两学一做四个意识

两学一做四个意识学校科研的四种意识作者: 陈如平讲话xx-8-1学校科研要树立四种意识：一是科研意识。

即把学校科研作为提升教师教学水平，促进教师专业发展的手段和策略。

要用研究的眼光、研究的视角来看待德育、课堂教育、学校管理等问题，从而树立科研意识。

二是问题意识。

在教育过程中要善于发现问题、界定问题，从而解决问题。

这通常可以采取问题技术，即问题包、问题表和问题树等。

三是课题意识。

即形成以课题带动教师发展的意识，注意龙头课题和个人课题的交叉作用；同时还要注意课题研究的规范化和科学化，掌握一定的研究方法和研究工具。

学校要重视科研的组织工作，如成立研究小组和研究共同体等。

四是理论意识。

教师要对所从事的工作和研究进行一定的理论思考。

通常具有四个层次：事实－概念－命题－理论。

同时，在研究中要学会建模，首先把一个问题看作一个系统，这个系统具有一定的结构性，然后需要建立各要素之间的多重关系，最后对这些关系进行界定。

此文为xx 年7 月14 日中央教科所“研训一体”项目启动仪式上的发言［摘要］斯瓦伯在最近的著作中提出“我即我脑” 这一命题。

若要在存在论和认识论上阐明心、身范畴及其关系, 那么单纯的“我即我脑”这个命题不但显得“褊狭”，而且会引来不必要的误解。

近代以来,科学物质主义和二元论在面对心一身问题时都有其不可解的困境。

对于这些困境，有必要在两面一元论、泛心论和泛体验论的基础上提出“两视一元论”的形而上学构想。

这个构想的核心观念是：任何现实实体在存在论和认识论上都是以主体一客体统一的模式存在的,人类描述意识现象的两个范畴(即心和身)是现实实体在作为体验主体的第一人称和作为被观察的客体的第三人称视角下的分别呈现,由这两个视角所呈现的体验方面与物理方面之间的关系是一种法尔自然的相应关系，而不是产生和被产生的关系。

因此，意识体验与脑神经活动之间不应该用因果作用的概念来刻画，世界的物理方面是因果封闭的，意识本身是非因果作用的。

［关键词］意识的形而上学；两面一元论；泛体验论；相应性；两视一元论；意识的因果作用Metaphysics of Con scious ness and Dual Perspective Monism Li Hen gwei (Departme nt of Philosophy, Zhejia ng Uni versity, Han gzhou 310028, Chi na) Abstract: Dick Swaabpresented in his recent book a claim that we are our brai ns.Obviously,the claim is a kind of expressi on on the mind body problem.The claim of ” We Are Our Brains ” gives a defi nite and correct recog niti on of the embodime nt of con scious ness,but it covers the fact of experie ntial reality of con scious ness,so it is a sin gle track which will cause unn ecessary mis un dersta ndin g.A robust metaphysics ofconsciousness is a coherent system of ideas which should give a unified and self consistent aount of the three basic facts about the phenomenaof consciousness,that is,physical reality,experiential reality and reality of the corresponding unity of the two.Since the beginning of the modern times,in face of the three facts,scientific materialism and dualism have encountered their own insuperable dilemmas.Materialism can properly explain the physical aspect of the phenomena of consciousness but at the expense of the experiential aspect of the phenomena; on the other hand,dualism gives legal force to both aspects of the physical and the experiential but at the expense of the unity of the phenomenaof consciousness.In order to avoid the dilemmas of the two,a reasonable resulting solution has to be a dual aspect monism or apanpsychism.Furthermore,a panexperientialism has to be developed so as to solve some problems in the traditional panpsychism.The core contributions of panexperientialism to the metaphysics of consciousness are as follows ：(1) It has speculatively demonstrated that an actual entity has an aspect as epistemological object (physical aspect) as well as an aspect as ontological subject (experiential aspect).(2) There is an evolutionary developmental spectrum in the physicalaspect of an actual en tity,that is,its physical system willgrow increasingly plicated; similarly,there is an evolutionary developme ntal spectrum in the experie ntial aspect,whoseman ifestatio n is an in creas in gly en riched min d.(3) There is a corresponding relati on betwee n the two spectrums of an actual en tity.Pa nexperie ntialism has prelimi narily solved the dilemma in materialism and dualism in a sense of speculative schema .I f,however,we intend to give a further aount of why there are n ecessarily two aspects in an actual en tity and why there has to be a corresp onding relati on betwee n the two aspects,we thi nk it is more proper to call pan experie ntialism a dual perspective monism.The reason of an actual entity (aE1) as a subject is that it is on tologically an age nt of its owngoings on (its acts and reactions) and the undertaking of theage nt is the first pers on prehe nding of the subject. On the other hand,being relative to the other actual entity (aE2),theaE1 es to be a ” perceived ” object,so it bees an observedobject from the first pers on perspective of the aE2.As a result,the two categories of mind and body which huma n beings have utilized to describe the phe nomena of con scious ness are just respective appeara nces of dual perspectives of an actual en tity ,n amely the first pers on perspective as experie ntialsubject and the third pers on perspective as observedobject.A nd the relati on of the physical aspect to theexperie ntial one is a n aturally such corresp ondence rather than a gen erati ng/ge nerated relati on」t is in appropriate to characterize the relati on of n eural activities to con scious experie nces with causal con cepts; rather,the physical aspect of the world is causally closed,and consciousness itself is non causal.作者：张文喜《学术论坛》XX年10期作者介绍：张文喜（1961-）,浙江东阳人，复旦大学哲学系博士生（在职），杭州商学院人文社科部副教授。