Unit-10-Social-problems-in-the-USA-美国社会问题英文版
Unit 10 Social Problems in the United States
III. Drug Abuse
Drug abuse in the U.S. has come to be regarded as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation. The drug issue always excites strong emotions of Americans because drug abuse is perceived as a major threat to American society, particularly to its younger members.
（这些差异造成了在美国社会长期存在的 种族冲突）
discrimination against blacks:
In American society, any group other than the dominant white Anglo-Saxon Protestant majority is a minority group. The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. is the blacks who make up about 11.7% of the population. The myth of their racial inferiority was propagated as a justification for their continued subjugation. (所谓黑人种族低劣的神话被广泛传播，并以此作 为永远奴役黑人的借口)
Though people all share a common American culture, the nation contains many racial and ethnic subcultures with their own distinctive characteristics.
美国社会英语作文
美国社会英语作文In the vast tapestry of global cultures, the United States stands out as a melting pot, a term that encapsulates the diverse blend of cultures, traditions, and languages that coalesce to form the unique identity of American society. The English language, in particular, serves as a microcosm ofthis diversity, reflecting the nation's history, its people, and the social dynamics that shape its everyday interactions.The roots of American English are deeply entwined with the country's colonial past. The early settlers, predominantly from England, brought with them the English language, which became the lingua franca. Over time, as immigrants from various nations flocked to the United States, they contributed to the evolution of the English language spoken there. Words from Native American, African, Irish, German, Italian, Spanish, and many other languages have been adopted, enriching the lexicon and reflecting the cultural mosaic of the country.One of the most striking aspects of American English is its regional diversity. From the Southern drawl to the New York accent, from the twang of the Midwest to the lilt of the West Coast, the way English is spoken varies greatly across different states and even within communities. These regional accents and dialects are not just about pronunciation; they also include unique vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, and grammatical structures that are specific to certain areas.American English has also been heavily influenced by the country's media and entertainment industry. Hollywood movies, television shows, and music have spread American English globally, often with a casual, conversational style that is distinct from the more formal registers of British English. Slang, colloquialisms, and informal language are widely used and constantly evolving, reflecting the dynamic and innovative nature of American society.The role of English in American society extends beyond communication; it is also a tool for social interaction and a marker of identity. The way people speak can reveal their social class, educational background, and even theirpolitical affiliations. For instance, the use of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is not just a linguistic choice but also an affirmation of cultural identity and heritage.In recent years, the English language in the United States has become a platform for social change and inclusion. The recognition and respect for non-standard dialects and the inclusion of gender-neutral pronouns in everyday language are indicative of the country's ongoing efforts to promote diversity and acceptance.In conclusion, American English is not just a language; it is a living, breathing testament to the nation's rich cultural heritage and its ongoing social evolution. As the United States continues to welcome immigrants and as its society becomes more diverse, the English language will undoubtedlycontinue to adapt and grow, reflecting the ever-changing face of American society.。
2022年 第四中学高三英语专项复习学案：14带你走进美国之社会问题篇
带你走进美国之社会问题篇北京四中方芳学习目标：1. 学习谈论社会问题的英语表示法；2. 了解美国的社会情况，并学会正确理解社会问题。
学习内容：I. V ocabulary无家的__________ 健康__________教育__________corruption____________________discrimination_______贫穷__________ 住房__________ 失业__________burglary__________ 平安__________obesity__________主义__________ 暴力__________老龄化__________抗议__________demonstration_______legislation_______ ___支持__________ 反对__________责备__________种族歧视__________吸毒____________/_________✧______________对……上瘾______________解决问题______________立法抵抗______________ something找到解决问题的方法_____________________对……采取措施______________对……采取行动______________ something采取坚决态度; 采用强硬手段______________ somebodyregenerate something ______________处理问题_______ a problemII. Social problems in America美国的社会问题✧No. 1 Births to ___________ woman✧No. 2 Obesity:adults,_______ _____ _____ percent within thepast 20 yearschildren, _______ in the past 30 years_______ food _______ food_______ food✧No. 3 Unemployment: 9.5 _______ in July of 2021Here is a day’s a diary of a typical American political activist_________ to do something about the _________ unemploymentproblem in America:I wake up to my alarm clock (made in China) and _______ my Toshiba TV (made in Japan) to watch the morning news and I’m startled with the _________ unemployment in this country. I take my morning_______, dry myself with a Turkish _________ (made in Mexico) and _________ with my razor (made in China) and put on aftershave (made in France). I put on my shirt (made in Mexico) and pants (made in China). I turn on my Dell computer (made in China and assembled in Mexico) to _________ my e-mail and _____reservations to fly to Washington, D.C.I_______ my bag (made inTaiwan) with enough clothes for a _______ of days. I’m going to our nation’s capital to _______ President Obama for_______ such a high unemployment _______ in the United States. My wife _______ me to the airport in our Toyota (made in Japan), we stop to buy gas(_______ from Iran, Iraq or Libya). I get on my Motorola smart phone (made in China) to make hotel_______ on a Northwest Airline _______. By the time I get to the airport, I realize it probably isn’t Obama creating high _______; it’s the large companies_______ have been _______ American jobs overseas!✧No. 4 Homelessness: The _______ between therich and the poor widens.✧No. 5 Crime: one _______ every 22 minutes, onerape every 5 minutes, one _______ every 49seconds, and one _______ every 10 seconds♦Current Trends in Crime:1.The crime rate is _______.2. _______ are responsible for a disproportionateshare of violent crime.3.The median age(中年的) of criminals is_______.4. A majority of the crimes are _______ by habitual criminals(惯犯).✧No. 6 Racism✧No. 7 Aging_______ on bank savings, a company _______, Social _______ payments✧No. 8 TerrorismSeptember 11, 2001,WorldTradeCenter, Pentagon Attack ____________US Embassy Bombings ______________On the morning of September 11, __________ hijacked(劫道) fourcommercial jet planes and__________ to fly them into several U.S.________. One of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11,________into Tower One of the World Trade Center at 8:50 AM. UnitedAirlines Flight 175 crashed into________ Two at 9:04 AM. As theworld watched Tower Two ________ to the ground at about 10:00AM. Unfortunately, this horrible ________ was duplicated(复制) at10:30 AM when Tower One crashed to the ground. This terrorist________ brought about the ________ of approximately 3,000men,women and children from ________ around the world.III. Discussion 讨论America, heaven or hell? What’s your opinion?。
american social problems
一、社会问题定义：社会问题（social problem），是社会学研究的重要领域之一，指社会关系失调，影响社会大部分成员的共同生活，破坏社会正常活动，妨碍社会协调发展的社会现象。
不仅是一种客观存在的状况，还是人们主观构造的产物；是被人们感知、察觉到的状况；是由于价值、规范和利益冲突引起的，需要加以解决的状况；是社会实际状态与社会期望之间的差距。
电影《当幸福来敲门》美国梦电影《当幸福来敲门》（The Pursuit of Happiness）取材真实故事。
故事的主角就是当今美国黑人投资专家Chris Gardner。
成功诠释出一位濒临破产、老婆离家的落魄业务员，如何刻苦耐劳的善尽单亲责任，奋发向上成为股市交易员，最后成为知名的金融投资家的励志故事。
该片获得2006年奥斯卡最佳男主角提名。
另有同名大陆电视剧和同名图书。
已近而立之年的克里斯·加德纳(威尔·史密斯)[1]，在28岁的时候才第一次见到自己的父亲，所以当时他下定决心在有了孩子之后，要给孩子做一个好爸爸。
但事业不顺，生活潦倒，只能每天奔波于各大医院，卖骨密度扫描仪，偶然间认识到做证券经纪人并不是需要大学生文凭，只要懂数字和人际关系就可以做到后，就主动去找维特证券的经理Jay twistle，凭借自己的执着、非凡的妙语，并在一个小小的魔方的帮助下，得到了一个实习的机会。
但是实习生有20人，他们必须无薪工作六个月，最后只能有一个人录用，这对克里斯·加德纳来说实在是难上加难。
这时，妻子因为不忍穷苦的生活，独自去了纽约，克里斯·加德纳和儿子亦因为极度的贫穷而失去了自己的住所，过着东奔西跑的生活，他一边卖骨密度扫描仪，一边作实习生，后来还必须去教堂排队，争取得到教堂救济的住房。
但是克里斯·加德纳一直很乐观，并且教育儿子，不要灰心。
因为极度的贫穷，克里斯·加德纳甚至去卖血。
功夫不负有心人，克里斯·加德纳最终凭借自己的努力，脱颖而出，获得了股票经纪人的工作，后来创办了自己的公司。
美国社会英语作文
美国社会英语作文Living in the United States is like being part of a melting pot. You can meet people from all walks of life, with different backgrounds and cultures. It's a vibrant and diverse society that never fails to surprise you.The American dream is something that many people strive for. It's the idea that anyone can achieve success and prosperity through hard work and determination. But the reality is that not everyone has the same opportunities, and there are still many inequalities that exist in American society.One thing that stands out about American society is the emphasis on individualism. People are encouraged to be independent and self-reliant, and there's a strong belief in personal freedom and autonomy. This can be both empowering and isolating at the same time.In the US, consumerism is a huge part of the culture.People are constantly bombarded with advertisements and encouraged to buy more and more. It can be overwhelming and lead to a lot of unnecessary spending.The political landscape in the US is incredibly polarized. There's a lot of division and tension between different political parties, and it can be difficult tohave a civil discussion about politics without it turning into a heated argument.Despite its flaws, there's a sense of optimism and resilience that runs through American society. People are always looking for ways to improve and make a difference, and there's a strong belief in the power of change. It's a country that's constantly evolving and adapting, and that's what makes it such an interesting and dynamic place to live.。
《英美概况》教学大纲
《英语国家概况》课程教学大纲课程编号：B0715110课程名称：英语国家概况总学时：32适用对象：英语专业本科三年级学生先修课程：基础英语，英语口语，英语听力，英语语音，英语写作后续课程：英美文学一、课程性质、目标与任务1.课程类型：必修课√□选修课□公共课□专业基础课□专业课√□集中实践教学环节□2.课程性质：纯实践课□纯理论课□实践为主课□理论为主课√□理实一体化□3.课程目标及任务《英语国家概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化入门的一门课程。
开设本课的目的在于使学生通过学习，了解英美国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育等方面的情况及其文化传统，内容庞杂、信息量大。
培养学生正确分析有关英美等国问题的能力，并能以正确的眼光看待世界上所发生的问题，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。
把学生培养成为高素质的人才，同时又能爱祖国、热爱社会主义，致力为祖国的繁荣、发达而努力的人才，培养学生树立正确世界观。
同时，通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，达到提高英语水平的目的。
通过比较学习不同文化中具有特殊文化涵义的词语与表达式，可以促使学生掌握一些特殊词语的深层次意义，是对词汇的学习以及翻译水平的提高的有益补充；通过开展中外文化的比较，让学生切身感受到成功的交际仅有语言是远远不够的，文化方面的因素有时所起的作用远远大于语言本身，必将为英语学习者成功地参与国际商务活动，更有效地进行国际合作与交流打下坚实的文化基础。
二、课时分配三、教学组织Unit One Introduction to the UK[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 geographical features, climate2 characteristics of the UK3 history of the UK4distribution of the UK’s population[本章主要内容]：1 geographical features, climate2 characteristics of the UK3 history of the UK4distribution of the UK’s population[本章重点]：1 features of invasion of the UK2 the Great Empire, gentleman[本章难点]：Troubles in the Northern Ireland[本章思考题]：1．What is gentleman?2．The influences of the Great EmpireUnit Two The government of the UK[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 Constitutional Monarchy2 British parliament and its functions3 British government[本章主要内容]：1 Constitutional Monarchy2 British parliament and its functions3 British government[本章重点]：1 Constitutional Monarchy2 British parliament and its functions[本章难点]：Constitutional Monarchy[本章思考题]：1．How long do you think the royal family can exist?Unit Three Politics, class and race[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 understanding of the general election of the UK2 social class3 races[本章主要内容]：1 understanding of the general election of the UK2 social class3 races[本章重点]：1 the general election of the UK2 multiracial society[本章难点]：the general election of the UK[本章思考题]：1．The system of general elections and its influence in the worldUnit Four The UK economy[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 understanding the position of the UK after the WW II2. the reason of the decline3 characteristics of British agriculture and industry[本章主要内容]：1 understanding the position of the UK after the WW II2. the reason of the decline3 characteristics of British agriculture and industry[本章重点]：1 the reasons for the decline2.the trends for the British economy[本章难点]：the reasons for the decline he general election of the UK[本章思考题]：1．The privatization and reform in the economic developmentUnit Five British literature[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 the history of British literature2 writers3 schools4 divisions of literal periods[本章主要内容]：1 the history of British literature2 writers3 schools4 divisions of literal periods[本章重点]：1 the history of British literature2 well-known writers[本章难点]：divisions of literal periods[本章思考题]：1．Describe a writer/ a school/work you are most familiar with?Unit Six British education system[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 the history of education2 education systems3 higher education[本章主要内容]：1 the history of education2 education systems3 higher education[本章重点]：1 the history of education2 education systems[本章难点]：higher education[本章思考题]：1．Compare British and Chinese higher educationUnit Seven British Foreign Relations[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 UK foreign policies and their makings2 Britain and international institutions3 Britain and the United States[本章主要内容]：1 UK foreign policies and their makings2 Britain and international institutions3 Britain and the United States[本章重点]：1 UK foreign policies and their makings2 Britain and the United States[本章难点]：Britain and the United States[本章思考题]：1．The change of British image in international world from Iraqi warUnit Eight the British Media[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 British newspapers2 broadcast media3 television media[本章主要内容]：1 British newspapers2 broadcast media3 television media[本章重点]：1 British newspapers2 broadcast media[本章难点]：British newspapers[本章思考题]：1．The functions of media in cultural acquisitionUnit Nine American beginnings[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 a new land2 the settlement in Virginia3 Puritan New England4 Catholic Maryland5 Quaker Pennsylvania6 American revolution[本章主要内容]：1 a new land2 the settlement in Virginia3 Puritan New England4 Catholic Maryland5 Quaker Pennsylvania6 American revolution[本章重点]：1 A new land2 American revolution[本章难点]：American revolution[本章思考题]：1．How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?Unit Ten Political system in the United States[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of :1 legislative branch2 executive branch3 Judicial branch4 political parties[本章主要内容]：1 legislative branch2 executive branch3 Judicial branch4 political parties[本章重点]：1 Checks and balance2 Political parties[本章难点]：checks and balance[本章思考题]：Compare the political systems between the UK and the USAUnit Eleven American economy[教学目标与要求]：understanding of:1.industry revolution2.free enterprise3 . American agriculture[本章主要内容]：1.industry revolution2.free enterprise3. American agriculture[本章重点]：1 free enterprise2. the roots of affluence[本章难点]：the roots of affluence[本章思考题]：The influences of American economy on the worldUnit Twelve Religion in the USA[教学目标与要求]：understanding of:1 religious liberty2. protestants in the USA3. Catholics in the USA[本章主要内容]：1 religious liberty2. protestants in the USA3. Catholics in the USA[本章重点]：1 religious liberty2 religious diversity[本章难点]：American character of religion[本章思考题]：The effects of religion on American culture and everyday lifeUnit Thirteen American literature[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 the history of American literature2 writers3 schools4 divisions of literal periods[本章主要内容]：1 the history of American literature2 writers3 schools4 divisions of literal periods[本章重点]：1 the history of American literature2 well-known writers[本章难点]：divisions of literal periods[本章思考题]：Describe a writer/ a school/work you are most familiar with?Unit Fourteen Education system in the United States[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 the history of education2 education systems3 higher education[本章主要内容]：1 the history of education2 education systems3 higher education[本章重点]：1 the history of education2 education systems[本章难点]：higher education[本章思考题]：1．Why American schools have more international students than any other countries?Unit Fifteen Social problems in the USA[教学目标与要求]：Understanding of:1 racial problems2 drug abuse3 crimes4.abuse of power by government and corporation[本章主要内容]：1 racial problems2 drug abuse3 crimes4.abuse of power by government and corporation[本章重点]：1 racial problems2 drug abuse[本章难点]：racial problems[本章思考题]：Why is it perceived as a major threat to American society?Unit Sixteen Post-WWII American foreign policy[教学目标与要求]：understanding of:1 the beginning of the cold war2 arm races3 the engagement and expansion[本章主要内容]：1 the beginning of the cold war2 arm races3 the engagement and expansion[本章重点]：1 the cold war2 the engagement and expansion[本章难点]：the cold war[本章思考题]：The current international relationships and the role America plays in it四、课程考核学生总评成绩取决于学生的出勤情况、课堂参与、学期论文、课后作业和期末考试成绩。
美国社会与文化概况教案
Unit One American BeginningsQuestions1. How is an American defined biologically according to J. Hector St.John de Crevecoeur? And what is the cultural identity of an American?2. How much do you know about American Indians?3. What are the four basic patterns of colonies and their respective features?4. Make a comment on the importance of New England in the development of America.5. What are the reasons for American Revolution?6. What are the major ideas of the Declaration of Independence?I. Introduction to Americans1. Definition of American: biologically, mixture of bloods; culturally, American Creed (democracy, liberty,individualism, rule of law, etc)2. J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American Farmer: mixture of blood; melting pot (WASP)?3. Other terms: salad; kaleidoscopeII. A New Land1. Aboriginal people: American Indians2.Discovery of the “New” World: by Christopher Columbus in 1492; Spain3. North America: John Cabot (from Italian) in 1497; England4. Background of colonization: the development of capitalism; the Renaissance; the Religious Reformation (Christianity: Roman Catholic; Protestantism; Eastern Orthodoxy)5. Roman Catholic: Pope, hierarchyProtestantism (protest + ant + ism): the BiblePuritan (purify the Church of England): working hard; living a moral life; thriftInfluence of Puritan beliefs: individualism; hard work; respect of education.III. Four Patterns of Colonies1. 13 colonies: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.2. Virginia: adventurous English gentlemen; for economic reasons; Jamestown (the first English permanent settlement); tobacco; the House of Burgesses (representative assembly) and the enslavement of blacks in 16193. New England (Massachusetts 马萨诸塞, Connecticut康涅狄克, New Hampshire新罕布什尔, Vermont佛蒙特, Maine缅因, Rhode Island罗德岛):Mayflower (1620); English puritans; for religious freedom; the Mayflower Compact (a civil government自治政府）; a city upon hill （山巅之城）; the core of American resistance in the War of Independence; evolved representative government（代议制）; religious persecution3. Maryland: Catholics; religious freedom4. Pennsylvania: Quaker（quake + er 贵格派）; equality; brotherhood; religious freedom; separation of state and church; a liberal self-governmentIV. American Revolution1. Reasons: new taxes on sugar, coffee, textiles and other imported goods; the Stamp Act（印花税）; the Quartering Act（驻军食宿法）; “No taxation without representation”2. Beginning: the Boston Tea Party（波士顿倾茶党）in 1773; the First Continental Congress in 1774; the first shot in Concord in 17753. Process: the Second Continental Congress（第二届大陆会议）in 1775; the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776;4. End: came to an end in 1781; theTreaty of Paris（《巴黎和约》）in 1783Unit 2 The American Political SystemArticles of Confederation●Relationships between the 13 colonies after the War of Independence: like 13 independent states (with their own government, their own laws and responsibility for handling their own internal affairs)●Articles of Confederation: a loose union, which could deal with only problems and needs beyond the power of individual states (i.e., raise money to pay off debts of the war, establish a money system, make treaties with foreign nations); obvious disadvantagesConstitution●Constitutional Convention: began in May of 1787, with delegates from 12 states (except Rhode Island); from making changes necessary to strengthen the Articles of Confederation to making a new constitution●Constitution: 1. federal system: share power between the federal government and state governments; 2. division of power: the executive, the judicial, the legislative; 3. checks and balances●Weakness: no explicit guarantees of the freedoms or the basic rights of citizens●Checks and balances: a principle of government under which separate branches are empowered to prevent actions by otherbranches and are induced to share power. This system was enacted through the Constitution of the United States in order to prevent any of its three branches from dominating the Federal government.Division of Power●The legislative: make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war, put foreign treaties into effect.●The executive (the president): formulate public policy, propose legislation to Congress, veto a bill, appoint federal judges, act as commander in chief of the armed forces, be responsible for foreign relations, negotiate treaties with other countries.●The judicial: jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution; national laws and treaties; maritime cases; issues involving foreign citizens or governments; and cases in which the federal government itself is a party; judicial review（司法复审, the power to determine whether congressional legislation or executive action violates the Constitution）.Formation of the Three Branches●The legislative branch (Congress): the House of Representatives (two-year terms, and varying numbers of seats for different states based on population) and the Senate (for six-year terms, two seats for each state); lobby●The executive branch: the President and the Cabinet (composed ofsecretaries of different departments); federal workers●The judicial: the Supreme Court / 最高法院(composed of 1 chief justice / 首席大法官and eight associate justices大法官), 11 federal courts of appeal（联邦上诉法院）, and 91 federal district courts（联邦地方法院）.●To assure the independence of federal judges: work for life or voluntary retirement.Bill of Rights●Bill of Rights: adopted in 1791; consisting of 10 amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing freedom and individual rights and forbidding interference with lives of individuals by the government.●Freedom: of speech, of religion, of the press.●Rights: to assemble in public places, to pretest government actions, to demand change, to own weapons, to a speedy trial by a jury and to be represented by a lawyer and to call in witnesses.Political Parties●Bipartisan system: the Democratic Party (the more liberal party, symbolized by the donkey) & the Republican Party (the more conservative party, symbolized by the elephant).●High cost of campaigning for public officesQuestions1. What kind of government was established based on the Articles ofConfederaion?2. What is the Constitution mainly about?3. What are the major principles for the establishment of American government?4. What is the definition of federal system?5. Why was it necessary to establish “Bill of Rights”?6. What are the major responsibilities of the legislative branch?7. What are the procedures to make a law?8. What does lobby mean?9. What power does American President have?10. What are the major responsibilities of the judicial branch?11. How do you und erstand the principle of “checks and balances”？12. How was American party politics developed?American economyUnit 3 American EconomyIndustrial Revolution●Change from an agricultural country to an industrial country●Debate about the road to development: agriculture (represented by Thomas Jefferson) vs industry (represented by Alexander Hamilton) ●Thomas Jefferson’s ideas about farmers (see p. 74)●Alexander Hamilton（亚历山大·汉密尔顿）: the first Secretary of the Treasury（财政部长）and the co-author of The Federalist Papers （《联邦党人文集》）; believe in a strong central government and a strong national bank.●Hamiltonian measures: “Report on the Public Credit”; “Report ona National Bank”; “Report on Manufactures” (protective tariff).●Industrial revolution in America: 1. the introduction of the factory system (Samuel Slater); 2. the American system of mass production (Eli Whitney) and scientific management (by Frederick Tylor); 3. the application of new technologies to industrial tasks; 4. the emergence of new forms of business organizations (represented by bank and corporation); 5. the construction of railroads.●Scientific management: a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows, with the objective of improving labour productivity. It is composed of job design (to ensure that employees will not be asked to perform work beyond their abilities) anddividion of labor. It can be used to refer to any system of organization that clearly spells out the functions of individuals and groups.●Post-industrial era: a period in the develop-ment of an economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing lessens and that of services, information, and research grows. Five primary characteristics: 1. the domination of service, rather than manufacturing or industry; 2. the preeminence of the professional and technical classes; 3. the central place of theoretical knowledge as a source of innovations; 4. the dominating influence of technology; 5. levels of urbanization higher than anywhere else in the world.Free EnterpriseLaissez faire（自由放任）: An economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulation of or interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws.●Disadvantages: monopoly, elimination of competition, higher price, poor quality products●Adam Smith: author of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, (abbreviated as Wealth of Nations 《国富论》), founder of free market economics (markets are driven toward the public good by an "invisible hand" ).Roots of Affluence●Bountiful resources; geographical size; population trends; religious, social and political traditions; the institutional structures of government and business; hard work.Agriculture●The foundation of American economy●Major crops: soybeans, corn, cotton, wheat, tobacco, vegetable oils ●Agribusiness: the entire complex of farm-related businesses, including farmer cooperatives, rural banks, shippers of farm products, commodity dealers, firms that manufacture farm equipment, food processing industries, grocery chains, and many other businesses.●Problems: environmental pollutionUnit Four American ReligionI. Importance of Religion●A religious people: 94% believe in God; 90% pray; 57% are members of a church; 40% attend a church weekly.●A major purpose of colonization: religious freedom (in a relative sense, i.e., greater religious freedom in America than in European countries); the elect of God●A major factor of America’s ra pid development●An important aspect of American identity: WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant)●Basic documents and religion: The Declaration of Independence (Creator; Nature’s God); the First Amendment to the Constitution (free practice of religion; no state or national religion)●Definition of faith heeling: curing of an illness or disability by recourse to divine power, without the use of traditional medicine. Example: “Faith-Healing Parents Given Jail Sentence” (Oct. 7, 2009): A couple from Wisconsin, who prayed rather than seeking medical care for their 11-year old daughter who died of an undiagnosed but treatable form of diabetes（糖尿病）, were sentenced to 6 months in jail and 10 years probation.II. Christianity●The actual national religion, with a population of 87%●Protestantism: 60% of the population; major sects: Baptist（洗礼教派）; Methodist（卫理公会教徒）; Presbyterian（长老会教友）; Episcopalian（新教圣公会教徒）●Roman Catholics: ¼ of all Americans; Anti-Catholic prejudice; John F. Kennedy, the first Roman Catholic presidentIII. Civil Religion●Bring together secular politics and religious society●Four major elements: 1. the religious basis of the American system of government (President Eisenhower: “Recognition of the Supreme Being is the first, the most basic expression of Americanism. Without God, there could be no American form of government, nor an American way of life.” 2. the beliefs that Americans are God’s chosen and that American people have a special destiny under God (Manifest Destiny). 3. the prevalence of religious allusions and symbols in American public rhetoric, rituals, and ceremonies. (the use of the Bible and the invocation of God in Presidents’ inaugural addresses; the appearance of “In God We Trust” in American currency, bills and coins; the use of prayer in opening the daily sessions of Congress.) 4. the religious aura in national ceremonies and activities (Memorial Day, Thanksgiving Day, presidential inaugurations and funerals)IV. Religious Diversity●1,000 denominations, sects, and cults●Judaism: 1. characteristics (its monotheism; its belief in a special covenant with God making it His ‘chosen people’; ethnic and territorial identity, i.e., “the promised land”; specific laws and practices; and Messianism); 2. anti-Jewish prejudice /anti-semitism;3. intellectual leaders●Islam●BuddhismV. American Character of Religion●1. The harmonious co-existence of various religions●2. The co-existence of strong religious beliefs and social progress●3. Independence of church in terms of finance and building, and little concentration on doctrine or religious argumentVI. Religion and American Political Culture●The covenant theology and the right to revolt●Puritanism and democracy●One nation under God: a sense of mission (Manifest Destiny)Unit Five Education in the United StatesI. Importance of Education●A long history of higher education (longer than the history of the nation): the establishment of universities before the independence of America (three oldest universities in the colonial period, i.e., Harvard College in 1636, the College of William & Mary in 1693, and Y ale University in 1701); reasons for the development of higher education (well-educated early immigrants; the necessity to read the Bible)●An important factor contributing to the rapid development of America: teaching knowledge and skills●The basis of democracy: equal opportunity based on education; enhancing social mobility●Base of national unity: assimilation and Americanization.II. Constitutional Status of Public Education●According to the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution: The power for public education is reserved to the states or the people●No federally controlled and administered school system (the establishment of the U.S. Office of Eduation in 1867 as a part of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the establishment of U.S. Department of Education in 1979): diversity in American educationIII. Two School Systems●Public school: supported by state governments; attended by 90% of American students; controlled by boards of education; sources of income: government funding; student tuition; endowments by wealthy benefactors.●Private school: supported by religious groups or non-religious individuals /organizations; attended by 10% of American students; run privately; sources of income:student tuition; endowments by wealthy benefactors; government funding.IV. Structure of American Education●1. Elementary school: including grades kindergarten through 8; also known as grammar school●2. Secondary school: includi ng grades 9~12; popularly called “high school” (junior high school & senior high school): Junior high school: a school in the U.S. system which generally includes the seventh, eighth, and sometimes ninth grades; Senior high school: a high school usually constituting grades 10, 11, and 12●3. Higher education: the two-year college (junior college or community college); the technical training institution; the four-year undergraduate institution (the college); the university (granting a master’s or doctoral de gree).●Academic degrees: associate degree (granted by community colleges); bachelor’s degree; master’s degree; doctoral degree.V. Criteria for Selecting Applicants1. High school records2. Recommendations from high school teachers3. Impression during the interview at the university4. Scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (a kind of standardized test VI. Affirmative Action●Definition: a program that seeks to redress past discrimination through active measures to ensure equal opportunity, as in education and employment.●Two purposes: eliminate discrimination & redress the effects of past discrimination●Reverse discrimination（反向歧视）: discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, especially when resulting from policies established to correct discrimination against members of a minority or disadvantaged group.Unit Six Social Movements in the 1960sI. Criteria of Social Movements●Ideas for social change●Collective action●organizationII. Major Social Movements: 1. Civil Rights Movement●Definition: a movement for racial equality in the U.S. that, through nonviolent protest, broke the pattern of racial segregation in the South and achieved equal rights legislation for blacks.●Origin of the movement: Rosa Parks’ refusal to give her seat in the front of a bus to a white man in 1955.●Formal beginning of the movement: sit-in in 1960●Nonviolent tactics (advocated by Martin Luther King): boycotts; Sit-in (first used by black students in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1960); freedom rides; vote registration●Violent tactics (advocated by Malcom X): armed organization (the Black Panther Party); separatism; black power●Sit-in（静坐示威）: an organized protest demonstration in which participants seat themselves in an appropriate place and refuse to move.●Teach-in（大学师生举行的讨论会或宣讲会）: an extended session, as on a college or university campus, for lectures and discussions onan important, usually controversial issue.●Freedom ride（自由乘车运动）: civil rights activists’ ride on interstate buses into the south of the United States to fight racial segregation.●Black Power（黑人权力）: a movement among African Americans emphasizing racial pride and social equality through the creation of Black political and cultural institutions.●NAACP (the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People /全国有色人种协进会): the oldest and largest U.S. civil rights organization which was founded in 1909 to secure political, educational, social, and economic equality for African Americans.●SNCC (the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee /学生非暴力统一行动委员会)●CORE (the Congress of Racial Equality /争取种族平等大会)●SCLC (the Southern Christian Leadership Conference /南部基督教领导联合会)●The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense（黑豹党）: an organization of African American militants for the purpose of protecting African Americans from acts of police brutality.●Martin Luther King, Jr.: an African-American clergyman who advocated social change through non-violent means; the Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1964; assassinated in 1968.●Malcom X: a black Moslem leader who advocated black separatism and was against nonviolence in fighting discrimination and racism.II. Major Social Movements: 2. The Youth Movement / Anti-War Movement●The Beat Generation: a group of American writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s, influenced by Eastern philosophy and religion and known especially for their use of nontraditional forms and their rejection of conventional social values.●Counterculture（反文化）: a culture, especially of young people, with values or lifestyles in opposition to those of the established culture or the social mainstream.●Hippies（嬉皮士）: a person who opposes and rejects many of the conventional standards and customs of society, especially one who advocates extreme liberalism in sociopolitical attitudes and lifestyles.●Flower children: a hippie, especially one advocating universal peace and love as antidotes to social or political ills●Anti-Vietnam War: teach-ins, protest marches and rallies, destroying draft recordsIV. Major Social Movement s: 3. The Women’s Movement●Three groups of women: professional women; white housewives and mothers; young activists in the civil rights and anti-warmovements.●The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Discrimination in employment based on race or sex is illegal.●Goals: equal pay for equal work; equality in job opportunities; recognition of equality in intelligence or ability.V. Achievements●The end of legal segregation●US withdrawal of troops from the Vietnam War and the signing ofa peace treaty in 1973●The im provement of women’s status both at home and in societyUnit Seven Social ProblemsI. Racial Problems●Mainstream / majority: WASP●Minority groups: African Americans, Native Americans (American Indians), the Hispanics, Asian Americans●Involuntary citizens: Native Americans, African Americans, Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans●Native Americans: forcibly conquered with their homelands taken away; reservations●African Americans: captured, transported, enslaved; lynched; segregated (ghetto); discrimination; myth of racial inferiority: irresponsibility (childish); promiscuity (myth of black rapist and anti-miscegenation laws); laziness; lower intelligence●Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans: occupied through wars●Racial profiling（种族成见/种族脸谱化/种族定型化）: a form of racism consisting of the (alleged) policy of policemen who stop and search vehicles driven by persons belonging to particular racial groups; the inclusion of racial or ethnic characteristics in determining whether a person is considered likely to commit a particular type of crime or an illegal act or to behave in a "predictable" manner.II. Poverty●Percentage of poor people: 12.5% in 2003●Poverty threshold / poverty line: the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living in a given country●Absolute poverty: the absence of enough resources (such as money) to secure basic life necessities●Relative poverty (moderate poverty): a standard of living or level of income that is high enough to satisfy basic needs, but still significantly lower than that of the majority of the population under consideration●Influential scholars: John Kenneth Galbraith（约翰·肯尼斯·加尔布雷斯）: “People are poverty-stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls markedly behind that of the community.” (The Affluent Society, 1958); Michael Harrington（迈克尔·哈林顿）: Americans living without adequate nutrition, housing, medical care, and education—people deprived of the standard of living shared by the rest of society (The Other America: Poverty in the United States, 1960)●Poor people: children; the elderly, single-parent families; rural Americans; nonwhites●Measures: the welfare system; day care for children, health care, work-training, special programs for agricultural workers, and freelegal assistance●Historical efforts: President John F. Kennedy's support of antipoverty proposals; “War on Poverty” in President Lyndon B. Johnson’s 1964 inaugural speech and his Great Society program. III. Drug Abuse●A major threat to American society●Kinds of drugs: heroin, cocaine, marijuana●Typical examples: President Obama; Michael Phelps（迈克尔·菲尔普斯）●Serious consequences: crime; automobile accidents; suicide; infectious diseases; economic lossesIV. Crime●One of the most serious social problems●Traditional crimes: rape, murder, robbery, arson, burglary, aggravated assault, auto theft, larceny, prostitution.●Features of criminals: male; young; members of racial minority groups; city residents●white-collar crime: fraud, false advertising, corporate price fixing, bribery, embezzlement, industrial pollution, tax evasion.●Features of criminals: older, wealthier, whiter, more suburbanV. Abuse of Power●Watergate: a series of scandals occurring during the Nixonadministration in which members of the executive branch organized illegal political espionage against their perceived opponents and were charged with violation of the public trust, bribery, contempt of Congress, and attempted obstruction of justice.●Monicagate / Levinsky scandal: the sexual scandal between President Bill Clinton and Monica S. Lewinsky, an unpaid intern and later a paid staffer at the White House in 1995-96.●Lobby / interest groups / pressure groups: a group whose members share certain goals and work to bring about the passage, modification, or defeat of laws that affect these goals.Unit Eight American Foreign PolicyI. Foreign Policy Concepts / Theories1. Idealism（理想主义）: aim to use the state's influence and power to promote higher liberal ideals like peace, justice and co-operation between nations; collective security and the equality of nations.2. Realism（现实主义）: stress the promotion of a state's "narrow" and amoral self-interest; balance of power;II. US foreign policy concepts●Idealism: the elect of God; a city upon hill; manifest destiny; a tool of foreign policy, i.e., used to sell foreign policy to the American people and the wider world.●“American exceptionalism”: a term used to describe the belief that the United States is an extraordinary nation with a special role to play in human history; a nation that is not only unique but also superior.●Manifest Destiny（显然天命）: the 19th-century doctrine that the United States had the right and duty to expand throughout the North American continent.●President Woodrow Wilson (during World War I) as a typical example of idealism: doctorate & president of Princeton College, Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1919; make the world safe for democracy; fourteen points; the League of Nations.III. Features of US Foreign Policy●Duality: to protect national interests and the nation from external threats in a hostile world and to stand for ideals worthy of emulation ●The Truman Doctrine（杜鲁门主义）: Ideally, to establish a safer democratic world in which people could live free of communist tyranny; realistically, to contain Communism.●The Gulf War: Ideally, to promote democracy and improve human rights; realistically, for oil.●President Clinton: “Democracies don’t attack each other.” (1994) ; strengthen American power and push for worldwide acceptance of the democratic virtues that underpin America's liberal political culture.IV. US Foreign Policy：Isolationism（孤立主义）●Definition: opposition to intervention in a war outside the western hemisphere, particularly in Europe; to involvement in permanent military alliances; and to participation in organizations of collective security; seeking to preserve the United State’s freedom of action.●Development of isolationism: Thomas Paine called for an independent foreign policy in Common S ense (1776); John Adam’s Model Treaty of 1776 envisioned a purely commercial treaty with the French, not a binding military alliance; George Washington’s farewell address of 1796 advised his countrymen “to steer clear ofpermanent Alliances”; Thomas Jefferson’s first inaugural address of 1801 sought “peace, commerce and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none”; The Monroe Doctrine (1823): “In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken par t, nor does it comport with our policy to do so”; Woodrow Wilson (a transitional figure): “we need not and we should not form alliances with any nation in the world.” (before World War I)IV. US Foreign Policy: Internationalism（国际主义）/ Interventionism （干涉主义）●Definition: political commitments or “entanglements” through multinational treaties as well as membership in international organizations●Woodrow Wilson’s League of Nations●Collective security●The United Nations●Cultural internationalism: Fulbright programV. Key Terms of Foreign Policy●Containment（遏制政策）: a policy of checking the expansion or influence of a hostile power or ideology, as by the creation of strategic alliances or support of client states（附庸国）in areas of conflict or unrest; the American effort, by military, political, and economic。
美国国家概况 Unit 10
• The underclass could continue to persist, even in the absence of racial discrimination, in much the same way as other pockets of poverty persist— that is, for reasons of social— class inequality.
۩ Effects on individuals Drug dependence takes a significant toll in terms of personal health and safety.
• The heavy user of drugs is much more likely than a member of the general populatin to be killed or to commit suicide, either deliberately or accidentally.
• • • • • • • •
Drug abuse Social costs of drug abuse Crime The profile of a typical criminal Racial prejudice in the high rate of arrests White-collar crime The abuse of power by government The abuse of power by corporations
But why does it matter?
Drug abuse in the United States is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs,or dysfunctions—some obvious and measurable,some hidden and difficult to quantify. Here’s the famous swimmer who→ was caught with cannabis— A kind of illegal drug
美国社会 society of the USA
identify the characters of American cuisine
types of housing in the USA
OBJECTIVES
acquire types of housing in the USA
transportation in the USA
Learn the word of transportation
V Holidays
Is a United States federal holiday marking the birthday of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr It is observed on the third Monday of January each year.
g location, venue, and demogr
aphic factors such as ethnicity
of dress of USA is more infor
mal.
In UK, as one of the world' s four fashion capitals, peo ple pay more attention to t In a social situation, The British people dress is always play the public image of the self and of the design,
Bicycles are a good way to see the USA
you can bicycle across parts of the USA and enjoy the scenery.
2021年高中英语第三册(全一册)Unit10AmericanLiterature--Period4
2019-2020年高中英语第三册(全一册)Unit10AmericanLiterature--Period4Let’sreadandwritePart 1 Sample Teaching PlansGoals◆ Talk about American literature◆ Practise predicting and describing what a story might be about◆ Review all the verb tenses◆ Write a book reviewPeriod 4 Let’s read and write!(A SACRIFICE FOR LOVE (2) )Goals◆Read about A SACRIFICE FOR LOVE (2)◆Write a summary of the storyProceduresStep 1: Listening and reading aloudHello, everyone. We have learnt the first part of the story A Sacrifice for Love. Today we will find what happen to Della and Jim at the end of the story. First read aloud to the recording of the text onpage 88. Pay attention to the pauses, the pronunciation and the intonation while listening and reading aloud.Step 2: Analyzing the charactersWhich character speaks the following lines and what do these lines tell us about their character?1) And now I think we should have our dinner.Jim: he doesn’t want either of them to worry or think too much about their new gifts and lost possessions. He just wants them to enjoy Christmas together.2) Will you buy my hair?Della: she is willing to sacrifice her beautiful hair to be able to buy a nice gift for her husband.3) I sold the watch to get the money to buy the bs.Jim: he is willing to sell his most prized possession, his watch, to buy Della a nice gift.4) You’ve cut off your hair?Jim: he realizes that Della will not need the bs he bought her for a while.5) Isn’t it perfect, Jim?Della: she really wants to make Jim happy.6) What could I do with a dollar and eighty-seven cents?Della: she doesn’t have very much money and she is worried that she can’t buy a nice present for Jim.7) Don’t you like me now?Della: she is worried that Jim will not like her with short hair.8) You won’t care, will you?Della: she is worried that Jim will not like her with short hair.Step 3: Copying down expressionsAs is known, language is made up of words and expressions. So, why not read the article and write down all those expressions which are useful to you!Write a summary of A SACRIFICE FOR LOVE and give your own opinion about the story.24951 6177 慷34689 8781 螁27630 6BEE 毮'GT26375 6707 朇22356 5754 坔27992 6D58 浘24504 5FB8 徸2_937537 92A1 銡29416 72E8 狨。
美国社会问题
Poverty
By many standards, America is the most wealthy society in the world. Yet over 24 million people---more than 1 American out of 10---are living at or below the official poverty line, on incomes that the federal government considers insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing & shelter. There are millions more, living slightly above the poverty line.
Fight against Poverty(2)
The problem of poverty was publicly recognized & government intervention was accepted as an appropriate way to solve it. President Johnson was determined to make the eradication （根除）of poverty the great achievement of his administration---comparable to Roosevelt’s New Deal in the 1930s.
Fight against Poverty(3)
However, the United States became embroiled （卷入）in a long, costly, unwinnable war in Southeast Asia (the Vietnam War), which distracted public & congressional attention, diverted national resources from the poverty programs, & finally drove Johnson from office. Public awareness of the problem had increased, the poor had benefited from some of the new programs, but the basic problem of widespread poverty remained.
美国社会与文化各章内容要点
Unit 1 American BeginningsSix main regions of America:New England, Middle Atlantic, The South, The Midwest,The Southwest, The WestThe Mid-Atlantic States (also called Middle Atlantic States or simply the Mid Atlantic) form a region of the United States generally located between New England and the South. Its exact definition differs upon source, but the region often includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington D.C., and sometimes Virginia and West Virginia.The continental United States (the 48 contiguous states) is divided into 4 time zones:∙Eastern Standard Time (EST), the time zone New Y ork is in, which is 5 hours behind Greenwich mean Time (GMT) ∙Central Standard Time (CST), the time zone Chicago is in, which is 6 hours behind Greenwich Meantime (GMT) ∙Mountain Standard Time (MST), which is 7 hours behind Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)∙Pacific Standard Time (PST), the time zone Los Angeles is in, which is 8 hours behind Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)Alaska and Hawaii have their own time zones: Alaska Standard Time (AKST) and Hawaii Standard Time (HST) respectivelyI.INTRODUCTIONa federal republica federation of 50 states and 1 federal district (District of Columbia)population: 303,824,6403. major cities:◆New York (largest city, “Big Apple”),◆Chicago (2nd largest city),◆Los Angeles (3nd largest city),Detroit: Motor City汽车城,4. states:1Vermont，2New Hampshire,3Massachusetts, 4Connecticut,5Rhode Island, 6New Jersey,7Maryland, 8DelawareNational symbol: Uncle Samlargest state: Alaska2nd largest state: Texas3rd largest state but most populous: Californiasmallest state: Rhode Island6.longest river: the Mississippi (the U.S.A.)longest river: River Severn塞文河（the UK）5 lakes:Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario5II.* America: a melting pot大熔炉or a mosaic马赛克?a nation of immigrants, a nation of nations, a microcosm of the world, a melting pot,(mainsteam culture: W ASP culture = white Anglo-Saxon protestant), a mosaic (a salad bowl) ==a multicultural society/cultural diversity/ cultural pluralismIII. the discovery of America2 immigration movements to American continents:1) from Asia2) from Europe & Africa1492: Columbus discovered the New World (America)3 earliest colonial powers in the worldSpain, Portugal, the NetherlandsIV. Europe in the 16th and 17th Centuries1.Medieval Europe: prevalent religion---the Roman Catholic Church2. 3 new forces led to the awakening of Europe and the discovery ofAmerica1)the development of capitalism2)the Renaissance3)the Religious/Protestant Reformationleaders: Martin Luther, John Calvin, King Henry VIII: Church of EnglandVI. Colonial Period: 1607---17761.Virginia: by the London Company in 1607, the first Englishpermanent colony in North America*Newfoundland 纽芬兰established in 1583Jamestown----James I (Gold--→tobacco)2.Puritan New England:by PuritansEngland--→Holland--→Plymouth, Massachussetsthe Pilgrim Fathers:清教移民先驱the ship Mayflower, Thanksgiving Day3.Maryland: by a Catholic: the 2nd Lord Baltimorethe manor system: a feudal experiment plan (failed)----→a capitalist development roadindentured servants白人契约奴4.Quaker PensylvaniaPhiladelphia (“a city of brotherly love”)philanthropy=fraternity博爱by a Quaker: William Penn---- the Holy Experimentseparation of state and churchQuakerism=the society of friends 贵格会，教友派(quake: shake) Quakers’ beliefs: man was not born sinful, but equal; liberty and equality cf: the UK-- a society with social hierarchyVII. The American Revolution (1775-1783)The American Revolution = The American War of Independence (1775-1783)1. Background1756-1763: the Seven Years’ War=the French and Indian War (England and France)→ British conflict with its 13 American colonies2. Major events:1)1773: Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件2)1774: the 1st Continental Congress3)April 18th, 1775: the gunshot of Lexington 莱克星顿(the 1st gunshotof the American Revolution) and Concord4)1775：the 2nd Continental Congress in Philadelphiaassume the function of a national governmentGeorge Washington as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army 5)July 4th, 1776: Declaration of Independnce: Thomas Jefferson+Benjamin Franklinunalienable rights: life, liberty and the pursuit of happinessJohn Locke（*4th, 1776: Independence Day of the U.S.*）6)1783: birth of America (the Treaty of Paris)Unit 2: The Political System in the United States 1. Two American constitutions(1) The Articles of Confederation (1781.3.1-1788.6.21) 邦联条款WEAKNESS: Under the Articles, the Congress could not tax or draft any citizen.state government > national government--- *the 1st written constitution of its kind in the world, formed a league of friendship among the states, cannot ensure peace or prosperity, an agricultural country*(2) The Constitution of the United States (passed in the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia1787.9.17, adopted in 1789)--- by the Constitutional Convention: 12 states participated except Rhode Island--- the present constitution of the U.S.2 fears: tyranny/monarchy + anarchyprinciples:1) set up a federal system2) separation of powers: a three-part national government3) the system of checks and balances4) America as a republic (rather than a confederation)5) the supremacy of people over government6) the rule of law2. Separation of Powers: a three-part national government(1) Legislative Branch: bicameral legislatureCongress: 1> the House of Representative (435)2> the Senate (100)(2) Executive Branchthe president: four-year term, only two terms,veto +appointment +foreign relations with other countries;the vice president: =presiding officer of the Senate, cast a tie-breaking vote;the secretary of stateimpeachment(3) Judicial Branch1) the Supreme Court: 1 chief justice+8 associate justices,jurisdiction + power of judicial review2) 11 federal Courts of appeal3) 91 federal district courts3. Check and Balances4. Bill of Rights人权法案1791 – (10 amendments to the Constitution)→1991 – (16 others)5. Political Parties: bipartisan system1> the Democratic Party –“donkey” – liberal2> the Republican Party –“elephant” – conservative✧the Democratic Party (LEFT) (1792)✧the Republican Party(1854) (RIGHT)the “New Deal” – Franklin Rooseveltin-party执政党=ruling/governing partyout-party在野党附：1787 the Constitution1783 the birth of America1791 the first amendment to the Constitution1991 the second amendmentChapter 3 American Economy1 Industrial Revolutionthe American Revolutionthe Industrial RevolutionAlexanden Hamilton: a protective tariff to encourage businessFour Developments1 the introduction of the factory systemRhode Island – the first factory-- by Samuel Slater2 the “American system” of mass production“Eli Whitney” – the cotton gin-- rifles3 the application of new technologies to industrial tasks.The steam engine4 the emergency of new forms of business organization – the bank and thecorporation1863 paper currencyFinally: the construction of railroad 1) capital 2) business activities 3)settlement 4)coal, iron… the heavy industry 5) farm toolsthe rise and decline of industries1 the auto industry2 the new industry --- 1) “high-tech” industries2) service industries2 Free Enterprise“capital”“lending money” à “share” à “stock exchange”3 the Roots of Affluence1) bountiful natural resources 2) the vast dimension 3) a steady population4 American Agriculture1) the foundation of American economy2) the success of agriculture “agribusiness”3) the dark side4) “migrant workers”5) the harm to environmentChapter 4 Religion in the U.S.1. American mainsteam culture: W ASP culture = white Anglo-Saxon protestant2. Characteristics: Religious liberty, equality and diversity, separation of state and church, …3. Protestants: the largest church in the U.S.Baptists, Methodists, (Lutherans, Congregationalists, Quakers, Episcopalians …)Catholics: the largest single religious group in the U.S.Jews: the 3rd largest religious group4. Three faiths model of the U.S.:Protestantism, Catholicism, Judaism (or: Protestant, Catholic, Jewish) 5. non-western religions:Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam （believers：muslims, their God called Allah Chapter 6 Education in the United States1 Going to School in America Today1) the goal of American education2) SchoolsPublic schools 85% -- tax – boards of educationPrivate schools 5% -- religious groups2 Education – a Local Matter13 years of education3 What an American Student LearnsElementary SchoolSecondary School (a high school diploma)4 Education in a New Nation1) Harvard College: founded in 1636 to train religious ministers2) Puritans – a system of education1 compulsory education2 public taxation5 Learning to be World Citizens6 Higher Education1/3: higher educationthe system of higher education1 the university2 the college3 the technical training institution4 the community college7 Selecting a College or University1) What degrees does it offer?1 the bachelor’s degree: (B.A., B.S.)2 the master’s degree: (M.A., M.S.)3 the doctor’s degree: (ph D.)2) What curricula does it offer?Major + electives3) Three sources of income1 student tuition2 endowment3 government funding8 Trends in Degree Programs9 Education for All1) 1944: “the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act” = (“GI Bill of Rights”)– veterans.–promise financial aid, including aid for higher education, to members of the armed forcesbackground: WWII, the Korean War (June 25, 1950 -- July 27, 1953)*The Korean War (June 25, 1950 -- July 27, 1953): refers to a period ofmilitary conflict between North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and South Korea(officially the Republic of Korea) regimes. The conflict arose from the attempts of the two Korean powers to re-unify Korea under their respective governments. The period immediately before the war was marked by escalating border conflicts at the 38th Parallel and attempts to negotiate elections for the entirety of Korea.[23]These negotiations ended when the North Korean Army invaded the South on June 25, 1950. Under the aegis of the United Nations, nations allied with the United States intervened on behalf of South Korea. After rapid advances in a South Korean counterattack, North-allied Chinese forces intervened on behalf of North Korea, shifting the balance of the war and ultimately leading to an armistice that approximately restored the original boundaries between North and Southresults: Women’s Liberation Movements = feminism2) late 1960s: “Affirmative Acti on ProgramS” -- minorities* The term affirmative action or positive action[1][2] (in the U.K.) refers to policies that take race, ethnicity, or gender into consideration in an attempt to promote equal opportunity. The focus of such policies ranges from employment and education to public contracting and health programs. The impetus towards affirmative action is twofold: to maximize diversity in all levels of society, along with its presumed benefits, and to redress perceived disadvantages due to overt, institutional, or involuntary discrimination.*Chapter 7 Social Movement of the 1960s1 Background and Definition1.1 Two events1) 1955: Montgomery Bus Boycott: Rosa Parks --- the true beginning of the civil rights movement2) 1960: Greensboro “Sit-in” --- began the civil rights movement in the 1960s1.2 Social Movement of the 1960s:The civil rights movementThe youth (anti-war) movementThe wome n’s liberation movement1.3 Slogans“We shall overcome!” (Martin Luther King, Jr.)“Let it all hang out!” “Hell, no, we won’t go!”“Speak your minds without interruption.”2 Why did the Social Movement Begin?2.1 the Ku Klux Klan2.2 traditional white male values, the Vietnam War (1959-1975)2.3 1944: “the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act” = (“GI Bill of Rights”)–promise financial aid, including aid for higher education, to members of the armed forces–or: subsidized education and home ownership for veterans of the WWII and the Korean War (June 25, 1950 -- July 27, 1953)3 Who worked in the Social Movement?3.1 activists:male, Negro leaders;young people, white professionals and white housewives3.2 strategies and tacticsnonviolent direct action tactics (influenced by an Indian, Gandhi)like “sit-ins”, “teach-ins”(about the war in Vietnam), “freedom rides,” freedom speech, voter registration*sit-in: a form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to moven.室内静坐抗议, 室内静坐罢工teach-in: an extended session (as on a college campus) for lectures and discussion on an important and usually controversial issuen. （大学师生举行的）时事宣讲会，讨论会，辩论会*4 What is a Social Movement?Two characteristics“struct ure and spontaneity”5 The Civil Rights Movement1955: Montgomery Bus Boycott -- Rosa ParksNAACP6 Organizations(SNCC) the Students Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: collective leadership(CORE) the Congress of Racial Equality(SCLC) the Southern Christian Leadership Conference: Martin Luther King, Jr.7 Direct Action Tactics“sit-ins”,“teach-ins”“freedom rides”V oter registration1963: Martin Luther King --- “I have a dream”;President John F. Kennedy was assassinatedresults:1964: President Johnson – the Civil Rights Act8 Changes1965: President Johnson: “war on poverty”Malcolm X – northern ghettos: black separatism and violence Stokeley Carmichael: “Black power”1966; “march against fear”; Black Panther Party for Self Defense 1968 Martin Luther King & Robert Kennedy were assassinated9 The Y outh Movement / Anti-war MovementMario Savio“Free Speech Movement”a “Counter culture”: the “Hippies” =the “love generation”The Vietnam War occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from 1959[1] to 30 April 1975. The war was fought between the communist North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other member nations of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).[11][12]The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. Military advisors arrived beginning in 1950. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s and combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Involvement peaked in 1968 at the time of the Tet Offensive. Despite a peace treaty signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting continued. InApril 1975, North Vietnam captured Saigon. North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year.The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, including 3 to 4 million Vietnamese from both sides, 1.5 to 2 million Laotians and Cambodians, and 58,159 U.S. soldiers.[13]●John F. Kennedy's administration, 1960–1963●President Johnson expands the war, 1963–1969●President Nixon: Nixon Doctrine / Vietnamization, 1969–1972●Exit of the Americans: 1973-1975Vietnam War memorial in the new Chinatown in Houston, TexasA U.S. B-66 Destroyer and four F-105 Thunderchiefs dropping bombs on North Vietnam10 T he Women’s Movement10.1 started by/advocates:Professional womenWhite housewivesYoung activists in the civil rights and anti-war movement10.2 Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique (1963)10.3 By an accident (1964 – the Civil Rights Act)10.4 organization: 1966 -- the National Organization for Women (NOW)Feminism is the idea that women should have political, social, sexual, intellectual and economic rights equal to those of men. It involves various movements, theories, and philosophies, all concerned with issues of gender difference, that advocate equality for women and the campaign for women's rights and interests.[1][2][3][4][5] According to Maggie Humm and Rebecca Walker, the history of feminism can be divided into three waves.[4][6]The first wave was in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the second was in the 1960s and 1970s, and the third extends from the 1990s to the present.The Feminine MystiqueBetty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique (1963) criticized the idea that women could only find fulfillment through childrearing and homemaking. According to Friedan's obituary in the The New York Times, The Feminine Mystique“ignited the contemporary women's movement in 1963 and as a result permanently transformed the social fabric of the United States and countries around the world” and “is widely regarded asone of the most influential nonfiction bo oks of the 20th century.”[34] In the book Friedan hypothesizes that women are victims of a false belief system that requires them to find identity and meaning in their lives through their husbands and children. Such a system causes women to completely lose their identity in that of their family. Friedan specifically locates this system among post-World War II middle-class suburban communities. At the same time, America's post-war economic boom had led to the development of new technologies that were supposed to make household work less difficult, but that often had the result of making women's work less meaningful and valuable.[35]ConclusionBlacks have made impressive gains in both political and economic life. However, racism is still a incorrigible/ingrained problem in the U.S.. White and black Americans, still live in different worlds. Poverty continues to be an overwhelming problem for blacks.Lacking support from the great masses and suppressed by the government, the American youth movement ended in failure, and student radicalism had virtually disappeared by 1972. But their rebellion has brought about tremendous changes. American society is showing an increased tolerance of diversity, sympathy and multual respect between people.Women’s status has been greatly improved, but there still exists some practices based on gender biases in job opportunities, management and politics.There is still a long way to go.Chapter 8 Social Problems in the United StatesOutline introduction1. Racial problems:1) American citizensAnglo-saxon ---the priviledged majoritythe Hispanics –-largest of the racial and ethnic minoritiesThe blacks -11.7% --- 2nd largest of the racial and ethnic minoritiesNative Americans-- racial and ethnic minorityAsian Americans-- racial and ethnic minority2) the end of the slaveryThe Civil WarLincoln’s emancipation of slaves in 1863The 13th Amendment to the Constitution in1865*American-----a melting pot or a mosaic?III. Discussion: the black-white relations in the United States2. Povertysocially stratified American society3. Drug Abuse4. Crime1) President Nixon: 1974 resign from presidency due to involvementin the Watergate Affair2) white-collar crime5. The abuse of power by government and corporations1)corporations: interest groups2)FBI3)CIA--- test LSD on people used as guinea pigsDiscussion:the black-white relations in the United StatesAssignment1. Is America a melting pot or a mosaic?2. The author says that the United States was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you have learned from the book.3. Discuss the black-white relations in the US.1 Racial Problems = racism*theory: racial hierarchy, racial excusion (eg. White supremacy/superiority)*discrimination against blacks and other minorities:Anglo-saxon -majorityHispanicsThe blacks -11.7%- minoritiesNative AmericansAsian Americansthe black “underclass”(“最低层”黑人)The majority of the blacks today have failed to share in the general gains(收获) of progress made recently. The urban ghettos（黑人聚居区）now contain a permanently impoverished (贫穷的)“underclass” of habitually unemployed or underemployed（半失业的）black people. 2) the end of the slaveryThe Civil WarLincoln’s emancipation of slaves in 1863The 13th Amendment to the Constitution in1865After 1960s, many American blacks began to have a new mood. (1) Blacks felt that the black community ought to coexist with other groups.(2) Blacks felt that “black is beautiful”. (3) Blacks felt more and more proud of themselves.2 Poverty as a social problemsocially stratified American societyThe U.S is one of the most wealthy countries in the world. Yet over 24 million people or about 10% of the population are living at or below the official poverty line. There are millions more, living slightly above the poverty line, whose plight is not much better. Also, the social services in the U.S compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies. Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies. Therefore,as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation.4 Crimewhichbecame the only U.S. president to have resigned from office.---The profile of a typical criminal (典型的罪犯形象)criminal would be than*Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the37th President of the United States (1969–1974) and the only president to resign the office. He was also the 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961). In 1968, Nixon was elected president of the United States. The most immediate task facing President Nixon was the Vietnam War. He initially escalated the conflict, overseeing secret bombing campaigns, but soon withdrew American troops and successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending American involvement in the war. His foreign policy was largely successful; he opened relations with the People's Republic of China and initiated détente with the Soviet Union. Domestically, he implemented new economic policies which called for wage and price control and the abolition of the gold standard. He was reelected by a landslide in 1972. In his second term, the nation was afflicted with economic difficulties. In the face of likely impeachment for his role in the Watergate scandal,[1] Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. Nixon was later pardoned by his successor, Gerald Ford, for any federal crimes he may have committed while in office.*5 The Abuse of Power by Government and Corporations滥用职权---the abuse of power by governmentJohnson and Nixon administrations deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal.who were unaware that they were being used as guinea pig试验品, and had caused several deaths in the process. CIA还在许多人身上进行各种实验，包括实验可使脑神经紊乱的麻醉药LSD, 被试验的人自己完全不知道他们被当成试验品。
新编大学英语 1 Unit 8 背景知识之social problems in the USA
Social Problems in the USAGender discrimination is widespread in almost every aspect of U.S. society. American women have not yet enjoyed equal constitutional rights compared with men. Women in the United States not only have a weak voice in politics, but also are discriminated against in terms of employment, job status and wages. The labor protection standards for women are below the international norms, and sexual violence, sexual harassment and domestic violence against women are also rampant in the United States.A report released in November 2000 by an American institute studying the policy on women showed that women are paid an average of 26 percent less than their male colleagues. The number of female prisoners has been increasing markedly in the United States, and they often are the victims of various abuses. Since 1980, the number of prisoners In the United States has tripled, while that of female prisoners has quadrupled. A report released by the U.S. Government in December 1999 showed that accusation against jail officers of sexual abuse and other negligent behavior are widespread and criminal prosecution of prison guards for abuse of power has been on the rise.The majority of female prisoners who have been sexually assaulted cannot get access to adequate legal protection. The state of Michigan stipulates explicitly that prisoners are not protected by civil rights laws.Many children in the United States are threatened by poverty. According to an investigation conducted by UNICEF, the poverty rate of children in the United States ranks second among the 29 members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.In the United States, at least 290,000 children are working in factories, mines and farms where working conditions are dangerous. Children working on farms often have to work 20 hours a day and run the risk of pesticide poisoning, injury and permanent disability. They account for 8 percent of the country’s total child workers, while the job-related deaths among them make up 40 percent of the country’s total occupational death toll. Among these child farm laborers, merely 55 percent have graduated from high school. It is estimated that there are one million cases of human rights violations against these child farm workers in the Untied States every year.During the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couple promise each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce rate has more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriages that occurred in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce. The U.S.A. has one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest.What goes wrong? The fact that divorce is so common in the United States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual, unimportant relationship. Just the opposite is true. Americans expect a great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, and intellectual compatibility. They want to be deeply loved and understood. It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many get divorced. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love and understanding. With typical American optimism, they end one marriage in hope that the next will be happier. With no-fault divorce laws in many states, it is easier than ever to get a divorce. Some American women stay in unhappy marriages because they don’t have the education or job experience to support themselves and their children. But most American women believe that, if necessary, they can make it alone without a husband. All things considered, Americans have little reason to continue an unhappy marriage.Which marriages are most likely to end in divorce? Marriages between people with low incomes or limited education and marriages between teenagers are at greatest risk. The number of divorces between couples with children under the age of 18 is declining, and almost 45% of divorcing couples are childless.When a couple gets divorced, the court may require the man to pay his former wife a monthly sum of money called alimony. The amount of alimony depends on the husband’s income, the wife’s needs, and the length of the marriage. If the woman is working and earns a good salary, she may receive no alimony at all. Occasionally, the court decides that a woman should pay her husband alimony. About 10% of American women outearn their husbands. If the woman has totally supported her husband during the marriage, the court may decide that she must continue to support him after the divorce. This is a rather new concept in the United States.If a divorcing couple has children, the court must determine which parent the children will live with and who will provide for their support. In most cases, the children live with the mother, and the father pays child support and has visitation rights. However, it is not uncommon for a father to get full custody or joint custody of his children when this arrangement seems to be in the children’s best interest.The hig h risk of divorce doesn’t seem to make Americans afraid to try marriage—again and again. By middle age, about 95% of Americans have been married at least once. About 80% of those who get divorced eventually remarry. Only in Japan is the married proportion of the population as high as it is in the U.S.A. In fact, remarriage and the creation of new families is so common in the United States that one American joke tells of a wife calling to her second husband, “Quick, John! Come here and help me! Your children and my children are beating up our children!”Despite the dominance of the married lifestyle, the number of people choosing alternative lifestyles is increasing, and their behavior is increasingly accepted by the general population. The number of unmarried couples living together rose from about 500,000 in 1970 to about 2.6 million in 1988. Many older people are horrified by the growing trend of unmarried couples living together. However, it is not just an American trend. It’s even more common in Europe th an in the U.S.A. Another alternative to the traditional marriage is the homosexual relationship. Scientists estimate that about 4% of American men and 1.5% of American women are homosexuals. Many homosexuals live with someone of their own sex, and sometimes these relationships last for many years, with the same loyalty and emotional attachment as in a happy marriage.相关词语Related Words and Expressionssexual harassment 性骚扰rampant 猖獗；遏制不住triple （使）三倍于；（使）成三倍quadruple （使）四倍于；（使）成四倍toll （健康、生命等因疾病，意外事件而付出的）代价；be sexually assaulted 遭受性侵害UNICEF----United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund 联合国儿童基金会相关词语Related Words and Expressionsthe structure of the family 家庭结构nuclear family 核心家庭a good provider 好当家divorce rate 离婚率compatibility 投缘，相容，不矛盾alimony 丈夫在分居或离婚后付给妻子的赡养费full custody 全部监护权homosexual 同性恋的。
美国文化课件14. Am-social problems in the U.S.
the Watts Riot in 1965
The Slave Auction
Poverty
By many standards the United States is the most favorably wealthy society in history. Yet over 24 million people, more than 1 American in 10, are living at or below the official poverty line, on incomes that the federal government considers insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing, and shelter. Further more, the affluent majority sometimes seems indifferent to the problems of the poorest section of the population. Poverty in the United States does not simply mean that the poor do not live quite as well as other citizens. Poverty can also mean low self-esteem, despair, and stunting of human potential.
Poverty
The problem of poverty in the United States is aggravated because it occurs in a society in which the overall distribution of wealth and income is very unequal. The continued existence of poverty in a generally affluent American society raises serious moral questions—and inevitably creates fierce confliction of interest and many political controversies.
Unit-10-Social-problems-in-the-USA-美国社会问题英文版
Poverty of a rich world ― American poverty
1998年每天生活费低于1美元人口分布
24.3% 43.5%
23.2%
2.0% 6.5% 0.5%
east asia 欧洲和中亚 拉丁美洲和加勒比 中东和北非 南亚 撒哈拉以南非洲
Current situation
antidiscrimination
Racism in the United States has been a major issue since the colonial era. Historically, the country has been dominated by white.
The origin of racial problems
In spite of the gains of the Civil Rights Movement, racial problems still exist.
The laws have changed, but some people-on all sides of the color spectrum-remain prejudiced.
Lincoln’s emancipation of slavery in 1863.
The Emancipation Proclame great civil rights movement whose goals were to end segregation laws completely and fight for equal rights for the colored people,
cause
solution
Current situation
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contributed to racial conflicts that have been a persistent social problem to American society.
The history of racial problems
The first blacks were brought to North American in 1619 .
liTkhee slave auction
Civil War
The Northern states had all outlawed slavery by1830,
but the Southern state maintained the institution until it was finally ended by the civil war,
Speech on Race •
• “But race is an issue that I believe this nation cannot afford to ignore right now.”
---- Barack Hussein Obama
Language and racial
discrimination
present situation
The current status of black Americans presents a mixed picture.
The elimination of legal barriers to their advancement has been a major gain,
Blackguard blacklist black sheep Black lie
Dutch bargain Dutch widow Dutch Courage
He works like a Negro
The history
The origin
psPsiirrtteueussaaeettinoniotntn
Unlike most other peoples,
American are primarily a nation of immigrants.
The citizens or their ancestors immigrated from many parts of the globe.
Though people all share a common American culture, the nation contains many racial and ethnic subcultures with their own distinctive characteristics.
Within a few decades the
demand for their cheap
labor led to a massive
slave trade that ultimately
transported some 400 000
Africans to this continent,
where they were sold cattle at auctions.
antidiscrimination
Racism in the United States has been a major issue since the colonial era. Historically, the country has been dominated by white.
The origin of racial problems
after that, many American blacks began to have a new mood.
Martin Luther King encouraged black people to use nonviolent means to achieve their goals of equal
In spite of the gains of the Civil Rights Movement, racial problems still exist.
The laws have changed, but some people-on all sides of the color spectrum-remain prejudiced.
treatment. Finally, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act
of 1964 to stop discrimination in all public places.
The blacks and the whites still regard each other as an enemy
Lincoln’s emancipation of slavery in 1863.
The Emancipatioe great civil rights movement whose goals were to end segregation laws completely and fight for equal rights for the colored people,
Social problems in the united states
Contents
Racial problems Poverty Drug abuse Crime
The Abuse of Power by Government and Corporations
第十节：社会问题 — 种族问题—奥巴马
but institutionalized discrimination is still rife.
12.00% 10.00%
8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00%
There is a world of difference between the two.