暨南大学《微观经济学》 (10)
暨南大学《经济学》考博历年真题详解(微观经济学部分)

微观经济学部分消费者理论部分1。
简述基数效用论与序数效用论的区别(2008年简)答:基数效用论和序数效用论是解释消费者行为的两种不同理论。
二者在分析消费者行为时有着明显的区别。
具体表现在:①假设不同.基数效用论假设消费者商品所获得的效用是可以度量的,即效用的大小可以用基数大小来表示,并且每增加一个单位商品所带来的效用增加具有递减规律;序数效用论则认为,消费者商品所获得的效用水平只可以进行排序,只可以用序数来表示效用的高低,而效用的大小及特征表示在无差异曲线中。
②使用的分析方法不同。
基数效用论使用MU以及预算约束条件来分析效用最大化条件。
而序数效用论则以无差异曲线和预算约束线为工具来分析消费者均衡。
③所表述的消费者均衡的实现条件是不一样的。
其中前者表述为MUx/Px=λ,后者表述为MRSxy=Px/Py。
以上分析方法上的区别,只是以不同的方式表达了消费者行为的一般规律。
除此以外,二者有又许多相同之处:①两者都是从市场的需求着手,通过推导需求曲线来说明需求曲线的任一点都表示消费者获得了效用最大化。
②两者都是一种消费者行为理论,都把消费者的行为看做是在既定的收入限制条件下追求最大化效用的过程.③两者都以边际效用理论为基础,认为商品的价值或价格是由商品带给消费者的边际效用的大小来决定的。
④两者推到的曲线具有相同的趋势,都符合需求规律。
2。
供给曲线的移动、沿着供给曲线的移动.(2011简)答:供给量的变动和供给的变动是两个相互联系而又相互区别的概念.供给量的变动和供给的变动都是供给数量的变动,它们的区别在于引起这两种变动的因素是不相同的,而且,这两种变动在几何图形中的表现也是不相同的。
供给量的变动表现为沿着供给曲线移动,而供给的变动表现为供给曲线的移动。
供给量的变动是指在其他条件不变的前提下,由某种商品的价格变动所引起的该商品的供给数量的变动。
在几何图形中,供给量的变动表现为商品的价格-供给数量组合点沿着同一条既定的供给曲线的运动.供给的变动是指在商品价格不变的前提下,由于其他因素变动所引起的该商品的供给数量的变动.这里的“其他因素变动"是指生产要素的价格、生产的技术水平、生产者对未来的预期,以及政府税收、补贴和管制等。
暨南大学微观经济学

C、任何两条等产量线不能相交。
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D、等产量线凸向原点。
3、边际技术替代率MRTS Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution 1)定义 边际技术替代率:表示在保持产出不变前提下
增加一种投入品的数量与减少另一种投入品数 量之比。
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2、柯布-道格拉斯(Cobb-Dauglas)生 产函数
美国数学家柯布和经济学家道格拉斯提出的 生产函数公式:
Q = AL Kβ ,(0<、β<1, A表示技术进 步)
Q = 1.01L0.75 K0.25 劳动贡献为3/4,资本贡献为1/4(当时的情
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边际产量MP(Marginal Product) :增加
一单位某种生产要素所增加的产量。
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2、举例:连续投入劳动Labor--L
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完全互补品的产量线(Perfect Complements)
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暨南大学 微观经济学习题集

Exercises for MicroeconomicsChapter 1问题1 ScarcityA. is the inability to satisfy all our wants.B. leads to higher prices.C. applies only to people living in poverty.D. is not something that affects very rich people.E. used to exist everywhere but has been eliminated in advanced economies.问题2 The study of economics is best described as a study ofA. the factors that influence the stock and bond markets.B. capitalism.C. the choices made in producing goods and services.D. coping with scarcity, and choices made as a result of scarcity in a society.E. how people earn a living.问题3 Microeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with which of the following topics?A. The behavior of individual consumersB. Unemployment and interest ratesC. The behavior of individual firms and investorsD. B and CE. A and C问题4 A Rolling Stones song goes: ʺY ou canʹt always get what you want.ʺThis echoes an importanttheme from microeconomics. Which of the following statements is the best example of thistheme?A. Consumers must make the best purchasing decisions they can, given their limitedincomes.B. Workers do not have as much leisure as they would like, given their wages and workingconditions.C. Workers in planned economies, such as North Korea, do not have much choice over jobs.D. Firms in market economies have limited financial resources.问题5 Economics is about the allocation of scarce resources. Which of the following is NOT anexample of economic scarcity?A. If Steve goes to see the movie Master and Commander on Saturday, he will not be able to afford buying ice cream.B. If Jenny studies for her economics quiz this evening, she will not have time to walk herdog.C. If General Motors increases its production of SUVs this year, it will have to spend moreon advertising.D. If Borders Books increases the number of titles it carries, it will have to reallocate shelf space to accommodate the new titles.问题6 A valid and useful theory of gold prices:A. helps to predict the movements of gold prices over time.B. may be founded on simplifying assumptions.C. need not exactly predict every change in gold prices.D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题7 Which of the following is a positive statement?A. The President of the United States ought to be elected by a direct vote of the American people rather than the Electoral College.B. A fundamental assumption of the economic theory of consumer behavior is that consumers always prefer having more of any good to having less of it.C. Because many adults cannot afford to go to college, tax credits for tuition should be introduced.D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题8 Which of the following is a normative statement?A. The taxes paid by the poor should be reduced in order to improve the incomedistribution in the U.S.B. State governments should not subsidize corporations by training welfare recipients.C. Presidential candidates should not be given funds from the federal government to runcampaigns.D. The sea otter should not be allowed to spread into Southern California coastal waters, because it will reduce the value of fisheries.E. all of the above问题9 Which of the following is a positive statement?A. Intermediate microeconomics should be required of all economics majors in order to build a solid foundation in economic theory.B. The minimum wage should not be increased because this action would increase unemployment.C. Smoking should be restricted on all airline flights.D. All automobile passengers should be required to wear seatbelts in order to protect them against injury.E. none of the above问题10 Which of the following is a positive statement?A. When the price of a good goes up, consumers buy less of it.B. When the price of a good goes up, firms produce more of it.C. When the Federal government sells bonds, interest rates rise and private investment is reduced.D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题11 The key assumption underlying the theory of the firm is that:A. firms are assumed to maximize sales revenue.B. managers are assumed to maximize the number of employees in their department.C. firms are assumed to maximize profits.D. none of the above问题12 Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The trade-offs facing consumers and producers are based on prices.B. All prices are determined by market interactions between buyers and sellers.C. Prices serve an important role in microeconomics.D. Only A and B above false.E. Only B and C above are false.问题13 The trade-offs facing consumers include:A. how to allocate income across goods and serves.B. how to allocate income between consumption and savings.C. both A and BD. none of the above问题14 The trade-offs facing workers include all of the following EXCEPT:A. decision to work or remain outside the workforce.B. decision to work or seek additional education.C. decision to work for a large corporation or a small firm.D. decision to allocate their time between work and leisure.E. All of the above are trade-offs facing workers.问题15 Firms face trade-offs in production, including decisions related to:A. which products to produce.B. how much of a particular product to produce.C. the best way to produce a given amount of output.D. all of the above问题16 The price of a taco was $0.29 in 1970 and $0.99 in 1993. The CPI was 38.8 in 1970 and 144.0 in 1993. The 1993 price of a taco in 1970 dollars is:A. $0.08.B. $0.27.C. $0.34.D. $3.67.问题17 Which of the following markets has the most restrictive geographic boundary?A. The market for retail gasolineB. The market for housingC. The market for goldD. The market for beef问题18 Why is market definition important for economic decision making?A. A firm is interested in knowing its actual and potential competitors.B. A firm will define its market in order to maximize revenue.C. Government regulators are interested in knowing the effect of mergers and acquisitions on competition and prices in a particular market.D. both A and CE. both A and B问题19 What does it mean when the CPI is higher this year than last?A. The rate of inflation has increased.B. There has been inflation since last year.C. Real prices have increased.D. Real prices have decreased.问题20 Which of the following could not possibly be included in the same market as Coke?A. A) PepsiB. GatoradeC. MilkD. BreadChapter 2问题1 Which of the following is NOT an application of supply and demand analysis?A. Understanding changing world economic conditions and their effects on pricesB. Evaluating the effects of government price controls on the agricultural industryC. Determining how taxes affect aggregate consumption spending patternsD. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题2 A supply curve reveals:A. the quantity of output consumers are willing to purchase at each possible market price.B. the difference between quantity demanded and quantity supplied at each price.C. the maximum level of output an industry can produce, regardless of price.D. the quantity of output that producers are willing to produce and sell at each possible market price.问题3 Plastic and steel are substitutes in the production of body panels for certain automobiles. If the price of plastic increases, with other things remaining the same, we would expect:A. the price of steel to fall.B. the demand curve for steel to shift to the right.C. the demand curve for plastic to shift to the left.D. nothing to happen to steel because it is only a substitute for plastic.E. the demand curve for steel to shift to the left.问题4 Coffee and cream:A. are both luxury goods.B. are complements.C. are both more inelastic in demand in the long run than in the short run.D. have a positive cross price elasticity of demand.问题5 Which of the following would shift the demand curve for new textbooks to the right?A. A fall in the price of paper used in publishing textsB. A fall in the price of equivalent used textbooksC. An increase in the number of students attending collegeD. A fall in the price of new textbooks.问题6 When an industryʹs raw material costs increase, other things remaining the same,A. the supply curve shifts to the left.B. the supply curve shifts to the right.C. output increases regardless of the market price and the supply curve shifts upward.D. output decreases and the market price also decreases.问题7 Sugar can be refined from sugar beets. When the price of those beets falls,A. the demand curve for sugar would shift right.B. the demand curve for sugar would shift left.C. the supply curve for sugar would shift right.D. the supply curve for sugar would shift left.问题8 Assume that steak and potatoes are complements. When the price of steak goes up, the demand curve for potatoes:A. shifts to the left.B. shifts to the right.C. remains constant.D. shifts to the right initially and then returns to its original position.问题9 Which of the following events will cause a leftward shift in the supply curve of gasoline?A. A decrease in the price of gasolineB. An increase in the wage rate of refinery workersC. Decrease in the price of crude oilD. An improvement in oil refining technologyE. all of the above问题10 Which of the following will NOT cause a shift in the supply of gasoline?A. An increase in the wage rate of refinery workersB. A decrease in the price of gasolineC. An improvement in oil refiningD. technologyA decrease in the price of crude oil问题11 You are analyzing the demand for good X. Which of the following will result in a shift to the right of the demand curve for X?A. A decrease in the price of XB. An increase in the price of a good that is a complement to good XC. An increase in the price of a good that is a substitute for XD. all of the above问题12 The price of good A goes up. As a result, the demand for good B shifts to the left. From this we can infer that:A. good A is used to produce goodB.B. good B is used to produce good A.C. goods A and B are substitutes.D. goods A and B are complements.E. none of the above问题13 Which of the following will cause the demand curve for Beatlesʹcompact discs to shift to the right?A. An increase in the price of the discsB. A decrease in consumersʹincomesC. An increase in the price of Phil Collins' latest compact disc (a substitute)D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题14 Which of the following will NOT cause a rightward shift in the demand curve for beer?A. A change in the price of beerB. A health study indicating positive health benefits of moderate beer consumptionC. An increase in the price of French wine (a substitute)D. A decrease in the price of potato chips (a complement)E. none of the above问题15 Suppose biochemists discover an enzyme that can double the amount of ethanol that may be derived from a given amount of biomass. Based on this technological development, we expect the:A. supply curve for ethanol to shift leftward.B. supply curve for ethanol to shift rightward.C. demand curve for ethanol to shift leftward.D. demand curve for ethanol to shift rightward.问题16 Due to the recent increase in the price of natural gas, the quantity of coal demanded by electric power generation plants has increased. Based on this information, coal and natural gas are:A. complements.B. substitutes.C. independent goods.D. none of the above问题17 To protect the cod fishery off the northeast coast of the U.S., the federal government may limit the amount of fish that each boat can catch in the fishery. The result of this public policy is to:A. shift the cod demand curve to the left.B. shift the cod demand curve to the right.C. shift the cod supply curve to the right.D. shift the cod supply curve to the left.问题18 When the current price is above the market-clearing level we would expect:A. quantity demanded to exceed quantity supplied.B. quantity supplied to exceed quantity demanded.C. a shortage.D. greater production to occur during the next period.问题19 Assume that the current market price is below the market clearing level. We would expect:A. a surplus to accumulate.B. B) downward pressure on the current market price.C. upward pressure on the current market price.D. lower production during the next time period.问题20 As long as the actual market price exceeds the equilibrium market price, there will be:A. downward pressure on the market price.B. upward pressure on the market price.C. no purchases made.D. Both A and C are correct.E. Both B and C are correct.Chapter 3问题1 Gary Franklin is a movie critic. He invented the Franklin Scale with which he rates movies from 1 to 10 (10 being best). When asked about his scale, Mr. Franklin explained "that it is a subjective measure of movie quality. A movie with a ranking of 10 is not necessarily 10 times better than a movie with a ranking of 1, but it is better. A movie with a ranking of 5 is better than a movie with a ranking of 1, but is not as good a movie with a ranking of 10. That's all it really tells you." Based on Mr. Franklin's description, his scale is:A) ordinal but not cardinal.B) cardinal but not ordinal.C) an objective standard to judge movies.D) neither cardinal nor ordinal.问题2 Which of the following is NOT an assumption regarding people's preferences in the theory of consumer behavior?A) Preferences are complete..B) Preferences are transitive.C) Consumers prefer more of a good to less.D) All of the above are basic assumptions about consumer preferences问题3 The theory of consumer behavior is based on certain assumptions. The set of four basic assumptions includes:A) completeness.B) transitivity.C) intransitivity.D) Both A and B are correct.E) Both A and C are correct.问题4 The assumption of transitive preferences implies that indifference curves must:A) not cross one another.B) have a positive slope.C) be L-shaped.D) be convex to the origin.E) all of the above问题5 A consumer prefers market basket A to market basket B, and prefers market basket B to market basket C. Therefore, A is preferred to C. The assumption that leads to this conclusion is:A) transitivity.B) completeness.C) all goods are good.D) diminishing MRS.E) assumption of rationality.问题6 The assumption that preferences are complete:A) means that a consumer will spend her entire income.B) is unnecessary, as long as transitivity is assumed.C) recognizes that there may be pairs of market baskets that cannot be compared.D) means that the consumer can compare any two market baskets of goods and determine that either one is preferred to the other or that she is indifferent between them.问题7 If a market basket is changed by adding more of at least one good, then rational consumers will:A) rank the market basket more highly after the change.B) more likely prefer a different market basket.C) rank the market basket as being just as desirable as before.D) be unable to decide whether the first market basket is preferred to the second or vice versa.E) have indifference curves that cross.问题8 A curve that represents all combinations of market baskets that provide the same level of utility to a consumer is called:A) a budget line.B) an isoquant.C) an indifference curve.D) a demand curve.E) none of the above问题9 An upward sloping indifference curve defined over two goods violates which of the following assumptions from the theory of consumer behavior?A) transitivity.B) preferences are complete.C) more is preferred to less.D) all of the aboveE) none of the above问题10 The slope of an indifference curve reveals:A) that preferences are complete.B) the marginal rate of substitution of one good for another good.C) the ratio of market prices.D) that preferences are transitive.E) none of the above问题11 Zoe is an executive at Dell Computer Company who is in charge of designing the next version of laptop computers. She will consider such features as screen size, weight, processor speed, and CD and DVD drives. Given the fact that it is costly to include more features in new products, why might Zoe be interested in data on how much consumers paid for a range of laptops with different attributes?A) in order to estimate willingness to pay for each feature.B) in order to set an optimal price for the laptops.C) in order to determine the best features to include.D) in order to estimate willingness to trade off one feature for another.E) all of the above问题12 In what ways can economists help auto manufacturers estimate the marginal rate of substitution between features such as vehicle interior size and acceleration?A) Examining production cost dataB) Conducting consumer surveys about willingness to pay for auto featuresC) Solving the standard consumer model D) Statistically analyzing historical data on purchases of different types of autosE) B and D only问题13 Indifference curves are convex to the origin because of:A) transitivity of consumer preferences.B) the assumption of a diminishing marginal rate of substitution.C) the assumption that more is preferred to less.D) the assumption of completeness.E) none of the above问题14 Suppose that a market basket of two goods is changed by adding more of one of the goods and subtracting one unit of the other. The consumer will:A) rank the market basket more highly after the change.B) rank the market basket more highly before the change.C) rank the market basket just as desirable as before.D) any one of the above statements may be true.问题15 If indifference curves cross, then:A) the assumption of a diminishing marginal rate of substitution is violated.B) the assumption of transitivity is violated.C) the assumption of completeness is violated.D) consumers minimize their satisfaction.E) all of the above问题16 Which of the following is true about the indifference curve where one commodity (such as pollution) is "bad"?A) It has a negative slope. .B) It has a positive slope.C) It is horizontal.D) It is vertical问题17 If indifference curves are concave to the origin, which assumption on preferences is violated?A) Diminishing marginal rates of substitutionB) Transitivity of preferencesC) More is preferred to lessD) Completeness问题18 Envision a graph with meat on the horizontal axis and vegetables on the vertical axis. A strict vegetarian would have indifference curves that are:A) vertical lines.B) horizontal lines.C) diagonal straight lines.D) right angles. E) upward sloping.问题19 Mikey is very picky and insists that his mom make his breakfast with equal parts of cereal and apple juice--any other combination and it ends up on the floor. Cereal costs 4 cents per tablespoon and apple juice costs 6 cents per tablespoon. If Mikey's mom budgets $8 per month for Mikey's breakfast, how much cereal and juice does she buy?A) 40 tablespoons each of cereal and juiceB) 80 tablespoons each of cereal and juiceC) 40 tablespoons of cereal and 75 tablespoons of juiceD) 100 tablespoons of cereal and 67 tablespoons of juice问题20 Jane is trying to decide which courses to take next semester. She has narrowed down her choice to two courses, Econ 1 and Econ 2. Now she is having trouble and cannot decide which of the two courses to take. It's not that she is indifferent between the two courses, she just cannot decide. An economist would say that this is an example of preferences that:A) are not transitive.B) are incomplete.C) violate the assumption that more is preferred to less.D) all of the aboveChapter 4问题1 As we move downward along a demand curve for apples,A) consumer well-being decreases.B) the marginal utility of apples decreases.C) the marginal utility of apples increases.D) Both A and B are true.E) Both A and C are true.问题2 The change in the price of one good has no effect on the quantity demanded of another good. These goods are:A) complements.B) substitutes.C) both inferior.D) both Giffen goods.E) none of the above问题3 The price of good A goes up. As a result the demand for good B shifts to the left. From this we can infer that:A) good A is a normal good.B) good B is an inferior good.C) goods A and B are substitutes.D) goods A and B are complements.E) none of the above问题4 An individual demand curve can be derived from the ______ curve.A) price-consumptionB) price-incomeC) income-substitutionD) income-consumptionE) Engel问题5 Which of the following claims is true at each point along a price-consumption curve?A) Utility is maximized but income is not all spent.B) All income is spent, but utility is not maximized.C) Utility is maximized, and all income is spent.D) The level of utility is constant.问题6 Which of the following is true regarding income along a price-consumption curve?A) Income is increasing.B) Income is decreasing.C) Income is constant.D) The level of income depends on the level of utility.问题7 Which of the following is true regarding utility along a price-consumption curve?A) It is constant.B) It changes from point to point.C) It changes only if income changes.D) It changes only for normal goods.问题8 The income-consumption curveA) illustrates the combinations of incomes needed with various levels of consumption of a good.B) is another name for income-demand curve.C) illustrates the utility-maximizing combinations of goods associated with every income level.D) shows the utility-maximizing quantity of some good (on the horizontal axis) as a function of income (on the vertical axis).问题9 Which of the following pairs of goods are NOT complements?A) Hockey sticks and hockey pucksB) Computer CPUs and computer monitorsC) On-campus student housing and off-campus rental apartments D) all of the aboveE) none of the above问题10 Which of the following goods has a low, but positive, income elasticity of demand?A) furniture.B) new cars.C) health insurance.D) all of the aboveE) none of the above问题11 If an Engel curve has a positive slopeA) both goods are normal.B) the good on the horizontal axis is normalC) as the price of the good on the horizontal axis increases, more of both goods in consumed.D) as the price of the good on the vertical axis increases, more of the good on the horizontal axis is consumed.问题12 Which of the following pairs of goods are substitutes?A) Baseball bats and baseballsB) Hot dogs and mustardC) Computer hardware and softwareD) Gasoline and motor oilE) Owner-occupied housing and rental housing问题13 When the income-consumption curve has a positive slope throughout its entire length, we can conclude thatA) both goods are inferior.B) both goods are normal.C) the good on the vertical (y) axis is inferior.D) the good on the horizontal (x) axis is inferior问题14 Consider two goods X and Y available for consumption. Assume that the price of X changes while the price of Y remains fixed. For these two goods, the price-consumption curve illustrates theA) relationship between the price of X and consumption of Y.B) utility-maximizing combinations of X and Y for each price of X.C) relationship between the price of Y and the consumption of X.D) utility-maximizing combinations of X and Y for each quantity of X.问题15 Consider a graph on which one good Y is on the vertical axis and the only other good X is on the horizontal axis. On this graph the income-consumption curve has a positive slope for low incomes, then it takes a zero slope for a higher income, and then it takes a negative slope for even higher incomes (the curve looks like an arc, first rising and then falling as income increases). This curve illustrates that, for all income levels,A) both X and Y are normal.B) only Y is normal.C) both X and Y are inferior.D) only X is normal.问题16 According to a survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, which of the following statements about annual U.S. household consumer expenditures is false?A) The income elasticity of demand for entertainment is positive.B) The income elasticity of demand for owner-occupied housing is positive.C) The income elasticity of demand for rental housing is positive.D) The income elasticity of demand for health care is positive.E) Average family expenditures increase with income.问题17 The income-consumption curve for Dana between Qa and Qb is given as: Qa = Qb. His budget constraint is given as:120 = Qa + 4QbHow much Qa will Dana consume to maximize utility?A) 0B) 24C) 30D) 60问题18 Jon's income-consumption curve is a straight line from the origin with a positive slope. Now suppose that Jon's preferences change such that his income-consumption curveremains a straight line but rotates 15 degrees clockwise. Jon's demand curve for the good on thehorizontal axisA) will shift left.B) will shift right.C) will not change.D) might do any of the above.问题19 Suppose that a consumer regards two types of soap as perfect substitutes for one another. The price consumption path generated by changing the price of one type of soapA) is always upward sloping.B) is always horizontal.C) is always vertical.D) corresponds with the axis for the cheaper soap.E) corresponds with the axis for the more expensive soap.问题20 Your income response for bicycle riding changes with the amount of income you earn. At low levels of income, you view bicycle riding as an inferior good and substitute other types of transportation (e.g., auto travel) as your income rises. However, you view bicycle riding as a normal good after your income rises above a particular level. What shape does your Engel curve for bicycle riding have?A) Vertical lineB) Horizontal lineC) C-shapedD) Upward slopingE) none of the aboveChapter 6问题1 A production function defines the output that can be producedA) at the lowest cost, given the inputs available.B) for the average firm.C) if the firm is technically efficient.D) in a given time period if no additional inputs are hired.E) as technology changes over time.问题2 A production function assumes a givenA) technology.B) set of input prices.C) ratio of input prices.D) amount of capital and labor.E) amount of output.问题3 A function that indicates the maximum output per unit of time that a firm can produce, for every combination of inputs with a given technology, is calledA) an isoquant.B) a production possibility curve.C) a production function.D) an isocost function.问题4 Which of the following inputs are variable in the long run?A) labor.B) capital and equipment.C) plant size.D) all of these.问题5 The short run isA) less than a year.B) three years.C) however long it takes to produce the planned output. D) a time period in which at least one input is fixed.E) a time period in which at least one set of outputs has been decided upon.问题6 Joe owns a small coffee shop, and his production function is q = 3KL where q is total output in cups per hour, K is the number of coffee machines (capital), and L is the number of employeeshired per hour (labor). If Joe's capital is currently fixed at K=3 machines, what is his short-run production function?A) q = 3L。
暨南大学微观经济学复习提纲

暨南⼤学微观经济学复习提纲Outline for Reviewing MicroeconomicsThe Structure of Examination Paper1. Definition of Terms(6×5, 30 points)2. Multiple Choice (20×1, 20 points)3. Short Answer (3×10, 30 points)4. Calculation (2×10, 20 points)Outline for Reviewing1. Definition of Term(6×5,30 points)adverse selection budget LineCoase Theorem complementsconsumer surplus cross-price elasticity of demand demand curve diminishing marginal utility economies of scale economies of scopeengel curve externalityfirst-degree price discrimination fixed costindifference curve isocost lineisoquant marginal benefitmarginal cost marginal rate of substitution marginal rate of technical substitution marginal utilitymarket failure moral hazardnatural monopoly opportunity costprice discrimination price elasticity of demand producer surplus production possibilities frontier public goods returns to scale sunk cost supply curvethird-degree price discrimination variable cost2. Multiple Choice(20×1,20 points)Cover all Chapters3. Short Answer(3×10,30 points)Chapter 2questions for review: 5, 6Chapter 3questions for review:1, 5;exercise: 2Chapter 4 questions for review:1, 3, 11Chapter 6 questions for review:1, 5, 7Chapter 7questions for review:3, 7, 14Chapter 8questions for review:3, 4, 11Chapter 10 questions for review:2, 3, 5, 8Chapter 11questions for review:1, 3, 4Chapter 12 questions for review:2, 6, 8, 10Chapter 14questions for review:2, 4, 5Chapter 16questions for review:4, 7, 13Chapter 17questions for review:6, 10;exercise: 3, 4Chapter 18questions for review:1, 2, 3, 104. Caculation(2×10,20 points)Chapter 2exercise:11Chapter 3exercise:14, 16Chapter 4exercise:9, 13Chapter 6exercise:7, 8, 9Chapter 7exercise:3, 9, 11Chapter 8exercise:4, 5, 6, 7, 11Chapter 10exercise:6, 7Chapter 11exercise:4, 5Chapter 12exercise:3(a/b/c/d), 4, 6(a/b/c)Chapter 14exercise:8, 10(a/b/c)Chapter 18exercise:3⼀、名词解释⼀般名词/doc/81dfc4ee58eef8c75fbfc77da26925c52dc591fe.html plements(互补品):Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded of the other.(⼀种商品的价格上升会导致另⼀种商品的需求量下降的两种商品。
暨南大学《经济学》考博历年真题详解(微观经济学部分)

微观经济学部分消费者理论部分1.简述基数效用论与序数效用论的区别(2008年简)答:基数效用论和序数效用论是解释消费者行为的两种不同理论。
二者在分析消费者行为时有着明显的区别.具体表现在:①假设不同。
基数效用论假设消费者商品所获得的效用是可以度量的,即效用的大小可以用基数大小来表示,并且每增加一个单位商品所带来的效用增加具有递减规律;序数效用论则认为,消费者商品所获得的效用水平只可以进行排序,只可以用序数来表示效用的高低,而效用的大小及特征表示在无差异曲线中.②使用的分析方法不同。
基数效用论使用MU以及预算约束条件来分析效用最大化条件。
而序数效用论则以无差异曲线和预算约束线为工具来分析消费者均衡。
③所表述的消费者均衡的实现条件是不一样的。
其中前者表述为MUx/Px=λ,后者表述为MRSxy=Px/Py。
以上分析方法上的区别,只是以不同的方式表达了消费者行为的一般规律。
除此以外,二者有又许多相同之处:①两者都是从市场的需求着手,通过推导需求曲线来说明需求曲线的任一点都表示消费者获得了效用最大化。
②两者都是一种消费者行为理论,都把消费者的行为看做是在既定的收入限制条件下追求最大化效用的过程。
③两者都以边际效用理论为基础,认为商品的价值或价格是由商品带给消费者的边际效用的大小来决定的。
④两者推到的曲线具有相同的趋势,都符合需求规律。
2.供给曲线的移动、沿着供给曲线的移动。
(2011简)答:供给量的变动和供给的变动是两个相互联系而又相互区别的概念.供给量的变动和供给的变动都是供给数量的变动,它们的区别在于引起这两种变动的因素是不相同的,而且,这两种变动在几何图形中的表现也是不相同的.供给量的变动表现为沿着供给曲线移动,而供给的变动表现为供给曲线的移动。
供给量的变动是指在其他条件不变的前提下,由某种商品的价格变动所引起的该商品的供给数量的变动。
在几何图形中,供给量的变动表现为商品的价格-供给数量组合点沿着同一条既定的供给曲线的运动。
(完整)☆暨南大学考试试卷答案(微观经济学A)

暨南大学考试试卷答案1、在完全竞争市场上,厂商短期均衡条件是()。
A 价格等于平均收益(P=AR)B 价格等于边际成本(P=MC)C 价格等于边际收益(P=MR)D 价格等于平均成本(P=AC)2、公共物品的市场需求曲线是消费者个人需求曲线的( )。
A 水平相加B 垂直相加C 算术平均数D 加权平均数3、下列哪种情况使总收益增加?()A需求缺乏弹性,提高价格B需求缺乏弹性,降低价格C需求富有弹性,提高价格D需求单位弹性,降低价格4、下列哪种因素不会使需求曲线的位置发生变化?()A 消费者收入变化B 商品价格变化C 消费者偏好变化D 相关商品的价格变化5、下列哪种情况不正确?( )A 如果供给减少,需求不变,均衡价格将上升B 如果供给增加,需求减少,均衡价格将下降C 如果需求增加,供给减少,均衡价格将上升D 如果需求减少,供给增加,均衡价格将上升6、消费者剩余是( )。
A 消费过剩的商品B 消费者得到的总效用C 需求曲线以下、均衡价格以上部分的面积D 支出的货币总效用7、只要产权被明确后,在交易成本较小时,市场将产生一个有效率的结果,这种观点称为( )。
A 有效市场理论B 看不见的手C 科斯定理 D逆向选择8、如果市场上某种商品相对社会最优产量来说,处于供给不足状态,这说明存在().A 正外部经济B 没有外部性C 负外部经济 D无法判断9、如果是连续地增加某种生产要素,在总产量达到最大时,边际产量曲线( )。
A 与纵轴相交 B经过原点C 与平均产量曲线相交 D与横轴相交10、完全垄断厂商的平均收益曲线为直线时,边际收益曲线也是直线.边际收益曲线的斜率为平均收益曲线斜率的( )。
A 2倍;B 1/2倍C 1倍;D 2.5倍。
11、规模报酬递减是在下述情况下发生的( ).A 按比例连续增加各种生产要素B 不按比例连续增加各种生产要素C 连续地投入某种生产要素而保持其他要素不变D 上述都正确12、若某商品价格上升2%,其需求下降3%,则该商品的需求价格弹性是 ( )A 缺乏弹性的B 富有弹性的C 有单位弹性的D 无法确定13、在垄断竞争市场长期均衡时,超额利润会趋于零,这是由于( ).A 新厂商可以自由进入该行业B 产品存在差异C 成本最小化D 收益最大化14、完全竞争市场的厂商短期供给曲线是指( )。
暨南大学--微观经济学--考研试题doc资料

微观经济学CHAP1 概论一,微观经济学的框架微观经济学说的是关于资源配置的问题。
主要是说资源配置的两个方面:1资源配置的方式(市场还是计划),微观经济学的观点是价格方式,既市场配置资源;2资源配置的效率,这就包括如何使得市场配置有效率的原则,以及原则不可控制之后的:市场失灵。
这样一来,整个微观经济学为看成了两个部分。
第一部分是2到9章,说的是价格如果配置资源,这包括产品市场和要素市场。
第二部分,则是后面的3章。
二,微观经济学的研究方法1,均衡:一般的计算题都是利用均衡条件写出方程式,求的所要求的值。
2,边际分析法:边际利益=边际代价概论的内容考试一般不会涉及,但是作为在整体上把握微观经济学还是值得大家注意的。
这对以后理解各个章节之间的联系是有帮助的CHAP2 均衡价格理论(D,S,P之间定性,定量的关系)一均衡价格的决定1,注意需求与需求量,供给和供给量的区别(线动还是点动)2,均衡条件:Qs=Qd (注意图解)二.弹性理论1理解弹性的定义,不用死记XX XX 弹性:前面的是因变量,后面的是自变量。
2影响需求价格弹性的因素(注意联系实际)3需求价格弹性与总收入的关系例如:谷贱伤农,薄利多销4供给价格弹性的影响因素(同样要联系实际)5收入弹性由于恩格尔定律,可以得出农业的发展趋势是向下的三均衡价格理论的应用支持价格与限制价格(自己看书理解吧,由于没办法画图,实在不知道怎么描述)无论是支持价格还是限制价格,都是不改变需求和供给水平,只改变需求量和供求量,即线不动点动。
CHAP3效用论——消费者效用最大化原则一,消费者均衡条件1,代数分析——基数论——边际效用分析MU递减规律均衡条件:两个等式,一个是收入限制,一个是性价比2.几何分析——序数论——无差异曲线消费者偏好:完备性,传递性,单调性。
前两个特性体现了消费者是理性的理解无差异曲线的位置高低所代表的含义。
均衡条件:边际替代率=价格比注意:1边际替代率的含义,是谁替代谁。
暨南大学《经济学》考博历年真题详解(微观经济学部分)

微观经济学部分消费者理论部分1.简述基数效用论与序数效用论的区别(2008年简)答:基数效用论和序数效用论是解释消费者行为的两种不同理论。
二者在分析消费者行为时有着明显的区别。
具体表现在:①假设不同。
基数效用论假设消费者商品所获得的效用是可以度量的,即效用的大小可以用基数大小来表示,并且每增加一个单位商品所带来的效用增加具有递减规律;序数效用论则认为,消费者商品所获得的效用水平只可以进行排序,只可以用序数来表示效用的高低,而效用的大小及特征表示在无差异曲线中。
②使用的分析方法不同。
基数效用论使用MU以及预算约束条件来分析效用最大化条件。
而序数效用论则以无差异曲线和预算约束线为工具来分析消费者均衡。
③所表述的消费者均衡的实现条件是不一样的。
其中前者表述为MUx/Px=λ,后者表述为MRSxy=Px/Py。
以上分析方法上的区别,只是以不同的方式表达了消费者行为的一般规律。
除此以外,二者有又许多相同之处:①两者都是从市场的需求着手,通过推导需求曲线来说明需求曲线的任一点都表示消费者获得了效用最大化。
②两者都是一种消费者行为理论,都把消费者的行为看做是在既定的收入限制条件下追求最大化效用的过程。
③两者都以边际效用理论为基础,认为商品的价值或价格是由商品带给消费者的边际效用的大小来决定的。
④两者推到的曲线具有相同的趋势,都符合需求规律。
2.供给曲线的移动、沿着供给曲线的移动。
(2011简)答:供给量的变动和供给的变动是两个相互联系而又相互区别的概念。
供给量的变动和供给的变动都是供给数量的变动,它们的区别在于引起这两种变动的因素是不相同的,而且,这两种变动在几何图形中的表现也是不相同的。
供给量的变动表现为沿着供给曲线移动,而供给的变动表现为供给曲线的移动。
供给量的变动是指在其他条件不变的前提下,由某种商品的价格变动所引起的该商品的供给数量的变动。
在几何图形中,供给量的变动表现为商品的价格—供给数量组合点沿着同一条既定的供给曲线的运动。
2015年暨南大学微观经济学,考研笔记,复试真题,考研真题,考研经验

1/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 12015年暨南大学考研指导育明教育,创始于2006年,由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办,并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟,是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。
更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。
微观经济学与宏观经济学微观经济学微观经济学是研究在市场经济制度下个体单位的经济行为,从而产生的许多经济理论。
它主要解决以下几方面的问题:消费者使用其收入的原则;各种商品价格的形成;价格在厂商考虑其产品种类和数量中的作用;市场中某种产品的数量和厂商的数量、规模的确定;工人工资和土地地租的决定等。
由于所有这些问题都关系到价格,关系到价格的形成与变动,关系到价格形成与变动过程中买卖双方的行为,因此微观经济学通过对市场各类当事人的行为进行讨论,主要研究经济中如何通过价格机制解决资源配置问题。
微观经济学的主要线索为:当事人行为—供给与需求—价格—资源配置。
一、经济学导论(一)考试要求了解经济学的基本问题及其研究方法;理解经济学的含义、经济学的分类、不同经济体制下资源配置的方式及其特点;掌握机会成本和生产可能性边界等基本概念。
(二)考试要点1.经济学研究对象(1)经济资源的稀缺性和经济学的产生①经济资源的稀缺性与选择行为经济资源的稀缺性含义及选择行为的必然性。
②基本的经济问题生产什么、如何生产、为谁生产及何时生产。
③经济学的定义。
(2)机会成本与生产可能性边界①选择与机会成本。
②生产可能性曲线的经济学含义与机会成本递增法则生产可能性曲线的含义与机会成本递增的原因。
(3)资源的配置、利用与经济体制①资源配置与资源利用。
②不同经济体制下的资源配置与利用方式自给自足经济、计划经济、市场经济和混合经济的各自特点。
2/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 2(4)经济学分类①微观经济学与宏观经济学微观经济学与宏观经济学的研究对象,微观经济学与宏观经济学的区别与联系。
暨南大学《微观经济学》第十章 生产要素价格的决定

W1
A
W2
B
W3
C
0
L1
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图11.3 非完全竞争厂商的MRP曲线与对劳动的需求曲线
5.完全竞争市场和非完全竞争市场厂商对可变要素需求量的比较
P
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P=AR
=MR
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产量 0
(a)完竟品需求线
(b)非完竟品需求线
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CL2 劳动
VC FC TC
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(9) (10) 总利 边际物 润 质产品
Л MPP
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15 6
25 5
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30* 2
28 1
(11) 边际 产品 价值 VMP 12
3.将d1和d2等类似的点连接起来即为两种要素都变动情况下的劳动的需求曲线。 (见图11.5)
(二)非完全竞争的产品市场厂商对劳动的需求(两种要素可以变动)
如图11.6所示,在非完全竞争条件下,由于同样存在替代、产出和利润极大化 三种效应,所以厂商对劳动的需求曲线类似于完全竞争产品市场下的情况,即是 连接d1和d2的曲线。
暨南大学微观经济学

21
需求曲线:
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o
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需求表:某家庭对鸡蛋旳需求表
价格(元/斤) 需求量(斤/月)
3.0
8
2.5
9
2.0
10
23
有关商品旳价格
➢ 替代品:交替使用能够满足人们同一需求或相同需 求旳商品。例:多种衣服、肉、水果、日用具等。
需求、供给以及弹性旳基本理论 消费者行为理论(效用理论) 厂商理论(生产和成本理论) 市场理论 生产要素理论 一般均衡与福利经济学理论
14
参照书目
保罗•萨缪尔森、威廉•诺德豪斯,《经济学》。 华夏出版社。
约瑟夫•斯蒂格利兹,《经济学》。中国人民大学 出版社。
格利高里•曼昆,《经济学原理》。中国人民大学 出版社。
➢ 低档商品:消费者对其需求与收入成 反方向变动旳商品。
❖ 正常商品与低档商品因不同人而异, 因同一人旳不同步期而异。
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消费者预期
消费者对本身将来收入旳预期 ¤ 预期将来收入稳定增长,需求增长。 ¤ 预期将来收入不拟定或下降,需求降低。 消费者对商品将来价格旳预期 预期商品将来价格上涨,需求增长。 预期商品将来价格下降,需求降低。
P D1
D0 P1 D2
S E1
Pe
E
P2
E2
o Q2 Qe Q1
Q
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ41
均衡价格旳变动(图2)
P D
S2 S0 S1
P2
E2
Pe
E
P1
E1
暨南大学《微观经济学》 (11)

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二、私人生产纯公共物品的低效率(2)
由于公共物品具有非排他性,使公共物品生产出来后, 不能做到有效地排斥不付费的人享用公共物品,这就 使得每个人有动机故意隐瞒自己对公共物品的真实需 求(假装自己不需要公共物品),好让别人付费生产公 共物品,自己可以不花费任何代价的享用(经济学上 称为“搭便车”),其结果私人不会生产公共物品 (或生产的公共物品量低于最优公共物品量)。
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二、外部影响对资源配置效率的影响
1、负外部性导致供给过多
某处于完全竞争市场中的钢 厂生产钢的边际成本为 MCP,它在生产过程中 会造成环境污染,这是它 给他人施加的外部成本, 为MEC,但企业在生产 过程中并不会将这一成本 考虑在内,而是按P= MCP生产QP。但从社会 角度,按P= SMC= MCP+EMC的原则生产 QS为最优。 QP > QS。
S曲线:即社会生产私人 物品的MC。
社会最优产量是社会的边 际收益(即MU)等于社 会的MC决定的Q0。
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P
P DA
QA QB Q0
S=MC
D=MU DB
Q
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2、公共物品:垂直相加
D曲线:某一数量的公 共物品生产出来后,A、 B两个消费者都可以同 时消费、得益。因此, A、B二人为同一数量的 公共物品愿意支付的价 格就构成社会的对公共 物品的需求D,它是DA 和DB的垂直加总。
1、集体选择的规则(投票规则) (1)一致同意规则 优点: 能够充分保证每一个参加者的利益; 可以避免发生“搭便车” 结局将是帕累托最优的 缺点:协议成本太大,很难达成协议
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暨大管理学院老师本科微观经济学授课课件

6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
图2.1 个人需求曲线
图2.2 市场需求曲线
价格(元)
价格(元)
需求量(千克)
需求量(吨)
注意:第一、需要指出的是西方经济学一般假定商品的价格和相应的需求量的变化具有无限可分割性,所以以上个人和市场的需求曲线才是一条光滑的曲线而不是一些离散点。第二、需求曲线是在假定除价格以外影响需求量的其它因素都不发生变化的情况下做出的。
第二章 需求供给与市场价格
第一节 需求和需求的变化 一 需求 需求表与需求曲线 1 需求的含义 消费者在某时间内和一定市场上按照某种价格对某种商品包括产品和服务愿意而且能够购买的数量 2 对需求含义的解释 第一 需求最重要的要素是它的价格和数量的对等性 第二 需求最根本的决定因素是消费者对某商品的意欲性 第三 决定需求量大小的因素是消费者所具有的购买力的大小 第四 需求的具体性特征相对于宏观经济的需求 第五 需求的层次性和计划性 3 需求表 需求表是消费者根据自己的需求计划;对某一种商品在某段时间内在某一市场上;将一定的价格和在该价格下愿意和能够购买的数量组合列示出来就形成了需求表 由于某商品的价格可能有无数多种;因而这种价格——数量组合也可以有无数种;所以需求表可以是无限长的
三 需求规律与替代效应和收入效应 1 需求规律的内容: 在影响需求量其他因素给定不变的情况下;一种商品的需求量与其价格之间存在着反方向的互动变化关系 2 产生需求规律的原因 1替代效应;2收入效应 四 需求的变化与需求曲线的移动 1 收入增加 2 收入减少
价 格
需求量
0
D
D1
D2
图2 3 需求状况的变化引起需求曲线的移动
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2)新古典经济学
主要代表人物是英国剑桥大学的马歇尔,他 在1890年出版的《经济学原理》。
自由竞争,主张自由放任,认为资本主义制 度可以通过市场机制的自动调节达到充分就 业的均衡。
新古典经济学从19世纪末起至20世纪30 年代,一直被西方经济学界奉为典范。
社会主义学派 新左派
新制度学派 瑞典学派 凯恩斯主义 新古典学派 创新学派 供应学派 合理预期学派 货币主义
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新自由主义
二、什么是经济学
1、定义:是研究社会如何利用稀缺资源以生 产有价值的商品,并将他们分配给不同个 人的一门社会科学。
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A、经济学产生的前提:稀缺性
黄油
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三个问题
➢ 生产什么和生产多少 ➢ 如何生产 ➢ 为谁生产
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三种组织形式:
➢市场经济 ➢指令经济 ➢混合经济
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2、经济学的分类
微观经济学 宏观经济学
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微观经济学
Microeconomics
暨南大学经济学系
配套教材:《西方经济学》(微观部分)
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学一点经济学:经济学的作用
社会科学的皇冠:经济学-研究资源配置的最优化 经济学的作用:经济学研究资源配置的最优化并不是教人一套
可以立竿见影的致富术。世界上声称传授致富术者都是有意无 意的骗子。经济学不是骗人术。凯恩斯说:“经济学的理论并 未提供一套立即可用的完整结论。它不是一种教条,而是一种 方法、一种心灵的器官、一种思维的技巧。它帮助拥有经济学 的人作出正确的结论。”这就是说,经济学的作用是提供一套 分析资源配置问题的工具与方法。借助于这套工具和方法,你 可以分析现实中遇到的各种问题,并得出指导行为的结论。
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(2)历史-演进-制度分析范式的制度经济学
1)德国历史学派
19世纪上半叶德国资本主义的发展还远远落后 于英法。在这个特殊的历史条件下,出现了 以国家主义为先驱的德国历史学派。
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2)美国制度学派
制度学派产生于19世纪末20世 纪初。首先在美国产生,到20 年代和30年代,在美国广泛传 播。制度学派注重对制度趋势的 研究,但没有提出一个共同的阐 明经济规律的理论体系。
注:1、面对无穷的欲望,资源是稀缺的 2、任何生产需要各种资源,又称生产要素: 人力--- 劳动 L 财力--- 资本 K 物力--- 土地 N (自然资源) 智力--- 企业家才能 E
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B、经济学研究的核心:效率——资 源配置
两个工具
➢ 机会成本——一项选择的机会成本就是所 放弃的物品或者劳务的价值。
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1、经济模型的形式
➢ 文字 ➢ 几何 ➢ 数学 ➢ 代数
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2、建立经济模型的过程
定义 假设 假说 预测
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3、经济模型中的变量
外生变量:一个模型给出的既定变量。 内生变量:一个模型要解释的变量。 存量:衡量一个既定时点上的数量。 流量:衡量一段时间的数量。
田孝平最先把economics译为“经济学”, 中国的严复则译为“生计学”。
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2、重商主义
16~17世纪是西欧资本原始积累时期。 把金银看作是财富的唯一形式,认为对外贸
易是财富的真正源泉,只有通过出超才能获 取更多的金银财富。 主张在国家的支持下发展对外贸易。
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第一章 绪 论
一、大学经济学系
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1、重商主义( mercantilism)之前
经济一词,在西方源于希腊文Οikovoμia, 原意是家庭管理。始见于古希腊思想家色诺芬
的著作《经济论》中。 经济学在19世纪传入中、日两国。日本的神
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3)新制度经济学 是20世纪70年代发展起来的一门新兴经济学分支,它
和以前理论的最大不同在于运用边际分析方法研究制度的 内生化及其对经济绩效的影响。新制度经济学主要试图揭 示制度的起源和演化、制度的性质和功能以及各种制度具 体的经济后果。
新制度经济学又可以分为三个分支: 演进经济学:主要代表是诺思; 产权经济学:主要代表有科斯、布坎南、阿尔钦、德姆 塞茨、哈特等; 交易成本经济学:主要代表有科斯、诺思、威廉姆森等。
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(3)凯恩斯主义经济学
凯恩斯于1936年发表了《就业、利息和货 币通论》一书,标志着现代宏观经济学的诞 生;
凯恩斯主义经济学在二战之后至19世纪70 年代,成为西方占统治地位的经济学;
主张国家干预
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4、当代经济学
➢新凯恩斯主义 ➢新古典主义学派 ➢演化经济学与行为经济学
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4、古典经济学后经济学的分化
(1)古典-新古典经济学 1)边际效用学派
这是19世纪70年以倡导边际效用价值论和边际分析 为共同特点。
有两大支派: 以心理分析为基础的心理学派,其主要代 为奥地利的门格尔、维塞尔和帕姆·巴维克等 以数学为分析工具的数理学派或称洛桑学派,其主
要代表有英国的杰文斯、法国的瓦尔拉斯和帕累托。
(一只有形的手--- 凯恩斯主义)。 研究方法是总量分析。 基本假设是市场失灵,
市场不完善,国家干预。
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三、经济学的研究方法
均衡分析和边际分析 静态、比较静态和动态分析 实证分析和规范分析
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四、经济模型
经济模型:描述有关经济变量 之间相互关系的理论结构。
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3、古典经济学
古典经济学的先驱是英国的配第和法国的布 阿吉尔贝尔。
英国经济学家亚当·斯密是古典经济学的杰 出代表和理论体系的创立者,他所著《国富 论》 (1776)标志着现代西方经济学的开 始。
反对国家干预经济生活,提出自由放任原则
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经济学的变迁
重商主义 17世纪
李嘉图
马克思主义 1867
洛桑学派
制度学派 1899
1817
穆勒
1874
斯密 1776
萨伊 1803
1848
马歇尔 1890
凯恩斯
马尔萨斯
1936
重农主义
1798
奥地利学派 1871
1758
历史学派
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参考书目
曼昆:《经济学原理》,机械工业 出版社,2003。
萨缪尔森的:《经济学》( 17 版) ,人民邮电出版社,2004。
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萨缪尔森的《经济学》
萨缪尔森的《经济学》是现在所有经济学教科书的“鼻祖”,初版 于1948年。把微观经济学与宏观经济学结合在一起是他的首 创。现在所有教科书都沿用了这个体系。从该书的第14版起, 著名的青年经济学家诺德豪斯加盟,使这本书总能跟上最、新 的潮流。这本教科书在我国也是影响最大的一种,先后有第5 版(商务印书馆选译本)、第1O版(商务印书馆全译本)、第12 版(中国发展出版社)、第14版(首都经贸大学出版社)、第16 版(华夏出版社)和现在的第17版。可以说,这本书在中国的 影响最大。现在许多著名经济学家都是在读《经济学》第10 版中译本中走进了经济学世界的。这本书的优点是内容全面而 丰富,被称为“经济学的百科全书”,而且每3年左右出1版, 随时代变化而不断更新。
➢ 生产可能性曲线——社会在现有的技术水 平上充分有效地利用现有的一切资源所能 生产的各种不同物品的最大组合。
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举例:大炮与黄油的生产
组合 方式
A B C D E F
黄油 大炮
(万吨)(万门)
0
15
1
14
2
12
3
9
4
5
5
0
大炮
A 15 B
12
C
9
D
6
E
3 F
01234 5
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微观经济学
研究对象:个别经济单位(居民户、厂商) 的经济行为。
解决的问题是资源配置。 中心理论是价格理论(一只看不见的手)。 研究方法是个量分析。 基本假设是完全理性、完全信息。(市场有效,
市场万能)
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宏观经济学
研究对象是整个经济(政府的行为)。 解决的问题是资源利用。 中心理论是国民收入决定理论