讲义后真题答案
讲义课后练习答案
讲义课后练习答案政治哲学专题马克思主义哲学专题【真题-多选】哲学的基本问题，即思维与存在的关系问题应包括，物质与意识。
BCA.谁具永恒性，谁具可变性B.谁是第一性，谁是第二性C.是否具有同一性D.是否具有相似性【真题-单选】“他说你行，你不行也行；他说你不行，你行也不行”。
在哲学上属于（）。
DA．辩证唯物主义B．唯物辩证法C．客观唯心主义D．主观唯心主义【真题-单选】我国明代哲学家王守仁认为“心外无物”，月亮、太阳以及世界上的万物都存在于人心之中，都是心之意念的产物。
这是___的思想。
A．客观唯心主义B．主观唯心主义C．机械唯物主义D．庸俗唯物主义B【真题-单选】《坛经》中记载：“时有风吹幡动，一僧曰风动，一僧曰幡动，议论不已。
惠能进曰：不是风动，不是幡动，仁者心动。
”这段话表明惠能关于运动的基本观点是A．运动是物质的根本属性B．运动与物质是不可分割的C.精神运动是物质运动的一种形式D.精神是运动的主体D【真题-单选】19世纪德国哲学家黑格尔认为，“绝对观念”先于自然界和人类社会而存在，自然界和人类社会是绝对观念外化或异化的结果。
黑格尔的观点属于：（）A．客观唯心主义B．主观唯心主义C．辩证唯物主义D．形而上学的唯物主义A【真题-多选】下列说法中，属于客观唯心主义的有（）A.万物皆备于我B.吾心即宇宙C.理在事先D.谋事在人，成事在天CD【真题-多选】“人有多大胆，地有多大产；不怕办不到，就怕想不到；只要想得到，啥也能办到。
”这是（）A．充分发挥意识能动作用的表现B．唯心主义“精神万能论”的表现C．主观唯心主义的表现D．客观唯心主义的表现BC【真题-单选】“物质是标志客观实在的哲学范畴，这种客观实在是人通过感觉感知的，它不依赖于我们的感觉而存在，为我们的感觉所复写、摄影、反映。
”提出这一物质定义的是：A.费尔巴哈B.黑格尔C.列宁D.马克思C【真题-单选】按照辩证唯物主义的物质定义，下列哪些现象属于物质现象（）。
六年级阅读讲义 专题一 写人类文章阅读(阅读方法例题讲解阅读讲义名校真题)(含答案,含解析)
六年级阅读训练专题一写人类文章阅读阅读方法指南小学课文中，写人的文章占有一席之地，有的直接以人物名作题目，一看就一目了然，如《我的伯父鲁迅先生》、《詹天佑》、《小摄影师》；有的却并非如此，得细细品味，才能体会作者字里行间的意思。
一般写人类文章以人物描写为主，通过对人物在具体事例中的言行举止，心理活动及细节的描写，反映人物的性格特点和思想品质。
在阅读写人文章时，应注意以下几个方面：一、抓住人物的特点，体会人物的个性和品质。
每个人的外貌特征、言行举止都不尽相同，所以在阅读时，要认真分析人物的外貌描写、语言描写、动作描写等内容，从而了解人物的个性特点以及人物的美丑善恶。
二、抓住典型事例，分析人物形象。
在阅读时，应抓住典型的事例，认真分析人物的性格特征和事情的关系。
要看一看作者是通过写什么事情来表现人物的，想一想所写事情的侧重点在哪里，它对表现人物的特点有什么好处等。
三、理清文章层次，明确写作目的。
看文章通过记叙或者描写表现、歌颂了什么，这就是归纳文章的中心思想。
明确了中心，就有利于更进一步地加深对文章内容的理解。
四、准确把握关键词语和句子。
文章里写的人是活生生的人，其思想性格是通过具体的事情来显示的。
有些文章能够直接找到反映人物性格特点、内心世界的词语或句子，阅读时只要找到这些关键的词语或句子，就能比较容易地领悟文章的中心。
典型例题讲解阅读下文，回答问题。
泥人张冯骥才手艺道上的人，捏泥人的“泥人张”排第一。
而且，有第一，没第二，第三差着十万八千里。
泥人张大名叫张明山。
咸丰年间常去的地方有两处。
一是东北城角的戏院大观楼，一是北关口的饭馆天庆馆。
坐在那儿，为了瞧各样的人，也为捏各样的人。
去大观楼要看戏台上的各种角色，去天庆馆要看人世间的各种角色。
这后一种的样儿更多。
那天下雨，他一个人坐在天庆馆里饮酒，一边留神四下里吃客们的模样。
这当儿，打外边进来三个人。
中间一位穿得阔绰，大脑袋，中溜个子，挺着肚子，架式挺牛，横冲直撞往里走。
社区工作者面试-结构化真题精讲班4-6讲义
补充内容社区网格化管理就是在街道、社区大格局不变的基础上，将社区划分若干个单元网格，每个网格配备若干个社区网格员，进行信息采集、治安防控巡查、宣传动员等工作，整合社区资源，实现社区管理精细化和科学化。
及时处理问题，加强政府对城市的管理能力和处理速度，将问题解决在居民投诉之前。
思维框架网格管理的理解（主动、高效、针对）网格管理，落实责任（网格长、社工、社区志愿者）资源筹措，文娱建设（场所、活动）宣传援助，敬老爱老【题目一】当前老年人缺少精神慰藉，但社区文娱设施不足，甚至存在虐待老人等种种问题。
请结合社区网格化管理，谈谈作为社区工作者应怎样解决社区老年人精神生活中的种种问题。
【名师点拨】【参考答案】解决社区老人问题的意义。
老年人是社区中的重要群体，同时也是比较弱势的群体。
社区和社区工作者需要给予老年人关心、扶持、指导，切实解决老年人缺少精神慰藉，文娱设施，虐待老人等问题，使他们拥有一个幸福安康的晚年生活，从而促进社会和谐。
社区网格化管理模式的理解。
社区网格化管理，是近年来各地积极探索和大力推广的一种新型社区管理模式，其基本思路就是，在街道、社区大格局不变的基础上，将社区划分若干个单元网格，以网格化的方式，来整合社区资源，强化社区职能，提升社区服务，从而实现社区管理科学化、精细化和长效化。
如何把社区网格化管理与解决老年人存在的问题有机结合。
（1）实行网格化管理模式。
将社区划分为若干网格，每个网格选派综合素质较强的社区干部担任网格长，社工、义工、志愿者担任网格员，进行全天候巡逻，同时提供紧急救助呼援服务，老人遇到困难或问题，网格员可随时提供援助。
（2）组织网格员开展定期入户走访工作，为行动不便的老人提供代购物品、打扫卫生、家电维修等家政服务的同时，陪老人聊聊天，了解生活需求，为老人提供精神慰藉。
（3）强化社区文娱设施建设，多方面筹措经费，争取社会力量的广泛支持，补充政府投入的不足。
同时，充分利用机关、社团、企业、学校的文化资源，将社区内的场、馆、站、室对居民开放，避免文化活动场所的重复建设和资源浪费。
五年级语文阅读讲义二 记事类文章(阅读方法 例题讲解 阅读讲义 名校真题)(含答案、含解析)
五年级阅读训练专题二记事类文章阅读阅读方法指南记事类文章，就是把一件事或几件事有条理地用文字叙述出来，让更多的人去重新感受这些事情，从中明白一个道理，受到一种精神的鼓舞或思想的教育。
阅读记事类文章，要注意以下几个方面：一、把握叙述的“六个要素”。
记事离不开人物、时间、地点与事情的起因，经过、结果这六个要素。
我们在开始阅读这类文章时，就要初步了解这件事发生在什么时间、什么地点，涉及哪些人物，主要人物是谁。
事情是怎样发生的，又是怎样发展的。
进入高潮时的情况怎样，事情结果如何。
如果找到这些答案，我们就会很快感知文章的内容，为进一步阅读打好基础。
二、理清叙述的线索，留意记叙的顺序。
线索是记事文章的脉络，起着贯穿全文的作用。
一篇记事文，无论篇幅长短，总有一条贯穿文章始终的线索。
在阅读时我们把握了线索，就等于把握了文章叙事的条理，进而一步一步去领悟作者写这件事所要表达的中心主题，还能从中学到作者选择材料、组织材料的方法。
记叙的顺序主要有顺叙、倒叙、插叙，这些记叙的顺序形式都是根据中心思想的需要而灵活使用的。
如倒叙会引起读者的阅读兴趣，插叙会对情节起到补充的作用。
三、抓住文章重点，注意综合表达方法。
按事情发展的顺序写的文章，是要根据事情的特点，抓住重点来写的。
我们阅读时，就要搞清楚，这件事具有哪些特点，又是抓住哪些重点，怎样抓住重点来写的。
另外，记事文章长于运用综合表达，以记叙为主，夹杂议论和抒情。
在运用议论时，是把所记叙事件本身包含的深刻意义揭示出来，要言不烦，画龙点睛，以加深读者的理解。
在运用抒情时，有时是根据所记叙的事件抒发自己的感受;有时是作者把自己的感情透在字里行间，情随事发，使事、理、情熔为一炉。
阅读时要注意体会和学习。
四、注意事物之间的相互联系。
事物都是互相联系的，事情也都是在事物之间的联系和变化中发生、发展、结束的。
阅读时，抓住了事物之间的联系，就能帮助你理清文章的脉络，加深对文章思想内容的理解。
中公讲义答案
中公讲义答案【篇一：公共基础知识-中公教育讲义】法、民法、行政法、行政诉讼法等)、政治（马克思主义哲学、毛泽东思想概论，中国特色社会主义理论）、经济、公共行政管理、公文写作、国情市情、时事政治等方面的内容。
第一部分政治类：包含马克思主义哲学、毛泽东思想、中国特色社会主义理论体系第二部分经济类：包含政治经济学基本常识、社会主义市场经济理论、微观经济、宏观经济、国际经济学、等内容。
第三部分行政管理：公共行政概述、公共行政运行机制、公共行政过程、行政机构改革。
第四部分公文写作写作基础知识；写作的主题、材料、结构、表达方式、语言与文体等；第五部分法律基础知识：一、法学基本理论法的基本理论，法的体系，法的制定和实施；法律监督体系等。
二、宪法基本概念；我国的国家性质、国家形式、基本制度、国家机构；公民的基本权利和义务；三、行政法和行政诉讼法行政法概述；行政主体、行为、救济等；行政诉讼法概述；四、民法民法基本原则、物权、债权等。
五、刑法刑法概述、犯罪、刑法等。
第六部分附录【附录一】 2010年中央政府工作报告【附录二】中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议【附件三】 2010年中央经济工作会议解读【附录四】时事政治（2010.1—2010.12）第一部分政治常识《马克思主义哲学》第一章：马克思主义是科学的世界观和方法论一、哲学1、哲学是理论化、系统化的世界观；哲学又是方法论，是世界观和方法论的统一。
2、哲学与具体科学是共性与个性、一般与特殊的关系。
具体科学是哲学的基础，并随其他科学的变化发展而变化发展；哲学给具体科学以世界观、方法论指导，使之相互作用、相互促进。
二、哲学的基本问题思维与存在的关系问题。
包括两个方面内容：①两者谁为第一性，是划分唯物主义、唯心主义的惟一标准，这是哲学的两大派别。
②两者有无同一性，是划分可知论与不可知论的标准。
一切唯物主义者和彻底唯心主义者都是可知论者，不可论者本质上也是唯心主义的一种表现。
电脑印刷-讲义-真题演练
真题演练1.印刷中“刷”包含（）。
（双选）A.印版B.纸C.色料D.压力『正确答案』C、D『答案解析』根据印刷的定义, “印刷”一词分为“印”包含印版与纸；“刷”包含色料与压力。
2.活字的制作包括拣字、_____、印刷、_____、还字等工序，与现代铜字排版印刷的工序几乎完全一致。
（）A.修字B.分色C.排版D.拆版E.校对『正确答案』C、D『答案解析』3.在元成宗时（1297—1298），王祯进一步将活字改良为______，______至此趋向完备。
（）A.蜡版活字B.胶泥活字C.木刻活字D.凸版印刷E.凹版印刷『正确答案』C、D『答案解析』王祯改良的木活字，采用的是凸版印刷术。
4.公元1234年，崔怡用铸字印刷了_____28本，这是世界上最早的金属活字印刷品。
（）A.《本草纲目》B.《心经》C.《易经》D.《详定礼文》『正确答案』D『答案解析』公元1234年，崔怡用铸字印刷了《详定礼文》28本，这是世界上最早的金属活字印刷品。
5.德国人约翰·谷登堡将木刻活字改良为（）他在欧洲被称为“印刷之父”。
A.铁合金活字B.铝合金活字C.铜合金活字D.铅合金活字『正确答案』D『答案解析』现代印刷术的创始人是德国的谷腾堡，他发明的铅活字印刷术，将承印方式由“印刷”变为“压印”。
6.彩色桌面出版系统指能够完成图像录入、文字管理、______、版面设计、图文合成、______的桌面处理技术。
（）A.图像编辑B.文字处理C.图文输出D.图文管理E.文字校对『正确答案』A、C『答案解析』彩色桌面系统定义是能够完成图像录入、文字管理、图像编辑、版面设计、图文合成、图文输出的桌面处理技术。
7.中国标准书号由标识符ISBN 和13位数字组成，这13位数字分为（）部分。
『正确答案』D『答案解析』标准书号包含5个部分，分别是前缀号-中国组号-出版者号-书序号-检验码。
8.印刷原稿按照内容形式分，可分为线条原稿和（）。
【暑假衔接】知识点专题07给句子换说法(讲义+试题)二升三年级语文(含答案)部编版
【暑假衔接】专题07 给句子换说法给句子换个说法就是保持句子原意，而变换句式，如“把”字句变“被”字句、“被”字句变“把”字句、陈述句变反问句、反问句变陈述句、双重否定句变陈述句等。
在小学二年级，要学习的给句子换个说法是小学经常会遇到的一项语文基本功考察题目。
在二年级主要学习的给句子换个说法是“把”字句与“被”字句的互换、“体会句子的不同语气”与“调换语序”、“句子合并”，正确把握给句子换个说法的理解和运用，在说话和写话中避免重复，看上去更富有文采。
1.给句子换个说法原则。
（1）不改变原意。
（2）不能增删改变内容。
（3）可增删个别词语。
（4）注意层次及逻辑关系。
（5）尽量避免重复。
2.二年级主要学习的给句子换个说法的种类。
（1）陈述句与“把”字句和“被”字句的互换。
如：王刚安装好了机器。
（陈述句）王刚把机器安装好了。
（“把”字句）机器被王刚安装好了。
（“被”字句）（2）体会句子的不同语气。
①陈述句：就是告诉别人一件事情，陈述一个事实的句子。
陈述句分为肯定、否定和双重否定三种。
如：星期天我们去看排球赛。
（肯定句）星期天我们不去看排球赛。
（否定句）星期天我们不能不去看排球赛。
（双重否定，表示肯定）②疑问句：就是向别人提出一个问题，询问一件事情或表示疑问的句子。
如：你今天去书店了吗？③祈使句：就是表示请求、命令、商量或向别人提出要求的句子。
如：请你给我一杯水。
④感叹句：就是抒发强烈感情的句子。
如：太美了！这里简直就是一个世外桃源！（3）调换语序。
语序就是指说话、在文中各级语言单位排列组合的顺序、它主要用来表示语法意义、它的语序变了、那么结构关系也随之变化、语意也就不一样了。
如：很不好和不很好、一个字都没改、只是它的语序不同、表达的意思就不一样了、从这样看来、语序对我们准确地表达意思具有十分重要的作用。
变换语序的原则：要审清题目、要明确句式经过变换之后、只是句子的形式发生变化、不改变这个原句的意思、也可以在语句中微调、不能随便删减。
四年级语文阅读讲义三 写景类文章阅读(阅读方法 例题讲解 阅读讲义 名校真题)含答案,含解析
四年级阅读训练专题三写景类文章阅读阅读方法指南以描述地理环境、山川风貌、名胜占迹为中心，给人以美的享受，这便是我们所说的写景类文章。
写景的文章一般有三类：一是游记，写的是在游览过程中所见的景物；二是描写生活中见到的自然景象；是写人们生活处所周围的景色。
在答题时，我们要注意抓住以下几个要点：一、明确描写的顺序。
阅读写景类文章时，要分析它是按什么顺序来写景的。
一般来说，描写的对象是固定的，作者常常采取这样以下四种顺序：1.按观察的先后顺序写。
这类文章一般是以参观游览的行进顺序移步换景，落笔写景，条理清楚。
2.按时间推移的顺序来写。
随着时间的变化，描写的景物也依次出现不同的变化。
有的依据白天、黑夜或清晨、上午、中午、下午、傍晚、深夜的先后顺序来写，也有的按春、夏、秋、冬季节变换顺序来写。
3.按空间顺序来写。
如从上到下或从下到上，从左到右或从右到左，从远到近或从近到远，从四周到中间或从中间到四周等。
4.按景物的不同类别来写。
二、抓住文章的中心部分。
抓住文章的中心部分是答题的关键所在，把握与景类文章中心的方法主要有以下三种：1.通过分析文章中的有关画面，结合作者的内心感受，把握作者的思想感情。
2.分析文章中关键性句子和段落，特别是首尾段，从中理解作者的写作意图。
3.抓住文中议论、抒情的语句，从中体会作者的思想感情。
三、抓住有修辞手法的句子。
在答题时，常出现找修辞手法、仿写句子、缩写句子等形式的题目，这些都是建立在我们准确理解句子意思和修辞手法的基础上的，所以我们在平时要加强这方面的训练，另外也要养成勤思考的习惯。
典型例题讲解阅读下文，回答问题。
西湖的绿（节选）①西湖胜景很多，各处有不同的好处，即使一个绿色，也各有不同。
黄龙洞绿得幽，屏风山绿得野，九溪十八涧绿得闲，不能一一去说。
②漫步苏堤，两边都是湖水，远水如烟，近水着了微雨，泛起一层银灰的颜色。
走着走着，忽见路旁的树十分古怪，一棵棵树身虽然离得较远，却给人一种莽莽苍苍的感觉，似乎是从树梢一直绿到了地下。
2024年中考物理复习之中考真题解密(讲义与练习)专题04 温度、物态变化(含答案)
（1）图甲器材合理的安装顺序是 （选填“自下而上”或“自上而下” ) 。
（2）图乙是根据实验过程中记录的数据绘制的图象，可知冰是 （选填“晶体”或“非 晶体” ) ；第 4 分钟时的内能 （选填“大于”、“等于”或“小于” ) 第 8 分钟时的内
能。
（3）持续加热，烧杯内的水沸腾后试管里的水 （选填“会”或“不会” ) 沸腾，理
的顺序组装实验器材；
（2）实验前期，每隔 3min 记录一次温度计的示数，当温度升高到 88 C 时，每隔1min 记录
一次温度计示数。某时刻温度计的示数如图甲所示，则该时刻的温度是
C ，数据记录
如表 2 所示，分析表 2 数据可知水的沸点是
C；
表2:
次数
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
水的温度 C 24 43 60 72 86
B 、水蒸气遇冷成水滴，是气态变为液态，是液化现象，故 B 错误；
C 、小水滴成小冰晶，是液态变为固态，是凝固现象，故 C 错误；
D 、小冰晶在降落过程中，由于与空气摩擦，导致其内能增大、温度升高，小冰晶会熔化
成水，是熔化现象，故 D 错误；
故选： A 。
15．（2023•黑龙江）下列物态变化中，属于液化现象的是 ( )
11．（2023•长沙）环卫工人往结冰的桥面撒盐加快冰的熔化，激发了小明探究盐水凝固点的 兴趣。他把两杯浓度不同的盐水放入冰箱冷冻室里，当杯内的盐水中出现冰块时测量它们的
温度，温度计的示数如图所示（每支温度计的单位都是摄氏度），图乙中温度计的示数为
5 C ，从实验现象可知，盐水的浓度越高，其凝固点越
的温水中，冰
热量，温度升高。当冰开始熔化时，温度计的示数如图所示为
【暑假衔接】知识点专题08口语交际(讲义+试题)二升三年级语文(含答案)部编版
【暑假衔接】专题08 口语交际口语交际是听话、说话能力在实际交往中的应用。
在小学二年级，要学习的口语交际是小学经常会遇到的一项语文基本功考察题目。
在二年级主每个单元的《口语交际》都有不同的主题，把心里想的完整、清晰地表达出来，心中所想和口头表述要达到心口统一，这也能锻炼同学们的思维表达能力和语言表达能力，对语文学习非常有好处。
1.口语交际需要注意的问题。
听、说话是口语交际的重要组成部分，但我们不能把口语简单地等同于听话、说话，它包括交际过程中分析、综合、概括、归纳等能力，分析问题和解决问题的能力，实际操作能力，创造能力等，在口语交际训练中只有让多种感观都参与到活动中来，才能切实提高口语表达能力。
(1)创设一定的交际语境给学生所交际的内容创设一定的环境，然后让他们能入情入境，这样，他们才有了一种“交际”的愿望。
语境创设要符合孩子的年龄特点，要活泼、有吸引力，同时尽量避免一节课中更换不同的语境，也要尽量避免创设环境而不用。
(2)“听”与“说”的统一与以往传统的“说话”课不同，新课标下的口语交际不光重视学生的说，同时也注意培养孩子倾听的习惯，做到听说统一，即：在孩子说的同时，也让孩子认真倾听，听懂别人说话的内容，还能对别说所说内容进行进行提问、评价等，真正体现“交流”(3)贴近生活的话题、灵活的组织形式二年级的口语交际，一定要注意选择孩子适合的话题、贴近他们生活实际的话题，这样所有的孩子都能有话可说。
根据学生的年龄特点采取灵活的形式，这样便于学生接受。
2.二年级主要学习的口语交际。
（1）有趣的动物：和同学交流：你喜欢哪种动物？它有趣在哪儿？（2）做手工：把你的一件手工作品带到学校，告诉同学你做的是什么，是怎么做的。
（3）商量：生活中，有时候需要跟别人商量，根据具体的情景，学会商量。
（4）会看图讲故事：根据图画，想象画面讲故事。
（5）注意说话的语气：说话的时候，使用恰当的语气。
（6）长大了做什么：你长大以后想做什么？为什么？跟小组同学说一说你的愿望，然后问一问他们的愿望是什么。
五年级语文阅读讲义五 童话(阅读方法 例题讲解 阅读讲义 名校真题)(含答案、含解析)
五年级阅读训练专题五童话阅读阅读方法指南童话是孩子们最喜爱的一种文学形式。
它源于古代的神话和传说，具有奇妙的幻想、曲折的情节、优美的语言、有趣的内容。
是按照儿童的心理特点和需要，通过丰富的幻想、想象和夸张来塑造鲜明的形象，用曲折动人的故事情节和浅显易懂的语言文字反映社会生活。
扬善抑恶，起到教育人的目的。
童话一般分为拟人化童话、超人化童话、知识童话（科学童话）等。
拟人化童话，即将大自然中的动物、植物或者世界上一切没有生命的东西，赋予人的生命，模拟人的言行，成为童话中的“人物”。
超人化童话，即把童话中的人物形象塑造成一些超自然的、幻想的、想象中的形象。
知识童话（科学童话），即把神奇的科学世界或者未来世界的远景用童话的形式表现出来，以引起少年儿童的浓厚兴趣。
阅读童话时要从以下几个方面入手：一、理解童话中的幻想内容。
童话的魅力来自于它的幻想和夸张。
这既是童话的艺术手法，也是区别于其他文学形式的地方。
正因为如此，所以童话里的人物是虚构的，环境是假设的，情节、事件也不是生活中所实有的。
但幻想不是胡思乱想，夸张不是不合逻辑的随意编造，它们都不能离开社会现实而独立存在。
我们在理解时，应该把它作为客观生活的反映。
二、把握童话中的比拟特征。
比拟，包括拟人和拟物，就是通常说的人格化手法。
童话作品常常把非人的有机物、无机物以及抽象的思想、概念比拟成人，赋予人的思想感情、行为动作和说话做事的能力。
这样，猫狗虎豹，花草树木，一沙一石，一旦进入童话领域，就“活”起来了，就成为具有喜怒哀乐、七情六欲的生灵。
因此，我们在阅读童话时，千万不能孤立地、静止地看待非人的有机物、无机物，而要把它们看做活生生的人。
三、重视童话的现实意义。
不论是童话的幻想、比拟、夸张，还是它的思想内容，都源于现实生活，折射现实生活。
例如，社会上有冻死孩子的事情，才出现安徒生的《卖火柴的小女孩》那样的童话；世界上有些虚伪的、自欺欺人的人，才出现像《皇帝的新装》那样的作品；还有善与恶、苦与甜、笑与哭等情景在童话里的出现，无一不是对社会现实的反映。
2023年中级经济师经济基础考试真题及答案
2023年中级经济师经济基础考试真题及答案一、单项选择题(共70题，每题1分，每题旳备选项中，只有1个最符合题意)1、市盈率是反应企业()旳指标。
A.偿债能力B.发展能力C.营运能力D.盈利能力参照答案：D参照解析：考核第29章第3节。
精讲班讲义划线强调旳考点，冲刺班讲义内容。
盈利能力指标(利润率、净利率、收益率、盈余等)营业利润率;主营业务净利润率;资本收益率;净资产收益率;资产净利润率;一般股每股收益;市盈率;资本保值增值率2、假设某个国家2023年-2023年，GDP年均增长8%，资本存量年均增长5% ，劳动力年均增长2% ，假如资本在GDP增长中旳份额为6%，劳动力为40% ，这一时期全要素生产率增长率为( )。
A.3.0%B.4.2%C.4.0%D.7.0%参照答案：B参照解析：考核第7章经济增长与经济发展。
精讲班、冲刺班均有重点强调。
经济增长率=技术进步率+(劳动产出份额×劳动增长率)+(资本产出份额×资本增长率)即，8%=技术进步率+(40%× 2%)+(60%× 5%)技术进步率(全要素生产率)=4.2%3、某企业2023年-2023年销售收入旳年平均增长速度是27.6%，这期间对应旳年平均发展速度是()。
A.4.6%B.17.6%C.127.6%D.72.4%参照答案：C参照解析：考核第25章时间序列第3节时间序列速度分析。
精讲班、冲刺班讲义特殊强调。
平均发展速度=1+平均增长速度=1+27.6%=127.6%4、在资产负债表上，资产项目是按其流动性进行排列旳，流动性强旳项目排在前面，流动性差旳项目排在背面，下列资产项目中，排在应收账款前面旳是()。
A.固定资产B.长期投资C.存货D.货币资金参照答案：D参照解析：考核第28章第5节。
2023年真题原题。
精讲班讲义中旳原题。
冲刺班也特殊强调。
资产旳排列次序依次是：货币资金;交易性金融资产;多种债权;存货;非流动资产5、下列经济业务所产生旳现金流量中，应列入“经营活动所产生旳现金流量”项目旳是()。
讲义厚大真题解析班行政法徐金桂讲义
感谢观看
汇报人：XX
案例概述：徐金桂讲义中关于行政赔偿和补偿的经典案例介绍。
案例分析：从行政法角度深入剖析案例，分析行政机关在赔偿和补偿过程中的法律责任和义务。
实务操作：结合案例，讲解行政赔偿和补偿的具体操作流程和注意事项。
案例结论：总结案例对行政赔偿和补偿实践的启示和影响。
05
徐金Байду номын сангаас讲义的价值和应用
徐金桂讲义在法学教育和研究中的应用价值
讲义厚大真题解析班的定位和目标
定位：针对法考考生，提供 系统、全面的行政法培训
目标：帮助考生掌握行政法 考试的重点、难点，提高考
试通过率
徐金桂讲义的内容和特点
内容丰富：涵盖了行政法的各个方面，包括行政法的基本原则、行政主体、行政行为、行政救 济等。
重点突出：对重点、难点、疑点问题进行深入剖析，帮助学生理解掌握。
01
徐金桂讲义的背景和特点
徐金桂的学术背景和经历
徐金桂毕业于知名的法学院校，拥有深厚的法学理论功底。 徐金桂在法学领域有多年的研究和实践经验，对行政法有独到的见解。 徐金桂曾参与多个行政法相关的课题研究，并发表过多篇学术论文。 徐金桂在讲义编写方面有丰富的经验，其讲义内容条理清晰、深入浅出，广受学员好评。
添加标题
行政诉讼：介绍 行政诉讼的基本 程序，包括起诉、 受理、审理和判 决等步骤，以及 在行政诉讼中需 要注意的实体问 题，如行政行为 的合法性和合理
性等。
添加标题
比较分析：对行 政复议和行政诉 讼的程序和实体 问题进行比较分 析，指出两者的 异同点和优劣之
【讲义】2017年厚大真题解析班商经-李晗讲义
73．A公司因经营不善，资产已不足以清偿全部债务，经申请进入破产还债程序。关于 破产债权的申报，下列哪些表述是正确的？ A．甲对A公司的债权虽未到期，仍可以申报 B．乙对A公司的债权因附有条件，故不能申报 C．丙对A公司的债权虽然诉讼未决，但丙仍可以申报 D．职工丁对A公司的伤残补助请求权，应予以申报
C．戊只有在向丙行使追索权遭拒绝后，才能向丁请求付款
D．在丁对戊付款后，丁只能向丙行使追索权
33．申和股份公司是一家上市公司，现该公司董事会秘书依法律规定，准备向证监会与 证券交易所报送公司年度报告。关于年度报告所应记载的内容，下列哪一选项是错误的？ A．公司财务会计报告和经营情况 B．董事、监事、高级管理人员简介及其持股情况 C．已发行股票情况，含持有股份最多的前二十名股东的名单和持股数额 D．公司的实际控制人
五 (本题18分)
案情：鸿捷有限公司成立于2008年3月，从事生物医药研发。公司注册资本为5000万元，股东为甲、乙、 丙、丁，持股比例分别为37%、30%、19%、14%;甲为董事长，乙为总经理。公司成立后，经营状况一直不 错。 2013年8月初，为进一步拓展市场、加强经营管理，公司拟引进战略投资者骐黄公司，并通过股东大会 形成如下决议(简称：《1号股东会决议》)：第一，公司增资1000万元;第二，其中860万元，由骐黄公司认购; 第三，余下的140万元，由丁认购，从而使丁在公司增资后的持股比例仍保持不变，而其他各股东均放弃对新 股的优先认缴权;第四，缴纳新股出资的最后期限，为2013年8月31日。各股东均在决议文件上签字。 之后，丁因无充足资金，无法在规定期限内完成所认缴出资的缴纳;骐黄公司虽然与鸿捷公司签订了新股 出资认缴协议，但之后就鸿捷公司的经营理念问题，与甲、乙、丙等人发生分歧，也一直未实际缴纳出资。因
讲义习题答案
A．经验主义 B．冒险主义 C．机会主义 D．教条主义
3、（2004. 21）中国共产党在把马克思列宁主义基本原理பைடு நூலகம்中国革命实际相结合的过程中，在学风问题上曾经反对过的主要错误倾向是（BC）
A投降主义 B经验主义 C教条主义 D冒险主义 E机会主义
D．党的领导及其正确的政策
2、（2010年27题）邓小平指出：“马克思、列宁从来没有说过农村包围城市，这个原理在当时世界上还是没有的。但是毛泽东同志根据中国的具体条件指明了革命的具体道路”。毛泽东找到农村包围城市、武装夺取政权这条道路的根据是（ABCD）
A. 中国内无民主制度，外无民族独立
毛中特选择题注意事项
一、真题反复出现（重视真题）
（一）第一组真题
1、（2011. 28）延安整风运功是一场伟大的思想解放运动。这一运动最主要的任务是反对主观主义。主观主义的主要表现形式为（AC）
A．教条主义 B．形式主义 C．经验主义 D．宗派主义
2、（2009. 9）延安时期，毛泽东写下了著名的《实践论》《矛盾论》主要是为了克服党内严重的（D）
A. 帝国主义侵略势力日益成为统治中国的决定性力量
B. 封建经济在社会经济生活中占着显然的优势
C. 经济、政治和文化的发展表现出极端的不平衡
D. 人民的贫困和不自由的程度是世界所少见的
4、（2005年8题）土地革命战争时期、毛泽东指出：“一国之内，在四周白色政
B．农民占人口绝大多数，是民主革命的主力军
C．中国革命的敌人长期占据着中心城市，农村是其统治的薄弱环节
D．中国经济政治发展的不平衡
3、（2006年10题） 1939年毛泽东在《中国革命和中国共产党》中指出：中国是在许多帝国主义国家统治或半统治下，实际上处于长期的不统一状态，再加上土地扩大，其结果是（C）
英语专四阅读真题讲义及答案解析(2015年-2018年)
专四阅读课程讲义一、2015年考题Text AInundated by more information than we can possibly hold in our heads, we're increasingly handing off the job of remembering to search engines and smart phones. 41）Google is even reportedly working on eyeglasses that could one day recognize faces and supply details about whoever you're looking at. But new research shows that outsourcing our memory—and expecting that information will be continually and instantaneously available—is changing our 51）cognitive habits.42）Research conducted by Betsy Sparrow, an assistant professor of psychology at Columbia University, has identified three new realities about how we process information in the Internet age. First, her experiments showed that when we don't know the answer to a question, we now think about where we can find the nearest Web connection instead of the subject of the question itself. A second revelation is that when we expect to be able to find information again later on, we don't remember it as well as when we think it might become unavailable. And then there is the researchers' final observation: the expectation that we'll be able to locate information down the line leads us to form a memory not of the fact itself but of where we'll be able to find it.But this handoff comes with a downside. Skills like critical thinking and analysis must develop in the context of facts: we need something to think and reason about, after all. And these facts can't be Googled as we go; they need to be stored in the original hard drive, our long-term memory. Especially in the case of children, "factual knowledge must precede skill," says Daniel Willingham, a professor of psychology, at the University of Virginia—meaning that the days of drilling the multiplication table and memorizing the names of the Presidents aren't over quite yet. Adults, too, need to recruit a supply of stored knowledge in order to situate and evaluate new information they encounter. You can't Google context.Last, there's the possibility, increasingly terrifying to contemplate, that our machines will fail us. As Sparrow puts it, "The experience of losing our Internet connection becomes more and more like losing a friend." If you're going to keep your memory on your smart phone, better make sure it's fully charged.41.Google’s e yeglasses are supposed to ___.[A]improve our memory[B]function like memory[C]help us see faces better[D]work like smart phones42.Which of the following statements about Sparrow’s research is CORRECT?[A]We remember people and things as much as before.[B]We remember more Internet connections than before.[C]We pay equal attention to location and content of information.[D]We tend to remember location rather than the core of facts.43.What is the implied message of the author?[A]Web connections aid our memory.[B]People differ in what to remember.[C]People keep memory on smart phones.[D]People need to exercise their memory.41~43答案: B D DText BI was a second-year medical student at the university, and was on my second day of rounds ata nearby hospital. My university's philosophy was to get students seeing patients early in their education. Nice idea, but it overlooked one detail: second-year students know next to nothing about medicine.44)Assigned to my team that day was an attending—a senior faculty member who was there mostly to make patients feel they weren't in the hands of amateurs. Many attendings were researchers who didn't have much recent hospital experience. Mine was actually an arthritis specialist. Also along was a resident (the real boss, with a staggering mastery of medicine, at least to a rookie like myself). In addition there were two interns(实习医生). These guys were just as green as I was, but in a scarier way: they had recently graduated from the medical school, so they were technically MDs.I began the day at 6:30 am. An intern and I did a quick check of our eight patients; later, we were to present our findings to the resident and then to the attending. I had three patients and the intern had the other five—piece of cake.But when I arrived in the room of 71-year-old Mr. Adams, he was sitting up in bed, sweating heavily and panting (喘气). He'd just had a hip operation and looked terrible. I listened to his lungs with my stethoscope, but they sounded clear. Next I checked the log of his vital signs and saw that his respiration and heart rate had been climbing, but his temperature was steady. It didn't seem like heart failure, nor did it appear to be pneumonia. So I asked Mr. Adams what he thought was going on."It's really hot in here, Doc," he replied.So I attributed his condition to the stuffy room and told him the rest of the team would return in a few hours. He smiled and feebly waved goodbye.At 8:40 am., during our team meeting, "Code Blue Room 307!" blared from the loudspeaker.I froze.That was Mr. Adams's room.When we arrived, he was motionless.The autopsy (尸体解剖) later found Mr. Adams had suffered a massive pulmonary embolism (肺部栓塞). A blood clot had formed in his leg, worked its way to his lungs, and cut his breathing capacity in half. 45) His symptoms had been textbook: heavy perspiration and shortness of breath despite clear lungs. The only thing was: I hadn't read that chapter in the textbook yet. And I was too scared, insecure, and proud to ask a real doctor for help.This mistake has haunted me for nearly 30 years, but what's particularly frustrating is that the same medical education system persists. 46) Who knows how many people have died or suffered harm at the hands of students as naive as I, and how many more will?44.We learn that the author’s team members had __.[A]much practical experience[B]adequate knowledge[C]long been working there[D]some professional deficiency45.“His symptoms had been textbook” means that his symptoms were _ ___.[A]part of the textbook[B]no longer in the textbook[C]recently included in the textbook[D]explained in the textbook46.At the end of the passage, the author expresses __ __ about the medical education system.[A]optimism[B]hesitation[C]concern[D]support44~46答案：D D CText CThe war on smoking, now five decades old and counting, is one of the nation's greatest public health success stories—but not for everyone.As a whole, the country has made amazing progress. In 1964, four in ten adults in the US smoked; today fewer than two in ten do. But some states—Kentucky, South Dakota and Alabama, to name just a few—seem to have missed the message that smoking is deadly.47)Their failure is the greatest disappointment in an effort to save lives that was started on Jan. 11, 1964, by the first Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health. Its finding that smoking is a cause of lung cancer and other diseases was major news then. The hazards of smoking were just starting to emerge.The report led to cigarette warning labels, a ban on TV ads and eventually an anti-smoking movement that shifted the nation's attitude on smoking. Then, smokers were cool. Today, many are outcasts, rejected by restaurants, bars, public buildings and even their own workplaces. Millions of lives have been saved.The formula for success is no longer guesswork: Adopt tough warning labels, air public service ads, fund smoking cessation programs and impose smoke-free laws. But the surest way to prevent smoking, particularly among price-sensitive teens, is to raise taxes. If you can stop them from smoking, you've won the war. Few people start smoking after turning 19.The real-life evidence of taxing power is powerful. The 10 states with the lowest adult smoking rates slap an average tax of $2.42 on every pack—three times the average tax in the states with the highest smoking rates.New York has the highest cigarette tax in the country, at $4.35 per pack, and just 12 percent of teens smoke—far below the national average of 18 percent. Compare that with Kentucky, where taxes are low (60 cents), smoking restrictions are weak and the teen smoking rate is double New York's. Other low-tax states have similarly dismal records.Enemies of high tobacco taxes cling to the tired argument that they fall disproportionately on the poor. True, but so do the deadly effects of smoking—far worse than a tax. The effect of the taxes is amplified further when the revenue is used to fund initiatives that help smokers quit or persuade teens not to start.Anti-smoking forces have plenty to celebrate this week, having helped avoid 8 million premature deaths in the past 50 years. But as long as 3,000 adolescents and teens take their firstpuff each day, the war is not won.47.According to context, “their failure” refers to___.A.those adults who continue to smokeB.those states that missed the messageC.findings of the reportD.hazards of smoking48.What is the passage mainly about?[A]How to stage anti-smoking campaigns.[B]The effects of the report on smoking and health.[C]Tax as the surest path to cut smoking.[D]The efforts to cut down on teenage smoking.47~48答案：B DText DAttachment Parenting is not Indulgent Parenting. Attachment parents do not "spoil" their children. Spoiling is done when a child is given everything that they want regardless of what they need and regardless of what is practical. Indulgent parents give toys for tantrums(发脾气), ice cream for breakfast. Attachment parents don't give their children everything that they want, they give their children everything that they need. Attachment parents believe that love and comfort are free and necessary. Not sweets or toys.Attachment Parenting is not "afraid of tears" parenting. 49）Our kids cry. The difference is that we understand that tantrums and tears come from emotions and not manipulation. And our children understand this too. They cry and have tantrums sometimes, of course. But they do this because their emotions are so overwhelming that they need to get it out. They do not expect to be "rewarded" for their strong negative emotions; they simply expect that we will listen. We pick up our babies when they cry, and we respond to the tears of our older children because we believe firmly that comfort is free, love is free, and that when a child has need for comfort and love, it is our job to provide those things. We are not afraid of tears. We don't avoid them. We hold our children through them and teach them that when they are hurt or frustrated we are here to comfort them and help them work through their emotions.50）Attachment Parenting is not Clingy Parenting. I do not cling to my children, In fact, I'm pretty free-range. As soon as they can move they usually move away from me and let me set up a chase as they crawl, run, skip and hop on their merry way to explore the world, Sure, I carry them and hug them and chase them and kiss them and rock them and sleep with them. But this is not me following them everywhere and pulling them back to me. This is me being a home base. The "attachment" comes from their being allowed to attach to us, not from us attaching to them like parental leeches.Attachment Parenting is not Selfish Parenting. It is also not selfless parenting. We are not doing it for us, and we are not doing it to torment ourselves.Attachment Parenting is not Helicopter Parenting. I don’t hover, I supervise. I follow, I teach, I demonst rate, I explain. I don’t slap curious hands away. I show how to do things safely. I let my child do the things that my child wishes to do, first with help and then with supervision and finallywith trust. I don’t insist that my 23 month old hold my hand wh en we walk on the sidewalk because I know that I can recall him with my voice because he trusts me to allow him to explore and he trusts me to explain when something is dangerous and to help him satisfy his curiosities safely.Most of the negative things that I hear about “attachment parents” are completely off-base and describe something that is entirely unlike Attachment Parenting. Attachment Parenting is child-centric and focuses on the needs of the child. Children need structure, rules, and boundaries. Attachment Parents simply believe that the child and the parent are allies, not adversaries. And that children are taught, not trained.49.According to the author, what should parents do when their kids cry?A.Providing comfort and love.B.Trying to stop kids crying.C.Holding them till they stop.D.Rewarding kids with toys.50.What does “free-range” mean according to the passage?A.Fond of providing a home base.B.Ready to play games with my kids.C.Curious to watch what games they play.D.Willing to give kids freedom of movement.49~50答案：A DSection B. Short answer questions.In this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Passage One 51. According to the author, what does “cognitive habits” refer to?答案：to the habits to deal with information原文：Inundated by more information than we can possibly hold in our heads, we're increasingly handing off the job of remembering to search engines and smart phones. Google is even reportedly working on eyeglasses that could one day recognize faces and supply details about whoever you're looking at. But new research shows that outsourcing our memory – and expecting that information will be continually and instantaneously available --is changing our 51）cognitive habits.Passage Two 52. Why does the author doing rounds in hospital?答案：It is a part of medical education.原文：I was a second-year medical student at the university, and 52）was on my second day of rounds at a nearby hospital. My university's philosophy was to get students seeing patients early in their education. Nice idea, but it overlooked one detail: second-year students know next to nothing about medicine.Passage Three 53. What does the word “counting” mean in the c ontext?答案：It means continuing.原文：The war on smoking, 53）now five decades old and counting, is one of the nation's greatest public health success stories - but not for everyone.Passage Three 54. What does the author think of raising tax on cigarettes?答案：It is effective. / It is the surest way.原文：The formula for success is no longer guesswork: Adopt tough warning labels, air public service ads, fund smoking cessation programs and impose smoke-free laws. 54）But the surest way to prevent smoking, particularly among price-sensitive teens, is to raise taxes. If you can stop them from smoking, you've won the war. Few people start smoking after turning 19.Passage Four 55. What does the passage mainly discuss?答案：Different types of parenting.二、2016年考题Passage One（1）When I was twenty-seven years old, I was a mining-broker's clerk in San Francisco, and an expert in all the details of stock traffic. 41）I was alone in the world, and had nothing to depend upon but my wits and a clean reputation; but these were setting my feet in the road to eventual fortune, and I was content with the prospect. My time was my own after the afternoon board, Saturdays, and I was accustomed to putting it in on a little sail-boat on the bay. One day I ventured too far, and was carried out to sea. Just at nightfall, when hope was about gone, I was picked up by a small ship which was bound for London. It was a long and stormy voyage, and they made me work my passage without pay, as a common sailor. When I stepped ashore in London my clothes were ragged and shabby, and I had only a dollar in my pocket. This money fed and sheltered me twenty-four hours. During the nest twenty-four I went without food and shelter.（2）42）About ten o'clock on the following morning, dirty and hungry, I was dragging myself along Portland Place, when a child that was passing, towed by a nurse-maid, tossed a big pear —minus one bite — into the gutter. I stopped, of course, and fastened my desiring eye on that muddy treasure. My mouth watered for it, my stomach craved it, my whole being begged for it. But every time I made a move to get it some passing eye detected my purpose, and of course I straightened up then, and looked indifferent and pretended that I hadn't been thinking about the pear at all. This same thing kept happening and happening, and I couldn't get the pear.（3）I was just getting desperate enough to brave all the shame, and to seize it, when a window behind me was raised, and a gentleman spoke out of it, saying: "Step in here, please."（4）I was admitted by a man servant, and shown into a sumptuous room where a couple of elderly gentlemen were sitting. They sent away the servant, and made me sit down. They had just finished their breakfast, and the sight of the remains of it almost overpowered me. I could hardly keep my wits together in the presence of that food, but as I was not asked to sample it, I had to bear my trouble as best as I could.（5）Now, something had been happening there a little before, which I did not know anything about until a good many days afterwards, but I will tell you about it now. Those two old brothers had been having a pretty hot argument a couple of days before, and had ended by agreeing to decide it by a bet, which is the English way of settling everything.（6）You will remember that the Bank of England once issued two notes of a million pounds each, to be used for a special purpose connected with some public transaction with a foreign country. For some reason or other only one of these had been used and canceled; the other still lay in the vaults of the Bank. Well, the brothers, chatting along, happened to get to wondering what might be the fate of a perfectly honest and intelligent stranger who should be turned adrift in London without a friend, and with no money but that million-pound bank-note, and no way to account for his being in possession of it. Brother A said he would starve to death; Brother B said he wouldn't. Brother A said he couldn't offer it at a bank or anywhere else, because he would be arrested on the spot. So they went on disputing till Brother B said he would bet twenty thousand pounds that the man would live thirty days, anyway, on that million, and keep out of jail, too. Brother A took him up. Brother B went down to the Bank and bought that note. Then he dictated a letter, which one of his clerks wrote out in a beautiful round hand, and then the two brothers sat at the window a whole day watching for the right man to give it to.（7）I finally became the pick of them.41.In Para. 1, the phrase "set my feet" probably means___________.A.put me asideB.prepare meC.let me walkD.start my journey42.It can be concluded from Para. 2 that____.A.the man wanted to maintain dignity though starvedB.the man could not get a proper chance to eat the pearC.the man did not really want the pear since it was dirtyD.it was very difficult for the man to get the pearpared with Brother A, Brother B was more _____ towards the effect of the one-million-pound bank-note on a total stranger.A.neutralB.negativeC.reservedD.positive41~43答案：B A DPassage Two（1）44) The concept of peace is a very important one in cultures all over the world. Think about how we greet people. In some languages, the phrases for greetings contain the word for peace. In some cultures we greet people by shaking hands or with another gesture to show that we are not carrying weapons—that we come in peace. And there are certain symbols which people in very different cultures recognize as representing peace. Let's look at a few of them.The dove（2）The dove has been a symbol of peace and innocence for thousands of years in many different cultures. In ancient Greek mythology it was a symbol of love and the renewal of life. In ancient Japan a dove carrying a sword symbolized the end of war.（3）There was a tradition in Europe that if a dove flew around a house where someone was dying then their soul would be at peace. And there are legends which say that the devil can turn himself into any bird except for a dove. In Christian art, the dove was used to symbolize the Holy Ghost and was often painted above Christ's head.（4）But it was Pablo Picasso who made the dove a modern symbol of peace when he used it on a poster for the World Peace Congress in 1949.The rainbow（5）The rainbow is another ancient and universal symbol, often representing the connection between human beings and their gods. 45) In Greek mythology it was associated with Iris, the goddess who brought messages from the gods on Mount Olympus. In Scandinavian mythology the rainbow was a bridge between the gods and the earth. In the Bible a rainbow showed Noah that the Biblical flood was finally over, and that God had forgiven his people. In the Chinese tradition, the rainbow is a common symbol for marriage because the colours represent the union of yin and yang. Nowadays the rainbow is used by many popular movements for peace and the environment,representing the possibility of a better world in the future and promising sunshine after the rain. Mistletoe（6）This plant was sacred in many cultures, generally representing peace and love. Most people know of the tradition of kissing under the mistletoe at Christmas time, which probably comes from Scandinavian mythology. The goddess Freya's son was killed by an arrow made of mistletoe, so, in honour of him, she declared that it would always be a symbol of peace. 46) It was often hung in doorways as a sign of friendship.（7）The ancient Druids believed that hanging mistletoe in your doorway protected you from evil spirits. Tribes would stop fighting for a period of time if they found a tree with mistletoe. But you will never see mistletoe in a Christian church—it is banned because of its associations with pagan religion and superstition.The olive branch（8）The olive tree has always been a valuable source of food and oil. In Greek mythology, the goddess Athena gave the olive tree to the people of Athens, who showed their gratitude by naming the city after her. But no one knows for sure when or why it began to symbolize peace. There is probably a connection with ancient Greece. Wars between states were suspended during the Olympic Games, and the winners were given crowns of olive branches. The symbolism may come from the fact that the olive tree takes a long time to produce fruit, so olives could only be cultivated successfully in long periods of peace. Whatever the history, the olive branch is a part of many modern flags symbolizing peace and unity. One well-known example is the United Nations symbol.The ankh（9）The ankh is an ancient symbol which was adopted by the hippie movement in the 1960s to represent peace and love. 47) It was found in many Asian cultures, but is generally associated with ancient Egypt. It represented life and immortality. Egyptians were buried with an ankh, so that they could continue to live in the "afterworld". The symbol was also found along the sides of the Nile, which gave life to the people. They believed that the ankh could control the flow of the river and make sure that there was always enough water.44.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A.Concept of Peace.B.Popular Peace Symbols.C.Origin of Peace Symbols.D.Cultural Difference of Peace.45.The rainbow represents the connection between human beings and their gods in all the following countries EXCEPT_____.A.SwedenB.GreeceC.FinlandD.China46.In North Europe mistletoe was often hung in doorways to indicate_____.A.friendshipB.loveC.kinshipD.honour47.The origin of the ankh can date back to_____.A.the NileB.the "afterworld"C.the hippie movementD.ancient Egypt44~47答案：B D A DPassage Three（1）Two sides almost never change: That you can manipulate people into self-sufficiency and that you can punish them into good citizenship.（2）The first manifests itself in our tireless search for the magical level at which welfare grants are big enough to meet basic needs but small enough to make low-paid work attractive. The second has us looking to the criminal justice system to cure behavior that is as much as anything the result of despair.（3）48）The welfare example is well known. We don't want poor people to live in squalor or their children to be malnourished. But we also don't want to subsidize the indolence of people who are too lazy to work. The first impulse leads us to provide housing, food stamps, medical care and a cash stipend for families in need. The second gets us to think about "workforce".（4）We've been thinking about it for two reasons: the "nanny" problems of two high-ranking government officials (who hired undocumented foreigners as household helpers, presumably because they couldn't find Americans to do the work) and President Clinton's proposal to put a two-year limit on welfare.（5）48）Maybe something useful will come of Clinton's idea, but I'm not all that hopeful. It looks to me like one more example of trying to manipulate people into taking care of themselves.（6）On the criminal justice side, we hope to make punishment tough enough to discourage crime but not so tough as to clog our prisons with relatively minor offenders. Too short a sentence, we fear, will create contempt for the law. Too long a sentence will take up costly space better used for the violent and unremorseful.（7）Not only can we never find the "perfect" punishment, 49）our search for optimum penalties is complicated by our desire for fairness: to let the punishment fit the crime. The problem is that almost any punishment—even the disgrace of being charged with a crime—is sufficient to deter the middle class, while for members of the underclass, probation may be translated as "I beat it." （8）So how can you use the system—welfare or criminal justice—to produce the behavior we want? The answer, I suspect is: You can't.（9）We keep trying to use welfare and prison to change people—to make them think and behave the way we do—when the truth is the incentives work only for those who already think the way we do: who view today's action with an eye on the future.（10）We will take lowly work (if that is all that's available) because we believe we can make bad jobs work for us. We avoid crime not because we are better people but because we see getting caught as a future-wrecking disaster. We are guided by a belief that good things will happen for us in the future if we take proper care of the present. Even under the worst of circumstances, we believe we are in control of our lives.（11）And we have trouble understanding that not everybody believes as we believe. The welfare rolls, the prisons and the mean streets of our cities are full of people who have given up on their future. Without hope for the future, hard work at a low-paid job makes no sense. Working hard in school, or pleasing a boss, or avoiding pregnancy makes no sense. The deadly disease is hopelessness. The lawlessness and poverty are only the obvious symptoms.（12）I'm not advocating that we stop looking for incentives to move poor people toward self-sufficiency or that we stop punishing people for criminal behavior. There will always be some people who need help and some who deserve to be in jail.（13）All I’m saying is that the long-term answer both to welfare and the crime that plagues our communities is not to fine tune the welfare and criminal justice systems but to prevent out children from getting the disease of despair.（14）If we encourage our young people to believe in the future, and give them solid evidence for believing, we’ll find both crime and poverty shrinking to manageable proportions.48.What is the author's attitude towards Clinton's proposal to welfare?A.Pessimistic.B.Optimistic.C.Suspicious.D.Sarcastic.49.It can be inferred from Para. 7 that optimum penalties are____to the underclass.A.hopelesselessC.frighteningD.humiliating50.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?wlessness and Poverty.B.Criminal Justice System.C.Welfare Grants.D.Disease of Despair.48~50答案：A B DSection B. Short answer questions.In this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Passage One 51. In Para. 4, what does the man mean by saying "I had to bear my trouble"?答案：I had to endure hunger and keep wit together.原文：（4）I was admitted by a man servant, and shown into a sumptuous room where a couple of elderly gentlemen were sitting. They sent away the servant, and made me sit down. 51）They had just finished their breakfast, and the sight of the remains of it almost overpowered me. I could hardly keep my wits together in the presence of that food, but as I was not asked to sample it, I had to bear my trouble as best as I could.。
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讲义后真题答案目录2011年国考省部级《申论》解析 (3)2011年国考地市级《申论》解析 (13)2010年北京市下半年公务员考试《申论》解析 .. 26 2011年广东省申论——答案 (29)2011年北京市申论——答案 (31)2011年国考省部级《申论》解析材料解读一、材料基本内容材料1：介绍了黄河的地理位置、自然景观、人文遗产、黄河文化，末段指出协调黄河治理开发与管理保护的重要性。
材料2：进一步指出水量并不丰沛的黄河的重大作用，主要介绍了当代治黄工作的重大成就和黄河的危害。
材料3：主要介绍了密西西比河、亚马逊河、尼罗河等流域出现的生态危机以及所在国政府的治理举措。
材料4：主要介绍了黄河“善淤、善决、善徙”的自然本性，介绍了党和国家历届领导人毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民、胡锦涛对于黄河治理和开发的关怀和重视。
材料5：主要介绍了汉代王景治理黄河的思路和做法，暗示治黄成功的关键在于遵循其固有特性。
材料6：主要介绍了人们渴望“黄河清”的起因、热忱和做法。
材料7：主要介绍了几个专家对黄河治理和开发的看法，进一步拓宽了材料的主旨取向。
二、材料之间关系黄河开发治理的现状：2、6黄河开发治理的原因：4、黄河开发治理的意义：1、2、4黄河开发治理的对策：3、4、5、7真题解析一、认真阅读“给定资料”，简要回答下面两题。
（20分）1．“给定资料4”写道：“黄河健康生命的主要表形式就是“三善”：即“善淤、善决、善徙”，这是一个为几千年历史所反复证明的基本事实。
”请结合对这句话的理解，谈谈对黄河自身规律的认识。
要求：简明、完整。
不超过200字。
解析这是一道概括+分析题，侧重考查概括基础上的综合分析能力。
答题要点主要分布在材料1、2、4、5、6。
本题要求“结合对这句话的理解”，“谈谈对黄河自身规律的认识”，所以首先要对“三善”进行一定的具体展开，注意把材料中内容进行归纳集中，具体说明三善的具体涵义。
由于是谈认识，可以进行些适当的引申。
最后再合起来，简明扼要地点出黄河自身规律和其健康生命的关系。
参考答案黄河自身规律主要体现在三善上，“善淤”指黄河由于流域地质地貌、生态破坏等原因致使携带泥沙多，在中下游大量淤积而堵塞河道；“善决”指黄河容易决堤，甚至三年两决口；“善徙”指黄河容易改道，可谓百年一改道；千百年来经常如此。
当遵循这种自然本性开发治理黄河时，成效就显著，经济社会生态就可以协调发展，反之则可能适得其反，这也构成了黄河自身规律的一方面。
只有从黄河自身实际出发，才能维护和增进黄河的健康生命。
【199字】2．“给定材料5”介绍了汉代王景治理黄河的思路和做法。
请概括王景治河后黄河安澜800年的主要原因。
（10分）要求：简明扼要，条理清楚。
不超过200字。
解析本题是单一式的概括题，侧重考查依据给定材料的归纳概括能力。
答题要点主要分布在材料5.。
解题关键是要对“材料5”进行深入的分析和提炼，组织答案时要注意答案要点的全面性。
参考答案王景治河后黄河安澜了800年，主要是由于针对黄河特性因地制宜、综合治理。
具体来说，第一，政府重视，投入巨大；第二，行河路线较优，选用的黄河故道河身较短、地势较低；第三，疏浚汴渠，与江淮水道连为一体，分水分沙，第四，修建了黄河大堤；第五，河堤上隔段开凿水门，使洪水灌注入周边湖泊和洼地。
第六，黄河上游人口减少，中游牧进农退，植被得到一定恢复，减少了黄河输沙量；第七，中游地区大暴雨较少，水患威胁小。
【196字】二、“给定材料3”介绍了密西西比河、亚马逊河、尼罗河等流域出现的生态危机以及各国政府的治理举措。
请对这些材料进行归纳，并说（20分）明我国治理黄河可以从中受到哪些启示。
要求：内容具体，表述清晰，不超过300字。
解析这是一道概括加对策题（案例启示类），侧重考查概括基础上的综合分析能力。
答题要点主要分布在材料3.题目要求“对这些材料进行归纳”，“并说明我国治理黄河可以从中受到哪些启示”，所以答案要分成两部分，首先概括生态危机的表现以及各国政府的治理举措。
然后，就如何治理黄河谈谈从中所获得的启示。
注意，要分清其中的经验教训，要以对策的语言表达出来。
标准答案首先要概括因为没有处理好人与自然的关系造成这三条大河的生态危机（2分）；其次要总结出这三条大河危机的具体表现：水质污染严重，生态环境遭到破坏。
（2分）；再次要概括出各国政府针对出现的生态问题，采取了种种措施（2分），并举出具体措施：出台相关法律，对生态环境进行全面评估。
（2分）。
关于对治理黄河的启示主要有三条：第一是总体规划，综合考虑经济开发和生态环境之间的关系（4分）；第二是立法和严格执法（4分）；第三是对生态环境现状做综合评估，并采取一些具体措施（4分）。
参考答案因过度开发，未能正确处理人与自然的关系，密西西比河等流域爆发生态危机。
表现在：水质污染严重，生态环境遭到严重破坏。
面对危机，各国政府积极行动，多策并举：美国十分重视，但落实不到位，也缺乏全面规划；巴西制定森林保护法律，但是执法不力；埃及在全面评估的基础上，综合治理，初见成效。
这启示我们，治理黄河要统筹规划，正确处理人与自然的关系。
具体说来，就是：第一，总体规划，综合考虑经济开发和生态环境保护之间的关系。
在发展经济的同时，更加注重环境保护。
第二，依法治黄，完善法律，加大环保执法力度。
第三，建立健全生态环境评估体系，在对生态环境现状综合评估的基础上，建设人工湿地工程，保护植被，进行流域综合治理。
【299字】三、国家某部门拟编写一本以黄河为主题的宣传手册，作为对青少年进行爱国主义教育的材料。
宣传材料由四个部分组成，依次为：“黄河之水天上来”、“黄河与中华文明”、“黄河的治理与开发”、“黄河精神万古传”。
请参考“给定资料”，分别列出每个部分的内容要点。
（20分）要求：切合主题；全面、表述准确、有逻辑性；本题作答不超过400字。
解析这是一道公文题，侧重考查概括、分析基础上的公文写作能力。
要在全篇材料中找寻答案要点。
题目中已经明确要求宣传手册是由四个部分组成，因此每一部分具体写出内容要点即可。
这些内容要点基本上都来自材料，找到找到解题答题的角度，把同类的内容合并在一起。
需要注意的一点是，该手册是对青少年进行爱国主义教育的，行文时可以适当凸显，四个部分中亦以“黄河的治理与开发”为重点。
参考答案宣传手册的要点黄河之水天上来：一、黄河源流。
介绍黄河的地理位置、源头和流经地。
二、黄河景观。
以壶口瀑布等为例。
黄河与中华文明：一、中华文明的印记。
以宫殿、青铜器、甲骨文、秦腔、豫剧等为例。
二、地杰人灵。
介绍黄河流域出现的历史伟人。
黄河的治理与开发：一、黄河脾气。
通俗形象地介绍黄河的“善淤”、“善决”、“善徙”特性。
二、黄河的惩罚。
介绍黄河的危害，如三年两决口、百年一改道、生态破坏等。
三、黄河的福泽。
介绍历史和当代黄河的治理和开发情况，如大禹治水、王景治黄、三门峡水库等。
四、情系黄河。
介绍党和国家历届领导人对于黄河治理开发的关怀和重视。
黄河精神万古传：一、弘扬黄河精神。
即适应自然又征服自然，在治理和开发的过程中注意人与自然的和谐相处；求真务实、自强不息、开拓创新、厚德载物等。
二、传承黄河文化。
如发展文宣、旅游等。
号召广大青少年作为黄河子女，要进一步弘扬黄河精神，让黄河更好地为中华民族造福。
【394字】四、“请参考给定资料，以弘扬黄河精神为主题，自选角度，自拟题目，写一篇文章。
”要求：（1）中心论点明确，有思想高度；（2）内容充实，有说服力；（3）语言流畅，1000字左右。
题目解析：阅卷老师已明确规定了黄河精神的内涵，具体包括六个方面：1、孕育生灵、滋养万物的无私奉献精神；2、锲而不舍、生生不息的坚定执着精神；3、勇敢向前、不畏艰难的开拓进取精神；4、自我否定、自我调节的主动适应精神；5、胸怀博大、兼收并蓄的开放包容精神；6、也体现了人类敬畏自然、尊重规律的科学创新精神。
阅卷老师将文章分为四类八档。
一类文：31-40分。
对黄河精神的内涵有充分的认知并清楚表述出来；能恰当联系实际充分论证；结构完整合理；行文流畅。
结构完整指的是，按照黄河精神是什么，为什么要弘扬黄河精神，如何弘扬黄河精神这三个方面来展开论证。
或者每一个黄河精神按照这样的逻辑来论述，形成一个个小分论点也可以。
对黄河精神内涵的把握，多多益善。
二类文：21-30分。
对黄河精神的内涵有明确认知并表述出来；结构较完整；论证充分；行文流畅。
对黄河精神内涵的认知六个至少有一个。
三类文：11-20分。
明确提及黄河精神内涵，但无论证；或者有论证，但无主题明确观点。
不说黄河精神是什么，大谈弘扬黄河精神，11-14分。
说出来一个内涵，论证跑题了，比如大谈如何治理黄河，16-20分。
四类文：0-10分。
脱离黄河精神。
字数严重不足的（不足300字），直接给0-5分。
有一定文字能力，6-10分。
无标题，在原得分基础上直接扣两分。
2011年国考地市级《申论》解析材料解读一、材料基本内容材料1：主要反映两方面内容：一是打工子弟学校办学的困境，二是农民工子弟上学困难重重。
材料2：农民工子弟上学难的表现及其原因。
材料3：L县采取多种措施对本县的学校布局进行调整，办学效益得到了明显提高。
材料4：农民倾全力支持教育发展，其中贫困家庭用于教育的支出占其收入的比例更大，原因是他们把希望寄托在下一代上学受教育上。
材料5：柳延希望小学被撤并后的现状的未来。
材料6：希望小学被撤并的原因探析。
材料7：许多学者对乡村文化衰落的担忧和焦虑。
二、材料结构材料1、5、7主要是提出问题，材料2、6主要是分析问题原因，材料3、4主要是给出一些解决问题的对策。
真题解析一、认真阅读“给定资料”，简要回答下面两题。
（20分）1.“给定资料1”和“给定资料2”集中反映了进城务工人员随迁子女受教育的诸多问题。
请根据这两则材料，对这些问题的具体表现进行概括和归纳。
（10分）要求：准确、全面、有条理。
不超过200字。
解析所属题型：概括题。
考察能力：考察阅读理解能力和归纳概括能力。
答题思路：此题材料的来源是材料1、2，概括的对象是“进城务工人员随迁子女受教育的诸多问题”，答题的要点是“这些问题的具体表现”。
显然，出题人并不是简单的要考生对材料中细节部分进行摘抄，而是根据细节部分进行归纳和概括。
而且题目要求“全面”，即材料中所有问题的表现都要概括出来。
材料中提及较多细节性描述，但较为重要的几句话分是“在垃圾场边的平房里”、“在一片荒芜的菜地里”，“校方要收取1万元到10万元不等的借读费和赞助费”、“这样的学校绝大部分都戴着“非法”的帽子——没有办学许可证”、“没有政府的支持，我们也不敢在硬件设备上加大投资”、“这类学校的教师队伍很不稳定”、“由于家庭生活困难，不少农民工子女不得不放弃求学”、“将来考大学，因为没有户口，孩子还得回去考”、“要警惕农民工子女心理“边缘化”倾向”、“和城里孩子享有同样的待遇”、“降低收费标准”、“曾经因为父母务工地点的变化而被迫转学”。