to more effective use D) the costs of running a university are soaring3. The author thinks the tenure system in American universities . A)suppresses creative thinking C) guarantees academic freedom B) creates conflicts among colleagues D) is a sign of age discrimination4. What is said about the new three-year degree program at Hartwick? A) Its students have to earn more credits each year. B) Non-credit courses are eliminated altogether. C) Its faculty members teach more hours a week. D) Some summer courses are offered free of charge. 5. What do we learn about Judson Coll ege’s three -year degree program? A) It has been running for several decades. B) It is open to the brightest students only. C) It is the most successful in the country. D) It has many practical courses on offer. 6. What changes in high schools help students earn undergraduate degrees in three years? A) Curriculums have been adapted to students’ needs.B) More students have Advanced Placement credits. C) More elective courses are offered in high school. D) The overall quality of education bas improved. 7. What is said to be a drawback of the three-year college program? A) Students have to cope with too heavy a workload. B) Students don’t have much time to roam intellectually.C) Students have little time to gain practical experience. D) Students don’t have pri zed professors to teach them. 8. College faculty members are afraid that the pretext of moving students into the workforce might pose a threat to . 9. 9. Universities Universities Universities are are are increasingly increasingly increasingly aware aware aware that that that they they they must must must adapt adapt adapt to to to a a a rapidly rapidly rapidly changing changing changing world world world in in in order order to . 10. Convenient academic schedules with more-focused, less-expensive degrees will be more attractive to . Section A15. A) Decline the invitation as early as possible. B) Ask Tony to convey thanks to his mother. ts no meat. C) Tell Tony’s mother that she eaD) Add more fruits and vegetables to her diet. 16. A) The increasing crime rate. B) The impact of mass media. C) The circulation of newspapers. D) The coverage of newspapers. 17. A) Limit the number of participants in the conference. B) Check the number of people who have registered. C) Provide people with advice on career development. D) Move the conference to a more spacious place. 18. A) The apartment is still available. B) The apartment is close to the campus. C) The advertisement is outdated. D) On-campus housing is hard to secure. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 19. A) To test how responsive dolphins are to various signals. B) To find out if the female dolphin is cleverer than the male one. C) To see if dolphins can learn to communicate with each other. D) To examine how long it takes dolphins to acquire a skill. 20. A) Produce the appropriate sound. B) Press the right-hand lever first. C) Raise their heads above the water. D) Swim straight into the same tank. 21. A) Only one dolphin was able to see the light. B) The male dolphin received more rewards. C) Both dolphins were put in the same tank. D) The lever was beyond the dolphins’ reach.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 22. A) In a botanical garden. B) In a lecture room. C) In a resort town. D) On a cattle farm. 23. A) It is an ideal place for people to retire to. B) It is at the centre of the fashion industry. C) It remains very attractive with its mineral waters. D) It has kept many traditions from Victorian times. 24. A) It was named after a land owner in the old days. B) It is located in the eastern part of Harrogate. C) It is protected as parkland by a special law. D) It will be used as a centre for athletic training. 25. A) The beautiful flowers. B) The refreshing air. C) The mineral waters. D) The vast grassland. “It “It turns turns turns out out out there’s there’s there’s no no no economic economic economic benefit benefit benefit to to to just just just having having having a a a goal goal goal---you ---you ---you just just just get get get a a a psychological psychological benefit” benefit” Schweitzer Schweitzer Schweitzer says. says. says. “But “But “But in in in many many many cases, cases, cases, goa goa goals ls ls have have have economic economic economic rewards rewards rewards that that that make make make them them them more more powerful.”A prime example Schweitzer and his colleagues cite is the 2004 collapse of energy-trading giant Enron, where managers used financial incentives to motivate salesmen to meet specific revenue goals. The problem, Schweitzer says, is the actual trades were not profitable. Other studies have shown that saddling employees with unrealistic goals can compel them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears imposed a sales quota on its auto repair staff. staff. It It It prompted prompted prompted employees employees employees to to to overcharge overcharge overcharge for for for work work work and and and to to to complete complete complete unnecessary unnecessary unnecessary repairs repairs repairs on on on a a companywide basis. Schweitzer concedes his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that commends the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates of the practice have taken issue with his team’s use of such evidence as news accounts to support his conclusion that goal-setting is widely over-prescribed In a rebuttal (反驳) paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes:“Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot thrive without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can thrive without goals to provide a sense of purpose.”But Schweitzer contends the “mounting causal evidence” linking goal -setting and harmful behavior sh should ould ould be be be studied studied studied to to to help help help spotlight spotlight spotlight issues issues issues that that that merit merit merit caution caution caution and and and further further further investigation. investigation. investigation. “Even “Even “Even a a a few few negative effects could be so large that they outweigh many positive effects,” he says.“Goal “Goal-setting does help -setting does help coordinate and motivate people. My idea would be to combine that with careful oversight, a strong organizational culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harm the organization,” Schweitzer says.52. What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting? A) Its negative effects have long been neglected. B) The goal increase people’s work efficiency.C) Its role has been largely underestimated. D) The goals most people set are unrealistic. 53. What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron? A) Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success. B) Businesses are less likely to succeed without setting realistic goals. C) Financial incentives ensure companies meet specific revenue goals. D) Goals with financial rewards have strong motivational power. 54. How did Sears’ goal -setting affect its employees? A) They were obliged to work more hours to increase their sales. B) They competed with one another to attract more customers. C) They resorted to unethical practice to meet their sales quota. D) They improved their customer service on a companywide basis. 55. What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzer’s research?A) Its findings are not of much practical value. B) It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting. C) Its conclusion is not based on solid scientific evidence. D) It runs counter to the existing literature on the subject. 56. What is Schweitzer’s contention against Edwin Locke?A) The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study. B) Goal-setting has become too deep-rooted in corporate culture. 。
2012年6月大学英语四级考试真题试题及答案解析
2012年6月大学英语四级考试真题试题及答案解析(完整版) Part Ⅰ Writing (30minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Excessive Packaging following the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 1.目前许多商品存在过度包装的现象2.出现这一现象的原因3.我对这一现象的看法和建议On Excessive Packaging Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)(15minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer sheet 1. For questions 1-7,choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)，B)，C)and D). For questions 8-10,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Small Schools Rising This year‟s list of the top 100 high school s shows that today, those with fewer students are flourishing. Fifty years ago, they were the latest thing in educational reform: big, modern, suburban high schools with students counted in the thousands. As baby boomers(二战后婴儿潮时期出生的人) came of high-school age, big schools promised economic efficiency. A greater choice of courses, and, and, of of of course, course, course, better better better football football football teams. teams. teams. Only Only Only years years years later later later did did did we we we understand understand understand the the the trade-offs trade-offs trade-offs this this involved: involved: the the the creation creation creation of of of excessive excessive excessive bureaucracies(bureaucracies(官僚机构)，the the difficulty difficulty difficulty of of of forging forging forging personal personal connections between teachers and students.SA T scores began dropping in 1963;today,on average,30% of students do not complete high school in four years, a figure that rises to 50% in poor urban neighborhoods. While the emphasis on teaching to higher, test-driven standards as set in in No No No Child Child Child Left Left Left Behind Behind Behind resulted resulted resulted in in in significantly significantly significantly better better better performance performance performance in in in elementary(and elementary(and elementary(and some some middle)schools, high schools for a variety of reasons seemed to have made little progress. Size Size isn‟t isn‟t isn‟t everything, everything, everything, but but but it it it does does does matter,matter,and and the the the past past past decade decade decade has has has seen seen seen a a a noticeable noticeable countertrend countertrend toward toward toward smaller smaller smaller schools. schools. schools. This This This has has has been been been due due due ,in ,in ,in part part part ,to ,to ,to the the the Bill Bill Bill and and and Melinda Melinda Melinda Gates Gates Foundation, Foundation, which which which has has has invested invested invested $1.8 $1.8 $1.8 billion billion billion in in in American American American high high high schools, schools, schools, helping helping helping to to to open open open about about 1,000 small schools-most of them with about 400 kids each with an average enrollment of only 150 per grade, About 500 more are on the drawing board. Districts all over the country are taking notice, notice, along along along with with with mayors mayors mayors in in in cities cities cities like like like New New New Y ork, Y ork, Chicago Chicago Chicago and and and San San San Diego. Diego. Diego. The The The movement movement includes includes independent independent independent public public public charter charter charter schools, schools, schools, such such such as as as No.1 No.1 No.1 BASIS BASIS BASIS in in in Tucson, Tucson, Tucson, with with with only only only 120 120 high-schoolers and 18 graduates this year. It embraces district-sanctioned magnet schools, such as the Talented and Gifted School, with 198 students, and the Science and Engineering Magnet,with383,which share a building in Dallas, as well as the City Honors School in Buffalo, N.Y N.Y., ., ., which which which grew grew grew out out out of of of volunteer volunteer volunteer evening evening evening seminars seminars seminars for for for students. students. students. And And And it it it includes includes includes alternative alternative schools with students selected by lottery(抽签)，such as H-B Woodlawn in Arlington, Va. And most most noticeable noticeable noticeable of of of all, all, all, there there there is is is the the the phenomenon phenomenon phenomenon of of of large large large urban urban urban and and and suburban suburban suburban high high high schools schools schools that that have split up into smaller units of a few hundred, generally housed in the same grounds that once boasted thousands of students all marching to the same band. Hillsdale High School in San Mateo, Calif, is one of those, ranking No.423—among the top 2% in the country —on Newsweek‟s annual ranking of America‟s top high schools. The success of small small schools schools schools is is apparent apparent in in in the the the listings. listings. listings. Ten Ten Ten years years years ago, ago, ago, when when when the the the first first first Newsweek Newsweek Newsweek list list list based based based on on college-level college-level test test test participation participation participation was was was published, published, published, only only only three three three of of of the the the top top top 100 100 100 schools schools schools had had had graduating graduating Classes smaller than 100 students. This year there are 22. Nearly 250 schools on the full ,Newsweek list of the top 5% of schools nationally had fewer than 200 graduates in 2007. Although Although many many many of of of Hillsdale‟s Hillsdale‟s students students came came came from from from wealthy wealthy wealthy households, households, households, by by by the the the late late late 1990 1990 average test scores were sliding and it had earned the unaffectionate nickname (绰号) “Hillsjail. ” Jeff Jeff Gilbert. Gilbert. Gilbert. A A A Hillsdale Hillsdale Hillsdale teacher teacher teacher who who who became became became principal principal principal last last last year, year, year, remembers remembers remembers sitting sitting sitting with with with other other teachers watching students file out of a graduation ceremony and asking one another in astonishment, “How did that student graduate?”So So in in in 2003 2003 2003 Hillsdale Hillsdale Hillsdale re re remade made made itself itself itself into into into three three three “houses,” “houses,” “houses,” romantically romantically romantically named named named Florence, Florence, Marrakech and Kyoto. Each of the 300 arriving ninth graders are randomly(随机地) assigned to one of the houses. Where they will keep the same four core subject teachers for two years, before moving on to another for 11th and 12th grades. The closeness this system cultivates is reinforced by the institution of “advisory” classes Teachers meet with students in groups of 25, five mornings a week, for open-ended discussions of everything from homework problems to bad Saturday-night dates. The advisers also meet with students privately and stay in touch with parents, so they are deeply invested in the students‟ success.“We‟re constantly talking about one another‟s advisers,” says English teacher Chris Cro ckett. “If you hear that yours isn‟t doing well in math, or see them sitting outside the dean‟s office, it‟s like a personal failure.” Along with the new structure came a more demanding academic program, the percentage of freshmen taking biology jumped from 17 to 95.“It was rough for some. But by senior year, two -thirds have moved up to physics,” says Gilbert “Our kids are coming to school in part because they know there are adults here who know them and care for them.”But not all schools show advances afte r downsizing, and it remains to be seen whether smaller schools will be a cure-all solution. The Newsweek list of top U.S. high schools was made this year, as in years past, according to a single metric, the proportion of students taking college-level exams. Over the years this system has come in for its share of criticism for its simplicity. But that is also its strength: it‟s easy for readers to understand, and to do the arithmetic for their own schools if they‟d like.Ranking schools is always controversial, and this year a group of 38 superintendents(地区教育主管)from )from five five five states states states wrote wrote wrote to to to ask ask ask that that that their their their schools schools schools be be be excluded excluded excluded from from from the the the calculation.“It calculation.“It calculation.“It is is impossible impossible to to to know know know which which which high high high schools schools schools are are are …the …the best‟ in in the the the nation, nation, nation, ”their ”their ”their letter letter letter read. read. read. in in in part. part. “Determining whether different schools do or don‟t offer a high quality of education requires a look at man different measures, including students‟ overall academic accomplishments and their subsequent subsequent performance performance performance in in in college. college. college. And And And taking taking taking into into into consideration consideration consideration the the the unique unique unique needs needs needs of of of their their communities.”In In the the the end, end, end, the the the superintendents superintendents superintendents agreed agreed agreed to to to provide provide provide the the the data data data we we we sought, sought, sought, which which which is, is, is, after after after all, all, public information. There is, in our view, no real dispute here, we are all seeking the same thing, which is schools that better serve our children and our nation by encouraging students to tackle tough subjects under the guidance of gifted teachers. And if we keep working toward that goal, someday, perhaps a list won‟t be necessary.注意：此部分试题请在答卡1上作答. 1. 1. Fifty Fifty Fifty years years years ago. ago. ago. big. big. big. Modern. Modern. Modern. Suburban Suburban Suburban high high high schools schools schools were were were established established established in in in the the the hope hope hope of of __________. A) ensuring no child is left behind B) increasing economic efficiency C) improving students‟ performance on SAT D) providing good education for baby boomers 2. What happened as a result of setting up big schools? A) Teachers‟ workload increased.B) Students‟ performance declined.C) Administration became centralized. D) Students focused more on test scores. 3. What is said about the schools forded by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation? A) They are usually magnet schools. B) They are often located in poor neighborhoods. C) They are popular with high-achieving students. D) They are mostly small in size. 4. What is most noticeable about the current trend in high school education? A) Some large schools have split up into smaller ones. B) A great variety of schools have sprung up in urban and suburban areas. C) Many schools compete for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funds. D) Students have to meet higher academic standards. 5. Newsweek ranked high schools according to . A) their students‟ academic achievementB) the number of their students admitted to college C) the size and number of their graduating classes D) their college-level test participation 6. What can we learn about Hillsdale‟s students in the late 1990s?A) They were made to study hard like prisoners. B) They called each other by unaffectionate nicknames. C) Most of them did not have any sense of discipline, D) Their school performance was getting worse. 7. According to Jeff Gilbert, the “advisory” classes at Hillsdale were set up so that students could . A) tell their teachers what they did on weekends B) experience a great deal of pleasure in learning C) maintain closer relationships with their teachers D) tackle the demanding biology and physics courses 8. is still still considered considered considered a a a strength strength strength of of of Newsweek‟s Newsweek‟s school school ranking ranking ranking system system system in in in spite spite spite of of of the the criticism it receives. 9. 9. According According According to to to the the the 38 38 38 superintendents, superintendents, superintendents, to to to rank rank rank schools schools schools scientifically, scientifically, scientifically, it it it is is is necessary necessary necessary to to use . 10. To better serve the children and our nation, schools students to take . Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension (35minutes) Section A Directions: in this section you will hear 8 short conversations, one or more questions will be asked asked about about about what what what was was was said. said. said. Both Both Both the the the conversation conversation conversation and and and the the the questions questions questions will will will be be be spoken spoken spoken only only only once. once. After After each each each question question question there there there will will will be be be a a a pause. pause. pause. During During During the the the pause, pause, pause, you you you must must must read read read the the the four four four choices choices marked A)、B)、C)and D)、and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答案卡2上作案。
2012年6月英语六级真题及答案
2012年6月16日大学英语六级考试真题附答案Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal CommunicationPart Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15minutes)Directions: In this part. You will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked A)、B)、C)and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes New York, makes this offer to well prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about saving time and money. That’s both an opportunity and a warning for the best higher-education system in the world.The United States has almost all of the world’s best universities. A recent Chinese survey ranks 35 American universities among the top 50, eight among the top 10. Our research universities have been the key to developing the competitive advantages that help Americans produce 25% of all the world’s wealth. In 2007, 623,805 of the world’s brightest students were attracted to American universities.Yet, there are signs of peril (危险)within American higher education. U.S. colleges have to compete in the marketplace. Students may choose among 6,000 public, private, nonprofit, for profit, or religious institutions of higher learning. In addition, almost all of the 532 billion the federal government provides for university research is awarded competitively.But many colleges and universities are stuck in the past. For instance, the idea of thefall-to-spring“school year”hasn’t changed much since before the American Revolution, when we were a summer stretch no longer makes sense. Former George Washington University president Stephen Trachtenberg estimates that a typical college uses its facilities for academic purposes a little more than half the calendar year.“While college facilities sit idle, they continue to generate maintenance expen ses that contribute to the high cost of running a college,” he has written.Within academic departments, tenure(终身职位)，combined with age-discrimination laws, makes faculty turnover—critical for a university to remain current in changing times—difficult. Instead of protecting speech and encouraging diversity and innovative thinking, the tenure system often stifles(压制)them: younger professors must win the approval of established colleagues for tenure, encouraging like-mindedness and sometimes inhibiting the free flow of ideas.Meanwhile, tuition has soared, leaving graduating students with unprecedented loan debt. Strong campus presidents to manage these problems are becoming harder to find, and to keep. In fact, students now stay on campus almost as long as their presidents. The average amount of time students now take to complete an undergraduate degree has stretched to six years and seven months as students interrupted by work, inconvenienced by unavailable classes, or lured by one more football season find it hard to graduate.Congress has tried to help students with college costs through Pell Grants and other forms of tuition support. But some of their fixes have made the problem worse. The stack of congressional regulations governing federal student grants and loans now stands twice as tall as I do. Filling out these forms consumes 7% of every tuition dollar.For all of these reasons, some colleges like Hartwick are rethinking the old way of doing things and questioning decades-old assumptions about what a college degree means. For instance, why does it have to take four years to earn a diploma? This fall, 16 first-year students and four second-year students at Hartwick enrolled in the school’s new three year degree program.According to the college, the plan is designed for high-ability, highly motivated student who wish to save money or to move along more rapidly toward advanced degrees.By eliminating that extra year, there year degree students save 25% in costs. Instead of taking 30 credits a year, these students take 40. During January, Hartwick runs a four week course during which students may earn three to four credits on or off campus, including a number of international sites. Summer courses are not required, but a student may enroll in them—and pay extra. Three year students get first crack at course registration. There are no changes in the number of courses professors teach or in their pay.The three-year degree isn’t a new idea. Geniuses have always breezed through. Judson College, a 350-student institution in Alabama, has offered students a three-year option for 40 years. Students attend “short terms” in May and June to earn the credits required for graduation. Bates College in Maine and Ball State University in Indiana are among other colleges offeringthree-year options.Changes at the high-school level are also helping to make it easier for many students to earn their undergraduate degrees in less time. One of five students arrives at college today with Advanced Placement (AP) credits amounting to a semester or more of college level work. Many universities, including large schools like the University of Texas, make it easy for these AP students to graduate faster.For students who don’t plan to stop with an undergraduate degree, the three-year plan may have an even greater appeal. Dr. John Sergent, head of Vanderbilt University Medical School’s residency (住院医生) program, enrolled in Vanderbilt’s undergraduate college in 1959. He entered medical school after only three years as did fou r or five of his classmates.” My first yearof medical school counted as my senior year, which meant I had to take three to four labs a week to get all my sciences in. I basically skipped my senior year,” says Sergent. He still had time to be a student senator and meet his wife.There are, however, drawbacks to moving through school at such a brisk pace. For one, it deprives students of the luxury of time to roam (遨游) intellectually. Compressing everything into three years also leaves less time for growing up, engaging in extracurricular activities, and studying abroad. On crowded campuses it could mean fewer opportunities to get into a prized professor’s class. Iowa’s Waldorf College has graduated several hundred students in its three-year degree program, but it now phasing out the option. Most Waldorf students wanted the fullfour-year experience—academically, socially, and athletically. And faculty members will be wary of any change that threatens the core curriculum in the name of moving students into the workforce.“Most high governmental officials seem to conceive of education in this light—as a way to ensure economic competitiveness and continued economic growth,” Derek Bok, former president of Harvard, told The Washington Post. “I strongly disagree with this approach.” Another risk: the new campus schedules might eventually produce less revenue for the institution and longer working hours for faculty members.Adopting a three-year option will not come easily to most school. Those that wish to tackle tradition and make American campus more cost-conscious may find it easier to take Trachtenberg’s advice: open campuses year-round.“You could run two complete colleges, with two complete faculties,”he says.“That’s without cutting the length of students’ vacations, increasing class sizes, or requiring faculty to teach more.”Whether they experiment with three-year degrees, offer year-round classes, challenge the tenure system—or all of the above—universities are slowly realizing that to stay competitive and relevant they must adapt to a rapidly changing world.Expanding the three-year option may be difficult, but it may be less difficult than asking Congress for additional financial help, asking legislators for more state support, or asking students even higher tuition payments. Campuses willing to adopt convenient schedules along with more focused, less-expensive degrees may find that they have a competitive advantage in attracting bright, motivated students. These sorts of innovations can help American universities avoid the perils of success.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
最新整理2012年6月大学英语六级真题及答案
Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes)Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal CommunicationPart ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming andScanning)(15minutes)Directions: In this part. You will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)、B)、C)and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes New York, makes this offer to well prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about saving time and money. That’s both an opportunity and a warning for the best higher-education system in the world.The United States has almost all of the world’s best universities. A recent Chinese survey ranks 35 American universities among the top 50, eight among the top 10. Our research universities have been the key todeveloping the competitive advantages that help Americans produce 25% of all the world’s wealth. In 2007, 623,805 of the world’s brightest students were attracted to American universities.Yet, there are signs of peril (危险)within American higher education. U.S. colleges have to compete in the marketplace. Students may choose among 6,000 public, private, nonprofit, for profit, or religious institutions of higher learning. In addition, almost all of the 532 billion the federal government provides for university research is awarded competitively.But many colleges and universities are stuck in the past. For instance, the idea of the fall-to-spring“school year”hasn’t changed much since before the American Revolution, when we were a summer stretch no longer makes sense. Former George Washington University president Stephen Trachtenberg estimates that a typical college uses its facilities for academic purposes a little more than half the calendar year.“While college facilities sit idle, they continue to generate maintenance expenses that contribute to the high cost of running a college,”he has written.Within academic departments, tenure(终身职位)，combined with age-discrimination laws, makes faculty turnover—critical for a university to remain current in changing times—difficult. Instead of protecting speech and encouraging diversity and innovative thinking, the tenure system often stifles(压制)them: younger professors must win the approval of established colleagues for tenure, encouraginglike-mindedness and sometimes inhibiting the free flow of ideas.Meanwhile, tuition has soared, leaving graduating students with unprecedented loan debt. Strong campus presidents to manage these problems are becoming harder to find, and to keep. In fact, students now stay on campus almost as long as their presidents. The average amount of time students now take to complete an undergraduate degree has stretched to six years and seven months as students interrupted by work, inconvenienced by unavailable classes, or lured by one more football season find it hard to graduate.Congress has tried to help students with college costs through Pell Grants and other forms of tuition support. But some of their fixes have made the problem worse. The stack of congressional regulations governing federal student grants and loans now stands twice as tall as I do. Filling out these forms consumes 7% of every tuition dollar.For all of these reasons, some colleges like Hartwick are rethinking the old way of doing things and questioning decades-old assumptions about what a college degree means. For instance, why does it have to take four years to earn a diploma? This fall, 16 first-year students and four second-year students at Hartwick enrolled in the school’s new three year degree program. According to the college, the plan is designed for high-ability, highly motivated student who wish to save money or to move along more rapidly toward advanced degrees.By eliminating that extra year, there year degree students save 25% in costs. Instead of taking 30 credits a year, these students take 40. During January, Hartwick runs a four week course during which students may earn three to four credits on or off campus, including a number of international sites. Summer courses are not required, but a student may enroll in them—and pay extra. Three year students get first crack at course registration. There are no changes in the number of courses professors teach or in their pay.The three-year degree isn’t a new idea. Geniuses have always breezed through. Judson College, a 350-student institution in Alabama, has offered students a three-year option for 40 years. Students attend “short terms”in May and June to earn the credits required for graduation. Bates College in Maine and Ball State University in Indiana are among other colleges offering three-year options.Changes at the high-school level are also helping to make it easier for many students to earn their undergraduate degrees in less time. One of five students arrives at college today with Advanced Placement (AP) credits amounting to a semester or more of college level work. Many universities, including large schools like the University of Texas, make it easy for these AP students to graduate faster.For students who don’t plan to stop with an undergraduate degree, the three-year plan may have an even greater appeal. Dr. John Sergent,head of Vanderbilt University Medical School’s residency (住院医生) program, enrolled in Vanderbilt’s undergraduate college in 1959. He entered medical school after only three years as did four or five of his classmates.”My first year of medical school counted as my senior year, which meant I had to take three to four labs a week to get all my sciences in. I basically skipped my senior year,”says Sergent. He still had time to be a student senator and meet his wife.There are, however, drawbacks to moving through school at such a brisk pace. For one, it deprives students of the luxury of time to roam (遨游) intellectually. Compressing everything into three years also leaves less time for growing up, engaging in extracurricular activities, and studying abroad. On crowded campuses it could mean fewer opportunities to get into a prized professor’s class. Iowa’s Waldorf College has graduated several hundred students in its three-year degree program, but it now phasing out the option. Most Waldorf students wanted the full four-year experience—academically, socially, and athletically. And faculty members will be wary of any change that threatens the core curriculum in the name of moving students into the workforce.“Most high governmental officials seem to conceive of education in this light—as a way to ensure economic competitiveness and continued economic growth,”Derek Bok, former president of Harvard, told TheWashington Post. “I strongly disagree with this approach.”Another risk: the new campus schedules might eventually produce less revenue for the institution and longer working hours for faculty members.Adopting a three-year option will not come easily to most school. Those that wish to tackle tradition and make American campus more cost-conscious may find it easier to take Trachtenberg’s advice: open campuses year-round.“You could run two complete colleges, with two complete faculties,”he says.“That’s without cutting the length of students’vacations, increasing class sizes, or requiring faculty to teach more.”Whether they experiment with three-year degrees, offer year-round classes, challenge the tenure system—or all of the above—universities are slowly realizing that to stay competitive and relevant they must adapt to a rapidly changing world.Expanding the three-year option may be difficult, but it may be less difficult than asking Congress for additional financial help, asking legislators for more state support, or asking students even higher tuition payments. Campuses willing to adopt convenient schedules along with more focused, less-expensive degrees may find that they have a competitive advantage in attracting bright, motivated students. These sorts of innovations can help American universities avoid the perils of success.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2012年6月大学英语四级考试真题试题及答案解析(完整版)
2012年6月大学英语四级考试真题试题及答案解析(完整版) Part ⅠWriting (30minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Excessive Packaging following the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.1.目前许多商品存在过度包装的现象2.出现这一现象的原因3.我对这一现象的看法和建议On Excessive PackagingPart ⅡReading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)(15minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer sheet 1. For questions 1-7,choose the best answer from the four choices marked A)，B)，C)and D). For questions 8-10,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Small Schools RisingThis year‟s list of the top 100 high school s shows that today, those with fewer students are flourishing.Fifty years ago, they were the latest thing in educational reform: big, modern, suburban high schools with students counted in the thousands. As baby boomers(二战后婴儿潮时期出生的人) came of high-school age, big schools promised economic efficiency. A greater choice of courses, and, of course, better football teams. Only years later did we understand the trade-offs this involved: the creation of excessive bureaucracies(官僚机构)，the difficulty of forging personal connections between teachers and students.SAT scores began dropping in 1963;today,on average,30% of students do not complete high school in four years, a figure that rises to 50% in poor urban neighborhoods. While the emphasis on teaching to higher, test-driven standards as set in No Child Left Behind resulted in significantly better performance in elementary(and some middle)schools, high schools for a variety of reasons seemed to have made little progress.Size isn‟t everything, but it does matter, and the past decade has seen a noticeable countertrend toward smaller schools. This has been due ,in part ,to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has invested $1.8 billion in American high schools, helping to open about 1,000 small schools-most of them with about 400 kids each with an average enrollment of only 150 per grade, About 500 more are on the drawing board. Districts all over the country are taking notice, along with mayors in cities like New York, Chicago and San Diego. The movement includes independent public charter schools, such as No.1 BASIS in Tucson, with only 120 high-schoolers and 18 graduates this year. It embraces district-sanctioned magnet schools, such as the Talented and Gifted School, with 198 students, and the Science and Engineering Magnet,with383,which share a building in Dallas, as well as the City Honors School in Buffalo, N.Y., which grew out of volunteer evening seminars for students. And it includes alternative schools with students selected by lottery(抽签)，such as H-B Woodlawn in Arlington, Va. Andmost noticeable of all, there is the phenomenon of large urban and suburban high schools that have split up into smaller units of a few hundred, generally housed in the same grounds that once boasted thousands of students all marching to the same band.Hillsdale High School in San Mateo, Calif, is one of those, ranking No.423—among the top 2% in the country—on Newsweek‟s annual ranking of America‟s top high schools. The success of small schools is apparent in the listings. Ten years ago, when the first Newsweek list based on college-level test participation was published, only three of the top 100 schools had graduating Classes smaller than 100 students. This year there are 22. Nearly 250 schools on the full ,Newsweek list of the top 5% of schools nationally had fewer than 200 graduates in 2007.Although many of Hillsdale‟s students came from wealthy households, by the late 1990 average test scores were sliding and it had earned the unaffectionate nickname (绰号) “Hillsjail. ” Jeff Gilbert. A Hillsdale teacher who became principal last year, remembers sitting with other teachers watching students file out of a graduation ceremony and asking one another in astonishment, “How did that student graduate?”So in 2003 Hillsdale remade itself into three “houses,” romantically named Florence, Marrakech and Kyoto. Each of the 300 arriving ninth graders are randomly(随机地) assigned to one of the houses. Where they will keep the same four core subject teachers for two years, before moving on to another for 11th and 12th grades. The closeness this system cultivates is reinforced by the institution of “advisory” classes Teachers meet with students in groups of 25, five mornings a week, for open-ended discussions of everything from homework problems to bad Saturday-night dates. The advisers also meet with students privately and stay in touch with parents, so they are deeply invested in the students‟ success.“We‟re constantly talking about one another‟s advisers,” says English teacher Chris Crockett. “If you hear that yours isn‟t doing well in math, or see them sitt ing outside the dean‟s office, it‟s like a personal failure.” Along with the new structure came a more demanding academic program, the percentage of freshmen taking biology jumped from 17 to 95.“It was rough for some. But by senior year, two-thirds have mo ved up to physics,” says Gilbert “Our kids are coming to school in part because they know there are adults here who know them and care for them.”But not all schools show advances after downsizing, and it remains to be seen whether smaller schools will be a cure-all solution.The Newsweek list of top U.S. high schools was made this year, as in years past, according to a single metric, the proportion of students taking college-level exams. Over the years this system has come in for its share of criticism fo r its simplicity. But that is also its strength: it‟s easy for readers to understand, and to do the arithmetic for their own schools if they‟d like.Ranking schools is always controversial, and this year a group of 38 superintendents(地区教育主管)from five sta tes wrote to ask that their schools be excluded from the calculation.“It is impossible to know which high schools are …the best‟ in the nation, ”their letter read. in part. “Determining whether different schools do or don‟t offer a high quality of educatio n requires a look at man different measures, including students‟ overall academic accomplishments and their subsequent performance in college. And taking into consideration the unique needs of their communities.”In the end, the superintendents agreed to provide the data we sought, which is, after all, public information. There is, in our view, no real dispute here, we are all seeking the same thing, which is schools that better serve our children and our nation by encouraging students to tackle tough subjects under the guidance of gifted teachers. And if we keep working toward that goal,someday, perhaps a list won‟t be necessary.注意：此部分试题请在答卡1上作答.1. Fifty years ago. big. Modern. Suburban high schools were established in the hope of __________.A) ensuring no child is left behindB) increasing economic efficiencyC) improving students‟ performance on SA TD) providing good education for baby boomers2. What happened as a result of setting up big schools?A) Teachers‟ workload increased.B) Students‟ performance declined.C) Administration became centralized.D) Students focused more on test scores.3. What is said about the schools forded by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation?A) They are usually magnet schools.B) They are often located in poor neighborhoods.C) They are popular with high-achieving students.D) They are mostly small in size.4. What is most noticeable about the current trend in high school education?A) Some large schools have split up into smaller ones.B) A great variety of schools have sprung up in urban and suburban areas.C) Many schools compete for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funds.D) Students have to meet higher academic standards.5. Newsweek ranked high schools according to .A) their students‟ academic achievementB) the number of their students admitted to collegeC) the size and number of their graduating classesD) their college-level test participation6. What can we learn a bout Hillsdale‟s students in the late 1990s?A) They were made to study hard like prisoners.B) They called each other by unaffectionate nicknames.C) Most of them did not have any sense of discipline,D) Their school performance was getting worse.7. According to Jeff Gilbert, the “advisory” classes at Hillsdale were set up so that students could .A) tell their teachers what they did on weekendsB) experience a great deal of pleasure in learningC) maintain closer relationships with their teachersD) tackle the demanding biology and physics courses8. is still considered a strength of Newsweek‟s school ranking system in spite of the criticism it receives.9. According to the 38 superintendents, to rank schools scientifically, it is necessary to use .10. To better serve the children and our nation, schools students to take .Part ⅢListening Comprehension (35minutes)Section ADirections: in this section you will hear 8 short conversations, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A)、B)、C)and D)、and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答案卡2上作案。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2012年6月英语四级真题答案完整版一、作文On Excessive PackagingNowadays the phenomena of excessive packaging of goods are prevailing in our society: clothes swathed in tissue paper, placed in cardboard box and finally wrapped in well-designed plastic bags, imported bottles of grape wine packed in wooden boxes, fruits put in hand-woven baskets, to name but a few.There are several causes of excessive packaging. The first reason is that a large number of companies believe that they can attract customers’attention and stimulate their purchasing desire by over-packaging their goods, thus gaining more profits. On the other hand, quite a number of consumers mistakenly hold that the more delicate the package is, the better the quality will be, thus encouraging excessive packaging.In my point of view, excessive packaging has disastrous consequences, including the loss of precious resources, excessive consumption of water and energy, and unnecessary extraction of scarce land for landfill.To solve the problem, it’s necessary to take the following measures. First, laws and regulations must be made to restrict excessive packaging of companies. In addition, we need to raise consumer’s awareness that excessive packaging doesn’t equal to high quality and advocate packaging recycling.【解析】本次作文的话题是“过度包装”，话题不断新，考生应该都比较熟悉。
写好本篇作文的关键在于紧跟题目所列提纲：现象——原因——看法和建议，确定相应的写作结构。
重点分析产生此现象的原因有哪些，把最重要的两三点罗列下来。
最后，根据分析出的原因提供相应的建议。
范文首段开门见山，首先一句话总结如今社会上过度包装现象盛行，而后举出一些实例补充说明。
第二段重点从公司和消费者两方面论述产生过度包装的原因。
公司方面是为了吸引顾客，刺激消费，赢取更多的利润；消费者方面是认为包装越精美，质量越好这种错误的消费意识。
接下来作者表明自己的看法，认为过度包装会导致很多问题：稀缺资源的流失；水，能源的过度消耗以及产生不必要的垃圾场等。
最后一段作者针对原因提出了一些解决方案。
第一方面，建立法律规章制度来约束企业的过度包装行为。
第二方面，必须让消费者认识到过度包装不等同于高质量，并提倡包装物的回收利用。
本文条理清晰，论述充分，语言使用规范得当，如：to name but a few，the first reason is that…，on the other hand，in my point of view，to solve the problem，first，in addition等。
二、快速阅读1. D) providing good education for baby boomers.2. D) Students’ performance declined.3. D) They are mostly small in size.4. D) Some large schools have split up into smaller ones.5. C) their college-level test participation.6. B) Their school performance was getting worse.7. A) maintain closer relationships with their teachers.8. Simplicity9. different measures10. tough subjects三、听力短对话11.M: As you can see from the drawings, the kitchen has one door into the dining room, another into the family room and a third to the outside.W: The door into the family room isn’t big enough. Could it be made wider?Q: What are the speakers doing?【答案】D) Discussing a housing plan.【解析】此题为简单的推理题。
从drawing，kitchen等关键词可知，两人正在看房间的图纸，并讨论希望family room能够再大点。
12.M: I’m thinking about where to go for a bite tonight. Any suggestions, Barbara?W: Well, how about the French restaurant near the KFC? Frankly, I’ve had enough of our canteen food.Q: What do we learn about the woman?【答案】D) She is tired of the food in the canteen.【解析】此题为推理题。
从对话中可知，男子问女子对于晚上到哪里吃饭有没有任何建议。
女子回答去KFC旁边的法国餐厅，因为她已经受够了食堂的食物。
13.W: Hey, if you can’t enjoy the music at a sensible volume, why not use earphones? I’m preparing for the speech contest.M: Oh, sorry. I didn’t realize I’ve being bothering you all this time.Q: What is the man probably doing?【答案】C) Listening to some loud music.【解析】此题为较为简单的推理题。
从volume，earphone，bother等关键词可知该男子听音乐时把音量调的很高，从而影响到了女子准备演讲比赛。
14.M: Finally, I’ve got the chance to put on my new suit tonight. I hope to make a good impression on your family.W: Come on! It’s only a family reunion. So jeans and T-shirts are just fine.Q: What does the woman mean?【答案】C) The man can dress casually for the occasion.【解析】此题为推理题。
男子想穿新套装给女方家庭留下好印象，但是女子说这只是个家庭聚会，穿牛仔裤和T恤就行，即穿着随意即可。
15.M: Would you like to see those pants in brown and navy blue? These two colors are coming in this season.W: Oh, actually grey is my favourite color, but I prefer something made from cotton, 100% cotton I mean.Q: What is the woman looking for?【答案】B) Grey pants made from pure cotton.【解析】此题为细节题。
从关键词pants，grey，100% cotton可知，女子想要的是灰色纯棉的短裤。
16.W: From here, the mountains look as if you could just reach out and touch them.M: That’s why I chose this lodge. It has one of the best views in Switzerland.Q: What is the man’s chief consideration in choosing the lodge?【答案】C) Its location.【解析】此题为细节题。
男子说他选择这个旅馆的原因是它有着瑞士最好的视野，所以他最在乎的是位置。
17.M: What do I have to do to apply for a passport?W: You need proof of citizenship, either an old passport or a birth certificate and three photographs. Then you must complete this form and pay a fee.Q: What is the man most probably going to do?【答案】C) Travel overseas.【解析】此题为推理题。