2011年四川大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[部分视频讲解]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choosethe best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. The man is busyB. The man has trouble breathing.C. The man is out of town on business.D. The man is hiding himself from the woman.【答案】A【解析】录音中男士提到最近在做一个项目，甚至连呼吸的时间也没有，可见他最近很忙。
四川大学考博英语真题及答案
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
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I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two year s’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
2011四川大学翻译硕士真题解析
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2011四川大学翻译硕士（felicehappy31）
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新青年新文化运动胡适狂人日记欧洲文艺复兴工业革命但丁米开朗基罗存款准备金利率贸
易顺差外商直接投资宏观调控世博会上海世博会知识产权民商法
应用文是写索赔函
作文是混乱的价值~
翻译硕士
阅读四篇
第一篇为数学在日常生活中随处可见
第二篇为台风名字来由
第三篇为患有八十天作者的介绍
第四篇为左撇子
作文2013
翻译基础
解释的词有
IOC CAAC CPPCC NBA UNEP FBI purchasing power parity "三农"工作伪娘大规模杀伤性武器易经京都议定书经济适用房中国达人秀African Union Fannie Mae& Freddie Mac MDGs 亚运会可再生资源第十一届全国人民代表大会第三次会议
英翻汉一篇是动物实验一篇是归纳问题
汉翻译一篇是西部论坛的讲话一篇是新闻网络
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【最新】2011年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Ant hony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in theTimes, calls him “a n unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The wi despread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that diffe rence? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Par a.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in r evitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspira tions. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managerscautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities tolearn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampe n our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wond er if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in theirlives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every wee k of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a littl e bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, manyhumanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the kn owledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and crit icize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Alle n’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now webecome authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendation Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explai n it’s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1.C解析：语义逻辑题。
四川大学历年考博英语翻译题答案
2004 答案1.英译汉第一次世界大战和经济大萧条迫使人们不得不重新冷静地评价来势迅猛的技术大爆炸。
一种思想派别——技术决定主义认为，现代社会再也不是19世纪及20世纪初期的工业年代了。
他们说，后工业时代社会已经成为一种现实。
先进电子技术所带来的复杂的社会技术网络已经使国家的政府机构，资本主义性质的公司和人口拥挤的城市失去原有的作用。
2.汉译英Moon gazing is an ancient art. To prehistoric hunters their understanding of the moon overhead was a unerring as heartbeat. They knew that every 29 days it became full-bellied and brilliant, then sickened and died, and then was the reborn. They knew that the waxing moon appeared larger and higher overhead after each succeeding sunset while the waning moon rose later each night until it vanished in the sunrise.2003 答案1.英译汉：现在，城市化比以前任何时候都更有影响。
它是世界性的，到处都可以感受到它的影响。
联合国的统计数字表明，在约30年的时间里，全世界过半的人口将住在城市里。
这是个具有深远意义的转变，也许是人类史的一个重要里程碑并将以现在无法想象的方式去影响着人类和大自然。
整个人类的定居史都与地形学和资源有着密切的联系。
直到几个世纪之前，人类定居模式还是主要由农业、渔业、采矿业、水利和国防而定。
城镇和村落相继发展成了商业和市场中心，服务于落后地区。
2006年四川大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2006年四川大学考博英语真题及详解Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%, 1 mark each)Direction: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Passage 1Superstition is a biased word. Look up almost any dictionary definition and you will see that it implies that every religion not based on reason or knowledge is called a superstition. Even the word knowledge is a two-faced word. Presumably, it is used as a synonym for reason. What it all comes down to is that people designate as superstitious what they do not think reasonable in s omeone else’s religion.It is true that a person’s religion must be based on some kind of-knowledge. But what kind of knowledge is meant? Scientific, experimental, rational? Such knowledge is natural and maybe ethical and then it is natural religious knowledge.A person may quite easily conclude from observing the universe that only God could have produced it. That knowledge is not religion, not even if a person is bound to recognize a creator of the universe. It is natural knowledge such asConfucius, Socrates or Zoroaster possessed. Natural religious knowledge, as is evident in the history of the human race, although it helps to make a man good, hardly suffices to keep him good, especially in times of crisis. Will such natural knowledge, for instance, sustain a man when he has suddenly lost all his money and even his wife and children? Will it offer the hope of ever seeing them again? Will it influence him gladly to sacrifice his life for his family, his country, his religion? Only a strong sense of supernatural religion, a reliance upon God, will provide the necessary courage for right action.All the great religions of the world—Christianity, Hinduism, Chinese Buddhism and Islam—have shown men the way to such courage and its resulting peace of mind and heart and peace with all men. They point to a better sort of lift, mostly a life somewhere else, or, at least, an end to the troubles of this life.Christianity and Islam direct men to look up, hope for and strive after an eternal life of happiness in the possession of God. Hinduism also encourages its adherents to achieve successively higher incarnations until they achieve unity, become one with Brahman - God. The agnostic or the atheist thinks of all of these creeds as religious superstition. Are the agnostic and the atheist free of superstition? Hardly. Every thinking man has a natural bent for religion, for ideals above and beyond earthly ones. If he crushes his natural inclination, which is God-inspired ideals, he most likely will substitute a series of self-inspired ideals or some fad like astrology, which will become a religion for him. There is a line between religion and superstition which everyone must learn to identify, or forfeit a true direction in hislife.1. According to the passage, people define superstition as ______.A. some religious knowledge not based on reasonB. anything that seems unreasonable to themC. anything that seems unreasonable in another person’s religionD. any natural knowledge of a religion that is two-faced and totally different from another2. The second paragraph tells us that natural religious knowledge can hardly keep a person good because ______.A. he is not always willing to sacrifice himselfB. he does not rely upon GodC. he may sometimes die for right actionD. he may suffer crisis in his career3. According to the author, all the great religions of the world ______.A. bring peace of mind and peace with other human beingB. put forth a better life now and promise eternal life in the Western ParadiseC. give courage to their adherents to live and to die peacefullyD. urge their adherents to achieve higher incarnations4. From the passage we are told that the atheists ______.A. have little or no religious knowledgeB. have ideals that are beyond earthly onesC. are mostly astrologers who have too many materialistic ideals in lifeD. are actually not free from superstition5. Of the following suggested title, the one that most accurately sums up thepassage is ______.A. The Great Religions on EarthB. What Is SuperstitionC. Religion and SuperstitionD. Achieve Unity with God【答案与解析】1.C 文中第一段结尾部分，作者对superstition做了诠释：people designate assuperstitious what they do not think reasonable in someone else’s religion “人们认为在其他宗教中讲不通的就是迷信”，选项C正确。
四川大学“英语专业基础”参考样题(2011)
四川大学“英语专业基础”参考样题（2011）2011-12-31考试科目：英语专业基础适用专业：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学研究方向：英美文学、美国文化研究、加拿大文化研究、欧洲文化研究、现代英语及语言理论、英语翻译理论与实践、现代外语教育及教育技术（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上不给分）Part One: Reading Comprehension (40 points)I. Cloze Test (10 points)Choose one of the four answers marked [A], [B], [C], [D] to complete the article. Write your answer on the answer sheet. Be sure that the number of the answers is in agreement with the number of the blanks.Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. At the turn of the century when jazz was born, America had no prominent 1 of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was 2 , or by whom. But it began to be heard in the early 1900s.Jazz is America’s contribution to popular mu sic. In contrast to classical music, which3 formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free form. It bubbles with energy,4 the moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz5 like America, and as it does today. The6 of this music are as interesting as the music itself. American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz7 . They were brought to Southern States as slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long hours. When a Negro died, his friends and relatives8 a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the procession .On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion. But on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their9 , but the living were glad to be alive. The band played happy music, improvising on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes 10 at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.1. [A] music [B] song [C] melody [D] style2. [A] discovered [B] acted [C] invented [D] designed3. [A] forms [B] follows [C] approaches [D] introduces4. [A] expressing [B] explaining [C] exposing [D] illustrating5. [A] appeared [B] felt [C] seemed [D] sounded6. [A] origins [B] originals [C] discoveries [D] resources7. [A] players [B] followers [C] fans [D] pioneers8. [A] demonstrated [B] composed [C] hosted [D] formed9. [A] number [B] members [C] body [D] relations10. [A] whistled [B] sung [C] presented [D] showedII. Reading comprehension: (30 points)In this section there are three passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and write your answer on the answer sheet.Passage 1Lloyds TSB, the UK’s biggest high street bank, is being forced to withdraw a memo which orders its branch staff not to switch customers into accounts that would pay them higher rates of interest.The bank will today write to every one of its 2,600 branches to “clarify” the contents of an internal memo, which tells staff it is “unacceptable” to info rm current account customers that they could make better return by shifting spare cash into accounts with higher returns. The average balance in a Lloyds TSB account is understood to be 2,000 and if half of every balance was moved into an alternative instant access account operated by Lloyds, the bank would have to pay an estimated $160 million in additional interest in a year. Lloyds, which has 7 million customers and last year made more than $3 billion profit, pays 0.3 per cent interest on its current account. Its instant access account offers 3.4 per cent. The memo told staff they could lose out on incentive scheme rewards—including cash bonuses and foreign holidays—if they were caught switching cash out of low interest accounts.A spokeswoman for Lloyds TSB said the memo, entitled Key Sales and Service Objectives, was designed to improve service levels and had been “quoted out of context”. It was written by Mike Mitchell, the bank’s national sales manager, and circulated in January. It was designed to stop its staff opening new accounts merely to receive incentive scheme points. Staff are allowed, however, to make other suggestions to customers, including selling them financial services such as unit trust investments and private health insurance, which generate substantial profits for the bank. Branch workers who successfully sell such products receive incentive scheme rewards, directly related to how much profit the bank makes from them. The bank’s spokeswoman said: “The spirit of this memo, of putting customers first, has been obfuscated by sentences which are meant to say one thing but may be interpreted as saying another.” In some cases, she claimed, those with high sums to invest can get better returns from their existing current accounts because the interest rate rises as the balance goes up. But she admitted that the memo tells staff that all current account switches “must be initiated by the customer”, and that staff are not allowed to advise customers their money might earn better returns in alternative accounts. The only time such suggestions can be made, says the memo, is in a formal one-to-one interview with thecustomer. The bank insisted that the memo was designed to improve customer service, but it has angered branch staff, who believe they are being ordered not to operate in the customers’ best interests.The Lloyds’ spokeswoman added: “We agree that this memo may be misinterpreted.” The bank’s deputy chief executive, Michael Fairley, has intervened and will be rewriting the memo.1. According to the passage, Lloyds TSB is going to withdraw its internal memo circulated in January because .[A] it has been made known to the general public[B] it has been opposed by all its customers[C] it is misinterpreted by its branch staff[D] it is considered against customers’ best interests2. The spokeswoman for Lloyds TSB’s comment that the memo had been “quoted out of context” could be considered .[A] a confession of the bank’s malpractice[B] a guarantee of improvement of the bank’s service[C] a response to criticisms of the memo[D] a hint to withdraw and rewrite the memo3. It can be concluded from the passage that according to the memo, the branch staff .[A] will get no cash bonuses if they sell private health insurance to customers[B] will receive no incentive scheme rewards if found shifting customers cash into higherinterest accounts[C] cannot make any suggestions in a formal one-to-one interview with customers[D] shall never tell customers the interest rates of different accounts4. The word “obfuscated” used in paragraph 3 can be replaced by.[A] clarified [B]strengthened [C] obscured [D] weakened5. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT that .[A] the interest rate of an instant access account is higher than that of a current account[B] the interest rate can rise as the balance in an account goes up to a certain level[C] the memo does not allow account switches initiated by customers[D] the memo encourages bank workers to sell more financial services to customersPassage 2Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience becausethis emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist; in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society’s economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since earning would not bring enjoyment, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.6. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that .[A] they would not be able to tell the texture of objects[B] they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to them[C] they would not be happy with a life without love[D] they would do things that hurt each other’s feelings7. According to the passage, people’s learning activities are possible because they .[A] enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing[B] know what is vital to the progress of society[C] believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay alive[D] benefit from providing help and support to one another8. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on .[A] the ability to make money[B] the will to work for pleasure[C] the capacity to enjoy incentives[D] the categorizations of our emotional experiences9. Emotions are significant for man’s survival and adaptation because.[A] they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objects[B] they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintained[C] they encourage people to perform dangerous achievements[D] they generate more love than hate among people10. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they .[A] help society exploit its members for profit[B] encourage us to perform important tasks[C] help to perfect the legal and penal system[D] help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding usPassage 3Astronomers have witnessed the biggest bang since the big bang—the moment about 15 billion years ago when the universe was created in a massive explosion. The huge burst of energy from the edge of the universe is estimated to be second only to the moment of creation in its explosive force, releasing more energy in two seconds than the sun will give out in it lifetime. Scientists hope the explosion—known as a gamma-ray burst because it emits energy in the form of gamma radiation—will shed light on the earliest stages in the evolution of the stars and galaxies. Gamma-ray bursts cannot be seen by the human eye, but if they could the sky would light up like a camera flash each time they occurred. They are by far the most energetic events in the universe and, until now, have remained largely a mystery.The latest gamma-ray burst to be detected accurately occurred last December. Using a network of telescopes and satellites, the astronomers were able to calculate its distance from Earth at about 15 billion light years. This means it must have happened soon after the big bang itself, while the intensity of the radiation revealed it to be the biggest bang recorded by man. Scientists from the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the California Institute of Technology are to announce details of their analysis this week. The huge distance between the source of the explosion and the Earth suggests gamma-ray bursts are up to 10 times larger than previously thought, said Jonathan Katz, professor of physics at Washington University in St Louis.“Gamma-ray bursts may be the most distant things we will ever see and as such will act as beacons to probe into the very distant regions of the universe when stars and galaxies were first formed.”American spy satellites looking for the radiation released from Soviet nuclear tests first detected gamma-ray bursts in 1967 but the details were kept classified until 1973. For nearly 25 years scientists were hampered in their efforts to find an explanation for the huge explosions because they lasted no longer than a few seconds. The inability to explain themled to speculation that gamma-ray bursts were the remnants of nuclear battles between alien civilizations, or even the exhaust energy of extraterrestrial spaceships going into warp drive. Two satellites, the American Compton gamma-ray observatory and the Italian-Dutch Bepposax satellite, have now been able to locate the precise direction of gamma-ray bursts within seconds of them occurring. John Quenby, professor of physics at Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London, said the most likely explanation for gamma-ray burst is that they result from the enormous energy released when two very dense objects—called neutron stars—collide.11. According to the passage, “the big bang” is used to express all of the following EXCEPT .[A] the huge energy burst which created the universe[B] the energy burst which took place in the center of the universe[C] the explosion which took place in the form of gamma radiation[D] the explosion which happened about 15 billion years ago12. According to the passage, gamma-ray bursts .[A] were detected accidentally[B] were first detected by Soviet nuclear experts[C] were made known to the public after 1973[D] were soon given clear and detailed explanation13. It can be concluded from the passage that the study of the big bang will probably .[A] lead to the discovery of earliest human civilizations[B] tell how and when the universe was formed[C] display the intensity of nuclear radiation[D] make it possible to communicate with other civilizations14. Which of the following is NOT directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?[A] Gamma-ray explosion is very, very far away from the Earth.[B] Scientists believe that the universe was formed out of the big bang.[C] Gamma-ray bursts lasted only a very short period of time.[D] Scientists are still working hard to find more plausible explanation for the big bang.15. Which of the following can be used as the best title of the passage?[A] Gamma-ray Bursts and Nuclear Ears between Alien Civilizations.[B] Astronomy and the Creation of Universe.[C] Big Bang Theory Explains the Mystery of Universe.[D] Big Bang II Sheds Light on Evolution of Universe.Part Two: English-Chinese Translation (30 points)Translate the following passages into Chinese. Each translated passage will account for 15 points. Give the number of the passage on your answer sheet.Passage 1For the great majority of automobile workers, the only meaning of the job is in the pay check, not in anything connected with the work or the product. Work appears as something unnatural, a disagreeable, meaningless and stultifying condition of getting the pay check, devoid of dignity as well as of importance. No wonder that this puts a premium on slovenly work, on slowdowns, and on other tricks to get the same pay check with less work. No wonder that this results in an unhappy and discontented worker—because a pay check is not enough to base one‘s self-respect on.Passage 2One morning when he was walking out in the hills a girl passed him, then slowed her car to ask if she could give him a lift. Claude would have said that she was just the sort who would never stop to pick him up, --yet she did, and she talked to him pleasantly all the way back to town. It was only twenty minutes or so, but it was worth everything else that happened on his trip. When she asked him where she should put him down, he said at the Antlers, and blushed so furiously that she must have known at once he wasn’t staying there.Part Three: Chinese-English Translation (30 points)中华文明以其顽强的凝聚力和隽永的魅力，历经沧桑，完整地延续下来。
普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题(四川卷)(含答案)
2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（四川卷）英语本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分，第Ⅰ卷1页至9页，第Ⅱ卷10页。
考试结束后，须将答案答在答题卡上，在本试题卷、草稿纸上答题无效。
满分150分，考试时间120分钟。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷（选择题共100分）注意事项：1.必须使用2B铅笔将答案标号填涂在答题卡上对应题目标号的位置上。
2.第Ⅰ卷共两部分，共计100分。
第一部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分50分）第一节语法和词汇知识（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
1.—I’m sorry I didn’t finish it on time—A.Find，thanksB.No，thanksC.Thanks a lot D．Thanks anywaydex does’t feel like abroad.Her parents are old.A. studyB. studyingC. studiedD.to study3.There is in his words.We should have a try.A. somethingB. anythingC.nothingD.everything4. Frank insisted that he was not asleep I had great difficulty in waking him up.A. whetherB. althoughC. forD.so5.—How could you be so rude as to walk in here in the middle of my class?—_____________A. Nothing muchB. Nothing seriousC. Never againD. Never mind6.As it reported, it is 100 years _____________Qinghua University was founded.A. whenB. beforeC. afterD. since7.To get a better grade, you should __________the notes again before the test.A. go overB. get overC. turn overD. take over8.Nick, it’s good for you to read some books __________China before you start yourtrip there.A. inB. forC. ofD. on9. All visitors to this village _________ with kindness.A. treatB. are treatedC. are treatingD. had been treated10.Our teachers always tell us to believes in we do and who we are if we want to succeed.A.whyB.howC.whatD.which11.Simon made a big bamboo box the little sick bird till it rould fly.A.keepB.keptC.keopitD.to keep12.—How are your reccent trip to Sichuan?—I’ve never had one before.A.a pleasantB.a more pleasantC.a trecst pleasantD.the most pleasant13.Alwa ys remember put such dangerous things as lives out children’sA.touchB.sightC.reachD.distance14.I ofen the words I don’t know in the dictionary or on the lnternet.A.look upB.look atC.kook forD.look into15.Was it on a lonely island he was saved one month after the boat went famous.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.what16. an important role in a new movie,Andy has a chance to become famous.A.OfferB.OfferingC.OfferedD.To offer17.The school shop, customers are mainly students,is closed few the holidays.A.whichB.whoseC.whenD.where18.Dr.Peter Spemce, headmaster of the school,told us, fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.A.不填；AB.不填；TheC.the;TheD.a;A19.—What a mistake!—Yes.I his doing it another way, but without success.A.was suggestingB.will suggestC.would suggestD.had suggested20.The police still have I found the lost child,b ut they’re doong about they .A.canB.mayC.mustD.should第二节，完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会问题类 交通法则与交通事故)【圣才出品】
Passage2交通法则与交通事故From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age.We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous disease.A large number of once fatal illness can now be found for the most stubborn remaining disease.The expectation of life has increased enormously.But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before,every day we witness the incredible slaughter of them,women and children on the roads.Man versus the motor-car!It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel,his car becomes the extension of his personality.There is no doubt that the motorcar often brings out a man’s very worst qualities.People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind steering wheel.They swear they are ill mannered and aggressive willful as two-year-olds and uttering selfish.All their hidden frustrations,disappointments and jealousies seem to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that the society smiles so gently on the motorist and seems to forgive his convenience.Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic;towns are made ugly by huge car parks;the countryside is desecrated by road networks;and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic,to be conveniently forgotten.It is high timea world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life.With regard to driving,the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate.Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done.The driving test should be standardized and made for more difficult than it is;all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so;the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least21;all vehicles should be put through strict annual tests for safety.Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability.Present drinking and driving laws(where they exist)should be made much stricter.Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers,as has been done in the USA.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.These measures may sound inordinately harsh.But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all,the world is for human beings not for motorcars.1.The main idea of this passage is______.A.traffic accidents are mainly caused by motoristsB.thousands of people the world over are killed each yearC.the laws of some countries about driving are too laxD.only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.2.What does the author think of society toward motorists?A.Society criticizes the motorists severely.B.Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.C.Society overlooks their rude driving.D.Victims of accidents are nothing.3.Why does the author say:“his car becomes the extension of his personality”?A.Driving can show his real self.B.Driving can show the other part of his personality.C.Driving can bring out his character.D.His car embodies his temper.4.Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?A.Build more highwaysB.Stricter driving testsC.Test drivers every three yearsD.Raise age limit and lay down safety specifications5.The attitude of the author is______.A.ironicalB.criticalC.appealingitant【答案与解析】1.D作者要表达的中心意思是：只有严格的交通法则才能防止交通事故的发生。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(其他类 人类学)【圣才出品】
Passage6人类学What are we?To the biologist we are members of a sub-species called Homo sapiens,which represents a division of the species known as Homo sapiens.Every species is unique and distinct;that is part of the definition of a species.But what is particularly interesting about our species?For a start,we walk upright on our legs at all times,which is an extremely unusual way of getting around for a mammal. There are also several unusual features about our head,not least of which is the very large brain it contains.A second unusual feature is our strangely flattened face with its prominent,down-turned nose.Apes and monkeys have faces that protrude forwards as a muzzle and have“squashed”noses on top of this muzzle.There are many mysteries about evolution,and the reason for our unusually shaped nose is one of them.Another mystery is our nakedness or rather apparent nakedness. Unlike the apes,we are not covered by a coat of thick hair.Human body hair is very plentiful,but it is extremely fine and short so that,for all practical purposes,we are naked.Very partly this has something to do with the second interesting feature of our body:the skin is richly covered with millions of microscopic sweat glands.The human ability to sweat is unmatched in the primate world.So much for our appearance:what about our behavior?Our forelimbs,being freed from helping us to get about,possess a very high degree of manipulative skill. Part of this skill lies in the anatomical structure of the hands,but the crucial element is,of course,the power of the brain.No matter how suitable the limbs are fordetailed manipulation,they are useless in the absence of finely tuned instructions delivered through nerve fibers.The most obvious product of our hands and brains is technology.No other animal manipulates the world in the extensive and arbitrary way that humans do.The termites are capable of constructing intricately structured mounds which create their own“air-conditioned”environment inside.But the termites cannot choose to build a cathedral instead.Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.1.According to the author,biologists see us as______.A.exactly the same as Homo sapiensB.not quite the same as Homo sapiensC.a divided speciesD.an interesting sub-division of Homo sapiens2.What is indicated as being particularly interesting about our species?A.The fact that we walk.B.The size of our heads.C.The shape of our faces.D.The way our noses evolved.3.The author explains that other primates______.A.do not sweatB.sweat more than human beingsC.have larger sweat glands than humansD.do not sweat as much as humans4.What is most important about our hands?A.The way they are made.B.They are very free.C.Our control over them.D.Their muscular power.5.From the passage it could be concluded that human uniqueness derives from ______.A.the kind of choices people makeB.people’s need to make a choiceC.people’s ability to make a choiceD.the many choices people make【答案与解析】1.B文章第一段指出“To the biologist we are members…as Homo sapiens”，也就是说我们只是Homo sapiens的a sub-species，和Homo sapiens并不完全一样。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编33(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编33(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．India’s internal structure can never be ______ with Europe’s.A．sameB．similarC．identicalD．equal正确答案：C解析：identical(with)a.同一个：完全相同的(如：That is the identical pen I lost．The fingerprints of no two persons are identical．This copy is identical with the ones you bought last week．)。
same a.相同的，一样的(习惯上与定冠词the连用)。
similar(to)a.相似的，类似的。
equal(to／with)a.相等的，同样的：平等的；胜任的。
2．Louis was asked to ______ the man who stole her purse.A．identifyB．recognizeC．claimD．confirm正确答案：A解析：identify vt．认出，鉴定(身份)；认为……等同于(with)(如：She identified him as her attacker．I cannot identify this signature．Wealth cannot be identified with happiness．)。
recognize vt．认出，识别；承认。
claim vt．声称，主张；说……是自己的，索取。
confirm vt．确定，批准，使巩固，使有效。
3．There was snow everywhere, so that the shape of things was difficult to ______. (2010年四川大学考博试题)A．identifyB．authorizeC．justifyD．rationalize正确答案：A解析：在给出的选项中：identify“识别，鉴定，认明，认同，感同身受”：authorize“授权给，全权委托，允许，认可，批准”；justify“替……辩护，证明合法”：rationalize“使合理化，使有理化”。
2011年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案解析
2011年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案解析目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷 (2)2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析 (17) 2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (25)医学考博英语历年真题2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. A.The man is busy B.The man has trouble breathingC.The man is out of town on businessD.The man is hiding himself from thewoman2. A.He has a terrible backache B.He has a bad headacheC.He has a toothacheD.He has a diarrhea3. A.It is fast B.It is slowC.It works wellD.It is not working4. A.Four days B.Ten days C.One week D.Two weeks5. A.He is a lawyer B.He is a doctorC.He is a travel agentD.He is an immigration officer6. A.Sunday B.Tuesday C.Thursday D.Saturday7. A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five8. A.To X-ray his chest B.To hospitalize himC.To perform a minor surgeryD.To transfer him to a specialist9. A.To go shopping B.To go back to workC.To change their topicD.To entertain their guests10. A.The man is working too hard B.The man needs to think it overC.The man is supposed to find a jobD.The man has made a right decision11. A.Discussing a case B.Defying a diagnosisC.Performing a surgeryD.Talking with the patient12. A.The woman’s classmate B.The woman’s boyfriendC.The woman’s brotherD.The woman’s teacher13. A.The man is a liar B.The man is jealous of LisaC.She does not agree with the man on thatD.She will surely do the same as Lisa does14. A.250Yuan B.450Yuan C.650Yuan D.850Yuan15. A.She disagrees with the man there B.She is going to change her mindC.It is out of the question to do thatD.It is possible to forgive himSection BDirections:In this section you will hear one dialogue and two passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.16. A.Liver failure B.Breast cancerC.Kidney failureD.Diabetes out of control17. A.Shape B.Color C.Price D.Size18. A.It is much smaller than a microwave B.It leaves much room for reductionC.It is adjustableD.It is perfect19. A.It is under a clinical trial B.It is available in the marketC.It is widely used in the clinicD.It is in the experimental stage20. A.The commercial companies have invested a lot in the new machineB.The further development of the machine is in financial troubleC.The federal government finances the researchD.The machine will come into being in no timePassage One21. A.Suicide B.Obesity C.Turmoil D.Drug abuse22. A.Preventable B.Destructive C.Treatable D.Curable23. /doc/d9*******.html,bining antidepressants and talk therapyB.Promoting the transmission between neuronsC.Winning parental assistance and supportD.Administering effective antidepressants24. A.Because it adds to the effect of treatmentB.Because it works better than the medicationsC.Because it can take the place of antidepressantsD.Because it helps reduce the use of antidepressants25. A.65percent B.75percent C.85percent D.95percent Passage Two26. A.Helplessness and worthlessness B.Feeling like a loserC.Suicidal feelingD.All of the above27. A.It encourages the patient to be a top student at schoolB.It motivates the patient to work better than othersC.It makes it easy for the patient to make friendsD.It helps the patient hold a positive attitude28. A.By encouraging the patient to do the opposite at schoolB.By urging the patient to face any challenge in realityC.By making the patient aware of his or her existenceD.By changing the patient’s perspective29. A.Those who stop taking antidepressants B.Those who ask for more medicationsC.Those who are on the medicationsD.Those who abuse the medications30. A.Anxiousness B.Nausea C.Fever D.Insomnia Part II Vocabulary(10%)Directions:In this section all the sentences are incomplete.Beneath each of them are given four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then,mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.There are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the of their behavioras medical professionals.A.transactionB.transformationC.transmissionD.transparency32.He seemed most to my idea which was exceptionallycreative.A.alienB.ambulantC.amiableD.amenable33.The first attempts at gene therapy have mostly,but technique will surely bemade to work eventually.A.stumbledB.stammeredC.striddenD.strutted34.She is admitted to the hospital with complaints of upper abdominal pain and_______forfatty foods.A.preferenceB.persistenceC.intoleranceD.appetence35.By sheer,I met the old classmate we had been discussing yesterday.A.coincidenceB.coherenceC.collaborationD.collocation36.As the drugs began to,the pain began to take hold again.A.wear offB.put offC.all offD.show off37.The environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the_______medical technologies.A.approachingB.impracticableC.sophisticatedD.transient38.At last,she some reasons for his strange behavior.A.abolishedB.admonishedC.abstainedD.adduced39.Doctors are concerned with health of people from to the grave.A.conceptionB.receptionC.deceptionD.perception40.In more examinations,the blood is tested in a multichannel analyzer machinefor abnormities.A.conciseB.deviousC.elaborateD.feasibleSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part.Mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She fell awkwardly and broke her leg.A.embarrassinglyB.reluctantlyC.clumsilyD.dizzily42.Throughout most of the recorded history,medicine was anything but scientific.A.more or lessB.by and largeC.more often than notD.by no meansA.illuminatedB.fascinatedC.alienatedD.hallucinated44.We demand some tangible proof of our hard work in the form of statistical data,a productor a financial reward.A.intelligibleB.infinitiveC.substantialD.deficient45.But diets that restrict certain food groups or promise unrealistic results are difficult–orunhealthy–to sustain over time.A.maintainB.reserveC.conceiveD.empower46.The molecular influence pervades all the traditional disciplines underlying clinicalmedicine.A.specialtiesB.principlesC.rationalesD.doctrines47.One usually becomes aware of the onset of puberty through its somatic manifestations.A.juvenileB.potentC.physicalD.matured48.His surgical procedure should succeed,for it seems quite feasible.A.rationalB.reciprocalC.versatileD.viable49.These are intensely important questions about quality and the benefits of specialty careand experience.A.irresistiblyB.vitallyC.potentiallyD.intriguingly50.This guide gives you information on the best self-care strategies and the latest medicaladvances.A.tendsB.techniquesC.notionsD.breakthroughsPart III Cloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Whenever people go and live in another country,they have new experiences and new feelings.They experience culture shock.Many people have a(n)51about culture shock:they think that it’s just a feeling of sadness and homesickness when a person is in a new country.But this isn’t really true.Culture shock is a completely natural52,and everybody goes53it in a new culture.There are four stages,or steps,in culture shock.When people first arrive in a new country,they’re usually excited and54.Everything is interesting.They notice that a lot of things are55their own culture,and this surprises them and makes them happy.This is Stage One.In Stage Two,people notice how different the new culture is from their own culture. They become confused.It seems difficult to do even very simple things.They feel56. They spend a lot of time57or with other people from their own country.They think,“My problems are all because I’m living in this country.”comfortable and relaxed.In Stage Four,they feel very comfortable.They have good friends in the new culture. They understand the new customs.Some customs are similar to their culture,and some aredifferent,but that’s OK.They can60it.51. A.account B.reflection C.verification D.misconception52. A.transition B.exchange C.immigration D.selection53. A.for B.through C.after D.about54. A.frightened B.confused C.uneasy D.happy55. A.representative of B.different from C.peculiar to D.similar to56. A.intoxicated B.depressed C.amazed D.thrilled57. A.lonely B.alone C.lone D.only58. A.make friends withB.make transactions withC.hold hostility toD.shut the door to59. A.hardly B.more C.very D.less60. A.live with B.do without C.hold up with D.make a successofPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OnePatients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they don’t wake up,concludes a new study.Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of things that happened while they were being operated on.But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the courseof operations.Gitta Lubke,Peter Sebel and colleagues at Emory University in Atlanta measured the depth of anesthesia using bispectral analysis,a technique which measures changes in brainwave patterns in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery.Before this study, researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation,says Lubke.Lubke studied96trauma patients undergoing emergency surgery,many of whom were too severely injured to tolerate full anesthesia.During surgery,each patient wore headphones through which a series of16words was repeated for3minutes each.At the same time,After the operation,Lubke tested the patients by showing them the fi rst three letters of a word,such as“lim”,and asking them to complete it.Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery–“limit”,for example–chose that word an average of 11percent more often than patients who had been played a different word list.None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the word lists.Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized.But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played.This finding,which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology,could mean that operating theatre staff should be more discreet.What they say during surgery may distress patients afterwards,says Philip Merikle,a psychologist at the University of Waterloo,Ontario.61.Scientists have found that deep anesthesia.A.is likely to affect hearingB.cannot block surgeons’wordsC.can cause serious damages to memoryD.helps retain conscious or subconscious memories62.By the new study,the technique of bispectral analysis helps the scientists.A.acquire an average measurement of brainwave changes over the whole surgeryB.decide whether the patient would retain conscious or subconscious memoriesC.relate their measurements and recordings to the verbal sounds during surgeryD.assure the depth of anesthesia during surgery63.To test the patients,the scientists.A.prepared two lists of words/doc/d9*******.html,ed ninety-six headphones for listeningC.conducted the whole experiment for three minutesD.voiced only the first three letters of sixteen words during surgery64.The results from the new study indicate that it was possible for the patients.A.to regain consciousness under the knifeB.to tell one word from another after surgeryC.to recall what had been heard during surgeryD.to overreact to deep anesthesia in the course of operations65.What we can infer from the finding.A.how surgical malpractice can be preventedB.why a surgeon cannot be too carefulC.why surgeons should hold their tongues during surgeryD.how the postoperative patients can retain subconsciousmemoriesPassage Twothat new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats,birds and even humans.Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer’s in which neurons are destroyed.Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus,a structure involved in learning and memory.But they rarely survive more than a few weeks.“We thought t hey were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input,”says Elizabeth Gould, a neuroscientist at Princeton.Because of the location,Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’survival,and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.To test this,they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be /doc/d9*******.html,ter,they gave some of the rats standard tasks.One involved using visual and spatial cues,such as posters on a wall,to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water.In another,the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later.Both these tasks use the hippocampus–if this structure is damaged,rats can’t do them Meanwhile,the researchers gave other rats similar tasks that did not require the hippocampus:finding a platform that was easily visible in water,for instance.Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises.The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others.“Learning opportunitiesincrease the number of neurons,”says Gould.But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California,dispute this.In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience,they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times.Her team gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled,when the new cells would normally be dying.She thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early f or new neurons to benefit.“By the time the cells were degenerating,the animals were not learning anything,”she says.66.Not until recently did scientists find out that.A.new neurons could grow in adult brainsB.neurons could be man-made in the laboratoryC.neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer’s diseaseD.humans could produce new neurons as animals67.Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neurons.A.did survive longer than expectedB.would die much sooner than expected could68.Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the test?A.The water usedB.The noises playedC.The neurons newly bornD.The hippocampus involved69.Gould theorizes that the Salk group’s failure to report the same results was dueto.A.the timing of labeling new neuronsB.the frequency of stimulationC.the wrongly labeled neuronsD.the types of learning tasks70.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?/doc/d9*******.html,e It or Lose ItB.Learn to SurviveC.To Be or Not to BeD.Stay Mentally HealthyPassage ThreeHere’s yet another reason to lose weight.Heavier people are more likely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people.That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers.In the US,car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children.But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk.A study carried out in Seattle,Washington,looked at more than26,000people who had been involved in car crashes,and found that heavier people were at far more risk.People weighing between100and119kilograms are almost two-and-a-half times as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than60kilograms.And importantly,the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index (BMI)–a measure that takes height as well as weight into account.Someone1.8meters tall weighing126kilograms would have a BMI of39,but so would a person1.5meters tall weighing88kilograms.People are said tobe obese if their BMI is30or over.The study found that people with a BMI of35to39are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about20.It’s not just total weight,but obesity itself that’s dangerous.While they do not yet know why this is the case,the evidence is worth pursuing,says Charles Mock,a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle,who led the research team.He thinks one answer may be for safety authorities to use heavier crash-test dummies when certifying cars as safe to drive.Crash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about78 kilograms.Recently,smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars.But larger and heavier dummies aren’t used,the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington DC told New Scientist.problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes,could be finding it tougher to recover from injury.71.When they redesigned air bags to hold less pressure,the American car manufacturers____________.A.found it hard to set standards without the definition of obesityB.incidentally brought about extra risks to obese passengersC.based their job on the information of car accidentsD.actually neglected smaller women and children72.When they categorized the obese people,the researchers.A.showed a preference for BMI in measurementsB.achieved almost the same results as previouslyC.found the units of kilogram more applicable than BMID.were shocked to know the number of obese people killed in car crashes73.To address the problem,Mock.A.suggested that the safety authorities use heavier crash-test dummiesB.cried for the standardization of crash-test dummiesC.reduced the weights of crash-test dummiesD.encouraged obese people to lose weight74.While exploring the reason for the higher injury and death rates,Mock would mostprobably say that.A.cars can be made safer to avoid crashesB.it is wise for obese people not to drive drunkC.it is not just total weight,but obesity itself that is dangerousD.the main reason behind the prob lem is drinkers’heavy weight75.Which of the following questions is closely related to the passage?A.Are air bags really necessary to be built in cars?B.Are cars certified as safe to drive?C.Are crash-test dummies too thin?D.Are car accidents preventable?Passage FourIt seems intuitive that going to a specialist physician will result in more thorough and up-to-date care for whatever ails you.In fact,many studies support this idea–but health-care researchers caution that they may not tell the whole story.The first question is whose patients are sicker?Specialists tend to treat more complicated forms of disease,but generalist–family physicians and general practitioners–are more likely to treat patients with several coexisting diseases.A second question is what counts as the most valuable treatment?Specialists are moreof Yale University.On the other hand,a generalist may do a better job of coordinating a patient’s care and keeping an eye on a person’s overall health,says Martin T.Donohoe of the Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland.To further complicate comparisons,many generalists will consult with specialists on complicated cases,but medical records do not always show that,says Carolyn Clancy of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research in Rockville,Md.That said,stroke patients treated by neurologists are more likely to survive than stroke patients treated by generalists.Among about38,000stroke sufferers nationwide,16.1percent of those treated by a neurologist died within3months,compared with25.3percent of those treated by family physicians.Several studies have shown that people with heart disease fare better when they are treated by cardiologists,says Ira S.Nash of the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York,but it’s hard to figure out exactly why.“Physician specialty,in addition to being a measure of formal training in the field,is also a proxy for clinical experience,”he says.“It’s very difficult to separate out the overlapping concepts:one,that practice makes perfect;two,the effect of the educational and time investments in a clinical problem the physician is simply interested in;and three,the issue of formal training.”Differences between specialist care and generalistcare,however,pale in comparison with the finding that both specialists and generalists often fail to put the latest knowledge into practice,contend both Donohoe and Clancy.A report by the U.S.General Accounting Office documented that heart attack survivors who saw cardiologists regularly were more likely to take cholesterol-lowering drugs and beta blockers–which reduce heart rate and blood pressure–than those who received care from a generalist.Even so,these life-prolonging drugs were not prescribed to many patients who appeared to be eligible for them,implying that both generalists and specialists could do better.“Maybe we are focusing too much energy on the differences between generalist and specialist care,”says Donohoe.Perhaps,he adds,“we should focus more intently on improving the quality of communication and cooperation between generalists and specialists and on developing and promoting practice guidelines that might have a much bigger effect on the overall health of Americans.76.Which of the following questions can most probably come out of the two questions raisedin the passage?A.Is specialist care superior?B.What is specialist care all about?C.Why is one unwilling to be a generalist?D.Is generalist care the future of medicine?B.a specialist can be a generalist,or vice versaC.neither of the two groups is better than the otherD.patients have every reason to go to specialist physicians78.According to the passage,the better treatment of stroke and heart disease on the part ofspecialists.A.cannot simply be ascribed to specialtyB.is hard to be justified on the nationwide scaleC.is enough to prove the superiority of specialist careD.has much to do with the amount of formal education79.Both specialists and generalists,Donohoe and Clancy contend,could do a better jobof.A.taking advantage of the otherB.avoiding as much malpractice as possibleC.putting the latest knowledge into practice/doc/d9*******.html,cating the public to their consciousness of health80.Donohoe is trying to shift our attention to.A.better communication and cooperation between generalists and specialistsB.the real nature of specialist and generalist care,respectivelyC.the similarities between generalist and specialist careD.the declining health of AmericansPassage FiveChildren are spending an increasing amount of time using /doc/d9*******.html,puters are now found in most classrooms,and in the majority of homes,almost always with internet access. However,many studies of children’s use of computers show that there are possible negative effects.This essay will explain the possible negative effects of computer use on children, focusing on the effects on family and peer relationships and the increased tendency towards violent behavior.Computer use may negatively affect the social relationshipbetween children and their parents.Because children spend so much time on computers,they often know more about advanced computer use than their parents.According to Subrahmanyam and his colleagues (2001)this often leads to a role reversal,where the child becomes a teacher to the parent.In other words,it is often the case that a highly computer literate teenager will teach their parents how to use the more complex functions of computer technology.This can lead to a reduction in parental authority.Moreover,with the anonymity of online communication,computer users do not know if they are talking to a child or an adult,so all users are treated equally (Subrahmanyam et al,2001).Children may then expect the same equality in real life,further contributing to a breakdown in the parent-children relationship(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).interacting with their peers(Shields&Behrman,2001).As a result,children may not develop the social skills they need,or be able to maintain friendships in the real world(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).With the very extended computer use,this isolation from the real world can lead to loneliness and even depression(Shields&Behrman,2001).A disturbing possible effect of computer use on children is the link between computer games and violence.Current research has already documented a strong link between violent films and television and aggressive behavior in children,so it is reasonable to believe that a similar link will be found between violent behavior in children and violence in computer games(Subrahmanyam et al,2001).However,as Shields Behrman(2001)points out,it is important to note that although the games may affect all children,children who prefer violent games could be most affected.In conclusion,using a computer,particularly for extended periods,may affect the parent-children relationship in families.It could also result in children not learning the social skills they need to interact with peers and maintain friendships.Moreover,it seems likely that playing violent computer games is linked to violence in children.Although the research is not conclusive,it appears that extended use of computers could have a negative effect on children’s social development.81.From the very beginning,the author is trying to draw out attention to.A.crimes on rise at schoolB.a decline in family valueC.the negative effects of children’s overuse of computerD.the increasing number of investigations on education82.Which is the best reason for the reduction of parental authority according to the passage?A.Children become teachers to their parentsB.Parents are fossilized in new technologyC.Children expect for an equal status with their parentsD.Parents’roles are being shrunk by the computer83.What does Shield Behrman imply in the passage?A.Children greatly value the friendship with their peersB.Children are doomed to suffer depression by using computerC.Children will in no circumstances be affected by violent gamesD.Children’s inclination to aggression may derive from violent games84.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the negative result of playing computer。
最新四川大学考博英语真题及答案详解
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解阅读1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet Univers ity in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people.When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But St okoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing as “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说).It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.”21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___.A) a new way to look at the learning of languageB) a challenge to traditional, views on the nature of languageC) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a languageD) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C）22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____.A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brainB) a leading specialist in the study of liberal artsC) an English teacher in a university for the deafD) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C）23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___.A) a Substandard languageB) a genuine languageC) an artificial languageD) an international language（B）24. Most educators objected to Stokoe’s idea because they thought _____D___.A) sign language was not extensively used even by deaf peopleB) sign language was too artificial to be widely acceptedC) a language should be easy to use and understandD) a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds（D）25. Stokoe’s argument is based on his belief that ____D____.A) sign language is as efficient as any other languageB) sign language is derived from natural languageC) language is a system of meaningful codesD) language is a product of the brain（D）2）It was the worst tragedy in maritime history, six times more deadly than the Titanic. When the German cruise ship Wilhelm Gustloff was hit by torpedoes fired from a Russian submarine in the final winter of World War II, more than 10,000 people-mostly women, children and old people fleeing the final Red Army push into Nazi Germany-were packed aboard. An ice storm had turned the decks into frozen sheets that sent hundreds of families sliding into the sea as the ship tilted and began to go down. Others desperately tried to put lifeboats down. Some who succeeded fought off those in the water who had the strength to try to claw their way aboard. Most people froze immediately. I’ll never forget the screams,” says Christa Ntitzmann, 87, one of the 1,200 survivors. She recalls watching the ship, brightly lit, slipping into its dark grave-and into seeming nothingness, rarely mentioned for more than half a century.Now Germany’s Nobel Prize-winning author Gtinter Grass has revived the memory of the 9,000 dead, including more than 4,000 children-with his latest novel Crab Walk, published last month. The book, which will be out in English next year, doesn’t dwell on the sinking; its heroine is a pregnant young woman who survives the catastrophe only to say later: “Nobody wanted to hear about it, not here in the West (of Germany) and n ot at all in the East.” The reason was obvious. As Grass put it in a recent interview with the weekly Die Woche: “Because the crimes we Germans are responsible for were and are so dominant, we didn’t have the energy left to tell of our own sufferings.”The long silence about the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was probably unavoidable-and necessary. By unreservedly owning up to their country’s monstrous crimes in the Second World War, Germans have managed to win acceptance abroad, marginalize the neo-Nazis at home and make peace with their neighbors. Today’s unified Germany is more prosperous and stable than at any time in its long, troubled history. For that, a half century of willful forgetting about painful memories like the German Titanic was perhaps a r easonable price to pay. But even the most politically correct Germans believe that they’ ye now earned the right to discuss the full historical record. Not to equate German suffering with that of its victims, but simply to acknowledge a terrible tragedy.31. Why does the author say the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was the worst tragedy in maritime history? （B）A) It was attacked by Russian torpedoes.B) It caused the largest number of casualties.C) Most of its passengers were frozen to death.D) Its victims were mostly women and children.32. Hundreds of families dropped into the sea when ___（A）_____.A) the badly damaged ship leaned toward one sideB) a strong ice storm tilted the shipC) the cruise ship sank all of a suddenD) the frightened passengers fought desperately for lifeboats33. The Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy was little talked about for more than half a century because Germans _____（D）___.A) were eager to win international acceptanceB) had been pressured to keep silent about itC) were afraid of offending their neighborsD) felt guilty for their crimes in World War II34. How does Gunter Grass revive the memory of the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy? （D）A) By describing the ship’s sinking in great detail.B) By giving an interview to the weekly Die Woche.C) By presenting the horrible scene of the torpedo attack.D) By depicting the survival of a young pregnant woman.35. It can be learned from the passage that Germans no longer think that ____（C）____.A) the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy is a reasonable p rice to pay for the nation’s past misdeedsB) Germany is responsible for the horrible crimes it committed in World War IIC) they will be misunderstood if they talk about the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedyD) it-is wrong to equate their sufferings with those of other countries）There are people in Italy who can’t stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey. A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. 『Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens.』①They tell you it’s a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there’s the sport that glorifies “the hit”.By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still.game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV won’t do it for you.Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. 『But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in frontof him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first baseman’s position.』②Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chores and responses.1. The passage is mainly concerned with .A. the different tastes of people for sportsB. the different characteristics of sportsC. the attraction of footballD. the attraction of baseball2. Those who don’t like baseball may complain that .A. it is only to the taste of the oldB. it involves fewer players than footballC. it is not exciting enoughD. it is pretentious and looks funny3. The author admits that .A. baseball is too peaceful for the youngB. baseball may seem boring when watched on TVC. football is more attracting than baseballD. baseball is more interesting than football4. By stating “I could have had my eyes closed. ” the author means (4th paragraph last sentence):A. The third baseman would rather sleep than play the game.B. Even if the third baseman closed his eyes a moment ago, it could make no different to the result.C. The third baseman is so good at baseball that he could finish the game with eyes closed all the time and do his work well.D. The consequent was too bad he could not bear to see it.5. We can safely conclude that the author .A. likes footballB. hates footballC. hates baseballD. likes baseballVocabulary1. dugout n.棒球场边供球员休息的地方2. pitcher n.投手3. symphony n.交响乐4. chamber n.室内5. contemplate vt.沉思，注视长难句解析①【解析】此句的主干是“Baseball…means…watching…”，其中“in funny tight outfits”用来修饰“grown men”,“standing…”和“staring”用来做“grown men”的定语。
2011年四川大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2011年四川大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionConcern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modern life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More people are working than ever before in France. In the cities the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappearing. Offices, shops, and factories are discovering the great efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchrooms. In almost all lines of work emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus the “typical”Frenchman produces more, earns more, and buys more goods than his counterpart of the last generation. He gains in creating comforts and ease of life. What he loses to some extent is his sense of persona, uniqueness, or individuality. Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the U. S. is a world symbol of the technological society and its consumer products, The so-called Americanization of France has its critics. They fear that “assembly -line life”will lead to the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely(but less productive)old French style. What will happen, they ask, to taste, elegance, and the cultivation of the good things in life-joy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll by the river, or just happy hours of conversation in a local cafe? Since the late 1950s life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and the pursuit of material gain. Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life are the young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they fear that France is threatened by the triumph of this competitive, goods-oriented culture. Occasionally, they have reacted against the trend with considerable violence. In spite of critics, however, countless Frenchmen are committed to keeping France in the forefront of the modern economic world. They find that the present life brings more rewards, conveniences, and pleasures than that of the past. They believe that a modern, industrial France is preferable to the old.1．The old French way of life is characterized by______.A．leisure, elegance, and efficiencyB．elegance, efficiency, and tasteC．leisure, elegance, and tasteD．leisure, efficiency, and taste正确答案：C解析：细节事实题。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会问题类 当过CEO的政府官员政绩不佳)【圣才出品】
Passage10当过CEO的政府官员政绩不佳Harry Truman didn’t think his successor had the right training to be president.“Poor Ike—it won’t be a bit like the Army,”he said.“He’ll sit there all day saying‘do this,do that,’and nothing will happen.”Truman was wrong about Ike. Dwight Eisenhower had led a fractious alliance—you didn’t tell Winston Churchill what to do—in a massive,chaotic war.He was used to politics.But Truman’s insight could well be applied to another,even more venerated Washington figure: the CEO—turned cabinet secretary.A20-year bull market has convinced us all that CEOs are geniuses,so watch with astonishment the troubles of Donald Rumsfeld and Paul O’Neill.Here are two highly regarded businessmen,obviously intelligent and well-informed, foundering in their jobs.Actually,we shouldn’t be surprised.Rumsfeld and O’Neill are not doing badly despite having been successful CEOs but because of it.The record of senior businessmen in government is one of almost unrelieved disappointment.In fact, with the exception of Robert Rubin,it is difficult to think of a CEO who had a successful career in government.Why is this?Well,first the CEO has to recognize that he is no longer the CEO. He is at best an adviser to the CEO,the president.But even the president is not really the CEO.No one is.Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured.Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out.Thesecretary might think he’s in charge of his agency.But the chairman of the congressional committee funding that agency feels the same.In his famous study “Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents,”Richard Neustadt explains how little power the president actually has and concludes that the only lasting presidential power is“the power to persuade.”Take Rumseld’s attempt to transform the cold-war military into one geared for the future.It’s innovative but deeply threatening to almost everyone in Washington.The Defense secretary did not try to sell it to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Congress,the budget office of the White House.As a result,the idea is collapsing.Second,what power you have,you must use carefully.For example,O’Neill’s position as Treasury secretary is one with little formal authority.Unlike Finance ministers around the world,Treasury does not control the budget.But it has symbolic power.The secretary is seen as the chief economic spokesman for the administration and,if he plays it right,the chief economic adviser for the president.O’Neill has been publicly critical of the IMF’s bailout packages for developing countries while at the same time approving such packages for Turkey, Argentina and Brazil.As a result,he has gotten the worst of both worlds.The bailouts continue,but their effect in holstering investor confidence is limited because the markets are rattled by his skepticism.Perhaps the government doesn’t do bailouts well.But that leads to a third rule:you can’t just quit.Jack Welch’s famous law for re-engineering General Electric was to be first or second in any given product category,or else get out ofthat business.But if the government isn’t doing a particular job at peak level,it doesn’t always have the option of relieving itself of that function.The Pentagon probably wastes a lot of money.But it can’t get out of the national-security business.The key to former Treasury secretary Rubin’s success may have been that he fully understood that business and government are,in his words,“necessarily and properly very different.”In a recent speech he explained,“Business functions around one predominate organizing principle,ernment,on the other hand,deals with a vast number of equally legitimate and often potentially competing objectives—for example,energy production versus environmental protection,or safety regulations versus productivity.”Rubin’s example shows that talented people can do well in government if they are willing to treat it as its own separate,serious endeavour.But having been bathed in a culture of adoration and flattery,it’s difficult for a CEO to believe he needs to listen and learn,particularly from those despised and poorly paid specimens,politicians,bureaucrats and the media.And even if he knows it intellectually,he just can’t live with it.1.For a CEO to be successful in government,he has to______.A.regard the president as the CEOB.take absolute control of his departmentC.exercise more power than the congressional committeeD.become acquainted with its power structure2.In commenting on O’Neill’s record as Treasury Secretary,the passage seems to indicate that______.A.O’Neill has failed to use his power wellB.O’Neill policies were well receivedC.O’Neill has been consistent in his policiesD.O’Neill uncertain about the package he’s approved3.According to the passage,the differences between government and business lie in the following areas EXCEPT______.A.nature of activityB.option of withdrawalC.legitimacy of activityD.power distribution4.The author seems to suggest that CEO-turned government officials______.A.are able to fit into their new rolesB.are unlikely to adapt to their new rolesC.can respond to new situations intelligentlyD.may feel uncertain in their new posts【答案与解析】1.D A项是视总统为CEO，这与原文第四段中“But even the president is not really theCEO.”是不符的；B项也不合题意，因为“Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out.”(政府权力是分散的，是水平分布的。
【英语】2011年高考试题—(四川卷)解析版
绝密★启用2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（四川卷）英语本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分，第Ⅰ卷1 页至9 页，第Ⅱ卷10 页。
考试结束后，须将答案答在答题卡上，在本试题卷、草稿纸上答题无效。
满分150 分，考试时间120 分钟。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷（选择题共100分）注意事项：1.必须使用2B铅笔将答案标号填涂在答题卡上对应题目标号的位置上。
2.第Ⅰ卷共两部分，共计100 分。
第一部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分50 分）第一节语法和词汇知识（共20 小题；每小题 1 分，满分20 分）从A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
第一节单项选择1. —I ’m sorry I didn ’t finish it on time—A. Fine，thanksB. No，thanksC. Thanks a lot D．Thanks anyway4. Frank insisted that he was not asleep I had great difficulty in waking him up.A. whetherB. althoughC. forD. so【答案与解析】 B 本题考查连词。
句意为：“虽然我很费劲地才叫醒Frank，他却坚持说他没睡着。
”，故此处应为连词although 引导的让步状语从句。
故正确答案为B。
3.—How could you be so rude as to walk in here in the middle of my class?—_____________A. Nothing muchB. Nothing seriousC. Never againD. Never mind2. Nick, it ’s good for you to read some books __________China before you start your trip there.A. inB. forC. ofD. on【答案与解析】 D 本题考查介词。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(历史地理类 泰坦尼克号与珍珠港)【圣才出品】
Passage1泰坦尼克号与珍珠港Moviegoers may think history is repeating itself this weekend.The summer’s most anticipated film,Pearl Harbor,which has opened recently,painstakingly recreates the Japanese attack that drew the United States into World War II.But that isn’t the film’s only reminder of the past.Harbor invites comparison to Titanic,the biggest hit of all time.Like Titanic,Harbor heaps romance and action around a major historical event.Like Titanic,Harbor attempts to create popular global entertainment from a deadly real-life.Like Titanic,Harbor costs a pretty penny and hopes to get in even more at the box office.Both Titanic and Pearl Harbor unseal their tales of love and tragedy over more than three hours.Both stories center on young passion,triangles of tension with one woman and two men.In Titanic,Leonardo DiCaprio and Billy Zane compete for the love of the same woman,a high-society type played by a British actress named Kate（Winslet）.In Harbor,two pilots（Ben Affelek,Josh Hartnett）fall for the same woman,a nurse played by a British actress named Kate（Beckinsale）.The scenes of peril also have similarities.Harbor has a shot in which soldiers cling for dear life as the battleship USS Oklahoma capsizes.The moment is recalled of the Titanic’s climactic sinking scene in which DiCaprio and Winslet hang from the ocean liner as half of the ship vertically plunges into the water.In Harbor,one of its stars floats a piece of debris in the middle of the night,much like Winslet’s character does in Titanic.And the jaw-dropping action of Titanic is matched by Harbor’s40-minute recreation of Dec.7,1941attack on the United States’Pacific Fleet.Both films spent heavily on special effects.Harbor director,Michael Bay,for example,said he kept salaries down,so more could be spent on the visuals.Both movies’shot events and their ship-sinking scenes were completed at the same location,Fox Studios Baja in Mexico.Harbor’s makers have even taken a Titanic-like approach to the soundtrack. The film includes one song,There You’ll be,performed by country music superstar Faith Hill.Titanic,which is one of the best-selling soundtracks of all time, also had only one pop song:Celine Dion’s My Heart Will Go On.“If Harbor becomes a major moneymaker,filmmakers may comb history books searching for even more historical romance-action material,”said a critic.1.What are the two things that the author of this article tries to compare?A.The attack on Pearl Harbor and the sinking of the Titanic.B.Historical fiction movies and successful box office hits.C.The movie Titanic and the on-show movie Pearl Harbor.D.Sinking boats and famous actors.2.What does the phrase“cost a pretty penny”in the first paragraph mean?A.To be very attractiveB.To cost a lotC.To have big box office returnsD.To require a lot of effort to accomplish3.It is said in the passage that______.A.major historical events can never repeat themselvesB.both Titanic and Pearl Harbor are the historical reappearanceC.Pearl Harbor may have a better box office return than TitanicD.Titanic is the most successful film in history4.Pearl Harbor and Titanic are similar in all the following aspects EXCEPT______.A.both spent large amount of money on special effectsB.both have soundtracks starring a major pop starC.both added made-up stories to historical eventsD.both are documentary movies of historical events5.If Pearl Harbor is as successful as Titanic,which of the following movies might we see next?A.The Battle of Waterloo.B.The Adventures of Mr.Bean.C.Space Invaders.D.The Haunted House.【答案与解析】1.C文章中多处表达证明本题的正确答案是C。
川农考博英语1080英语2011
四川农业大学2011年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题科目名称：1080英语(总分：100分)考生注意：所有答案必需写在答题纸上，否则无效!本试题随同答题纸交回！English Test for Candidates of Doctors(Sichuan Agricultural University 2011）Part One：Reading comprehension (40％)Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage。
In a purely biological sense， fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us - the so-called fight-or-flight response。
”An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive，" says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals，humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons （神经元）deep in the brain known as the amygdale (扁桃体)。
LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives。
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2011年四川大学考博英语真题及详解I.Reading Comprehension(30%;one mark each):Direction:Read the following six passages.Answer the questions below each.passage by choosing A,B,C or D.Write your answers On the Answer Sheet.Passage OneConcern with money,and then more money,in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modern life,has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen.More people are working than ever before in France.In the cities the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappearing.Offices,shops,and factories are discovering the great efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchrooms.In almost all lines of work emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output.Thus the“typical”Frenchman produces more,earns more,and buys more goods than his counterpart of the last generation.He gains in creating comforts and ease of life.What he loses to some extent is his sense of persona,uniqueness,or individuality.Some say that France has been Americanized.This is because the U.S.is a world symbol of the technological society and its consumer products,The so-called Americanization of France has its critics.They fear that“assembly-line life”will lead to the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely(but less productive)old French style.What will happen,they ask, to taste,elegance,and the cultivation of the good things in life-joy in the smell of a freshly picked apple,a stroll by the river,or just happy hours of conversation in a local cafe?Since the late1950s life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush,tension,and the pursuit of material gain.Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life are the young, especially university students.They are concerned with the future,and they fear that France is threatened by the triumph of this competitive,goods-oriented culture.Occasionally,they have reacted against the trend with considerable violence.In spite of critics,however,countless Frenchmen are committed to keeping France in the forefront of the modern economic world.They find that the present life brings more rewards, conveniences,and pleasures than that of the past.They believe that a modern,industrial France is preferable to the old.1.The old French way of life is characterized by______.A.leisure,elegance,and efficiencyB.elegance,efficiency,and tasteC.leisure,elegance,and tasteD.leisure,efficiency,and taste2.According to the passage,all the following are the description of today’s Frenchmen EXCEPT that______.A.many of them prefer the modern lifestyleB.they actually enjoy working at the assembly lineC.they are more concerned with money than beforeD.they are more competitive than the old generation3.Which of the following is true about the critics?A.Critics are greater in number than people enjoying the new way of life.B.Student critics are greater in number than critics in other fields.C.Student critics have,on occasion,resorted to violent means against the trend.D.Critics are concerned solely with the present rather than the future.4.The best title for the passage would be______.A.Changes in the French Way of LifeB.Criticism of the New LifestyleC.The Americanization of FranceD.Features of the New Way of Life5.It can be inferred from the passage that______.A.in pursuing material gains the French are suffering losses elsewhereB.the French enjoy short lunch hoursC.the French are fed up with the smell of freshly picked applesD.great changes have occurred in the lifestyle of all Frenchmen【答案与解析】1.C短文第二段中说“the pleasure of the more graceful and leisurely(but less productive)oldFrench style…taste,elegance,and the cultivation of the good things in life…”，由此可知，传统法国式生活的特征包括leisure，taste，elegance，只有C项efficiency“效率”没有提到，故不是传统法国式生活的特征。
2.B由短文第二段说，法国人害怕这种“流水线生活”会使许多美好的感受消失。
由此可知“法国人喜欢在流水线上工作”是不合文意的，因此选项B为正确答案。
3.C短文第三段最后一句说“they have reacted against the trend with considerable violence.”即他们偶尔有用相当激烈的方式来反对这种倾向，所以关于对法国现代生活方式的批评，选项C是正确的。
4.A本文既介绍了传统的法国生活方式也介绍了现代的法国生活方式，还介绍了对现代生活方式的批评意见及人们普遍的观点，所以选项A“法国生活方式的变化”最好地概括了本文的主要观点。
5.A短文第一段中说“Frenchman produces more，earns more，and buys more consumergoods…What he loses to some extent is his sense of personal uniqueness，or individuality.”第二段中也提到“the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely old French style.”由此可知“法国人在追求物质获得的同时，在其他方面也失去了一些东西”，故选项A为正确答案。
Passage TwoThe decline in moral standards—which has long concerned social analysts—has at last captured the attention of average Americans.And Jean Bethke Elshtain,for one,is glad.The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation’s moral climate,says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago,is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.But the challenge is not to be underestimated.Materialism and individualism in America society are the biggest obstacles.“The thought that‘I’m in it for me’has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness.”Ms.Elshtain says.Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities,in which neighbors looked out for one another,she says.With today’s greater mobility and with so many couples working,those bonds have been weakened,replaced by a greater emphasis on self.In a1996poll of Americans,loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facingthe U.S.And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that:Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the1950s,such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament for some nonexistent“golden age,”Elshtain says,nor is it a wishful longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities.Most people,in fact,favor the lessening of prejudice.Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society,she says,“Slowly,you recognize that the things that matter are those that can’t be bought.”6.Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans______.A.have adapted to a new set of moral standardsB.are longing for the return of the good old daysC.have realized the importance of material thingsD.are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards7.The moral decline of American society is caused mainly by______.A.its growing wealthB.the self-centeredness of individualsC.underestimating the impact of social changesD.the prejudice against women and minorities8.Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities?A.Great mobility.B.Concern for one’s neighborsC.Emphasis on individual effort.D.Ever-weakening social bonds.9.In the1950s,classroom violence______.A.was something unheard ofB.was by no means a rare occurrenceC.attracted a lot of public attentionD.began to appear in analysts’data10.According to Elshtain,the current moral decline may be reversed______.A.if people can return to the“golden age”B.when women and men enjoy equal rightsC.when people rid themselves of prejudiceD.if less emphasis is laid on material things【答案与解析】6.D首段令Elshtain教授高兴的是the decline in moral standards has at last captured theattention…即Elshtain教授看到美国大众终于开始关注道德水平下降问题而高兴，故D 项正确。