托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
托福TPO2口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO2口语Task3阅读文本： Bus Service Elimination Planned The university has decided to discontinue its free bus service for students. The reason given for this decision is that few students ride the buses and the buses are expensive to operate. Currently, the buses run from the center of campus past university buildings and through some of the neighborhoods surrounding the campus. The money saved by eliminating the bus service will be used to expand the overcrowded student parking lots. 托福TPO2口语Task3听力文本： (Man): I don't like the university's plan. (Woman): Really? I've ridden those buses and sometimes there were only a few people on the bus. It did seem like a kind of a waste. (Man): I see your point, but I think the problem is that the route is out of date. It only goes to the neighborhood that have gotten too expensive for students to live in. It is ridiculous that they have not already changed route, you know, so it goes where most off-campus students live now. I bet if they did that, they'd get plenty of students riding those buses. (Woman): Well, at least they are adding more parking, it has gotten really tough to find a space. (Man): That is the other part I do not like, actually. Cutting back the bus service and adding parking just encourage more students to drive on campus and that just adds to noise around campus and create more traffic. And that 'II increase the need for more parking spaces. (Woman): Yeah, I guess I can see your point. Maybe it would be better if more students use the buses instead of driving. (Man): Right. And the university should make it easier to do that, not harder. 托福TPO2口语Task3题目： The man expresses his opinion of the university’s plan to eliminate the bus service. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO2口语Task3满分范文： Well, the man disagrees with the plan for two main reasons. First of all, he believes that the route is out-of-date since it only goes through the neighborhoods that are too expensive for students to live in. If they change the bus route making it go through areas where most off-campus students live now, they will have plenty of students riding those buses. On top of that, the man thinks that the plan will encourage students to drive on campus, which will cause not only more traffic and noise but also deficient parking spaces on campus. So the man disagrees with the plan for the reasons stated above. (110 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO2口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
tpo2综合写作
TPO作文2综合写作The reading material is mainly about the advantage of putting a people into a group of to work. The speaker, however ,totally contradicts with the author’s opinion by providing evidence, efficiency, and personal aptitude.First of all, teamwork does not give everyone in the group the equal right to get recognized. The speaker demonstrates that some people in the group may get “free ride”, although they do not contribute something to the final success, they may also be praised like anyone else. However, the real contributors, would not receive the recognition they deserve because the success is recognized as a whole. The passage asserts that since the group as wider range of knowledge, it would definitely reach success. Therefore , the author is challenged by the speaker.Second, the efficiency of the work would be greatly reduced by the team. According to the lecturer, the members of the team hold different kind of view in many aspects, so it is rather difficult for them to reach an agreement without a lot of meetings, which would take a long time. The reading indicates that teamwork is quicker than individual work.Last but not least, teamwork does not give each member of the team the same opportunity to show their personal aptitude. As the speaker point out, some very important people in the group will cause other people to drop the ideas which they disagree with regardless of the fact that they are actually debatable. On the other hand, they may convince people that plenty of the ideas are perfect and needs to becarried on immediately, regardless of some people’s disagreement. But if the team do not accomplish the work successfully, it would be blamed as a whole. Therefore, the team does not give everyone the chance to show themselves, as it is point out in the passage. In addition, the author’s idea contradicts the professor’s.。
TPO2综合写作听力文本
先来看看托福综合写作地阅读材料：, . .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：在很多机构里，恰当完成一个新项目地最好方法可能是把一组人组织成一个团队.一个团队来完成一个项目有几个优势.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习, , , . , , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习翻译：首先，一组人员意味着有比任何一个个体拥有更为广泛地知识、技能以及技巧.同时，因为有更多数量人员地介入和更多资源地占有，团队工作可以以更快地速度对任务作出反应.同时，也能创造性地解决遇到地问题和争议.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习. .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：由于在团队工作中个体无需承担风险，所以会倾向于作出冒险地决定.这就导致了团队工作有时候可以创造性地解决问题.这是因为团队把团队决策地责任分摊给所有地成员了，这样地话，即使决策最后证明是错地，也不会有任何个体需要对此负责.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习. . , “”, , ’ .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习翻译：加入一个团队对于个体成员来说是一个非常荣耀地.对于那些能够影响决策地成员来说，毫无疑问，他们在团队行为中得来地决策快感要优于他们被动地接受别人指派任务时候地感受.同时，团队中地个人有更多“闪耀”地机会，这些机会地实现是由于他们对团队地贡献不但被认可，而且是高度低认可.这种高度地认可是因为团队地成就和影响力是要要高于个体.团队可以实现个体所不完成地任务，达到个体所不能达到地高度.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习在这段阅读材料里考生需要抽取以下观点：、: .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习、: 文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习、: .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习、: .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习这些观点是怎么抽取出来地呢?首先，: 主观点抽取地时候，有些同学喜欢凭感觉.可是如果感觉可靠地话，就没有那么多人失恋了.感觉是靠不住地，我们要找到根据.这篇文章地主观点算是比较好找地.阅读部分从题材上是，这个跟我们独立写作地作文是一致地.对于独立写作我们对开头段地要求是什么呢?那就是一个简短地加上一个清晰地.同时如果时间不允许，那么开头直接说观点也是可以地，这篇文章呢，就是开门见山地说出了观点：.而后面地一句话是过渡句，是预告下文地.也就是说，我将在团队工作地优势方面来支持我地主观点.我们在独立写作地时候，也可以把整理之后提前到开头段，因为开头段存在地目地是：.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习其次，: 简单地找到之后，大家就在第一个上面折戟了，华丽丽地选择了开头句.是呀，我们都说前置地呀!!!但是这是考题呀，就是考我们怎么抽出观点地.同时，经过这个也可以看出来，不把前置是多么讨厌地事情呀.我们写文章一个要不能用废话去烦考官，另一个是不能去考考官，因为我们是弱势群体.那么，这个是怎么找出来地呢?显然不是凭感觉地.我们先厘清一下一个概念，就是一段里面和下面地内容是什么关系呢?唉，是解释地关系.是解释地，是支持地.因此，所有表原因地部分，都不会是，而会是和.因此“ ”这句就华丽丽地不会是观点.而跟着它地那个主句，这很有可能是观点，但目前还不能这么草率地确定.我们沿着这个句子往前看，有个词是“”.这个词，直译过来就是“也”.如果这样一句话：“ , 我也没吃饭，所以我们要一起去吃饭”，那么横线上地内容一定是“我也没吃饭”相平行地，要么张三，要么李四，共同组成“我们去吃饭”地原因.所以之前地内容也是原因，而不是结果，那么就不会是观点.好了，先说到这里，接着说第二个，然后回过头来这这一段结尾地那个句子.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习然后，: 这个就好找多了，开头第一句嘛.但是这样就可以了吗?显然不行，我们这样地判断方法是没有普适性地，下一次不放在第一句怎么办?好吧，我们找一个很伟大地词：.这是一个原因状语从句，在主从复合句中，如果从句放在后半部分，那么就不需要用逗号隔开，这就让我们这个不那么明显，但是，如果我们每次看综合写作地时候都先把念一遍，就找到了.紧接着地这句就更和谐了，“ ”开头了.那么这句也是表原因啦.里面有个词，可能会给大家带来一些困扰：这不是因此吗?这不是于是吗?但是在前面还有一个神一样地词，是，好吧，这表示地时候前后地东东是并列地，所以能，前后都是表原因地.这个地存在表示后面这个原因，其实是前面地这个原因衍生出来地，然后共同充当地原因.好了，这一段就只剩下第一句话地主句了，就是了.这时候，我们再回过头看第一段地最后一句，好像也提到了了，但同时也看到了.前后地东西是并列地，那么是一个，则前面地句子也是地，验证了我们前边地推论.至于这里提到地是对下面地预告.我们总是就接用是用好还是好，但是很多时候，地道地表达会用句子来做.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习最后，: 这段地观点也是出现在了开头，.好了，我们再也不要用感觉去判断了.我们找到一个叫地词，它会告诉我们前后地两句是同等地位地，鉴于每段之后一个，那么这两句都被排除了.那么除了第一句我们好像也没有更好地选择了.可能有地同学会找到，然后认为前面地那半句是.但是，因为地存在粉碎了这样地观点，同时我们要知道，在使用推理论证地过程中，因果是可以不止一层地，很可能是ààà地过程.我们不能，就误认为是.其实独立写作和综合写作时互通地，在独立写作中学到地论证方法可以帮住我们阅读，而阅读中学到地表达方式和行文风格也可以借鉴到独立写作之中.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习那么观点找到了，怎样找分论点呢?三个分别是：, , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习那么反驳地时候，就是不、不和不.第一个和第三个是没有问题地，但是对于和地反驳却有三个角度，一个是不，一个是不，一个是两个都反驳.就这篇文章地听力部分来说，是既反驳地，又反驳了.如果在听力部分听不到这个点，那就是一定会丢点地.很多学生都觉得自己听懂了，觉得这个无论是语速还是词汇都远小于单独地听力部分测试.但是，这两者之间是很有很大区别地，听力测试是有题目和选项地，更多地是要求大家抓到主干即可，如果要考细节，那么就会有重听.但是综合写作却考地是精听，要你听到观点和分论点之后，还有写出.有地学生说听懂之后，我让他来复述，都会漏掉很多地细节，因为听地时候要么不记笔记，要么记句子，这些都是不可取地.这部分应该和文章阅读一起单独跟大家说一说.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习以下这段材料是综合写作地听力部分：, . , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：现在我要给大家讲讲在一个公司考虑以团队工作地形式进行项目时候地发现吧.这几个项目是以团队地形式负责和完成地.六个月之后，公司来验收项目进行地如何.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习, “ ” . . . ’ , , . ? . . . , . ’ , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：实际上，在每个团队都会有一些成员选择“搭便车”.这些成员并没有对团队地工作有任何贡献，但是如果整个团队很好地完成了任务，他们也会从团队所获得地认可中获利.那么对于那些在团队中努力工作，为团队所面临地问题和正义提供很多简介地人呢?没有人知道他们地名字.当这些真正地贡献者被问及团队工作地感受是，他们地态度则是和阅读部分所预计地相反地.你应该不会对这样地态度感到意外地.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习’ . ? ; , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：另一个发现就是，一些项目进行地速度不是很快.为什么呢?这是因为团队需要很长地时间达成一致意见，他们需要开很多会才能在成员之间对于如何进行项目达成共识.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习, . “ ” , . “ .” , . ? , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：在另一方面，有些证据表明在团队中会有一到两个人会对整个团队非常有影响力.有时候，当他们对团队中正在运行地想法说了一句“这是行不通”地时候，这个想法就会在没有进行深入谈讨论之前就被放弃了.同时，还会存在这样一种情况：这些有影响力地人笃定他们相处地方法是“非常有创造性地”.这时候，即便有些成员会试图提醒其他成员项目现在正在沿着一个错误地方向进行，甚至有可能失败地.但是他们地声音会被其他地成员所忽略.你能猜到这个故事地结局吗?结局就是，当这个项目失败地时候，责备会被所有团队成员一同承担.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习如何抽取听力部分地观点：听力部分地观点顺序不一定跟阅读部分是完全一致地，这一点还是比较常见地.在篇文章里，听力部分地第二段，反驳地就是这个点，第三段反驳地是，而第四段则分别反驳了和.先说好地可能不经深入讨论就了，这样就无从实现了，接着说在地影响下可能在错误地方向上进行，进而失败，以驳斥了.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习教您记笔记：、需要注意地标志词：, , , 文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习在听力部分，后面地话可就变得重要了.、笔记上地重点词：记笔记是一定要地，因为考地是精听，细节记不下来就会失分.但是不要记句子，而是记单词.就这篇文章来讲，你地笔记上需要出现以下词：文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习) ’ , , , 文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习) ’ , , 文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习) , – , – , – , , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习在实际记笔记地过程中，你可以选择自己特有地简写方法，那么你地笔记将会更加简洁.听地时候不要因为一个两个词地纠结影响大片信息地提取.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习文章结构：第一段：要表达地内容有：部分地主观点，部分地主观点，以及两者之间地关系.第二段：部分地，部分对应地，里面相对应地和.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习第三段：部分地，部分对应地，里面相对应地和.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习第四段：部分地，部分对应地，里面相对应地和.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习小贴士：没有必要在文章中出现部分地和，或者说不能出现.。
托福TPO2口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO2口语Task4阅读文本： Social Interaction People deal with each other every day. This interaction is at the heart of social life. The study of social interaction is concerned with the influence people have over one another's behavior. People take each other into account in their daily behavior and in fact, the very presence of others can affect behavior. For example, one principle of social interaction, audience effects, suggests that individuals' work is affected by their knowledge that they are visible to others, that the presence of others tends to alter the way people behave or perform an activity. 托福TPO2口语Task4听力文本： Okay, so we said that the way we interact others has an impact on our behavior. In fact, there is some interesting research to suggest that in one type of interaction, when we are being observed, specifically, when we know we are being watched as we performed some activity, we tend to increase the speed at which we perform that activity. In one study, college students were asked to each put on a pair of shoes, shoes with laces they would have to tie. Now, one group of students was told that they would be observed. The second group, however, didn't know they were being observed. The students who were aware that they were being watched, actually tied their shoes much faster than the students who thought they were alone. Other studies confirm the same is true, even when we are learning new activities. Let's say someone is learning a new task, for example, learning how to type. When they are conscious of being observed, they'11 likely begin typing at a much faster rate than they would if they were alone. But and this is interesting, the study also showed that certain common behavior, things people typically do like making mistakes when you're learning something new. That behavior pattern will also increase. So in other words, when we are learning to type, and we know we are being watched, we all type faster but we 'II also make more mistakes. 托福TPO2口语Task4题目： Explain how the examples of tying shoes and learning to type demonstrate the principle of audience effects. 托福TPO2口语Task4满分范文： Audience effects suggest that with the knowledge that they're being watched while working, people usually alter their behavior during their work. And the professorillustrates the principle with two studies that suggest this. In the first study, two groups of students were asked to put on shoes that they had to tie, one group being told later that they would be observed, while the other group being kept in dark. So when the researchers began to observe, they found that the group aware of the observation tied faster than the other group. This study shows how audience effects speed up people's action. While the second study suggests that when people are learning new things, with the awareness of being observed, they will not only accelerate, but also increase certain behavior pattern. For instance, when they learn to type, they'll type faster, but meanwhile make more mistakes. (141 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO2口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
2019年TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本
2019年TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本Bode’s LawProfessor: OK, let’s get going. Today I’m going to talk about how the asteroid belt was discovered. And ...I’m going to start by writing some numbers on the board. Here they are: We’ll start with zero, then 3, ...6, ...12. Uh, tell me what I’m doing.Female student: Multiplying by 2?Professor: Right, I’m doubling the numbers, so 2 times 12 is 24, and the next one I’m going to write after 24 would be…Female student: 48.Professor: 48, then 96. We’ll stop there for now. Uh, now I’ll write another row of numbers under that. Tell me what I’m doing. 4, 7, 10 …How am I getting this second row?Male Student: Adding 4 to the numbers in the first row.Professor: I’m adding 4 to each number in the first row to give you a second row. So the last two will be 52, 100, and now tell me what I’m doing.Female Student: Putting in a decimal?Professor: Yes, I divided all those numbers by 10 by putting in a decimal point. Now I’m going to write the names of the planets under the numbers. Mercury...Venus...Earth...Mars. So, what do the numbersmean? Do you remember from the reading?Male Student: Is it the distance of the planets from the Sun?Professor: Right, in astronomical units—not perfect, but tantalizingly close. The value for Mars is off by ...6 or 7 percent or so. It’s ...but it’s within 10 percent of the average distance to Mars from the Sun. But I kind of have to skip the one after Mars for now. Then Jupiter’s right there at 5-point something, and then Saturn is about 10 astronomical units from the Sun. Um, well, this pattern is known as Bode’s Law.Um, it isn’t really a scientific law, not in the sense of predicting gravitation mathematically or something, but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago. Well, you can imagine that there was some interest in why the 2. 8 spot in the pattern was skipped, and um ...but there wasn’t anything obvious there, in the early telescopes. Then what happened in the late 1700s? The discovery of ...?Female Student: Another planet?Professor: The next planet out, Uranus—after Saturn. And look, Uranus fits in the next spot in the pattern pretty nicely, um, not perfectly, but close. And so then people got really excited about the validity of this thing and finding the missing object between Mars and Jupiter. And telescopes, remember, were getting better. So people went to work onfinding objects that would be at that missing distance from the Sun, and then in 1801, the object Ceres was discovered.And Ceres was in the right place—the missing spot. Uh, but it was way too faint to be a planet. It looked like a little star. Uh, and because of its starlike appearance, um, it was called an “asteroid. ”OK? “Aster”is Greek for “star,”as in “astronomy. ”Um, and so, Ceres was the first and is the largest of what became many objects discovered at that same distance. Not just one thing, but all the objects found at that distance from the asteroid belt. So the asteroid belt is the most famous success of this Bode’s Law. That’s how the asteroid belt was discovered.TPO2托福听力Lecture4题目文本1.What is Bode's law?a) A law of gravitationb) An estimate of the distance between Mars and Jupiterc) A prediction of how many asteroids there ared) A pattern in the spacing of the planets2.Why does the professor explain Bode's Law to the class?a) To describe the size of the asteroidsb) To explain how the asteroids belt was discoveredc) To explain how gravitational forces influence the planetsd) To describe the impact of telescopes on astronomy3.How does the professor introduce Bode's Law?a) By demonstrating how it is derived mathematicallyb) By describing the discovery of Uranusc) By drawing attention to the inaccuracy of a certain patternd) By telling the names of several of the asteroids4.According to the professor, what two factors contributed to the discovery of the asteroid Ceres?a) Improved telescopesb) Advances in mathematicsc) The discovery of a new stard) The position of Uranus in a pattern5.What does the professor imply about the asteroid belt?a) It is farther from the Sun than Uranus.b) Bode believed it was made up of small stars.c) It is located where people expected to find a planet.d) Ceres is the only one of the asteroids that can be seen without a telescope.6.Why does the professor say this?a) To introduce an alternative application of Bode's Lawb) To give an example of what Bode's law cannot explainc) To describe the limitations of gravitational theoryd) To contrast Bode's Law with a real scientific lawTPO2托福听力Lecture4答案解析第1题：细节题正确答案：D对应原文：2'23"-2'30"...but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago.解析：原文中教授直接提到pattern in the spacing ofo the planets,和选项D直接呼应，表达也基本没变。
tpo2综合写作
TPO 作文 2综合写作The reading material is mainly about the advantage of putting a people into a group of to work. The speaker, however ,totally contradicts with the author ’s opinion by providing evidence, efficiency, and personal aptitude.First of all, teamwork does not give everyone inthe group the equal right toget recognized.The speaker demonstrates that some people inthe groupmay get“free ride ”, although they do not contribute something to the final success, they may also be praised like anyone else. However, the real contributors, would not receive the recognitionthey deserve because the success is recognizedas a whole.The passage asserts that since the group as wider range of knowledge, it would definitely reach success. Therefore , the author is challenged by the speaker.Second, the efficiency of the work would be greatly reduced by the team. According to the lecturer, the members of the team hold different kind of view in many aspects, so it is rather difficult for them to reach an agreement without a lot of meetings, whichwouldtake a longtime. The readingindicates that teamwork isquicker than individual work.Lastbutnotleast, teamwork does notgiveeachmember of theteamthesameopportunity to show their personal aptitude. As the speaker point out, some very important people in the group will cause other people to drop the ideas whichthey disagree withregardless of the fact that they are actually debatable. Ontheother hand,they may convince people that plenty of the ideas are perfect and needs to be carried on immediately, regardless of some people ’s disagreement. But if the team do not accomplish the work successfully, it would be blamed as a whole. Therefore, the teamdoes notgive everyone the chance toshow themselves,as it is point out in the passage. Inaddition, the author ’s idea contradicts the professor ’s.。
托福综合写作练习及听力原文
托福综合写作练习及听力原文Exercise 1Soon there will be something new for the tourist who has been everywhere and seen everything on Earth. Spacecraft being developed by private commercial companies will soon enable private citizens to buy their own tickets to travel into space, thereby creating a space tourism industry. So far, space travel has been undertaken only by governments, but the new, privatized spaceflight industry will bring great benefits to both science and the public. First, private space travel will benefit serious space exploration by making spaceflight cheaper. Privatization of space technology will bring technological costs down very fast because it will allow competition—and competition is one of the strongest motivators to cut costs. Thus, lowering the cost of space travel will benefit not only space tourists but also scientists, who will be able to use private space flights for research purposes. Furthermore, privatization of space travel will accelerate the rate at which important scientific discoveries occur. The aerospace industry already sponsors a lot of groundbreaking scientific research, and adding private spaceflight companies to it will make the industry as a whole grow in size, thereby employing more scientists than it does now. That increased number of working scientists means not only that more discoveries are likely to be made but also that those discoveries are likely to be made more quickly than in the past. Finally, when governments are the sole providers of space travel, the costs are paid for by the whole taxpaying public, but with privatization, the expenses of space travel will be borne by the customers of the industry. The fact that private spaceflight operators will be able to raise funds through ticket sales means that the financial burden on taxpayers will be eased significantly.Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on the contents of the reading. You may refer to the passage as you write. 1Exercise 2Educators have long recognized that high school can be a difficult experience for many students. Along with the stress of challenging academic work, high school can also be a source of social, emotional, and even financial stress. One effective way of decreasing these nonacademic kinds of stress is to require students to wear a school uniform so that all students wear basically the same clothing. One of the most obvious benefits of such a policy is that it makes high school more affordable for both students and their parents. Clothing, especially trendy, fashionable clothing, is very expensive, and teenagers usually want to have several different outfits in their wardrobes—for some, the more the better. When there is no possibility of dressing fashionably at school, a student’s clothing bill will go down drastically. Furthermore, wearing the same school uniform as everyone else eliminates a significant source of discomfort and self-consciousness for many teenagers: the uncertainty that what they are wearing is “right.” Such anxiety interferes with a student’s ability to act in ways that show his or her personality to advantage. Finally, a mandatory school-uniform policy will reduce the amount of teasing and bullying among students. Currently, many students are teased or put down simply because they dress differently from everyone else or because they can’t afford to dress like the majority. Once all students wear the same uniform, there will be much less opportunity for these kinds of intimidating behaviors.Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on the contents of the reading. You may refer to the passage as you write. 2Exercises 3Donating part of one’s income to public causes, known as charitable giving, used to be a common practice. But, in the United States charitable giving has declined substantially in recent years, and, for several reasons, it is unlikely to increasein the future. One reason that charitable giving has fallen is simply that there is less need for charitable giving, because the United States government now provides most of the important public services. The government assumes much of the responsibility for feeding the poor, providing health care, and taking care of the victims of natural disasters—functions that charities used to perform. These government institutions of social welfare are permanent, and so the diminished need for private charitable giving will also be permanent. Another reason people are, and will be, giving less to charities is that in the past few years there have been highly publicized disclosures that the managers of some prominent national charities were receiving huge salaries and other benefits as large or larger than salaries of heads of major for-profit corporations. These salaries and expenses for travel, fancy offices, and advertising significantly reduce the percentage of donated money that went to charitable purposes. Naturally people have been turned off by these excesses and inefficiencies. Finally, beyond the shortcomings of legitimate charities, there has been an increasing number of fraudulent solicitations by organizations or individuals who merely pose as charities. As a result, people are now becoming skeptical even about what are in fact legitimate appeals for support. So potential donors are starting to give less and give less frequently. And since the incidence of charity fraud seems to be increasing, we can expect further declines in charitable giving as people become more concerned that they are being taken advantage of. Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on the contents of the reading. You may refer to the passage as you write. 3Exercises 4It used to be that parents took their children on vacation during the summer, when school was out of session. But today, much more often than in the past, many parents take their children on vacation during the school year. Although these children areaway from school, sometimes for several weeks, traveling itself serves a valuable educational function. The most important educational benefit of taking children on vacation is that traveling exposes children to new places and cultures. It is good for children to read about distant countries, but it is even better to take them there. What students learn by meeting the people and absorbing the culture of these places is something they could not learn in their classrooms. Moreover, the benefits to the children who have been away from the classroom for several weeks traveling continue after they have returned to their classes. Students who are in school every day of the school year can easily lose enthusiasm for their studies. But students invigorated by time away return with heightened excitement. The trend of students taking vacations during the school year also has benefits for teachers. When these students return to school, their knowledge and enthusiasm contribute positively to the entire class. Teachers can ask the children to share stories of their travels with their peers and can incorporate what they have learned from traveling into writing and reading projects. This makes lesson development easier for teachers because the returning students’ experiences provide a ready basis for classroom discussions and projects. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they oppose points made in the reading passage.4Exercises 5Easter Island, a small, remote island in the Pacific Ocean, was once home to a flourishing culture. But about 500 years ago (A. D. 1500), its society went into a steep decline. History teaches us that events like this are often caused by outside influences. So it is not unreasonable to consider whether there are facts about the decline of Easter Island’s society that would be explained by a hypothesis of an invasion. One such fact has to do with trees. Most Pacific island societies have managed to find an ecologically balanced way of living by using—but notoverexploiting—natural resources such as trees. Most Pacific islands, therefore, remain lush—but not Easter Island. Although it was once densely forested, most of its trees had disappeared by about 500 years ago. Environmental destruction of this sort has often been caused by invaders who deplete an area’s natural resources without any concern for the future. Facts about the large stone statues on Easter Island could also support the idea of an invasion. There are about 900 of these statues on the island; the largest is over 20 meters tall. The native society clearly placed a great deal of importance on their production. Yet about the same time that the island became deforested, islanders stopped making these huge statues. An invasion would help explain why this traditional practice came to a sudden end. Furthermore, we know that around the time these other changes were taking place, a new religion developed on Easter Island: the “Birdman” worship. There is no convincing evidence that the Birdman religion existed before 1500, which suggests that this new religious practice may have been introduced by outsiders. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically indicate how they challenge explanations offered in the reading passage.5Exercises 6When a company needs to hire someone for a managerial position, there is often a choice between promoting an employee who is already working inside the company or bringing in a person from outside. Hiring a qualified outsider is often to a company’s advantage for several reasons. An important reason for hiring outsiders as managers is that they bring a new perspective. This contributes to the diversity of ideas and allows company practices to be seen in a new light. Often, an outside hire will ask, “What’s the reason for doing things this way?” This question may lead to a reevaluation of practices that are actually inefficient but have become so much a part of the routine that it’s difficult for insiders to question them. Another major factor to beconsidered is the cost of on-the-job training. Hiring outsiders allows a company to look for people who already have the particular skills and experience required for the job. The company will not have to spend time and money training an internal employee for the new job—something that has to be done when, for example, an employee is promoted from a technical position to a managerial one. In such a case, usually the employee would be sent to classes to help learn needed managerial skills. Finally, managers hired from the outside will often have business contacts with suppliers, customers, and technicians that they have developed in their previous job. Clearly these contacts can be a valuable asset for the company that hires managers from the outside.Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on the contents of the reading. You may refer to the passage as you write. 6 Exercises 7Scant physical evidence remains of the first human domestication of grain. Still, there is enough to conclude that ancient peoples, motivated by the nutritional value of bread or cakes made of wild wheat, looked for controlled ways to grow it to provide a consistent food supply. Three related discoveries are likely to have led to the introduction of bread as the first grain-based food. The first discovery was that wheat could be prepared for use by grinding. People probably began consuming wheat by chewing it raw. Because wheat is very hard, they gradually discovered that it was less trouble to eat if crushed to paste between two stones—the result would have been the ancestor of the drier, more powdery wheat flour we use today. From there, it was a short step to the next breakthrough: baking the simplest bread, which requires no technology but fire. Loaves of wheat paste, when baked into bread, could be stored for long periods, certainly longer than raw seeds. This kept the food value of wheat available for an extended period after it had been harvested. Finally, ancient peoplesfound that, if the paste was allowed to sit in the open, yeast spores from the air settled on it and began fermenting the wheat. This natural process of fermentation caused bubbles to from in the wheat paste that suggested it would be lighter in texture and even easier to eat when baked.Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on the contents of the reading. You may refer to the passage as you write. 7Exercises 8Wilderness management has advanced greatly over the last century, due in part to such practices as the suppression of forest fired and limitations on the clear-cutting of trees. Monitoring forests for small brushfires is easier with aircraft, as is the use of large amounts of water and sophisticated chemical fire extinguishers to prevent fires from spreading. The goals decreasing the amount of destruction by fires and cutting are wide-ranging. One is simply the longer lives and improved health of trees. In some areas of hickory and oak forest on the Eastern Seaboard, fire suppression has allowed the maturation of so many trees that the treetops form a continuous canopy. There is evidence of the healthful effects of fire suppression closer to the ground as well. Vines and low bushes that would be burned out in a forest fire can flourish when fires are suppressed, of course, but there is a more indirect way fires harm plant life. Chemical tests on areas that have recently experienced forest fires demonstrate that burning decreases the overall amount of nutrients in the soil. Suppressing fires prevents such a decrease. Ferns, wildflowers and herbs grow without disturbance. Finally, wildlife can benefit. In the eastern hickory and oak forest, the suppression of fires has meant that forest animals---ranging from small insects and birds to large deer and bears—are not burned to death. Deer populations, in particular, have increased notably.Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they challengespecific plans made in the reading passage. You may refer to the passage as you write. 8Listening Scripts Exercise 1Professor: Well, it looks as though we’ll soon see private spaceships carrying tourists into space. But will it really provide great benefits for serious science and for the public? I don’t think so. First, privatized space travel, which is extraordinarily expensive, is likely to stay that way. For one thing, commercial space travel will require an elaborate space traffic-control system to prevent collisions —and the development and operation of such a system won’t come cheap either. Another thing that’ll keep costs high is tested and retested—and that also tends to be a very expensive process. Both of those costs will be reflected in the prices of the spaceflight tickets, so no one should expect the cost of space flights to go down fast. Second, if commercial spaceflight has any effect at all on the rate of scientific discovery and innovation, it will be to delay or even prevent such discovery and innovation. If the best and the brightest engineers get lured away from government space programs by the high salaries offered by private, for-profit companies, they might end up working on commercial stuff that doesn't have much scientific value. And as a result, serious space research might actually suffer. And finally, will the taxpaying public get off the hook financially? No chance! The fact is that so-called private space tourism isn’t possible without huge public tax subsidies. It will take billions and billions of dollars to build space stations, space airports, and so on, and private investors simply cannot raise such huge amounts. So the burden on taxpayers won’t be significantly eased with the development of the private spaceflight industry. In fact, all taxpayers’ll be paying more to subsidize the vacations of the space tourists.Exercise 2Professor: What you’ve just read really is way too optimistic. It’s rather easyto poke holes in the reasoning. First off, school uniforms are themselves often quite costly—usually they are only available from certain select stores. Plus, what kind of clothes will students put on after school when they go meet their friends? Well, if you can’t dress trendy at school, it's even more likely you’ll want to do that after school. So kids will still demand a full wardrobe of fashionable after-school clothes in addition to their uniforms. To take up another point, doing away with differences in dress can affect some students quite negatively. Many students may feel very uncomfortable—might even feel self-conscious—about how they look when they are not allowed to select the clothes that they wear. For many, choosing clothing is not a matter of making a fashion statement; it is simply a way of presenting themselves in ways they feel will call attention to what they consider their attractive features—plus they feel they can also select clothing to de-emphasize other features they perhaps like less about themselves. So school uniforms can actually end up increasing self-consciousness and discomfort among students. Finally, students will always pick on other students. Dividing into groups, teasing and bullying other for being different—these are things teenagers everywhere do because they are at that particular stage of life. If students cannot pick on differences in dress, they will surely find other things to pick on—things like choice in music or the kind of backpack brought to school—any of these can easily take on as much importance as clothing. 9Exercise 3Professor: There’s no doubt that giving to charities has declined in recent years, but there are good reasons to think it’ll soon begin to go up. Consider, for example, the fact that the number of elderly and retired people in our society keeps growing. Right now, elderly citizens who can’t afford health care often rely on government programs to pay for it. But as the elderly population grows, government programs probably won’t be able to cover the health assistance, Americans respond to thatneed. And since the need will be increasing, we should expect to see charitable giving rise accordingly. There’s another reason to be optimistic about the future of charitable giving. The disclosures of waste and bad management at major charities, and people’s anger at this waste, are producing significant reforms. Overpaid managers have been forced to resign by the bad publicity. Charities are reducing their expenses and are now subject to closer public scrutiny. As a result, people are regaining confidence that the money they donate will support the causes they care about. People’s reaction to charity fraud is also evolving. In the short run, people don’t want to donate because they’re concerned with whether charities are honest. But in the long run, such skepticism makes people careful, not stingy. For example, many people now refuse to give money when they’re asked to do so over the telephone. They insist on receiving proof and documentation before they donate. Just as people learn how to be careful consumers, most people are acquiring the skills needed to guard against charity fraud without stopping their support for worthwhile causes. Exercise 4Professor: Now, let’s consider how taking children on vacation when school is in session impacts their education. I believe the impact on children and their teachers can be quite negative. While students have been traveling, their fellow students have been working. What do you think happens when they return to school? Well, they have to spend a lot of time “playing catch-up,” you know, doing work that fellow students have already done. It’s one thing to miss a day or two of school, but many parents take their children on vacation for weeks on end, and it’s very difficult for any child to make up that much missed time. So, the missed learning has to be weighed against the benefits of traveling and learning about other cultures. On balance, what is lost is greater than what is gained. When children come back to class after a long trip, they’re excited about their recent adventures. Sounds good, but this enthusiasm can have a downside. Their excitement can make it difficult for them to fit back into the routine of the school day. School seems a little boring to them, so they’re notattentive to their studies, and their restlessness can distract other students. When a student is distracted or has to catch up on missed work, there’s a negative effect on the teacher too. Teachers have lesson plans that detail, day by day, what they are going to teach. When a student is absent from the classroom, this interferes with a teacher’s plan for that student. And if teachers spend time helping a few students catch up, they have less time for other students… so they suffer too.10Exercise 5Professor: The idea considered in the reading is not unreasonable in the abstract, but all the concrete evidence points to internal causes for the decline of Easter Island’s culture 500 years ago. It’s a sad story of a native culture that did not have the foresight to sustain itself. In the centuries before 1500, the inhabitants of Easter Island were prosperous… so prosperous that they were able to invest extra time and energy in building giant statues, which became important signs of status. Different island communities began competing as to who could erect the most statues. Now here’s where the problem for trees comes in: archaeological evidence shows that the islanders used tree logs to move the statues into position. So, as the number of statues increased, more and more trees had to be cut, until finally, 500 years ago, there were no more left. Of course, once the trees were gone, the islander could no longer build rafts to fish at sea, and so they could no longer catch big fish. As the necessities of life became harder and harder to get, the islanders no longer had the time and energy to create big statues. Without logs, of course, they couldn't move the statues anyway, so naturally the interest in making the statues declined. Finally, it would not be surprising if the islanders lost confidence in their old gods when life on the island became a struggle for survival. I mean, the old gods wouldn’t seem to be protecting them any more. So it would be natural for the islanders to have developed a different religious idea, hoping that the new god would ensurethem a better life.Exercise 6Professor: For some of the reasons presented in the reading, many companies have a policy of hiring outsiders to fill managerial positions. However, a closer examination will show that the policy is misguided. First of all, the new perspective an outsider brings into the company’s corporate structure often leads to conflict in the managerial team. Companies often have specific corporate philosophies… (for example, about how decisions are to be reached and how work is to be organized). So when outsiders bring with them a significantly different philosophy, this can create serious disagreement and conflict… and make it difficult for the managerial team as a whole to function smoothly and efficiently. An internal employee, by contrast, is more likely to know company tradition. Another point to note is that hiring outsiders may entail an additional cost that perhaps isn’t obvious. It’s true that outside hires may come with required managerial skills and experience. But to become effective as managers in a new company, they also have to establish personal relationships with their new colleagues—get to know them and win their trust. This can often take more time than one would expect, and an uncomfortable settling-in period between a new boss and workers can also be more costly in lost productivity than on-the-job training for an internal employee. Finally, suppose a company makes a point of hiring outsiders as managers instead of promoting insiders. Well, that company will soon find that its own best employees will have not choice but to look to advance their own careers outside the company. And when these key employees leave, they will also take their valuable business contacts away with them to their new employer.11Exercise 7Conventional wisdom says that a very primitive kind of bread was the first grain food that human societies ate. But, you know, for the last few decades, there’s been analternative hypothesis that quite a few anthropologists are starting to give a closer look. That hypotheses says that is was, in fact, beer—not bread—that was the first again food. Sound strange? Consider a couple of things. For one thing, you don’t have to grind wheat to make it easier to eat. If you keep it in a moist environment, it naturally starts sprouting, with a new baby plant splitting the hard seed case in half. Sprouted wheat is sweeter, softer, and actually more nutritious than whole wheat seeds—and it would have developed without human bright idea of crushing it. In order to discover the usefulness of ground wheat, someone gad to get the bright idea of crushing it. To discover the usefulness of sprouted wheat, people just had to do nothing and let it sit. Which do you think happened first? Another thing: what turns grain into beer is fermentation, and wheat begins to ferment almost as soon as it’s stored—from water and yeasts in the air. After the wheat sprouted, it would have started to ferment. The process would have been obvious because of the bubbles and foam that formed. People could have experimented by tasting it and discovering the first beer. And even if you assume that people were already grinding wheat to paste, think about it. The paste ferments and bubbles. Is it likely that early peoples would have thought to fire it before eating? We’re used to cooking our food, but in prehistoric times, the idea that you would take fire to food to improve it for eating was not obvious.Exercise 8For years, forest fires were regarded as uniformly destructive, and forest managers put alout of effort into preventing them. But it turns out that fire suppression may have destructive long-term effects on the forests it’s supposed to protect. For instance, mature oaks have grown so thickly in some places that little light reaches the forest floor. But young oak trees need light in order to grow properly. The lack of light has meant that new oaks aren’t maturing rapidly enough to replace the older oaks. It also means that other tree species that don’t need so much light, such as maples, are invading oak and hickory forests and competing for resource. There arecompetition problems at ground level too. What forest fires, both natural and13 artificial, used to do is burn off some of the plants on the forest floor before theycould grow into huge thickets. Now they run wild over the ground—and again, thatmeans it’s hard for young trees and other native plants to grow. Then there’s theincrease in the deer population—this partially results from the lack of forest firesand partially from limitations on hunting—but the thing is, deer like to eat theleaves off oak saplings. So if one of those oak seedlings somehow does manage to geta good start, despite the shade and all the other plants competing for nutrients,it’s likely to be killed by having its leaves eaten. Oh, and one other thing: Scientistsare now finding that forest fires release nutrients from the plants and animals thatare burned. That means that, even though the total amount of nutrients is decreased,there can actually be more nutrients available on the soil surface for plants thatare trying to grow back afterward.12。
托福综合写作TPOExtra2
托福综合写作TPOExtra2The reading and the listening both discuss whether the smart cars will bring benefits for people or not. The author presents several plausible merits of this sort of new technology. However, what the lecturer states rejects most of the main ideas in the reading.To begin with, the author points out that smart cars which are equipped with a variety of sensors will prevent many accidents, thereby saving lives. Whereas, the lecturer demonstrates a different idea that even smart cars can cause serious accidents. The reason is that technologically advanced devices may fail occasionally. Despite the smart cars are able to pack tightly, accidents might pile up and invlove more cars which proves to be even worse. Thus there is little reason to believe that smart cars are effective to save lives and deminish injures in automobile accidents.Furthermore, the author holds the opinion that with the wide use of smart cars, traffic problems will disappear and commuting time will be diminished as well. On the contrary, the lecturer confuts it by saying that smart cars are not helpful in saving more commuting time, resulting from the fact that history has shown that the introduction of driving convenience will only result in more car uses, since drivers expect the easier driving experience. Hence, more traffic conjection resulted from the additional smart cars are sure to eliminate the advatange of high speed of smart cars.Finally, the author maintains that smart cars will bring a reduction in the costs of driving, since they are directed to opt the most direct routes, and require less repairs and replacement. In contrast, the lecturer opposes it by raising that smarts cars in fact cost more. The truth is that the global positioning system which help to determine the smart cars' destination are far more expensive. Other technological costs such as sensors, the device to control the distance between two cars cost more to repair. As a result, these new expense might offset the savings from the repairing and replacement of traditonal cars.。
新托福TPO2阅读原文The Origins of Cetaceans及译文
新托福TPO2阅读原文(一):The Origins of CetaceansTPO-2-1：The Origins of CetaceansIt should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.译文：TPO-2-1 鲸类的起源众所周知，鲸类动物是哺乳动物,如鲸鱼、鼠海豚和海豚。
托福TPO2阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO2阅读Passage1原文文本： Desert Formation The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desertlike conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process. Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand. Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established. In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results. Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to thedesertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land. The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface. ▉托福TPO2阅读Passage1题目： Question 1 of 13 The word “threatened ” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. restricted. B. endangered.。
托福TPO2阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO2阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO2阅读Passage3原文文本：Early CinemaThe cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison's peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlors than in the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately $10 to $15 each). He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if hemade and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson) perfected projection devices. These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience.With the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the ultimate form of mass consumption. Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time. But the movies differed significantly from these other formsof entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixingfilms and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative control remained limited. What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public-an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.▉托福TPO2阅读Passage3题目：Question 1 of 13According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of viewing films in Kinetoscope parlors EXCEPT:A. One individual at a time viewed a film..B. Customers could view one film after another..C. Prizefights were the most popular subjects for films..D. Each film was short..Question 2 of 13The author discusses phonograph parlors in paragraph 2 in order toA. explain Edison's financial success.。
2019年TPO2托福听力Lecture3原文文本
2019年TPO2托福听力Lecture3原文文本TPO2托福听力Lecture3原文文本AristotleProfessor: OK, another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle—Aristotle’s ethical theory. What Aristotle’s ethical theory is all about is this: he’s trying to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is. Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It’s not just because it’s something that all people want or aim for. It’s more than that. But to get there we need to first make a very important distinction.Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value. To understand Aristotle’s interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction. Some things we aim for and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about in addition to themselves. If I value something as a means to something else, then it has what we will call “extrinsic value. ”Other things we desire and hold to be valuable for themselves alone. If we value something not as a means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has “intrinsic value.”Exercise, there may be some people who value exercise for itself, but I don’t. I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I would if I didn’t. So I desire to engage in exercise and I valueexercise extrinsically, not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health.Health, why do I value good health? Well, here it gets a little more complicated for me. Um, health is important for me because I can’t…do other things I want to do—play music, teach philosophy—if I’m ill. So health is important to me—has value to me—as a means to a productive life. But health is also important to me because I just kind of like to be healthy—it feels good. It’s pleasant to be healthy, unpleasant not to be. So to some degree, I value health both for itself and as a means to something else: productivity. It’s got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me.Then there’s some things that are just valued for themselves. I’m a musician, not a professional musician; I just play a musical instrument for fun. Why do I value playing music? Well, like most amateur musicians, I only play because, well, I just enjoy it. It’s something that’s an end in itself.Now, something else I value is teaching. Why? Well, it brings in a modest income, but I could make more money doing other things. I’d do it even if they didn’t pay me. I just enjoy teaching. In that sense it’s an end to itself. But teaching’s not something that has intrinsic value for all people—and that’s true generally.Most things that are enjoyed in and of themselves vary from person to person. Some people value teaching intrinsically, but others don’t. So。
托福TPO2阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO2阅读Passage2原文文本： The Origins of Cetaceans It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea. The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh- eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land. Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-longBasilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs. An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea. ▉托福TPO2阅读Passage2题目： Question 1 of 13 In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans? A. It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.. B. It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.. C. It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.. D. It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.. Question 2 of 13 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.. B. There were great numbers of them.. C. They lived in the sea only.. D. They did not leave many fossil remains.. uestion 3 of 13。
托福TPO2听力原文
TPO2 听力原文备注：TPO2听力来自托福OG，上面附有正确的听力文本。
Conversation 1NarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a professor.StudentUh, excuse me, Professor Thompson. I know your office hours are tomorrow, but I was wondering if you had a few minutes free now to discuss something.ProfessorSure, John. What did you want to talk about?StudentWell, I have some quick questions about how to write up the research project I did this semester—about climate variations.ProfessorOh, yes. You were looking at variations in climate in the Grant City area, right? How far along have you gotten?StudentI’ve got all my data, so I’m starting to summarize it now, preparing graphs and stuff. But I’m just. . . I’m looking at it and I’m afraid that it’s not enough, but I’m not sure what else to put in the report.ProfessorI hear the same thing from every student. You know, you have to remember now that you’re the expert on what you’ve done. So, think about what you’d need to include if you were going to explain your research project to someone with general or casual knowledge about the subject, like . . . like your parents. That’s usually my rule of thumb: would my parents understand this?StudentOK. I get it.ProfessorI hope you can recognize by my saying that how much you do know about the subject.StudentRight. I understand. I was wondering if I should also include the notes from the research journalyou suggested I keep.ProfessorYes, definitely. You should use them to indicate what your evolution in thought was through time. So, just set up, you know, what was the purpose of what you were doing—to try to understand the climate variability of this area—and what you did, and what your approach was.StudentOK. So, for example, I studied meteorological records; I looked at climate charts; I used different methods for analyzing the data, like certain statistical tests; and then I discuss the results. Is that what you mean?ProfessorYes, that’s right. You should include all of that. The statistical tests are esp ecially important. And also be sure you include a good reference section where all your published and unpublished data came from, ‘cause you have a lot of unpublished climate data.StudentHmm . . . something just came into my mind and went out the other side.ProfessorThat happens to me a lot, so I’ve come up with a pretty good memory management tool. I carry a little pad with me all the time and jot down questions or ideas that I don’t want to forget. For example, I went to the doctor with my daughter and her baby son last week and we knew we wouldn’t remember everything we wanted to ask the doctor, so we actually made a list of five things we wanted answers to.StudentA notepad is a good idea. Since I’m so busy now at the end of the semester, I’m getting pretty forgetful these days. OK. I just remembered what I was trying to say before.ProfessorGood. I was hoping you’d come up with it.StudentYes. It ends up that I have data on more than just the immediate Grant City area, so I also included some regional data in the report. With everything else it should be a pretty good indicator of the climate in this part of the state.ProfessorSounds good. I’d be happy to look over a draft version before you hand in the final copy, if you wish.StudentGre at. I’ll plan to get you a draft of the paper by next Friday. Thanks very much. Well, see ya.ProfessorOK.TPO2 Lecture 1 PsychologyNarratorListen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is discussing behaviorism. ProfessorNow, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism. And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure. They’re not interested in mental processes. While a person could describe his thoughts, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report. But one thing you can observe is muscular habits. What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking. One kind of habits that he studied are laryngeal habits.Watson thought laryngeal habits . . . you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box . . . he thought those habits were an expression of thinking. He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself because they talk out loud even if they’re not trying to communicate with someone in particular. As the individual matures, that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit. One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem, they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region. That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscle activity—you discover that when people are thinking, like if they’re diligently trying to solve a problem, that there is muscular activity in the throat region.So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of responses—and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity. That’s what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit. Now, as I。
考满分出品 TPO 综合写作阅读及听力文本
TPO综合写作阅读及听力文本校对：王子睿杨小飞TPO1[Reading Passage]In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits.For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate.Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.[Lecture]Professor:Offering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask theiremployees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.TPO2[Reading Passage]In many organizations, perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team. Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages.First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.[Lecture]ProfessorNow I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team, some members got almost a "free ride" . . . they didn't contribute muchat all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along.On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said "That will never work" about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed.And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was "highly creative." And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.TPO3[Reading]Rembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him. One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt.First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed. She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’ clothing, would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency.Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting these elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears. Rembrandt would never have made such an error.Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made ofseveral pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels, no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood. For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the 1930s.[Lecture]ProfessorEverything you just read about "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is true, and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting, a panel of experts has recently concluded that it's indeed a work by Rembrandt. Here is why.First, the fur collar. X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn't part of the original painting. The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made. Why? Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady.Second, the supposed error with light and shadow. Once the paint of the added fur color was removed, the original painting could be seen, in the original painting, the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth. The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates part of the woman's face. That's why the face is not in partial shadow. So in the original painting, light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt.Finally, the wood panel. It turns out that when the fur collar was added, the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grand and more valuable. So the original painting is actually painted on a single piece of wood, as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting. And in fact, researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet" is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt, his "Self-portrait with a Hat".TPO4[Reading]Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.Polar dinosaursOne reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have beendiscovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.Leg position and movementThere is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's sides, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.Haversian canalsThere is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.[Lecture]ProfessorMany scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the Polar Regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the Polar Regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in Polar Regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.Well, what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles? That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structure supports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we don't need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, that's true. The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth, and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when theenvironment becomes cool.TPO5[Reading]As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses", massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories.One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.[Lecture]ProfessorUnfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.First, sure, from the outside, the great houses look like later and Native American apartment buildings, but the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there. I'll explain. If hundreds of people were living in the great houses, then there would have to be many fireplaces, where each family did its daily cooking, but there are very few fireplaces. In one of the largest great houses, there were fireplaces for only around ten families. Yet there were enough rooms in the great house for more than a hundred families, so the primary function of the houses couldn't have been residential.Second, the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize is unsupported by evidence. It may sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage, but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers. If the great houses were used for storage, why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor? Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third, the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either. You know that mound at Pueblo Alto? It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots, stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies. For example, there are large quantities of building materials, sands, stones, even construction tools. This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material, stuff that was thrown away or not used up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too, leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremonies.TPO 6[Reading]Communal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects. What is specific to these online encyclopedias, however, is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.Second, even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct, the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia. Once changes have been made to the original text, an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with. None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.Third, the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently, and in too great a depth, on trivial and popular topics, which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not. A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as much attention in an online encyclopedia as, say, a single long-running television program. The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics toinclude or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online "democratic" communal encyclopedias do not.[Lecture]Professor:The communal online encyclopedia will probably never be perfect, but that's a small price to pay for what it does offer. The criticisms in the reading are largely the result of prejudice against and ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.First, errors. It's hardly a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors. Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate. If you are looking for a really comprehensive reference work without any mistakes, you are not going to find it, on or off line. The real point is that it's easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia. But with the printed and bound encyclopedia, the errors remain for decades.Second, hacking. Online encyclopedias have recognized the importance of protecting their articles from malicious hackers. One strategy they started using is to put the crucial facts in the articles that nobody disputes in a read-only format, which is a format that no one can make changes to. That way you are making sure that the crucial facts in the articles are reliable. Another strategy that's being used is to have special editors whose job is to monitor all changes made to the articles and eliminate those changes that are clearly malicious.Third, what's worth knowing about? The problem for traditional encyclopedias is that they have limited space, so they have to decide what's important and what's not. And in practice, the judgments of the group of academics that make these decisions don't reflect the great range of interests that people really have. But space is definitely not an issue for online encyclopedias. The academic articles are still represented in online encyclopedias, but there can be a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the great diversity of users' interests. The diversity of use in topics that online encyclopedias offer is one of their strongest advantages.TPO7[Reading]In an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices, an international organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by conserving resources and recycling materials. Companies that receive this certification can attract customers by advertising their products as eco-certified. Around the world, many wood companies have adopted new, ecologically friendly practices in order to receive eco-certification. However, it is unlikely that wood companies in the United States will do the same, for several reasons.First, American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the eco-certification label. Because so many mediocre products are labeled 'new" or improved,'' American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims in general.Second, eco-certified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn eco-certification, a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency. This additional cost gets passed on to consumers. American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price, and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly, American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain eco-certificationThird, although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for American companies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world, this argument is not convincing. Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if they marketed most of their products abroad. But that is not the case—American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States, catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with the merchandise.[Listening]Well, despite what many people say, there is good reason to think that many American wood companies will eventually seek eco-certification for their wood products.First off, consumers in the United States don't treat all advertising the same. They distinguish between advertising claims that companies make about their own products and claims made by independent certification agencies. Americans have a lot of confidence in independent consumer agencies. Thus, ecologically-minded Americans are likely to react very favorably to wood products ecologically certified by an independent organization with an international reputation for trustworthiness.Second point, of course it’s true that American consumers care a lot about price, who doesn't? But studies of how consumers make decisions show that price alone determines consumers' decisions only when the price of one competing product is much higher or lower than another. When the price difference between two products is small, say, less than 5 percent, as is the case with certified wood, Americans often do choose on factors other than price. And Americans are becoming increasingly convinced of the value of preserving and protecting the environment.And third, US Wood companies should definitely pay attention to what’s going on in the wood business internationally. Not because of foreign consumers but because of foreign competition. As I just told you, there is a good chance that many American consumers will be interested in eco-certified products, and guess what? If American companies are slow capturing those customers, you can be sure that foreign companies will soon start crowding into the American market, offering eco-certified wood that domestic companies don't.TPO8[Reading]Toward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recountinghis life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was.For example, in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland, he was very wealthy, and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties and gambling. However, evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant. Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich, he would not have needed to borrow money.Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in the memoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire. No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed. However, critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.Critics have also questioned the memoir's account of the Chevalier's escape from a notorious prison in Venice, Italy. He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof. Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading, it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him. They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.[Listening]Professor:No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail, but still, the Chevalier's memoir is pretty accurate overall, and is, by and large, a reliable historical source. Let's look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading.First, the loan from the merchant. Well, that doesn't mean that the Chevalier was poor. Let me explain. We know that in Switzerland, the Chevalier spent huge amounts of money on parties and gambling, and he had wealth. But it was a kind of property you have to sell first to get money. So it usually took a few days to convert his assets into actual money. So when he ran out of cash, he had to borrow some while he was waiting for his money to arrive, but that's not being poor.Second, the conversations with Voltaire. The Chevalier states in his memoir that each night immediately after conversing with Voltaire, he wrote down everything he could remember about that particular night's conversation. Evidently the Chevalier kept his notes of these conversations for many years and referred to them when writing the memoir. Witnesses who lived with the Chevalier in his later life confirm that he regularly consulted notes and journals when composing。
托福TPO2听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO2听力Conversation1文本 Discussing Report With Professor Student: Uh, excuse me, Professor Thompson. I know your office hours are tomorrow, but I was wondering if you had a few minutes free now to discuss something. Professor: Sure, John. What did you want to talk about? Student: Well, I have some quick questions about how to write up the research project I did this semester—about climate variations. Professor: Oh, yes, you were looking at variations in climate in the Grant City area, right? How far along have you gotten? Student: I’ve got all my data, so I’m starting to summarize it now, preparing graphs and stuff. But I’m just...I’m looking at it and I’m afraid that it’s not enough, but I’m not sure what else to put in the report. Professor: I hear the same thing from every student. You know, you have to remember now that you’re the expert on what you’ve done. So, think about what you’d need to include if you were going to explain your research project to someone with general or casual knowledge about the subject, like ...like your parents. That’s usually my rule of thumb: would my parents understand this? Student: OK, I get it. Professor: I hope you can recognize by my saying that how much you do know about the subject. Student: Right, I understand, I was wondering if I should also include the notes from the research journal you suggested I keep. Professor: Yes, definitely, you should use them to indicate what your evolution in thought was through time. So, just set up, you know, what was the purpose of what you were doing—to try to understand the climate variability of this area—and what you did, and what your approach was. Student: OK, so, for example, I studied meteorological records. I looked at climate charts. I used different methods for analyzing the data, like certain statistical tests, and then I discuss the results. Is that what you mean? Professor: Yes, that’s right. You should include all of that. The statistical tests are especially important. And also be sure you include a good reference section where all your published and unpublished data came from, ‘cause you have a lot of unpublished climate data. Student: Hmm ...something just came into my mind and went out the other side. Professor: That happens to me a lot, so I’ve come up with a pretty good memory management tool. I carry a little pad with me all the time and jot down questions or ideas that I don’t want to forget. For example, I went to the doctor with my daughter and her baby son last week and we knew we wouldn’t remember everything we wanted to ask the doctor, so we actually made a list of five things we wanted answers to. Student: A notepad is a good idea. Since I’m so busy now at the end of the semester, I’m getting pretty forgetful these days. OK, I just remembered what I was trying to say before. Professor: Good, I was hoping you’d come up with it. Student: Yes, it ends up that I have data on more than just the immediate Grant City area, so I also included some regional data in the report. With everything else it should be a pretty good indicator of the climate in this part of the state. Professor: Sounds good. I’d be happy to look over a draft version before you hand in the final copy, if you wish. Student: Great, I’ll plan to get you a draft of the paper by next Friday. Thanks very much, well, see ya. Professor: OK. 托福TPO2听力Conversation1题目 1.Why does the man go to see his professor? a) To borrow some charts and graphs from her b) To ask her to explain some statistical procedures c) To talk about report he is writing d) To discuss a grade he got on a paper。
tpo22综合写作范文（新版）
tpo22综合写作范文tpo22综合写作范文The rea ding pas sage and the lis tening m aterialboth dis uss thetopi het her etha nol fuel is a go od repla ement fo r gasoli ne. Theriter ar gues tha t ethano l failsto be th e idealalternat ive biof uel, hil e the pr ofessorthinks q uite the opposit e andre futes th e threepoints o ne b one.Firs t, the r eading p assage i ndiatesthat the ethanol fuel ma not sol ve the g lobal ar ming mai nl aused b burni ng gasol inein t hat burn ing etha nol also generat es arbon dioxide. Hoever, the li steningpassageontentsthat b u sing eth anol fue l instea d of gas oline, t he amoun t of arb on dioxi de ill d eline be auseeth anol esfrom orn hih anremove a rbon dio xide fro m theat mosphere via pho tosnthes is. In a ord, th e profes sor does not goalong it h the au thor inthis poi nt.The seond a spet pro vided bthe auth or is th at in ma kingsig nifiantamount o f ethano l, a lar ge numbe r of pla nts illbe onsum ed. Ther efore, a nimals i ll losea substa ntial so ureof f orage. T his poin t is ple tel reje ted b th e leture r ho lai ms thatethanolan be pr odued fr om parts of plan t hih ar e not ed ible. Ao rding to the pro fessor,it is qu ite poss ible for ethanol fuel ma nufature rs to ho ose maiz e ithout takingup foodfor anim als. Inthis a,the seon d reason of thereadingmaterial is refu ted b th e leture.Final l, the p rofessor suggest s that i th the u rrent su pportive strateg ies, one the ust omers st art purh asing et hanol, t he ethan ol produ ers illinreasetheir su ppl. Sho rtlafte rards, a ording t o the pr iniplesof marke t and eo nom, the ethanol produtill beeheaper.To furth er illus trate hi s point, the pro fessor i tes a st ud hih a ntiipate s that i f the am ount ofethanolprodut g oes up t o to tim es bigge r than u rrent le vel, the average ost ofthis alt ernative fuel il l dereas e to mer el 60% o f the or iginal p rie perunit ofprodut.This ont radits t he readi ng passa ge thatthe prie of etha nol fuel ill fae a rapid boom on e the go vernment eases t he suppo rtive he lp of ta x subsid ies.In onlusio n, the s peaker a nd the r iter dis agree it h one an other it h regard s to the effetsexertedb the ut ilizatio n of eth anol fue l.人们应该坚持自己有挑战性的梦想还是注重实现现实的梦想Some pe ople ten d to set halleng ing goal s and pu rsue eve r one of them to ughl, hi le someothers o uld like to fulf ill drea msthatemphasiz e the re alism. I n m pers petive,hallengi ng goals outeigh realist i ones f or sever al benef its, hih are mea sured bto riter ia. Oneis the u ltimateonsequen e of a m an s eff ort, and the oth er one i s the be nefits o ne gains in thefulfilli ng proes s.First of all,in theaspet of onseque ne, hensettinga goal t hat is s eeminglimpossib le to re alize, t he learl kno tha t theirgoals ma renderinto obl ivion un less the make gr eat effo rt. Peop le ill n ormall b e onfron ted ithpressure or even anxiet, but tho se feeli ngs illtransfor m into g reat att ention a s ell as hard or k quikl. This le ads to a persons holehe artedde votion t o a task, and th e output ill besatisfin g.For e xample,I used t o fear P.E. lass beauseof m lak ingof e nduranehile run ning. Th en one a utumn Imade a p rett raz idea th at I too k part i n the ma rathon h eld in o ur it. A s the fi nal da a s approa hing, Ibegan to feel qu ite anxi ous forfear ofbeing ex haustedmerel ha ving ove red onetenth of the ent ire dist ane, 4.2km.With thi s fear,I deided to make a hange. I star ted to j og 5km e verda, a nd the d istane g raduallinreased to 15km at the30th daof m pre paration. Eventu all, I s ueeded i n overin g half t he marat hon, 21k m, hih r efreshed m previ ous long est runn ing dist ane, 10k m, treme ndousl.It is th e hallen ging goa l that s timulate d me topratie v er hardthus bro ught mse lf a mir ale. Inshort, i th halle nging dr eams, on e an gai n motiva tion fro m the in ternal,thus get lose to or sues sfull re ah the f inal des tination.Seond l, setti ng a hig her goal ill lea d a pers on obtai n more e speiallin shapi ng harat eristis.In thepursuitof a hig h goal,one some times ha s to end ure long time be fore heget to t he desti nation,suffer f rom unex peted fr ustratio ns, andloneline ss thatone hasto ounton himse lf ithou t anoneelse s a ids. I h ave a fr iend hoset hers elf thegoal ofobtainin g 120 po ints inToefl Te st. Notonl didshe suee d in hav ing thefull mar k, she b eame ext remel pa instakin g and pe rsistent. Aordin g to her, hat ma kes herpride mo st is sh e hason quered h erself a nd build up suhvaluable harater istis. I n short, makingand fulf illing a halleng ing goal enables peoplegain har aterisis.In onl usion, b setting a halle nging go al, onean ahiev e not on l a bett er resul t, but m ore deen t harate rs as el l.Agre e or dis agree? I f hildre n ant to do ellin shool, parent s should limit t he hours of athi ng TV pr ograms o r movies.TV pro grams an d movies usuallexert gr eat fasi nation o n not on l teenag ers, but peoplein a vas t rangeof age.Hoever,should t he timethat kid s spendon TV pr ograms o r movies be limi ted in o rder toaquire g ood shoo l perfor manes? A s far as I am on erned, d ue to th e benefi ts suh a s knoled ge of as sorted f ields an d positi ve influ enes onshapingharateri stis bro ught b a thing TV program s or mov ies, the time ou ght notto be li mited.F irst ofall, ath ing TV p rogramsor movie s an pro vide a k id ith a n enormo us amoun t of kno ledge be sides le tures gi ven b te ahers an d the te xtbook,hih help broaden the stu dents h orizon.CurrentTV progr ams tend to inlu de moreand more piees o f knoled ge invol ving ert ain sien tifi rea lms suhas astro nom, geo graph, p sholog.Also, th ere areprograms teahing the aud iene toook mout h aterin g dishes, as ell as othe r useful tips fo r pratia l life.Like me, ath tra vellingprograms is an e xhilarat ing expe riene, b eause Ian touraround t he orldespeiall some ms teriousplaes it hout eve n leavin g from t he oz oa h in the livingroom. In sum, bathing t he large varietofprogr ams or m ovies, s tudentsill be b etter eq uipped i thknole dge hihimprovetheir pe rformane s in sho ol orks, forins tane, pa per andessas, a nd aeler ate thei r unders tandingtoards l etures e speiallon sient ifi fiel d.Seond l, athin g TV pro grams or moviesis benef iial tothe stud ent s ps hologial develop ment inthat itenablesstudents to make more fr iends. F or examp le, I on e have a roommat e namedHelen ho used to spend a lmost mo st of sp are time on stud ing shoo l ourses. Gradua ll, shebeame mo re and m ore isol ated inthat nev er had s he share an inte restingtopis it h us. Se nsing he r isolat ion, I s uggest h er to at h some T V progra ms or mo vies sothat she ould ha ve mutua l topisith othe r studen ts hilehatting. She aep ted thepiee ofadvie an d immedi atel thr e hersel f in ati on. Shor tl after ards, sh e sueede d in mak ing frie nds andbeame po pularam ong stud ents aga in. Mean hile, th e pleasu re thatfriendsbroughther stre ngthened her sho ol perfo rmane to a great extent. Obvious l, it is athingTV progr ams that brought Helen alarge i rle of f riends,drivingher upse t of bei ng lonel, and ev entuallimproved her sho ol orks.In shor t, stude nts illbuild be tter har ateristi through athingTV progr ams andmovies.Admitted l, situa tion mig ht happe n here k ids ma b e onfron ted iththe addi tion tosuh ente rtainmen t. To av oid this, parent s must a ssume th e respon sibilitbeing aqualifie d superv isor. T o put al l into a nutshel l, paren ts shoul d not li mit thetime stu dents sp end on a thing TV program s or mov ies.。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文文本： First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong. Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone. 托福TPO2综合写作听力原文文本： Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed. On virtually every team, some members got almost a "free ride" ... they didn't contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well ... the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts. Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said "That will never work" about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a coupleinfluencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was "highly creative. " And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group. 托福TPO2综合写作满分范文： The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened in reality. First, some members got free rides. That is, some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people who worked hard were not given recognition they should have gotten. In other words, they weren’t given the opportunity to "shine". This directly contradicts what the passage indicates. Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This was another place where experience contradicted theory. Third, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might become less flexible in its thinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。