美国历史奴隶制时间表 slavery timeline
美国内战南北交战与奴隶制的废除
美国内战南北交战与奴隶制的废除美国内战是发生在1861年至1865年间的一场重大战争，南北双方展开了长达四年的激烈冲突，也是奴隶制度被废除的重要里程碑。
本文将探讨美国内战南北交战的原因、发展过程以及奴隶制度废除的影响。
一、南北交战的原因南北交战最根本的原因是矛盾的累积。
自美国建国以来，南方的经济模式主要以种植园经济为基础，依赖大量奴隶劳动力。
而北方则逐渐工业化发展，以自由民主的理念为基础。
这两种经济模式和价值观的冲突，导致了南北之间的矛盾逐渐升级。
二、内战的发展过程1. 林肯的当选1860年，亚伯拉罕·林肯当选美国总统，这引起了南方的不满。
南方人认为林肯反对奴隶制度，威胁到他们的利益。
南方开始有了分离的念头。
2. 莫尔姆堡事件1861年4月12日，南方军队轰炸了位于南卡罗来纳州的联邦军事要塞莫尔姆堡，这标志着美国内战的正式开始。
3. 北方联邦的劣势与转机起初，北方联邦军事力量上的劣势使南方声势大涨，但随着时间的推移，北方联邦军队逐渐发展壮大。
1863年，北方联邦军队在葛底斯堡战役中获得了重要的胜利，扭转了南方的优势。
4. 奴隶制度废除作为内战的根本原因之一，奴隶制度的废除成为了北方战胜南方的目标之一。
1863年1月1日，林肯签署了《解放宣言》，宣布所有被南方奴隶主所拥有的奴隶立即获得自由。
三、奴隶制度废除的影响1. 终结奴隶制度内战结束后，南方的奴隶制度被完全废除。
这是对人权和自由的重要胜利，也为美国未来的发展奠定了基础。
2. 社会变革奴隶制度的废除对美国社会产生了深远的影响。
一方面，废除奴隶制度使得美国人民在法律上获得了平等的权益，但另一方面，废除奴隶制度后，南方社会遭受了许多困难和挑战，需要进行重建。
3. 强化联邦政府内战后，联邦政府在废除奴隶制度的过程中起到了关键作用。
这加强了联邦政府的权力，减弱了各州的独立性。
4. 种族问题的产生奴隶制度的废除，虽然使得奴隶获得了自由，但也带来了新的社会问题。
美国历史总结（时间线）
美国历史总结（时间线）第一篇：美国历史总结(时间线)1607.5 英国伦敦公司在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦建立第一个永久居留地。
1620.12.26 英国清教徒移民乘“五月花”号轮漂洋到达普利茅斯，在船上通过了五月花号公约。
1636.10.28 美国第一所大学——哈佛大学在马萨诸塞的坎布里奇成立。
1740 丹麦人维特斯·白令受俄国人雇佣，抵达阿拉斯加进行探险。
1752.6.15 本杰明·富兰克林在风暴中放风筝，证明闪电是一种电，并发明避雷针。
1765 英国颁布印花税条例。
因遭到抵制而在次年3月被废除。
1767 英国颁布唐森德税法。
1770年废除，只保留对茶的征税。
1773.12.16 波士顿发生倾茶运动，以抗议茶叶条例。
1774.9.5 第一届大陆会议在费城召开，抗议英国的行为，呼吁人民起来斗争。
1775.4.19 列克星敦和康科德人民对英军进行反抗，打响了美国独立战争的第一枪。
1776.1.9 托马斯·潘恩发表小册子《常识》。
1776.7.4 大陆会议通过杰斐逊起草的《独立宣言》草案。
1784.8.30 美国商船“中国皇后”号抵达中国的广州进行丝茶贸易，中美关系由此开始。
1784.9.21 美国第一份日报《宾夕法尼亚邮船和每日广告》开始发行。
1786.12.26 马萨诸塞州爆发由丹尼尔·谢斯领导的起义。
1787.5.25 制宪会议在费城召开，草拟了新宪法。
1789年3月4日，宪法正式生效。
1787.7.13 联邦国会通过西北土地法令。
1789.4.30 美国联邦政府成立，乔治·华盛顿就任第一届美国总统。
1789.9.24 根据联邦政府条例，最高法院成立。
1791.12.15 美国宪法增列十条修正案，即权利法案。
1792.4.2 美国国会通过造币法，在费城建造一座造币厂。
1794.11.19 美国政府与英国政府签定杰伊条约。
1800.12.1 联邦政府首都从临时所在地费城迁往华盛顿特区。
SLAVERY IN AMERICA美国奴隶制
SLAVERY IN AMERICASlavery in America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown,Virginia,in1619,to aid in the production of such lucrative crops as tobacco.Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the17th and18th centuries,and African-American slaves helped build the economic foundations of the new nation.The invention of the cotton gin in1793solidified the central importance of slavery to the South’s economy.By the mid-19th century, America’s westward expansion,along with a growing abolition movement in the North,would provoke a great debate over slavery that would tear the nation apart in the bloody American Civil War(1861-65).Though the Union victory freed the nation’s4million slaves,the legacy of slavery continued to influence American history,from the tumultuous years of Reconstruction (1865-77)to the civil rights movement that emerged in the1960s,a century after emancipation.FOUNDATIONS OF SLAVERY IN AMERICAIn the early17th century,European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as a cheaper,more plentiful labor source than indentured servants(who were mostly poorer Europeans).After1619,when a Dutch ship brought20Africans ashore at the British colony of Jamestown,Virginia, slavery spread throughout the American colonies.Though it is impossible to give accurate figures,some historians have estimated that6to7million slaves were imported to the New World during the18th century alone, depriving the African continent of some of its healthiest and ablest men and women.Did You Know?One of the first martyrs to the cause of American patriotism was Crispus Attucks,a former slave who was killed by British soldiers during the Boston Massacre of1770.Some5,000black soldiers and sailors fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.In the17th and18th centuries,black slaves worked mainly on the tobacco, rice and indigo plantations of the southern coast.After the American Revolution(1775-83),many colonists(particularly in the North,where slavery was relatively unimportant to the economy)began to link the oppression of black slaves to their own oppression by the British,and to call for slavery’s abolition.After the war’s end,however,the new U.S. Constitution tacitly acknowledged the institution,counting each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of taxation and representation in Congress and guaranteeing the right to repossess any“person held to service or labor”(an obvious euphemism for slavery).IMPORTANCE OF THE COTTON GINIn the late18th century,with the land used to grow tobacco nearly exhausted,the South faced an economic crisis,and the continued growth of slavery in America seemed in doubt.Around the same time,the mechanization of the textile industry in England led to a huge demand for American cotton,a southern crop whose production was unfortunately limited by the difficulty of removing the seeds from raw cotton fibers by hand.In1793,a young Yankee schoolteacher named Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin,a simple mechanized device that efficiently removed the seeds.His device was widely copied,and within a few years the South would transition from the large-scale production of tobacco to that of cotton, a switch that reinforced the region’s dependence on slave labor. Slavery itself was never widespread in the North,though many of the region’s businessmen grew rich on the slave trade and investments in southern plantations.Between1774and1804,all of the northern states abolished slavery,but the so-called“peculiar institution”remained absolutely vital to the South.Though the U.S.Congress outlawed the African slave trade in1808,the domestic trade flourished,and the slave population in the U.S.nearly tripled over the next50years.By1860it had reached nearly4million,with more than half living in the cotton-producing states of the South.SLAVES AND SLAVEHOLDERSSlaves in the antebellum South constituted about one-third of the southern population.Most slaves lived on large farms or small plantations;many masters owned less than50slaves.Slave owners sought to make their slaves completely dependent on them,and a system of restrictive codes governed life among slaves.They were prohibited from learning to read and write, and their behavior and movement was restricted.Many masters took sexual liberties with slave women,and rewarded obedient slave behavior with favors, while rebellious slaves were brutally punished.A strict hierarchy among slaves (from privileged house slaves and skilled artisans down to lowly field hands) helped keep them divided and less likely to organize against their masters. Slave marriages had no legal basis,but slaves did marry and raise large families; most slave owners encouraged this practice,but nonetheless did not hesitate to divide slave families by sale or removal.Slave revolts did occur within the system(notably ones led by Gabriel Prosser in Richmond in1800and by Denmark Vesey in Charleston in1822), but few were successful.The slave revolt that most terrified white slaveholders was that led byNat Turner in Southampton County,Virginia, in August1831.Turner’s group,which eventually numbered around75blacks, murdered some60whites in two days before armed resistance from local whites and the arrival of state militia forces overwhelmed them.Supporters of slavery pointed to Turner’s rebellion as evidence that blacks wereinherently inferior barbarians requiring an institution such as slavery to discipline them,and fears of similar insurrections led many southern states to further strengthen their slave codes in order to limit the education, movement and assembly of slaves.In the North,the increased repression of southern blacks would only fan the flames of the growing abolition movement.RISE OF THE ABOLITION MOVEMENTFrom the1830s to the1860s,a movement to abolish slavery in America gained strength in the northern United States,led by free blacks such as Frederick Douglass and white supporters such as William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the radical newspaper The Liberator,and Harriet Beecher Stowe, who published the bestselling antislavery novel“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”(1852). While many abolitionists based their activism on the belief that slaveholding was a sin,others were more inclined to the non-religious“free-labor”argument,which held that slaveholding was regressive,inefficient and made little economic sense.Free blacks and other antislavery northerners had begun helping fugitive slaves escape from southern plantations to the North via a loose network of safe houses as early as the1780s.This practice,known as the Underground Railroad,gained real momentum in the1830s and although estimates vary widely,it may have helped anywhere from40,000to 100,000slaves reach freedom.The success of the Underground Railroad helped spread abolitionist feelings in the North;it also undoubtedly increased sectional tensions,convincing pro-slavery southerners of their northern countrymen’s determination to defeat the institution that sustained them. WESTERN EXPANSION AND DEBATE OVER SLAVERY IN AMERICA America’s explosive growth–and its expansion westward in the first half of the19th century–would provide a larger stage for the growing conflict over slavery in America and its future limitation or expansion.In1820,a bitter debate over the federal government’s right to restrict slavery over Missouri’s application for statehood ended in a compromise:Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state,Maine as a free state and all western territories north of Missouri’s southern border were to be free soil.Although the Missouri Compromise was designed to maintain an even balance between slave and free states,it was able to help quell the forces of sectionalism only temporarily.In1850,another tenuous compromise was negotiated to resolve the question of territory won during the Mexican War.Four years later,however, the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened all new territories to slavery by asserting the rule of popular sovereignty over congressional edict,leading pro-and anti-slavery forces to battle it out(with much bloodshed)in the new state of Kansas.Outrage in the North over the Kansas-Nebraska Act spelled the downfall of the old Whig Party and the birth of a new,all-northernRepublican Party.In1857,the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott case(involving a slave who sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into free territory)effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise by ruling that all territories were open to slavery.The abolitionist John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry,Virginia,in1859aroused sectional tensions even further:Executed for his crimes,Brown was hailed as a martyred hero by northern abolitionists and a vile murderer in the South.CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATIONThe South would reach the breaking point the following year,when Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as president.Within three months,seven southern states had seceded to form the Confederate States of America;four more would follow after the Civil War(1861-65) began.Though Lincoln’s antislavery views were well established,the central Union war aim at first was not to abolish slavery,but to preserve the United States as a nation.Abolition became a war aim only later,due to military necessity,growing anti-slavery sentiment in the North and the self-emancipation of many African Americans who fled enslavement as Union troops swept through the South.Five days after the bloody Union victory at Antietam in September1862,Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation,and on January1,1863,he made it official that“slaves within any State,or designated part of a State…in rebellion,…shall be then, thenceforward,and forever free.”By freeing some3million black slaves in the rebel states,the Emancipation Proclamation deprived the Confederacy of the bulk of its labor forces and put international public opinion strongly on the Union side.Some186,000 black soldiers would join the Union Army by the time the war ended in1865, and38,000lost their lives.The total number of dead at war’s end was 620,000(out of a population of some35million),making it the costliest conflict in American history.THE LEGACY OF SLAVERYThe13th Amendment,adopted late in1865,officially abolished slavery,but freed blacks’status in the post-war South remained precarious,and significant challenges awaited during the Reconstruction period(1865-77). Former slaves received the rights of citizenship and the“equal protection”of the Constitution in the14th Amendment(1868)and the right to vote in the15th(1870),but the provisions of Constitution were often ignored or violated,and it was difficult for former slaves to gain a foothold in the post-war economy thanks to restrictive black codes and regressive contractual arrangements such as sharecropping.Despite seeing an unprecedented degree of black participation in American political life,Reconstruction was ultimately frustrating for African Americans,and the rebirth of white supremacy–including the rise of racistorganizations such as the Ku Klux Klan–had triumphed in the South by1877. Almost a century later,resistance to the lingering racism and discrimination in America that began during the slavery era would lead to the civil rights movement of the1960s,which would achieve the greatest political and social gains for blacks since Reconstruction.。
不只有黑奴——美国奴隶制的起源与发展简史
不只有⿊奴——美国奴⾪制的起源与发展简史15世纪末，得到西班⽛王室资助的哥伦布发现了美洲新⼤陆，对于新⼤陆的开发很快也提上⽇程。
为了在新⼤陆开发中后来居上，英国⼈没有直接去触西班⽛⼈和葡萄⽛⼈的霉头，⽽是将视线转向了中北美洲。
从1606到1776年，通过⼀系列的博弈⼿段，如战争、谈判等，英国在北美东起⼤西洋沿岸西迄阿巴拉契亚⼭脉的狭长地带建⽴的13个殖民地。
它们是：弗吉尼亚、马萨诸塞、新罕布什尔、马⾥兰、罗得岛、康涅狄格、北卡罗来纳、南卡罗来纳、纽约、新泽西、宾⼣法尼亚、特拉华和佐治亚。
在弗吉尼亚、马⾥兰、北卡、南卡、佐治亚和后期并⼊的东、西佛罗⾥达等北美南部地区，由于⼟地肥沃，⽓候湿润，⽽且地形开阔，各种种植园开始建⽴。
随着烟草贸易展开，烟草、稻⽶和蓝靛的种植成为了当地经济⽀柱。
美国奴⾪种植园在那个⽣产⼒低下的时代，种植园农业需要⼤量的劳⼯进⾏作物种植。
1607年5⽉，伦敦弗吉尼亚公司公司遣送⾸批移民105⼈到达北美洲，建起了詹姆斯城。
1617年-1623年，年均有14艘船从英国开往弗吉尼亚，带来5000余名新移民，直到17世纪末，这些⽩⼈新移民⼀直都是美洲经济发展最主要的劳动⼒来源。
这些⽩⼈新移民由两部分组成：⾃由⼈和契约奴⾃由⼈主要是欧洲平民百姓，他们砸锅卖铁凑⾜了从欧洲到美洲的旅费，拖家带⼝来到美洲想要开始新的⽣活，他们是这段时间内美洲尤其是北美洲⼟地开垦的主⼒。
契约奴主要是⽆⼒⽀付去美洲旅费的贫困⽩⼈，他们被迫与运送他们的船主或移民经纪⼈订约：由船主或移民经纪⼈出钱送他们去美洲，到达⽬的地后⽤4-7年的⽆偿劳动抵偿旅费；也有⼀些被法庭驱逐出境的罪犯、流浪者以及⽆⼒清偿债务的⼈，被法院贩运到殖民地。
船主或移民经纪⼈将签订契约的⼈运送到北美，然后把契约转卖给当地殖民者，这个⼈就算卖掉了。
这部分契约被转卖的⽩⼈称为契约奴，⼜称为⽩奴，但是在新移民中占⽐较⼩。
新移民与印第安⼈共同庆祝但是随着不断的⼟地开垦，劳动⼒很快出现了不⾜的状况。
2015年废除奴隶制国际日是几月几日
废除奴隶制国际日是几月几日
2015年废除奴隶制国际日是几月几日
2015年废除奴隶制国际日是在12月2日，星期三。
发展历史
1859年，美国黑人和白人联合发动了一次反奴隶制的起义。
起义虽然失败，但有力地推动了奴隶解放运动的发展，促进南北战争的爆发。
1859年12月2日，因失败被俘的反对黑人奴隶制的白人代表约翰布朗被判处绞刑。
1949年12月2日，联合国大会通过了《禁止贩卖人口及取缔意图营利使人卖淫的`公约》(决议317(IV))。
1986年，为纪念这个公约的签订，也为了纪念约翰布朗，联合国大会将每年的12月2日定为“废除奴隶制国际日”，亦称“废除一切形式奴役世界日”。
联合国秘书长在“世界消除奴隶日”当天致词，呼吁消除一切形式的奴隶现象。
2002年12月18日，联大57/195号决议宣布2004年为“纪念反对和废除奴隶制斗争国际年”。
设立宗旨
每年的12月2日是废除奴隶制国际日(International Day for the Abolition of Slavery)，这是从1986年开始的。
1949年12月2日，联合国大会通过了《禁止贩卖人口及取缔意图营利使人卖淫的公约》( Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others)。
此外，2002年12月18日，大会的57/195号决议宣布2004年是纪念反对和废除奴隶制斗争国际年。
2002年12月18日的联大57/195号决议，宣布2004年为纪念反对和废除奴隶制斗争国际年。
历史-美国
历史年份事件整理之美国制作人：张梦迪1.17世纪：英国在北美的殖民地已有13个。
2.1773年：波士顿倾茶事件（导火线）。
3.1775年4月：来克星顿枪声（开始）。
4.1775年：大陆会议，组建大陆军，华盛顿被任命为总司令。
5.1776年7月4日：大陆会议发表《独立宣言》（美国建国，是美国国庆节）。
6.1777年：萨拉托加战役（转折点）。
7.1781年：约克镇战役（战争胜利）。
8.1783年：英国承认美国独立。
9.1787年：美国制定1787宪法（华盛顿功劳之一）。
10. 1861年3月：林肯就任美国总统（美国南北战争导火线）。
11.1861年4月-1865年：美国战争（焦点：奴隶制的存废问题）。
12:1862年9月：林肯颁布了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》。
13.1865年：南北战争最终以北方的胜利告终，美国统一得到维护。
14.1879年：美国科学家爱迪生（发明大王）发明灯泡成功。
15.1917年：一战时，美国对德宣战，加入协约国作战。
16.1919年：巴黎和会：美国，威尔逊参与，没有获得太大利益，没签署《凡尔赛和约》。
17.1920年：国际联盟成立，美国没参加，被英法控制。
18.1921-1922年：华盛顿会议：日美之间关于东亚太平洋地区的矛盾尤为突出。
签订的关于中国的条约是《九国公约》。
19. 1922年：签订的关于中国的条约是《九国公约》。
20.1924-1929年：资本主义相对稳定时期。
21.1929年-1933年：资本主义大危机时期。
22.罗斯福就任美国总统，开始施行新政。
23.1941年12月4日，日本偷袭美国珍珠港，标着着太平洋战争爆发。
24.1942年1月1日：签署《联合国家宣言》。
标志着国际反法西斯联盟的成立。
25..1945年2月：美国总统罗斯福参加雅尔塔会议。
26.1945年10月：建立联合国。
27.1944年6月6日：诺曼底登陆，是英美对的作战。
28.1945年8月上旬：向日本广岛，长崎投下两枚原子弹。
美国历史时间轴
美国历史时间轴
1776年：美国独立宣言
- 1776年7月4日，美国独立宣言在费城通过，宣告美国独立于英国。
1787年：美国宪法制定
- 1787年，美国宪法在费城制定，为美国的政治基础奠定了重要基础。
1803年：路易斯安那购地
- 1803年，美国通过路易斯安那购地，从法国手中购买了大片土地，拓展了美国的版图。
1861年-1865年：南北战争
- 1861年至1865年，美国爆发了南北战争，成为美国历史上最血腥和破坏性的战争之一。
1863年：解放奴隶
- 1863年，林肯总统签署《解放奴隶宣言》，宣布所有奴隶自由。
1898年：美西战争
- 1898年，美国与西班牙爆发战争，美国从中获得了关键领土，如菲律宾、关岛等。
1920年：禁酒令
- 1920年至1933年，美国实施禁酒令，禁止制造、销售和运输酒精饮品。
1941年：珍珠港事件
- 1941年12月7日，日本军队袭击了美国海军基地珍珠港，导致美国参加第二次世界大战。
1963年：马丁·路德·金被暗杀
- 1963年，著名领袖马丁·路德·金在田纳西州被暗杀。
2001年：9/11事件
- 2001年9月11日，纽约的世界贸易中心遭到恐怖袭击，成为美国历史上一次重大的恐怖袭击事件。
以上是美国历史时间轴的一些重要事件，它们对于美国的发展和演变产生了深远影响。
美国奴隶贸易简史
美国奴隶贸易简史早在17世纪非洲奴隶就开始进入现代美国领土，1607年建立的詹姆斯镇英国殖民者的第一个美国永久定居点。
北美地区南部的奴隶制是在买卖黑人的进口贸易形成的，大型养殖场对劳动力需求，这些奴隶被安排到烟草，水稻等种植园。
在北方，由于特殊的经济和气候条件，种植园经济不太常见，奴隶制的规模从未像南方那样大。
黑人奴隶主要是非洲西海岸的居民。
其中包括Fulbe，Wolof，Yoruba的黑人部落，一级Ashanti，Fanti，Hausa，Dahomeyans，Bantu等。
1713年之后，英格兰垄断了黑人奴隶交易的独家权利，奴隶贸易占据了最广泛的层面。
其后，英国军舰检查各类船只，美国奴隶走私者在接近英国军舰时将奴隶抛向船外，有多少人死了也没有人知道。
当这艘船来到“生活用品”时，代理商开始与船长谈判。
挑选奴隶和交易开始：船长强迫黑人移动他们的手指，手臂，腿和整个身体，以确保他没有骨折。
甚至还检查牙齿。
如果牙齿不够，那么黑人的价格就会降低。
每个黑人的市值约为百加仑朗姆酒，100斤火药，或18-20美元。
然后奴隶开始在船上，4-6个黑人一组被运往船上。
在船上，黑人分为三组。
男人，女人和孩子。
每个人都被装入不同的隔间。
孩子们经常被留在甲板上。
在排水量为120吨的船上，装载了不少于600个奴隶。
船舶专门为奴隶的运输而建造，称为“布鲁克斯”（1789年）。
这些船在路上大体要行驶3-4个月。
所有这些奴隶都处于恶劣的环境中。
船上非常拥挤，黑人被束缚。
水和食物很少。
年轻的黑人妇女经常被骚扰和强奸。
只有五分之一的黑人到达了美国的目的地，其余的人在路上丧生。
在船上惩罚不服从的非洲奴隶，抵达美国后，奴隶首先被喂食，治疗，然后出售。
奴隶的价格随时间而变化。
例如，在1795年，价格是300美元，到1849年它上涨到900美元，而在内战前夕它已经达到每个奴隶1500-2000美元。
有时他们被转移到其他城市并在拍卖会上出售。
美国黑人奴隶制度的历史演变
美国黑人奴隶制度的历史演变美国是一个经过多次移民而形成的国家，其移民分为两种：自愿的和被迫的。
作为自愿移民的白人，他们在抵达美国之前就已经获得自由和选择的权利；而作为被迫移民的黑人，则被迫沦为奴隶，失去了自由和选择的权利。
美国黑人奴隶制度的历史演变，不仅是美国历史的一部分，也是世界历史的一部分。
1. 奴隶制度的起源在美国宣布独立之前，美国是13个殖民地的联合体，那时的美国奴隶制度并不普遍。
事实上，在解除英国统治之后，各个殖民地都强烈反对奴隶制度。
然而随着时间的推移，这种反对意见逐渐消退，奴隶制度也开始在美国的南方地区悄然流行起来。
据资料显示，美国南方地区的奴隶制度始于16世纪，而当时的原因是美国南部的富人成为一个相对较小的社会集团，他们发现在这种情况下，通过寻找更多的劳动力来获得更多的收益是一种可行的解决方案。
此时，非洲就成为了他们寻找劳动力的主要来源。
2. 奴隶制度的发展在美国南部地区，奴隶制度逐渐成为一种基础设施，支撑着当地社会的发展。
奴隶的主要劳动力是在棉田、烟草田、甘蔗田等地开垦土地以及在铁路等基础设施建设方面。
人们通常认为，在1865年美国内战的结束之后，奴隶制度就彻底消失了。
实际上，在内战开始之前，美国南部的奴隶人口就已经达到了400万，这些奴隶人口在1865年时才得到了解放。
然而，即使在这之后，南方地区的种族歧视和压迫并没有停止，黑人依然处于社会边缘。
3. 种族歧视美国南部地区的种族歧视一直是一个持续的问题。
即使黑人奴隶得到了自由，但种族歧视依然存在。
例如，南方地区的一些州在20世纪初期通过了肉体法，这些法律规定黑人和白人之间必须保持种族隔离。
其次，20世纪60年代民权运动的开展为黑人争取了更多的平等权利。
民权运动的领袖马丁·路德·金和许多其他活动家在美国南部倡导非暴力抗议，争取平等权利，特别是关于公共场所和选举权的问题。
然而，这些努力并没有结束种族歧视。
4. 结束奴隶制度随着美国国内战的爆发，奴隶制度逐渐成为一种争议性议题。
美国种植园奴隶制
美国种植园奴隶制奴隶制的废除是美国民主进步的伟大里程碑，奴隶制的废除让黑人的自由得到了解放，促进了美国的经济的发展和维护了美国的社会稳定。
下面店铺带你去了解下美国的种植园奴隶制。
美国种植园奴隶制美国从殖民地时期到1863年解放奴隶为止，在南部地区使用奴隶劳动、种植一种或少数几种供出口的农作物的大农业组织形式。
殖民地时期的奴隶制种植园这一时期，奴隶制种植园在南部诸州(马里兰、弗吉尼亚、南卡罗来纳、北卡罗来纳、佐治亚)发展起来。
它产生的条件是：①南部殖民地主要是英国的贵族地主和富商组成的公司经营的，他们经英国国王特许得到大量土地;②南部平原广阔,土地肥沃,气候温暖，适宜于粗放的大规模经营，可以采用技术低下的奴隶劳动。
种植园的主要农作物是向欧洲出口的烟草、大米和蓝靛。
白人契约奴早期奴隶的主要来源是白人契约奴，主要是无力支付到北美去的旅费的贫困欧洲移民，他们被迫与运送他们的船主或移民经纪人订约，到北美后用5 年的无偿劳动抵偿旅费。
也有一些被法庭驱逐出境的罪犯、流浪者以及无力清偿债务的人，被英国政府运到殖民地卖作契约奴。
这些人一般要无偿地劳动7～10年。
据估计，在殖民地时期移入美洲的白人当中，大约有一半是以契约奴的身份移居来的。
直到17世纪末，他们是南部种植园里劳动力的主要来源。
黑人奴隶即西欧殖民者从非洲掠取贩运到北美从事奴隶劳动的黑人。
1619年，第一批20个黑奴被一条荷兰船运到北美弗吉尼亚殖民地的詹姆斯敦。
随后各殖民地都有了黑人奴隶，但是直到17世纪中叶为数还不多。
17世纪60年代起，英国商人接替荷兰人垄断了奴隶贩运业，黑奴迅速增加，并在17世纪末代替契约奴成为种植园中的主要劳动力。
据1790年美国第一次人口调查统计，黑人奴隶有69.8万，占南部人口总数的2/5。
黑人奴隶象土地、工具等生产资料一样，是种植园主的私有财产，他们的子女也是奴隶主的财产。
奴隶终身为奴隶主劳动。
奴隶主有任意处置奴隶的权利，包括买卖、毒打以至处死。
美国经济史 第五章
（三）工业革命的深入发展 三个特点：在空间上发展极不平衡；发展速度比其他 资本主义国家快； 较快地使农业实现了机械化。 （四）西进运动的大规模继续 内战后美国实现全面经济改造的过程，出现了一个历 史上最大的西进浪潮 。西进运动作为美国经济发展 的另一大经济杠杆 ，其最大的意义在于，为美国的 经济发展找到了取之不尽的天然资源 ，包括肥沃的 土地资源 、丰富的矿产资源 、丰富的水利资源 、宝 贵的森林与草原资源 。这就在很大程度上满足了美 国开展工业革命和发展民族经济的需要 ，构成了美 国经济发展的巨大潜力 。
（二）南部和北部在经济利益上的冲突表现为关 税问题 北部工业资产阶级要求以高关税来阻止国外竞 争性产品的输入，以保证其国内市场；而南方 种植园奴隶主则反对高关税，以便能廉价进口 工业品，避免国内商品价格的提高。
（三）由于北部操纵着南北部之间以及南部与欧 洲之间的贸易往来，引起了南部的不满。 南部要求南北分治，发展南部与欧洲的直接贸 易，增强制造业，以达到经济独立。 （四）对奴隶制问题的争论，南部和北部存在着 利益冲突
《宅地法》
从1863年1月1日起， 任何忠于联邦政府的 美国人只要交10美元 手续费，就可以在西 部得到一块160英亩的 土地，连续耕种5年以 上即归个人所有。
《解放黑人奴隶宣言》 从1863年1月1日起， 所有南部叛乱各州的 黑人奴隶一律获得人 身自由。并可参加联 邦军队作战。
赢得了民心、增强了实力、扭转了战局。
美国内战原因示意图
缺销售市场 缺工业原料 缺自由劳动力
北方 资本主义工商业
奴隶制 存废问 题
输出棉花、 工业原料
矛盾
南方 奴隶制种植园经济
结果
内战
输入工业品
占有大量劳动力
SLAVERY IN AMERICA美国奴隶制
SLAVERY IN AMERICASlavery in America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown,Virginia,in1619,to aid in the production of such lucrative crops as tobacco.Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the17th and18th centuries,and African-American slaves helped build the economic foundations of the new nation.The invention of the cotton gin in1793solidified the central importance of slavery to the South’s economy.By the mid-19th century, America’s westward expansion,along with a growing abolition movement in the North,would provoke a great debate over slavery that would tear the nation apart in the bloody American Civil War(1861-65).Though the Union victory freed the nation’s4million slaves,the legacy of slavery continued to influence American history,from the tumultuous years of Reconstruction (1865-77)to the civil rights movement that emerged in the1960s,a century after emancipation.FOUNDATIONS OF SLAVERY IN AMERICAIn the early17th century,European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as a cheaper,more plentiful labor source than indentured servants(who were mostly poorer Europeans).After1619,when a Dutch ship brought20Africans ashore at the British colony of Jamestown,Virginia, slavery spread throughout the American colonies.Though it is impossible to give accurate figures,some historians have estimated that6to7million slaves were imported to the New World during the18th century alone, depriving the African continent of some of its healthiest and ablest men and women.Did You Know?One of the first martyrs to the cause of American patriotism was Crispus Attucks,a former slave who was killed by British soldiers during the Boston Massacre of1770.Some5,000black soldiers and sailors fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.In the17th and18th centuries,black slaves worked mainly on the tobacco, rice and indigo plantations of the southern coast.After the American Revolution(1775-83),many colonists(particularly in the North,where slavery was relatively unimportant to the economy)began to link the oppression of black slaves to their own oppression by the British,and to call for slavery’s abolition.After the war’s end,however,the new U.S. Constitution tacitly acknowledged the institution,counting each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of taxation and representation in Congress and guaranteeing the right to repossess any“person held to service or labor”(an obvious euphemism for slavery).IMPORTANCE OF THE COTTON GINIn the late18th century,with the land used to grow tobacco nearly exhausted,the South faced an economic crisis,and the continued growth of slavery in America seemed in doubt.Around the same time,the mechanization of the textile industry in England led to a huge demand for American cotton,a southern crop whose production was unfortunately limited by the difficulty of removing the seeds from raw cotton fibers by hand.In1793,a young Yankee schoolteacher named Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin,a simple mechanized device that efficiently removed the seeds.His device was widely copied,and within a few years the South would transition from the large-scale production of tobacco to that of cotton, a switch that reinforced the region’s dependence on slave labor. Slavery itself was never widespread in the North,though many of the region’s businessmen grew rich on the slave trade and investments in southern plantations.Between1774and1804,all of the northern states abolished slavery,but the so-called“peculiar institution”remained absolutely vital to the South.Though the U.S.Congress outlawed the African slave trade in1808,the domestic trade flourished,and the slave population in the U.S.nearly tripled over the next50years.By1860it had reached nearly4million,with more than half living in the cotton-producing states of the South.SLAVES AND SLAVEHOLDERSSlaves in the antebellum South constituted about one-third of the southern population.Most slaves lived on large farms or small plantations;many masters owned less than50slaves.Slave owners sought to make their slaves completely dependent on them,and a system of restrictive codes governed life among slaves.They were prohibited from learning to read and write, and their behavior and movement was restricted.Many masters took sexual liberties with slave women,and rewarded obedient slave behavior with favors, while rebellious slaves were brutally punished.A strict hierarchy among slaves (from privileged house slaves and skilled artisans down to lowly field hands) helped keep them divided and less likely to organize against their masters. Slave marriages had no legal basis,but slaves did marry and raise large families; most slave owners encouraged this practice,but nonetheless did not hesitate to divide slave families by sale or removal.Slave revolts did occur within the system(notably ones led by Gabriel Prosser in Richmond in1800and by Denmark Vesey in Charleston in1822), but few were successful.The slave revolt that most terrified white slaveholders was that led byNat Turner in Southampton County,Virginia, in August1831.Turner’s group,which eventually numbered around75blacks, murdered some60whites in two days before armed resistance from local whites and the arrival of state militia forces overwhelmed them.Supporters of slavery pointed to Turner’s rebellion as evidence that blacks wereinherently inferior barbarians requiring an institution such as slavery to discipline them,and fears of similar insurrections led many southern states to further strengthen their slave codes in order to limit the education, movement and assembly of slaves.In the North,the increased repression of southern blacks would only fan the flames of the growing abolition movement.RISE OF THE ABOLITION MOVEMENTFrom the1830s to the1860s,a movement to abolish slavery in America gained strength in the northern United States,led by free blacks such as Frederick Douglass and white supporters such as William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the radical newspaper The Liberator,and Harriet Beecher Stowe, who published the bestselling antislavery novel“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”(1852). While many abolitionists based their activism on the belief that slaveholding was a sin,others were more inclined to the non-religious“free-labor”argument,which held that slaveholding was regressive,inefficient and made little economic sense.Free blacks and other antislavery northerners had begun helping fugitive slaves escape from southern plantations to the North via a loose network of safe houses as early as the1780s.This practice,known as the Underground Railroad,gained real momentum in the1830s and although estimates vary widely,it may have helped anywhere from40,000to 100,000slaves reach freedom.The success of the Underground Railroad helped spread abolitionist feelings in the North;it also undoubtedly increased sectional tensions,convincing pro-slavery southerners of their northern countrymen’s determination to defeat the institution that sustained them. WESTERN EXPANSION AND DEBATE OVER SLAVERY IN AMERICA America’s explosive growth–and its expansion westward in the first half of the19th century–would provide a larger stage for the growing conflict over slavery in America and its future limitation or expansion.In1820,a bitter debate over the federal government’s right to restrict slavery over Missouri’s application for statehood ended in a compromise:Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state,Maine as a free state and all western territories north of Missouri’s southern border were to be free soil.Although the Missouri Compromise was designed to maintain an even balance between slave and free states,it was able to help quell the forces of sectionalism only temporarily.In1850,another tenuous compromise was negotiated to resolve the question of territory won during the Mexican War.Four years later,however, the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened all new territories to slavery by asserting the rule of popular sovereignty over congressional edict,leading pro-and anti-slavery forces to battle it out(with much bloodshed)in the new state of Kansas.Outrage in the North over the Kansas-Nebraska Act spelled the downfall of the old Whig Party and the birth of a new,all-northernRepublican Party.In1857,the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott case(involving a slave who sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into free territory)effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise by ruling that all territories were open to slavery.The abolitionist John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry,Virginia,in1859aroused sectional tensions even further:Executed for his crimes,Brown was hailed as a martyred hero by northern abolitionists and a vile murderer in the South.CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATIONThe South would reach the breaking point the following year,when Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as president.Within three months,seven southern states had seceded to form the Confederate States of America;four more would follow after the Civil War(1861-65) began.Though Lincoln’s antislavery views were well established,the central Union war aim at first was not to abolish slavery,but to preserve the United States as a nation.Abolition became a war aim only later,due to military necessity,growing anti-slavery sentiment in the North and the self-emancipation of many African Americans who fled enslavement as Union troops swept through the South.Five days after the bloody Union victory at Antietam in September1862,Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation,and on January1,1863,he made it official that“slaves within any State,or designated part of a State…in rebellion,…shall be then, thenceforward,and forever free.”By freeing some3million black slaves in the rebel states,the Emancipation Proclamation deprived the Confederacy of the bulk of its labor forces and put international public opinion strongly on the Union side.Some186,000 black soldiers would join the Union Army by the time the war ended in1865, and38,000lost their lives.The total number of dead at war’s end was 620,000(out of a population of some35million),making it the costliest conflict in American history.THE LEGACY OF SLAVERYThe13th Amendment,adopted late in1865,officially abolished slavery,but freed blacks’status in the post-war South remained precarious,and significant challenges awaited during the Reconstruction period(1865-77). Former slaves received the rights of citizenship and the“equal protection”of the Constitution in the14th Amendment(1868)and the right to vote in the15th(1870),but the provisions of Constitution were often ignored or violated,and it was difficult for former slaves to gain a foothold in the post-war economy thanks to restrictive black codes and regressive contractual arrangements such as sharecropping.Despite seeing an unprecedented degree of black participation in American political life,Reconstruction was ultimately frustrating for African Americans,and the rebirth of white supremacy–including the rise of racistorganizations such as the Ku Klux Klan–had triumphed in the South by1877. Almost a century later,resistance to the lingering racism and discrimination in America that began during the slavery era would lead to the civil rights movement of the1960s,which would achieve the greatest political and social gains for blacks since Reconstruction.。
美国奴隶制大事纪
1779年，美国国会通过法案，给予参加革命军的黑人奴隶在服役期满后以自由权。
1787美国国会通过法案，禁止俄亥俄河以北的西部地区再进口奴隶。
麻省最高法院最早提出奴隶制违反宪法。
自此从北至南的许多州先后通过了逐步解放黑奴的立法。
1840年，主张废奴运动的“自由党”成立。
1848年，废奴主义者、民主党和辉格党内反对奴隶制的人组织了自由土壤党，以在西部地域建立自由州为宗旨。
1850年，南北双方经过争执，达成妥协，国会通过了《逃奴追缉法》、1852年，小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》出版，书中对黑人奴隶的悲惨生活作了动人的描述和揭露，在社会上引起强烈反响，有力地推动了废奴运动的发展。
1854年成立了以反对奴隶制为宗旨的共和党。
1856年，代表奴隶主利益的民主党人J.布坎南当选为总统。
1857年最高法院做出斯科特判决案，其法律意义是使奴隶制的规模推向全国。
1859年，J.布朗领导的反奴隶制的武装起义被镇压，然而，其为黑奴解放事业英勇献身的壮烈精神却千秋长存。
美国著名诗人爱默生称他为“历史上最崇高的英雄，纯粹的理想家”，认为他的死将“使绞架变得与十字架一样光荣”。
1860年的总统选举中，反对奴隶制的共和党人林肯当选为总统，这预示了奴隶制末日的到来，于是，蓄谋已久的南部奴隶主集团决定脱离联邦。
1860年12月，南方的南卡罗来纳州首先宣布脱离联邦而独立，接着密西西比、佛罗里达等蓄奴州也相继脱离联邦。
1861年2月，南方建立了一个新“国家”——“美利坚诸州联盟”，推举大种植园主杰弗逊·戴维斯为总统，定都里士满，制定了“宪法”，宣布黑人奴隶制是南方联盟的立国基础：“黑人不能和白人平等，黑人奴隶劳动是自然的、正常的状态。
”1862年，美国总统发表《解放黑奴宣言》，宣布黑人奴隶获得自由，从而从根本上瓦解了南方叛乱各州的战斗力，扭转了战局。
美国黑人民权运动的历史事件时间轴
美国黑人民权运动的历史事件时间轴(注意：本文所陈述的历史事件是根据实际发生顺序排列，并非按照时间轴的形式呈现。
)美国黑人民权运动是二十世纪美国历史上一场具有重要意义的社会运动，旨在争取黑人平等权益、消除种族隔离以及废除种族歧视。
以下是一份关于美国黑人民权运动历史事件的时间轴：美国黑人解放宣言（1863年）：美国总统林肯签署了黑人解放宣言，宣布在南北战争中解放所有被奴役的黑人。
美国宪法第十三修正案（1865年）：该修正案宣布废除奴隶制度，为黑人争取了基本的自由权利。
重建时期（1865-1877年）：重建时期是南北战争结束后的一个时期，该时期内通过了一系列的法律，试图为黑人提供公民权利和政治平等。
五十年代布朗诉托皮卡教育案（1954年）：美国最高法院裁定种族隔离教育制度违宪，为黑人争取到了平等的教育权益。
1955年蒙哥马利公交车抵制运动：著名黑人民权活动家罗莎·帕克斯拒绝在公交车上让座给白人，引发了全国性的抵制运动。
1963年华盛顿大游行：亨利·路易斯带领二十多万人参加这次历史性的抗议活动，演讲家马丁·路德·金发表了他的著名演讲《我有一个梦想》。
1964年民权法案通过：该法案禁止在公共场所进行种族隔离，提供了对黑人的平等保护，同时也为民权运动提供了重要法律支持。
萨利·海蒂·贝尔格案（1965年）：这起案件为黑人争取到了选举权，通过颁布禁止对黑人进行选民登记的歧视性法律来确保黑人能够参与选举。
1968年马丁·路德·金遇刺：在田纳西州孟菲斯市，马丁·路德·金被刺身亡，引发了全国范围的哀悼和愤怒，进一步推动了民权运动。
美国第二次重建时期（1969-1974年）：这个时期见证了进一步的民权法案通过，为黑人争取了更多的权益和机会。
奥巴马当选总统（2008年）：巴拉克·奥巴马成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统，被普遍视为黑人民权运动取得的重要成果。
美国南北战争与黑人奴隶解放运动
美国南北战争与黑人奴隶解放运动美国南北战争是19世纪中期美国历史上的重要事件。
这场战争从1861年开始，一直持续到1865年，期间南北双方展开了长达四年的血腥战斗。
而这场战争的根源则可以追溯到美国社会和经济结构中存在的问题，其中尤为重要的是黑人奴隶制度的存在。
一、奴隶制度与紧张局势美国建国初期，奴隶制度在南方州份得到了广泛的实行。
奴隶制度使得南方地区的经济在一段时间内得到了极大的发展，尤其是种植园经济蓬勃发展。
然而，这也加剧了南北两地之间的经济、社会和政治差距，使得局势日益紧张。
北方地区的工业经济发展迅速，而南方则越来越依赖奴隶劳动的农业经济。
这种南北差异不仅体现在经济领域，也体现在社会文化和道德观念上。
北方人逐渐形成了反奴隶制度的共识，开始倡导废除奴隶制度的运动。
而南方则坚决捍卫奴隶制度，并将其视为自身利益和生活方式的一部分。
这种南北差异最终导致了蓄积已久的紧张局势，使得南北之间的对立日益加深。
二、黑人奴隶解放运动的兴起随着美国社会的发展和进步，越来越多的人开始认识到奴隶制度的罪恶和不公。
使得黑人奴隶解放运动逐渐蓬勃发展起来。
《汤姆·索亚历险记》的作者马克·吐温是黑人奴隶制度的强烈反对者，他通过该作品揭示了奴隶制度的黑暗面。
同时，废奴运动不断兴起，废奴派和奴隶主派之间的矛盾愈发明显。
一些北方州份开始废除奴隶制度，并逐渐实现黑人的自由。
这些社会运动的兴起，促使南方奴隶主开始感到威胁，并且坚决反对废除奴隶制度。
南方奴隶主认为，废除奴隶制度将剥夺他们的财富和生产力。
黑人奴隶解放运动的兴起与南北战争密不可分。
废奴运动的势力将废除奴隶制度作为自己的主要目标之一。
三、南北战争的爆发随着废奴运动的兴起，南方奴隶主对南北矛盾的加深感到不安，认为自己的利益受到了威胁。
1860年，林肯当选为美国总统，这进一步激化了南方奴隶主的不满情绪。
南方11个州份相继宣布脱离联邦，自立为南方联盟。
1861年4月，北方联邦军队遭到南方军队的攻击，南北战争正式爆发。
slavery-history-奴隶制历史
This violent, however, could neither stop the movement nor turn its greatest leader , Martin Luther King , to violent means to reach the goal of equality.
In 400 years , the number of slavers traded from Africa to America more than 15 millions, about 5 times this number slaves died of slave-hunting war and trafficking way.
The history of slavery in America
Made by Spring-Jiao.
相关名词：
奥巴马
奴隶主
美国南北战争
美国独立战争
黑三角贸易 The black slave trade
林肯
马丁路德金
独立战争和南北战争时期
黑三角贸易
Age of American Revolutionary War
Thank you for listening Lovpring-Jiao.
感谢您的阅读收藏，谢谢！
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美国南北战争中的奴隶制度与民族分裂
美国南北战争中的奴隶制度与民族分裂美国南北战争是美国历史上一段时间相当重要的历史事件，也是奴隶制度与民族分裂的集中体现。
在19世纪中期，美国本着扩张领土的目的，先后兼并了德克萨斯州、墨西哥领土等地，南部州的种植园经济也在此时得到了极大的发展。
但是，随着时间的推移，南部州的经济发展也带来了社会问题，其中最突出的即为奴隶制度与民族分裂。
一、奴隶制度的产生和发展奴隶制的起源可以追溯到公元前3000年左右的古埃及。
在美国，奴隶制度始于17世纪后期，并逐渐成长为美国南部州最突出的社会制度。
在美国南部种植园经济的发展过程中，奴隶制度被广泛应用于棉花、烟草、甘蔗、大米等农作物的生产。
在19世纪中期，约有400万黑人奴隶被用作种植园主人的劳动力。
他们被迫在种植园中工作，没有任何人身自由的权利，完全由主人支配。
二、奴隶制度引发的民族分裂奴隶制度的存在不仅仅是一种经济问题，也是一种社会矛盾。
在奴隶制度的存在下，黑人奴隶的生命和权益受到极大的侵犯，他们被剥夺了最基本的人权。
而白人种植园主则享有特权，他们获得了掌握政治、经济和社会的绝对权力。
奴隶制度成为奴隶和种植园主之间的主要产生和发展矛盾。
在此期间，北方州和南方州分成两大主体团体，形成了明显的民族分裂。
北方州主张废除奴隶制度，认为奴隶制度违背了宪法所规定的基本人类权利，涉及到整个国家的道德和伦理问题。
南方州则认为，奴隶制度是美国联邦政府内部的一项基本自由权利，他们强调自己独立的政治地位和权力，主张四分五裂的政治制度。
三、南北战争的爆发随着民族分裂与奴隶制度之间的矛盾不断加剧，南北战争不可避免地爆发了。
南北战争持续了四年，直到1865年才结束。
南北战争是美国历史上最为瘆人的内战之一，双方军队经过长时间的激战，损失惨重。
据统计，南北战争期间约有60万人死亡，伤残人数更是达到了100万人之多。
南北战争的爆发不仅在社会上造成了极大的影响，而且使美国历史进入了一个新的时期。
四、南北战争带来的影响与启示南北战争的爆发引起了美国社会、政治、经济、文化方面的重大变革。
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TIMELINE OF SLAVERY IN AMERICA 1501-18651501African Slaves in the New World Spanish settlers bring slaves from Africa to Santo Domingo (now the capital of the Dominican Republic).1522Slave Revolt: the Caribbean Slaves rebel on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, which now comprises Haiti and the Dominican Republic.1562Britain Joins Slave Trade. John Hawkins, the first Briton to take part in the slave trade, makes a huge profit hauling human cargo from Africa to Hispaniola.1581Slaves in Florida Spanish residents in St. Augustine, the first permanent settlement in Florida, import African slaves.1612The first commercial tobacco crop is raised in Jamestown, Virginia.1619Twenty slaves in Virginia Africans brought to Jamestown are the first slaves imported into Britain’s North American colonies. Like indentured servants, they were probably freed after a fixed period of service.1626The Dutch West India Company imports 11 black male slaves into the New Netherlands. 1636Colonial North America's slave trade begins when the first American slave carrier, Desire, is built and launched in Massachusetts.1640John Punch, a runaway black servant, is sentenced to servitude for life. His two white companions are given extended terms of servitude. Punch is the first documented slave for life.1640New Netherlands law forbids residents from harboring or feeding runaway slaves. 1641 The D'Angola marriage is the first recorded marriage between blacks in New Amsterdam. 1641Massachusetts is the first colony to legalize slavery.1643The New England Confederation of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven adopts a fugitive slave law.1650Connecticut legalizes slavery.1652Rhode Island passes laws restricting slavery and forbidding enslavement for more than 10 years.1652Massachusetts requires all black and Indian servants to receive military training.1654A Virginia court grants blacks the right to hold slaves.1657Virginia passes a fugitive slave law.1660Charles II, King of England, orders the Council of Foreign Plantations to devise strategies for converting slaves and servants to Christianity.1662 Hereditary Slavery Virginia law decrees that children of black mothers “shall be bond or free according to the condition of the mother.”1662Massachusetts reverses a ruling dating back to 1652, which allowed blacks to train in arms. New York, Connecticut, and New Hampshire pass similar laws restricting the bearing of arms.1663In Gloucester County, Virginia the first documented slave rebellion in the colonies takes place.1663Maryland legalizes slavery.1663Charles II, King of England, gives the Carolinas to proprietors. Until the 1680s, most settlers in the region are small landowners from Barbados.1664New York and New Jersey legalize slavery.1664Maryland is the first colony to take legal action against marriages between white women and black men.1664The State of Maryland mandates lifelong servitude for all black slaves. New York, New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Virginia all pass similar laws.1666Maryland passes a fugitive slave law.1667Virginia declares that Christian baptism will not alter a person's status as a slave. 1668 New Jersey passes a fugitive slave law.1670The State of Virginia prohibits free blacks and Indians from keeping Christian (i.e. white) servants.1674New York declares that blacks who convert to Christianity after their enslavement will not be freed.1676In Virginia, black slaves and black and white indentured servants band together to participate in Bacon's Rebellion.1680The State of Virginia forbids blacks and slaves from bearing arms, prohibits blacks from congregating in large numbers, and mandates harsh punishment for slaves who assault Christians or attempt escape.1682Virginia declares that all imported black servants are slaves for life.New York makes it illegal for slaves to sell goods.1688The Pennsylvania Quakers pass the first formal antislavery resolution.1691Virginia passes the first anti-miscegenation law, forbidding marriages between whites and blacks or whites and Native Americans.1691Virginia prohibits the manumission of slaves within its borders. Manumitted slaves are forced to leave the colony.1691South Carolina passes the first comprehensive slave codes.1694Rice cultivation is introduced into Carolina. Slave importation increases dramatically. 1696The Royal African Trade Company loses its monopoly and New England colonists enter the slave trade.1700Pennsylvania legalizes slavery.1702New York passes An Act for Regulating Slaves. Among the prohibitions of this act are meetings of more than three slaves, trading by slaves, and testimony by slaves in court. 1703Massachusetts requires those masters who liberate slaves to provide a bond of 50 pounds or more in the event that the freedman becomes a public charge.1703Connecticut assigns the punishment of whipping to any slaves who disturb the peace or assault whites.1703Rhode Island makes it illegal for blacks and Indians to walk at night without passes. 1705 Slaves as Property Describing slaves as real estate, Virginia lawmakers allow owners to bequeath their slaves. The same law allowed masters to “kill and destroy” runaways.1705The Virginia Slave Code codifies slave status, declaring all non- Christian servants entering the colony to be slaves. It defines all slaves as real estate, acquits masters who kill slaves during punishment, forbids slaves and free colored peoples from physically assaulting white persons, and denies slaves the right to bear arms or move abroad without written permission.1705 New York declares that punishment by execution will be applied to certain runaway slaves.1705Massachusetts makes marriage and sexual relations between blacks and whites illegal. 1706New York declares blacks, Indians, and slaves who kill white people to be subject to the death penalty.Connecticut requires that Indians, mulattos, and black servants gain permission from their masters to engage in trade.1708The Southern colonies require militia captains to enlist and train one slave for every white soldier.1708Rhode Island requires that slaves be accompanied by their masters when visiting the homes of free persons.1708Blacks outnumber whites in South Carolina.1710New York forbids blacks, Indians, and mulattos from walking at night without lighted lanterns.1711Pennsylvania prohibits the importation of blacks and Indians.1711Rhode Island prohibits the clandestine importation of black and Indian slaves.1712Pennsylvania prohibits the importation of slaves.1712 Slave Revolt: New York Slaves in New York City kill whites during an uprising, later squelched by the militia. Nineteen rebels are executed.1712New York declares it illegal for blacks, Indians, and slaves to murder other blacks, Indians, and slaves.1712New York forbids freed blacks, Indians, and mulatto slaves from owning real estate and holding property.1712In Charleston, South Carolina slaves are forbidden from hiring themselves out.1715Rhode Island legalizes slavery.1715Maryland declares all slaves entering the province and their descendants to be slaves for life.1717New York enacts a fugitive slave law.1723Virginia abolishes manumissions.1724French Louisiana prohibits slaves from marrying without the permission of their owners. 1730-1750The number of male and female slaves imported to the North American British colonies balances out for the first time.1731The Spanish reverse a 1730 decision and declare that slaves fleeing to Florida fromCarolina will not be sold or returned.1732Slaves aboard the ship of New Hampshire Captain John Major kill both captain and crew, seizing the vessel and its cargo.1733Quaker Elihu Coleman's A Testimony against That Anti-Christian Practice of MAKING SLAVES OF MEN is published.1735Under an English law Georgia prohibits the importation and use of black slaves.1735Georgia petitions Britain for the legalization of slavery.1735Louis XV, King of France, declares that when an enslaved woman gives birth to the child of a free man, neither mother nor child can be sold. Further, after a certain time, mother and child will be freed.1738Georgia's trustees permit the importation of black slaves.1738Spanish Florida promises freedom and land to runaway slaves.1739Slaves in Stono, South Carolina rebel, sacking and burning an armory and killing whites. Some 75 slaves in South Carolina steal weapons and flee toward freedom in Florida (then under Spanish rule). Crushed by the South Carolina militia, the revolt results in the deaths of 40 blacks and 20 whiteThe colonial militia puts an end to the rebellion before slaves are able to reach freedom in Florida.1740South Carolina passes the comprehensive Negro Act, making it illegal for slaves to move abroad, assemble in groups, raise food, earn money, and learn to read English. Owners are permitted to kill rebellious slaves if necessary.1740Georgia and Carolina attempt to invade Florida in retaliation for the territory's policy toward runaways.1749Georgia repeals its prohibition and permits the importation of black slaves.1751George II repeals the 1705 act, making slaves real estate in Virginia.1758Pennsylvania Quakers forbid their members from owning slaves or participating in the slave trade.1760New Jersey prohibits the enlistment of slaves in the militia without their master's permission.1767The Virginia House of Burgess boycotts the British slave trade in protest of the Townsend Acts. Georgia and the Carolinas follow suit.1770Escaped slave, Crispus Attucks, is killed by British forces in Boston, Massachusetts. He is one of the first colonists to die in the war for independence.1772James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw's writes the first autobiographical slave narrative. 1773The first separate black church in America is founded in South Carolina.1773Slaves in Massachusetts unsuccessfully petition the government for their freedom. 1773Phillis Wheatley becomes the first published African-American poet when a London publishing company releases a collection of her verse.1774The First Continental Congress bans trade with Britain and vows to discontinue the slave trade after the 1st of December.1774Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Georgia prohibit the importation of slaves.1774Virginia takes action against slave importation.1775The slave population in the colonies is nearly 500,000. In Virginia, the ratio of free colonists to slaves is nearly 1:1. In South Carolina it is approximately 1:2. 1775 Georgia takes action against slave importation.1775Abolitionist Society Anthony Benezet of Philadelphia founds the world’s first abolitionist society. Benjamin Franklin becomes its president in 1787.1775In April, the first battles of the Revolutionary war are waged between the British and Colonial armies at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. Black Minutemen participate in the fighting.1775In July, George Washington announces a ban on the enlistment of free blacks and slaves in the colonial army. By the end of the year, he reverses the ban, ordering the Continental Army to accept the service of free blacks.1775In November, Virginia Governor John Murray, Lord Dunmore, issues a proclamation announcing that any slave fighting on the side of the British will be liberated.1776In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, members of the Continental Congress sign the Declaration of Independence.1776In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Society of Friends, also known as the Quakers, forbids its members from holding slaves.1776Delaware prohibits the importation of African slaves.1777Vermont is the first of the thirteen colonies to abolish slavery and enfranchise all adultmales.1777New York enfranchises all free propertied men regardless of color or prior servitude. 1778Rhode Island forbids the removal of slaves from the state.1778Virginia prohibits the importation of slaves.1780Delaware makes it illegal to enslave imported Africans.1780Pennsylvania begins gradual emancipation.1780A freedom clause in the Massachusetts constitution is interpreted as an abolishment of slavery. Massachusetts enfranchises all men regardless of race.1783American Revolution Ends Britain and the infant United States sign the Peace of Paris treaty.1784Abolition Effort Congress narrowly defeats Thomas Jefferson’s propo sal to ban slavery in new territories after 1800.1790—First United States Census Nearly 700,000 slaves live and toil in a nation of 3.9 million people.1793Fugitive Slave Act The United States outlaws any efforts to impede the capture of runaway slaves.1794Cotton Gin Eli Whitney patents his device for pulling seeds from cotton. The invention turns cotton into the cash crop of the American South—and creates a huge demand for slave labor.1808United States Bans Slave Trade Importing African slaves is outlawed, but smuggling continues.1820Missouri Compromise Missouri is admitted to the Union as a slave state, Maine as a free state. Slavery is forbidden in any subsequent territories north of latitude .1822Slave Revolt: South Carolina Freed slave Denmark Vesey attempts a rebellion in Charleston. Thirty-five participants in the ill-fated uprising are hanged.1831Slave Revolt: Virginia Slave preacher Nat Turner leads a two-day uprising against whites, killing about 60. Militiamen crush the revolt then spend two months searching for Turner, who is eventually caught and hanged. Enraged Southerners impose harsher restrictions on their slaves.1835Censorship Southern states expel abolitionists and forbid the mailing of antislavery propaganda.1846-48Mexican-American War Defeated, Mexico yields an enormous amount of territory to the United States. Americans then wrestle with a controversial topic: Is slavery permitted in the new lands?1847Frederick Douglass’s Newspaper Escaped slave Frederick Douglass begins publishing the North Star in Rochester, New York.1849Harriet Tubman Escapes After fleeing slavery, Tubman returns south at least 15 times to help rescue several hundred others.1850Compromis e of 185 In exchange for California’s entering the Union as a free state, northern congressmen accept a harsher Fugitive Slave Act.1852Uncle Tom’s Cabin Published Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel about the horrors of slavery sells 300,000 copies within a year of publication.1854Kansas-Nebraska Act Setting aside the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Congress allows these two new territories to choose whether to allow slavery. Violent clashes erupt. 1857Dred Scott Decision The United States Supreme Court decides, seven to two, that blacks can never be citizens and that Congress has no authority to outlaw slavery in any territory.1860Abraham Lincoln of Illinois becomes the first Republican to win the United States Presidency.1860Southern Secession South Carolina secedes in December. More states follow the next year.1861-65United States Civil War Four years of brutal conflict claim 623,000 lives.1863Emancipation Proclamation President Abraham Lincoln decrees that all slavesin Rebel territory are free on January 1, 1863.1865 Slavery Abolished The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution outlaws slavery.。