GRE ISSUE提纲21-40

合集下载

GRE Issue 翻译加提纲

1、"We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."Although we can learn knowledge from people whose views we share, the knowledge is limited, since the sphere of knowledge of the people who share the same opinion are confined to same level of cognition with us.It will be quite different if we communicate with people whose views contradict to ours.Admitted that, it is little harder or even bitter to accept opposite views for us due to our self-assertion is impaired caused by other‟s challenge.2、"Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."Through competing, the one who is most eligible is put on the right place, and then will produce much more values than those who are not competent as he or she.While, on the other hand, if a competition is fraught with adulteration and illegality, it will bring deterioration to the society rather than progress. A case in point is related to market economics.3."It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."When we enjoy the fruits of industrialization and democracy, we are, on the other side, confronted with social problems brought by as another consequence of this process.Firstly, immediate, existing social problems that baffled us deeply need to be resolved as quickly as possible so to restore a sound society and conduce its healthy development.However, many present social problems cannot be resolved immediately as we hoped.Furthermore, neglecting long-term researches that may help future generations, overemphasizing to focus on the present problems, may result in incomplete resolution to these social problems, which can merely be an expedience rather than a resolution.4."No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."I agree with the assertion that significant advances in knowledge require expertise form various fields.A. No area of intellectual inquiry operates in a vacuum, that is, sciences in various fields are inextricably related.B. Scientific breakthrough in one certain area may be great contribute to advancement in another or several other fields.C. New scientific fields often emerge in the interaction among different disciplines.D. Sciences of other areas are indispensable for a certain creation in a field to be viable and perfect.Related example: 1) Radioactivity is the starting point for cancer treatment, for the dating techniques used on ancient objects, rocks and the universe, and for molecular biology and modem genetics; it is also the source of nuclear energy and the atomic bomb.2) In invention of telescope initiated in the magnifying tube, a great advancement in optics. Thus began the age of telescopic astronomy3) Computer-nearly all the scientific areas5."A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."Firstly, with the same national curriculum, it is convenient for educationist of different parts of the nation to scientifically arrange and prepare the classes of the curriculum.Secondly, thinking of the possible differences, it is unwise to allow schools rather than a nation to choose the courses for the students.A nation rather than the schools in different parts of the nation determine the national curriculum for the students, however, it does mean that the local schools have no freedom to choose any course for local students.6."The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth."We always regard youth as the future of the society. Although they are young, fresh and immature, they are also shrewd, full of passion and vitality.Actually, studying the trends of a country's youth, may help to understand its contemporary culture, since that youth is the pioneer of a country, in this sense, they mirrors the development of the country.Since youth is only a fraction of the society, studying them and their culture just provide us one perspective of the whole culture.In my view, compare with the youth, those conventions and traditions constitute the foundation of the contemporary culture.7."The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."Our life has gone through great changes since the video camera came into being, which provides a totally new and different way of recording life to the traditional written methods.Compared with written records, video documentation is much less influenced by the one who took record and the one who interprete it. Another conspicuous advantage of video records is its integrity.Yet it‟s rash to say that video camera has already won over traditional written documents and become the new domination of do cumentation field since video record is limited in several aspects.We cannot say whether video camera or the written document is more important than the other in that each one has its irreplaceable merits and values. Video camera offers the accurate and convincing method of recording which can revive life in before, while traditional written document can provide a more detailed and rational record in lower cost.8."It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public."Firstly, political leaders, in a democracy regime, will harm the proper right of people as they withhold information from the public. Secondly, withholding information from the public will result in corruption in the government, and therefore bring detriment to society. Admittedly, sometimes it is necessary for political leaders to keep the public from know something, such as country‟s top secrete, which is indispensable and helpful for a country in defending aggression and keeping safety.9"Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."As a matter of fact, the more specialized the ideas, the less accessible to them.However, specialization does not have any impact on the value of scholars‟ ideas.Actually, it is not necessary for the public to understand all abstruse ideas scholars hold. For example, most people do not know how the CPU is running in the personal computer, but this does not hamper them to using computers.10"Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."It is always true that big cities of a country boom not only in economy but also in culture.Actually, not all the major cities of a country are bound to the responsibility of preserving a nation‟s culture traditions.Indeed, in some major cities, where have less culture traditions, it creates a better environment for development than in those cities where long culture traditions are preserved. Nevertheless, admitted that, there are also some major cities that are characterized by their long culture traditions,Similarly, either small cities, or villages and towns, in spite of not being major cities, are the places where culture traditions generated and handed down be generations.11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."Though each social problem appears to be different in different nations, as theft in affluent nations may be conducted more for psychological reasons rather than for the value of the issue with regard to its counterpart in poor nations, there is always a radical key lying beneath.On the other hand, though nearly all the social problems are persisting in every nation, some may be disasters in one nation while slight flaw in another. Such a global university asks for the support from all nations of the world.12"People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."We are living in the society. We have families, friends and colleagues. We communicate each other, and have influence on or being influenced by others.Immediate situation or surroundings play enormous influence on shaping our attitudes and moods toward exterior.However, what people express in responding to their situation and surroundings is based on their internal characteristic, which develop on the combination of intellectual and morals.As a matter of fact, people‟s attitudes are determined by the compound effect of situation and inte rnal characteristic.13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."With the development of globalization, increasing cooperation within countries brings each country both prosperities especially in science and technology, and impact on culture.When retrospecting development of recent history, we may find many languages of the world are becoming extinct.While, with the disappearing of native language, at the same time, native culture constructed on the language is perishing.14"It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature."We have been brought up with fairy tales, mythologies and science fictions.Imaginative literature is characterized by fancy and illusion, which can inspire our imagination as well as intelligence.However, when we immerse in the fantasy contrived by imaginative work, we should also notice its dark side.15"The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior."Though it seems impossible that there will be a society as serene as paradise without any kind of horrible extremes of human behavior, it should never be an excuse for the failure of keeping the happening of extremes under effective control.But the stability of a society asks for much more than just agile responds and firm punishment to the extremes of human behavior.The stability of a society even requires its adequate conduction to some seemingly ordinary human behaviors in specific situations.A stable and healthy society is cherished by everyone.16"Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."Without modern facilities, we could hardly do anything.While, without such modern facilities, can we become truly strong and independent individuals?It is important us for to realize the limitation of modern facilities and that potential danger which will be aroused if we lost our domination over modern facilities and too rely on them.17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."Laws and regulations are set up along with the entrenchment of a government serving as a means to control the country.Since laws are built up under the power of government, which represents the public interest whereas run by a few individuals, it is quite possible that laws are constituted in the name of representing the majority while on the contrary in a few individuals favor.Facing unjust laws, every individual has the very responsibility to resist them.No matter that whether every individual could reach an agreement on unjust or not, one point is important that we should put forward our opinions toward unjust laws.18"Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the valueof that idea."Think of those ideas which we have long been used to, maybe since we are young.When the idea held is challenged, however, we are motivated to defend it against doubts and disagreements.Anyway, one should never be a bigot, who sticks to his own point of view and never budge even if lethal errors are rooted in.19"If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."The achievement of social entire success owes much to ceaseless and assiduous hard work of every citizen.If a country overemphasizes the priority of its overall success in the process of thriving, it risks to obtaining the achievement at the expense of individual‟s interest.However, not every individual‟s interest accords with that of society.Tim: A society is a community comprised by the members. It exists because its members exist. In my opinion, its overall success entirely depends on the welfare of its individual citizens. Such welfare should be prioritized.Prior to our analysis, we need to agree upon the definition of "overall success". Hypothetically, if we eliminate the elderly, the weak, the mentally and physically handicapped, and the unfit, then clearly our society consists of only healthy and intelligent members. It will likely become productive, and thus make considerable advancement.Does this considerable advancement mean overall success? If it does, then we should indeed adopt a policy of master race, such as the one advocated by Nazis. We should place our emphasis on the society's success ahead of the welfare of individual members.My definition of overall success, however, is different. Rather, happiness of its members is the main criterion. If members are stressful throughout their life, this society is not deemed successful even if it enables its members to land on Mars.Again, hypothetically, let us say that our world population is reduced from 6.2 billion to 100 million. All the unfit have been annihilated. These 100 million people are good looking, tall, smart, young, and healthy. Their earth is filled with bountiful food and is equipped with advanced technology. Now, let us examine the likelihood that they will be happy.First, this master race still cannot defy aging and death. The members will age and die. But according to their own regulations, people at the age of, say, 50 must be phased out. So, what do you think that those reaching ages of 35, 40, or 45 will feel?Second, other than aging, the members do not dare to show any sign of weakness. If they are sick, they'd better pretend to be well. If they do not understand something, they will pretend that they are bright. If they are unable to accomplish some tasks, they will appear to be competent. So they constantly live in pretense and anxiety.Finally, how will these cut-off limits of unfitness be defined? It is law of nature that nobody on earth is perfect. Nobody can possibly possess every nice attribute in him. If he is bright, but physically weak, will he be eliminated? The society will become chaotic, as there will be constant debates over the definition of unfitness.In summary, based on three reasons stated above, members of this society will not likely live happy lives. If they will not, the society, deemed by me, is not successful. If I am allowed to uphold my own definition, then clearly we should accept every member, weak and strong alike, as he is, and prioritize his well being. The society does not necessarily have to make progress.20"National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults."Adults, who make up the major work force of our society, are where the fortune and power of the nation lying, thus the premise of the social stability.Faraway from the superficial impression that national government has set enough social programs and services to help adults, the fact is that, such help still can not meet the request and even worse is that some of them are not adequately conducted to bear the assumed outcomings.As we have to keep sufficient notice on adult affairs, we shall absolutely never fail to provide children a safe, clean and nice environment for them to grow happily and robustly.21"Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."Though no explicit static data, it‟s not difficult to find that the earnest in seekin g personal reputation is always bound with eagerness to involve in social affairs such as reforming.Then there seems to be a paradox, since earnest in social affairs always goes with ardor for personal reputation, how one manages to sacrifice the latter for the former?Yet it‟s unfair to ignore the contribution to any beneficial reforming of common people who may not show so much care for ear ning reputation or standing.22"Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."Society as a whole defines us and our attitudes.In daily life, we are more often affected by those persons, who are around useach individual is under dual impact both of society as a whole and small groups as a part23"Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives." 2.1Access to great deal of information help people to get a wider view of an issue, thus help them prevent being limited in thoughts.2.2 in order to discriminate between important information and trifle ones, people improve themselves in the ability to understand, analyze, compare and rationalize, which is very useful for them to get a better command of large issues ( need profound understanding and capability to deal with complicated cases)2.3 to prevent preoccupation by fragmented information, people should hold right view on information, not to assimilate all, but to percolate relevant ones from those needing only a glance.24"People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power."2.1 people without caution and restraint tent to abuse the power they are granted2.2 caution and restraint assist people to have better understand and make better use of the power2.3 caution and restraint do not mean tying oneself up25"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make things as simple as possible."2.1 to make things simple means to have profound understanding of the whole matter, to discriminate between essence and peripherals, and ultimately to refine the big and complex body of knowledge into principles2.2 it‟s relatively easier to pick out the facial differences between things than to dug out the underlying similarities2.3 moving in the opposite direction calls for courage not only because one should face the dazzling amount of ideas, phenomenon, information, data and presumptions, but also because he/she is always in risk of total lose since any new discovery that contracts their theory will nullify most of their effortsTim: Mainstream people tend to complicate things or matters, so that the outsiders may not be able to understand what they are doing. Consequently, they can safely protect their own job securities or professional prestige. Examples abound. Once I was asking a composer why he used a certain bass accompaniment in one of his compositions. He appeared to be insulted by my questions. His response was like: who are you to ask me such a stupid question? The composition is such a complicated and difficult task. It took me so many years to learn it. And you, an amateur, expect me to explain it in a few minutes? In truth, it is my belief that, if my friend is willing, and if he is a good composer himself, he should be able to answer my question in a very simple manner.我们所选择处理的方式太复杂,所以小事也浪费了不少时间.如果少走弯路,就会节约时间,创造更多的财富.26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."i. Historic buildings are irrecoverable resources we should preserve not only for ourselves but for our decendantsii. Historic buildings are valuable records of a society‟s past, and they serve more as travel attractions, city emblems.iii. Some old buildings which are of less value and in bad state can be removed for contemporary needs for ground. But modern planners should avoid destroying historic buildings for modern purposes. Better approachments should be work out for the dilemma.27"No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking."How do we evaluate whether we are success? Maybe we should discuss it from two aspects individually and socially. On the one hand, success is based on the individual‟s self-perception of the outcome.On the other hand, in a strict definition, success means important achievement, which contributes greatly to society, obtains acknowledge by the others and gains brilliant fame.When we retrospect the development of the history, any important progress was pulled by successful innovation, which acquired by the genius who do not confirm the conventional practices and thoughts.28"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."In the process of studying, no matter in whatever discipline, we are required to memorize facts that are indispensable for us to master the knowledge.To have a better understand of an affair, we need not only to kwon the fact, but also the ideas, trends and concepts that help to explain the fact.29"Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."Though they are taking the public appearance most for job, public figures such as actors, politicians and athletes can hardly count on people to separate clearly their public role from private lives, as is even impossible to themselves.Ironically, though some public figures do feel uneasy with the buzzing paparazzi, or loathe the unsatisfiable interest into their personal lives, most of them have to concede that they cannot live without these troublesAnyway, a public figure is all the same to everyone of us physically and mentally, no matter how significant a role he/she plays in public life. 30"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."First of all, as we have witnessed, achievement in technology has immensely improved people‟s efficiency, such as assembly-line, robots. Computer, etc.Besides, when people enjoy relative more leisure time brought by improved efficiency, on the same time, society has encountered other problems, such as the problem of employment.As a matter of fact, increasing efficiency is merely a byproduct of the advance of technology.31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."A. Research is the exploration of the unknown for true answers to our questions, and for lasting solutions to our enduring problems.B. Research is also the chief means by which we humans attempt to satisfy our insatiable appetite for knowledge, and our craving to understand ourselves and the world around us.C. Many researches may be controversial and the results of them may bring to people some harm, after all they are of greater benefit in the short or long term.Related Examples: 1) Research of atomic energy,2) Research of radioactivity: the starting point for cancer treatment, for the dating techniques used on ancient objects, rocks and the universe, and for molecular biology and modem genetics.3) Copemicus's heliocentric theory; Galileo's research in astronomy. 4) Technique of cloning32"A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts."It‟s absurd to for a scho ol or college to pay its teachers merely according to the salaries for related fields in the world ourside of school.Yet absolutely same rate of salary to teachers of all disciplines is unfair, too.Another latent problem in same salary rate for all disciplines is that it will undermine teachers of their work enthusiasm.33"Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image."Not like in movies, where actors and actresses can shift freely from a role of betrayer to a hero in one day, an individual may show an attractive image before the public, but this contrived mask cannot sustain long.Once some once-brilliant images collapse, the overall trust in paradigms of the public will break down as well.Though our society calls for appealing images, who can dominate the view of value of the public, give them power and confidence when difficulties occur, and inspire them to work hard and win, there is not any need to create them by hinding the reality and truth behind. 34"Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines-that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences-colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society."1. Studying various disciplines keeps one balanced in the society. Those who concentrate in only job related courses will inevitable find themselves limited in everyday life.2. Inter-disciplines study is necessary both in the improvement of either disciplines and in the innovation of new knowledge3. Basical courses of a wide range of disciplines should be compulsory, but sufficient freedom should be granted to students in their choosing further study of non-work-oriented courses.35"No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them."Belief, as for every one, is like the beacon which lights up the way of progressing, and sustain us in adversity.When we retrospect history, we may find out that honorable laurels are always credit to those who adhere to their believes resolutely rather than to comprise to others. Bruno may be the extremely archetype, who would rather to be burned than to yield to the inquisition to give up his theory. Others, like Galileo, Curie, Nobel and so on, all persist in their believes which eventually lead them to the success and engrave their names on history.However, we should adhere to our believes no matter what circumstance rests on the prerequisite that our believes are sound and conductive to the development of individual as well as the overall soc iety. Adolf Hitler is also an archetype of pursuing one‟s belief,36"The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries."The greatness of individuals cannot be appreciated by their contemporaries in large part is due to their outstanding talent and their transcendental intelligence which surpass the common cognition of general public and their peers.Besides, to test the validity of theories, works and ideas of the great individuals need a long time even centuries.In a democratic society, individuals have full free to express their ideas and show their unique talents and characters.37"In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect."In order to be more specific,I would like to cite the example of the competing situation in the battlefield of business, which is obviously quite familiar with many people.When two adjacent shopping-centers resolve to take the price-cutting maneuver to gain the game, a predictable scathe for the two merchants is definitely waiting ahead.38"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."Though each has its advantages, television and books are not capable to win over each other.Reading books is an active process, where we can make choice of what, when and to which extent we want to learn.With regard to the appealing traits and easygoing nature, television can help a lot in study.39"The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree."Bill Gates, who quitted from university and did not complete his degree while establish his business of Microsoft which ranks in the top of Fortune, may serve as a good example that people could learn more by studying and reading on their own rather than pursuing a university or college degree.As for people who have strong ability of self-management and definite purpose of learning, they may obtain more knowledge from self-studying than attending university or college.While, many people still would like to learning by attending university or college, because the formal education system not only provide students a perfect studying atmosphere but also instruct students study more efficiently and effectively.In addition, studying in university or college other than studying on their own, conduce to shape a sound personality40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is。

GRE考试：issue写作指导(提纲模板)

GRE考试：issue作文重点题目和提纲gre issue 提纲“It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.”只相信智力是危险的。

【分析题目】拿到一个题目后，我们不要忙于去写，一定要先对题目进行详细的分析。

通过题目我们知道主要论证的是intelligence的作用，因此，智力是这个题目最关键的突破点。

【提纲1】A. 无可否认的，智力因素在各个领域都很重要，无论是自然科学还是社会科学。

(论据1)Undoubtedly, intelligence plays an important role in many realms, including the natural science and the social sciences.B.要想成功光靠智力是远远不够的，还有很多其他的因素如勤奋、勇敢等。

(论据2)Intelligence by itself is not enough for one to succeed; many other factors such as diligence and courage must be taken into consideration.C.应该在此二者之间寻求平衡，即将两者结合起来。

We should strive for a balance between intelligence and emotion, that is, combine them with each other.【提纲2】Position: Intelligence is sufficient in some cases but not in any case.1、In scientific studies regarding the physical world, we should depend only on intelligence for discovering and testing truths.2、However, in the realm of human affairs, we have to use both our intelligence and our hearts for solving problems.3、Sometimes our intuition can give us valuable assistance in making a judgment.GRE考试：issue字数gre issue 字数要求是怎样的?很多考生担心考试时issue 字数上不去。

gre作文issue学习提纲完整版

学习类1(1). "We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."通常，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；（因为）意见不统一会带来压力并且阻碍学习。

（与我们）持相同意见者和持不同意见者对学习的作用Topic：虽然从某种程度上来讲，不同意见会给我们带来压力，但这不是理由，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；1）我们很难从观点与我们相同或相似的人那儿获得新知识和受到启发。

2）相反，我们能从与我们观点相悖的人身上获取新视野，从而找到解决问题的方法eg 与此同时，我们能从与我们观点相悖的人身上发现自身的不足eg3）历史告诉我们，无论是对个人还是社会，主要是通过不同意见的争论来获取进步，向前发展的。

4）诚然，不同意见会给我们带来压力，但正是这种压力才更好的促使我们去思考。

.2(4). "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。

Outsider: a person does not belong to a particular group闭门造车，旁观者清Topic：同意，知识领域的重大进展依赖于各学科的知识和经验，甚至能创造出一个新的学科。

新GRE所有Issue题目的写作提纲

GRE写作Issue问题题库分析与提纲第一类社会2. "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society." 归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。

GRE作文ISSUE提纲

ISSUE 作文提纲-By William1.As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, theability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.1)Machines are superior to human in some aspects, can facilitateworking efficiency, and free us from repetitive works. Computer, assembling line.2)Machines rely on human mind to function. Thus, we human stillhave to think and instruct properly so that our purpose will be satiated.3)Relying excessively on technology appears together with indolent.It is controversial what causes what.2.To understand the most important characteristics of a society, onemust study its major cities.1)Cities do have some major cultural essence and can represent thesociety to certain extend. Like Beijing and Athens.2)Most cities are multi-cultural, and the traditional thing may besubstituted by influx of fresh culture. New York, Shanghai, and Tokyo.3)To fully understand a society, a more holistic view must be taken.Study both the cities and the rural areas.cational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade studentsfrom pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.1)It is educational institutions’ responsibility to enable students tobe qualified for future competition and help they form a comprehensive view about themselves as well as the field they want to enter.2)Whether it is likely to succeed involves various factors. Such astalent, interest, and perseverance.3)It is the students themselves to make the decision what to do inthe future.4.Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems inways that no speaker or reformer ever could.1)Scandals do reveal some drawbacks of entertainment celebritiesand political leaders. In this sense, scandals help inform the public.2)Motivated by profitability, small or even famous presses fabricatescandals in order to promote sales. If this is the case, scandal will confuse the public and defame those celebrities with thing they have never done.3)People should distinguish defaming from debunking beforedrawing any conclusion about whether scandals are useful or not.5.Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive thefinancial support they need in order to thrive.Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation’s cultural traditions are preserved and generated.1)Major cities do need financial support in order to incite theeconomic development rather than preserve the traditions.2)It is equally possible that traditional essence will be found in ruralarea. People there are more pristine and preserve the custom better.3)Culture is representation of most of people in a society, so thefund should be invested to places where most people reside.Judge by city or rural area is a false standard.6.A nation should require all of its students to study the samenational curriculum until they enter college.1)It is true that certain courses are essential if the students want tofurther their education. For example, math, physics and computer.2)All the same curriculum would somehow suppress the students’interests and make them less motivated to learn.3)School should provide a combination of compulsory courses withselective courses.7.Some people believe that government funding of the arts isnecessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people. Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.1)Art is never supposed to be accessible to all people because of itsintrinsic nature of spiritual product.2)Money should be used for more important issue as hunger andaccess to clean water.3)Government itself is not a proper entity to support art since artwill be restrict and utilized for political purpose and lose its purity of aesthesis.8.Claim: in any field-business, education, politics, government-thosein power should step down after five years.Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.1)Rotating-presidency is an efficient way to prevent corruption andincite competition among the potential leader which in turn ends up more productive.2)However rotating would impair the consistency within agovernment or company, and this will undermine the policy durability and no long-term consideration will be available.3)It would be a favorable choice to make an eclectic choice.Implementing a strict supervision mechanism and evaluation system that guarantee that company function properly and suitable for creative ideas.9.In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significantcontribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.1)It is necessary to master the previous knowledge about a certainfield in order to further its study and make significant contribution to that field. Like Newton, Bill Gates.2)However it is the preoccupied ideas that restrain our creativethinking and limit our innovation ability. Literature and design.3)There are some fields that pre-knowledge never ranks first on thepriority list. Singing-talent’s role may appear more prominent. 10.N ations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wildernessareas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.1)Human should bear some responsibility to preserve some of thenature habitat for wilderness. Conservatives for panda and Yellow Rock National Park.2)Extinction of wilderness areas and species could be explain awayby Darwin’s Selection Theory that it is normal to have species disappear from this planet and people should not try to protect them in sacrifice of everything.3)Conservation and economic gain never mutually contradict eachother. Establish Nature Park to stimulate tourism that benefits both nature and human.11.P eople’s behavior is largely determined by forces not of their ownmaking.1)Motivation. People could be motivated by numerous stimulationsfrom human natural desire to moral and ethical sense.2)Regulation. Not all our will are legitimate and we have to obey therule as long as we are in this society. Want to do but cannot do.3)Obligation. Required to sate the responsibility and be a strong linkin the social circle. Do not want to do but have to do.12.G overnment should offer a free university education to any studentwho has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.1)It would be a favorable suggestion that students can obtaineducation without worry about the money they have to pay.2)Certain drawbacks are clear. How to define that who is qualifiedto acquire the support and those in power may have the chance to manipulate the money so that those in need do not have the money.3)Money should be given to solve more crucial issue such as hungerand access to clean water.13.U niversities should require every student to take a variety ofcourses outside the student’s field of study.1)Having various knowledge about several subjects is conducivethat inter-subject knowledge will help to broaden the horizon and improve working efficiency.2)Prepare them better for future careers since no career issingle-related and a broad view will help them stand out.3)Whether or not to choose a variety of courses should be studentsown choice and it is university’s responsibility to provide them with diverse courses rather than command them to go.14.A nation should require all of its students to study the samenational curriculum until they enter college.See 6.15.E ducational institutions should actively encourage students tochoose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.1)It is reasonable to take earning ability into account when choosingthe field of study. Family support, social status.2)Happiness is more important than money.3)Educational institution should focus more on enabling students tobe qualified for future competition and inculcating them knowledge rather than suggesting them what to do and what to be in the future.16.S ome people believe that in order to be effective, political leadersmust yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives.1)Political leaders should remain on some of their judgment andimplement the policy consistently. They know the information that cannot be exposed to public, so their decision is more likely to be farsighted.2)Yielding to public opinion may lead to decrease in workingefficiency, because there will always be endless controversies.3)It is part of the leader’s role to serve the public. In this sense,leaders should take public opinion into consideration.17.F ormal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather thanset them free.1)Formal education is necessary because it enables most of theordinary people to have access to knowledge. University education.2)Creative mind and innovation instinct will voluntarily makesomeone to acquire knowledge wherever possible. From mass media, from daily life.3)Formal education does not restrain us, but on the contrary, itestablishes a sound foundation for further creation.18.T he well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its peoplequestion authority.1)Being reasonably skeptic is conducive in helping society todevelop. Because it provide different ideas from the orthodox andmight incite creative thinking.2)Over-skeptic will impede the productivity and impair the trustamong a society. Inter-individual relationship is undermined and upset the stability of society.3)Excessive skepticism may even contribute to commotion andupheaval which are devastating to a society and civilization.People will be eager to subvert the government and establish an alleged more equal and more democratic one.19.G overnments should focus on solving the immediate problems oftoday rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.1)Immediate problem ask for action for its exigent nature. Caraccidents, wars, and earthquakes.2)Long term problems are also crucial to be taken care of. Globalwarming and soil erosion.3)Government should value the significance of the problem ratherthan when or where does it happen. Solving immediate problems and anticipated problems are not mutually contradictory.20.S ome people believe that college students should consider onlytheir own talents and interests when choosing a field of study.Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.1)Interest and talent are significant because they are the bestmotivation that can make a student persistent about the field he chooses to enter. Bill Gates dropped out from university to develop Microsoft.2)Availability of jobs is also important because one has to beresponsible to support the family, maintain the social net work.That all need money which will be paid from the job.3)Choosing field of study is far more than considering solely oneaspect. It is indeed a multi-factor issue. Access to that field, prospective development.21.L aws should be flexible enough to take account of variouscircumstances, times, and places.1)Laws are not supposed to be omnipotent when dealing withdifferent cases. Laws are just a reference for judges.2)If laws are flexible which means the material and idea are morelikely to be substituted or revised, laws will lose their consistency and authority. Even worse, they will be easily interfered by power.3)It is reasonable to require justice rather than laws to be moreflexible and consider the motivation and circumstances under which the incident occurred.22.C laim: the best way to understand the character of a society is toexamine the character of the men and women that the societychooses as its heroes or its role models.Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society’s highest ideals.1)Heroes are the highest ideals of a society and it represents partlythe society. They stand for the best characteristic and ideal model of the society. Yao Ming, excellent but not average.2)Heroes and ideal models are always disguised when facing thepublic, so what people see might not be true. Good at some aspects but not omnipotent.3)Impossible to be someone like a national hero, so the hero in turndoes not represent the general public’s characteristic.23.G overnment should place few, if any, restrictions on scientificresearch and development.1)Scientific research is supposed to be disinterested and aiming atbenefit all mankind. In this sense, government not only should not restrict but also encourage and provide support for scientific research. Medical research.2)In the actual world, some researches are designed to devastateand disrupt others’ basic human rights. Weapons.3)Even if the initial purpose is beneficent, it might turn out to beundesirable after some other applications have been discovered.Nuclear power.24.T he best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignorenegative ones.1)Praising positive actions indeed will encourage conducting thisdeed again, and thus cultivating a favorable habit.2)Praising too often will make one feel proud or even supercilious.So it is a desirable way to teach that help one form a habit of committing positive actions.3)On the other hand, ignoring negative action may lead to severeconsequence. If one is not punished for having done bad things, he will take it for granted that it is reasonable doing such deed.Bullying-abuse-murder.25.G overnments should offer college and university education free ofcharge to all students.1)Free of charge education is undoubtedly a favorable solution tosolve the undesirable drop-out and will enhance the basic human rights as receiving education.2)Supporting education to the degree like free education is not anappropriate choice under certain circumstance where money could have been used to solve more crucial problems. Hunger, access to clean water.3)Government can support education without upsetting otherimportant issues that ask for money simply by providing tuition loan rather than free education.26.T he luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent peoplefrom developing into truly strong and independent individuals.1)It is how we define independent and strong that matter in thisissue. Conveniences of contemporary life indeed impede some of our abilities such as strength and speed. We no longer need to hunter or fight against each other on the battle using sword and spear. In this sense, we do retrograde some of our ability.2)Being inter-dependent is a more productive way for a society andthat benefits all the members living in it. People are more professional at what they do and with the help of technology. This state of a society is much more stable and solid.3)Now we are mentally strong and are capable of tasks that used tobe impossible even for ancient people. We can now observe galaxy and supernova under the help of telescope.27.I n any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert tomake important contribution.1)It is true that beginners are more likely to be innovative andcreative because they are less restricted by the pre-known knowledge. It is easier for them to think out of the box.2)Beginners have their drawbacks in making significantcontributions. Without knowing basic rules about a certain field, the laity’s voice may be as ridiculous as suggesting sending a manto the sun.3)Experts with certain traits are far more likely to makecontributions. Such as perseverance, innovation and talent.28.T he surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by theachievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.1)General welfare in by all means a significant indicator of thewell-being of a nation.2)Taking an insightful perspective, welfare of the general is merelythe side effect of the upper level’s contribution. Technology and regulation.3)The rulers, artists, or scientists not only made prominentcontribution to the society in the past, they will also determine where the society will go. Environmentalists predicting the global warming, physicists determine the prospective possible energy source.29.T he best way to teach –whether as an educator, employer, orparent-is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.See 2430.T eachers’ salaries should be based on their students’ academicperformance.1)Academic performance is a crucial exponent when evaluating aschool’s achievement and assessing a teacher’s capability. Noble laureate alumni are always mentioned to attract more and better prospective enrollment for a university.2)It could be unfair for certain teachers teaching certain courseswhich are extremely hard to learn. In these classes students are not likely to acquire high scores as do in other classes, and such a relatively low academic performance is due to the subject itself, not the teacher’s ability to teach. For example quantum physics and topology.3)Relating academic performance to salaries may be misleading andcounterproductive to improving the education quality. Teachers will deliberately give higher scores to students in order to earn more money.31.S ociety should make efforts to save endangered species only ifpotential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.1)There are some species extinctions are attributed to humanactivities. We have deteriorated their natural habitat, disturbed the food chain and caused global warming.2)Undeniably is that there are extinctions which are not results ofhuman activities. According to Darwin’s Natural Selection Theory, it is normal to have animals extinct.3)We save the endanger species not because we are the cause oftheir extinction, but by accomplishing such action, we are able to maintain the diversity of nature, which in turn benefit human ourselves.32.C ollege students should base their choice of a field of study on theavailability of jobs in that field.See 2033.A s we acquire more knowledge, things do not become morecomprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.1)By acquiring more knowledge, the accumulation casts light uponnumbers of problems. Physics enable us to master construction and biology makes vaccine or even organ transplantation possible.2)While being able to solve more problems, it is indisputable thatwe come up with more questions asking for answers. Where is the edge, if exist, of the universe? Where is worm hole? Can we travel through time? Is superluminal possible?3)Things are complicated as their innate characters. Whataccumulating knowledge enabled us is not making things more elusive and impenetrable, but to equip us with the ability to find more questions that we seldom notice before.34.I n any situation, progress requires discussion among people whohave contrasting point of view.1)People share the same view will work efficiently with each other,and the group will be harmonious. Clubs summons people with the same interest and same ambition to be together, so they will work towards the same target like families.2)Different voices are valuable in groups. Because they are morelikely to be creative and innovative, and such characteristics are increasingly valuable in modern society.3)However on the other hand, being too stubborn to cooperatealways impede the development and far from being conducive. So on learn to tolerate the different view and cooperate for the maximum benefit.35.E ducational institutions should dissuade students from pursuingfields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.See 336.G overnment should not fund any scientific research whoseconsequences are unclear.1)Few researches can be anticipated before being carried out, andwhether the consequences are clear or not is not a favorable standard.2)Even the consequences are unclear or negative, researches stillworth funding for, because the valuable experience will benefit the coming generation and direct later researches. Noble’sresearch about safer explosive.3)Though some researches may bear clear and accessible fruit,funding for them categorically is still open to doubt.Clone-antihuman, nuclear weapon-devastating.37.S ociety should identify those children who have special talents andprovide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.1)Undeniable is that special training will make it easier for childrenwith talents to succeed. It is a waste to leave those talents dormant forever.2)Distinguishing talented children from ordinary children may be adiscriminating action. This action will have negative impact on both the talented and ordinary. The talented are more likely to be pompous and never take pains to do something, while the ordinary just feel abandoned.3)There are much more than talent to be taken into considerationthan talent, such as moral sense, social skill, and correct values. 38.I t is primarily through our identification with social groups that wedefine ourselves.1)It is our intrinsic nature to be part of a group in which we sharethe same trait with others. Boys like to hang out with boys and keep away with girls since primary school, and people love to join the interest clubs and fraternities.2)People share within the same social group help each other andstimulate each other to become better. Top students in high schools like to form study groups in which they have the approximate academic performance, and in these groups, students are inspired by each other to work hard.3)As we grow up and accumulate more experience, we are morelikely to be distinguished by characteristics other than interests and gender, which divide us into different social groups. We are more likely to be self-independent and define ourselves by the occupation, family background, and personality.39.C ollege students should be encouraged to pursue subjects thatinterest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.See 2040.C laim: When planning courses, educators should take into accountthe interests and suggestions of their students.Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.1)Students are less likely to voluntarily sign up for difficult courses ifnot required to. However, these courses may be important.Physics, math and computer programming.2)Students’interests do count when arranging the curriculum.Motivation is indeed a significant role in stimulating a student to be persistent and fanatic. Bill Gates is crazy for computer programming and that devotion for numbers and structures in turn helped him build Microsoft.3)Being too extreme about either of the options, absoluteinterest-based or absolute experienced-based, is not a desirable choice. Educators should arrange some compulsory courses together with some selective courses which satiate the students’interests.4)Such suggestion helps professors to improve their teaching skillsand being up to date. Subsequently, the overall benefits or university and students will be satiated.41.T he greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who liveafter them, not by their contemporaries.1)Some great ideas are so advanced that cannot fit in thecontemporary society. Because the theory or idea is based on principle that are not pervasively acknowledged. Albert Einstain.He established a theory of relativity, which expended the frontier of physics tremendously. But such a theory was not comprehensively understood by more than ten people at that time.2)Some reasonable and conducive ideas are repudiated becausethey contradict the basic benefit of the ruling class. Copernicus’s theory about solar-centered universe instead of the pervasive earth-centered universe was more approximate to the truth, if not correct. Nevertheless, it offended the interests of the ruling class, the pontiff in this case.3)Undeniable is that there do exist some ideas that are appreciatedby the contemporaries. Bill Gates’s contribution to personal computer and Larry Page’s to internet searching engine.42.S tudents should always question what they are taught instead ofaccepting it passively.1)Skepticism is what enhances the acquired knowledge. Byquestioning the established theory, we scrutinize the equations and descriptions again and again.2)Help to establish new theories, and help form critical creativethinking. Copernicus’s heliocentrism.3)However, being too fascinated about skepticism will end up withcounterproductive result. Skepticism should be based on relatively reasonable questioning rather than innocent disturbance. America suspected the existence of weapons of mass destruction, so they invade Iraq without finding any such weapons.43.T he increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems thanit solves.1)Rapid pace of life is a hallmark of industrialization and issomehow inevitable. And such a development really improved certain aspects about our lives. We are capable of accomplishing things that were impossible and we significantly promoted the productivity and precision of our work.2)Serious problems that come with the advancement of society alsoappear prominent. Working pressure lead to headache or even suicide. In this sense, such a shift adds to the instable factors of society and upset our tranquil lives.3)Dealing with such a development and shift in lifestyle is more asubjective issue than a objective one. We should adjust our mental condition and adapt ourselves to this very rapid pace. 44.C laim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living manor woman as a hero.Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.1)It is reasonable to claim that media has negative impact on thereputation of heroes. Medias are so dedicated to scrutinize every drawback of celebrities and heroes.2)Sometimes, media also plays a positive role in promoting a heroespecially when stability of society is at stake. After 911,earthquake.3)People are more reasonable and well-educated today, so theyunderstand that even heroes are ordinary people executed certain marvelous deed. The peccadillo does not really impair their reputations.45.C ompetition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learningat all levels of education.1)It does have positive impact on students. Since dedicated to gethigh scores in exam, students will work harder and improve their efficiency voluntarily. This competition will enhance their mastery of basic principles and rules of science and art.2)The fanatic pursuit of high score will post much pressure onstudents which in turn end up with serious mental disease.Solitary, amnesia, or even delirium.3)Purely devotion for high score will impede other developmentsuch as communication skills and health. Thus, a highly respected mastery of knowledge cannot be applied to reality. Meaning that this competition will not improve the productivity, if not hamper, of science and society.46.U niversities should require every student to take a variety ofcourses outside the student’s field of study.1)A significant separation between art literature and science has。

GRE-issue题库提纲

绿色黄色蓝色共20篇1、As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. + 不同情况讨论观点：有限否定1、科技确实对人有巨大帮助，减轻了人的思维负担：杂交corps 人和livestock都提供了足够的粮食,大多数现代人甚至完全不用考虑去哪获得食物。

思考减少了。

2、但是科技在带来解决方式的同时也带来了新的问题。

比如汽车带来的空气污染，北京有300万辆车，noxious气体block the sun并且给所有物体蒙上了shadow,科学家和政治家正在diligently work on it。

类似的还有nuclear issue,尽管带来了能源，也带来了erased human in the history的可能，因此要研究找到safeguard.科技带来的新问题不比解决的旧问题少,因此人类思考的能力不会下降.3、additionally，采用科技会inspire创新，利大于弊（outweigh）。

比如，给医生和患者提供了交流的platform,病人可以了解自己的健康，并得到简单的treatment。

是internet提供的便利使laymen也能接触到knowledge of highest achievement of human science。

结论:尽管科技解决了某些问题让我们不用再去contemplating,但由于带来了新的问题，同时foster创新思维。

因此科技发展不会impair人类思考的能力，只要正确运用.2、To understand the most important characteristics of a society，one must study its major cities. + 不同情况观点：有限否定1、历史上人们常常用technology and art来衡量一个社会是否先进。

GRE高频Issue题库提纲

二十六次Issue13/46/70/102/112 (Old4+94) 教育(3)46. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, des cribe specific circumstance s in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.1every subject does not exist independently对学好本学科有说明，因为知识在逻辑体系上是互通的，各个学科之间的相互交织。

研究经济学的适当学习数学知识有利于对经济学的更深理解，如philosophy is the foundation of all subject达芬奇Da Vinci即是科学家也是艺术家，他对人体解剖anatomy的深入了解，才使得他的油画十分优美，传神。

Since various disciplineswere interrelated, the study of courses outside the students’ own field may benefit the study oftheir own major.如：力学中的理论可用于美术；如：公共行政学生需要了解心理学、管理学、政治学的发展2 在全球化进程的今天，只学习某个专业内的知识已经不能满足需要了In today’s technologically advanced society it is impossible for those who focus their attention on the concerning fields to satisfy the needs for the future society.首先，广泛的学习各种知识能够拓宽视野。

gre作文issue文化提纲完整版

文化类1(6). "The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the t rends of its youth."了解当代文化最有效的途径就是去分析当代年轻人的潮流。

文明潮流和年轻人潮流的关系。

Topic：了解当代文化的途径之一是了解年轻人的潮流，但它并不是最有效的途径，还有许多其它的途径。

只考虑其中一方面是不够的。

其中最有效的途径是媒体。

In order to understand contemporary culture, It’s better to consider the youth idea combined with the other people's idea. Just take only one part of the population's opinion is insufficiently, and the youth is not a critical factor in the contemporary culture trend. The most important factor in deciding the current culture is the media1）年轻人的潮流是多变的，那只代表了一种时尚，是文化最前沿的东西，而不是文化的全部。

年轻人的特点就是喜欢新奇的事物，最新的folk music film 都是他们的最爱；同是他们的兴趣也是多变的，每一季的时装发布会之后，他们所追随的东西就发生了变化，这种多边性决定了这不是文化的全部和主流，因为文化是一个相对稳定的东西；当然年轻人的这种潮流为文化注入了新鲜与活力。

2）中年和老年人的文化在整个社会文化中也占据了很大的比列。

when it comes to the classics and other stable form of human mind, such as philosophy, classic art, it is primarily through the analysis of the old form we achieve our goal.3）Form my point of view，最有效的途径是了解一个社会的媒体。

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版GRE写作提纲Issue完整版1、As people rely on 表态+论述观点：中立偏否定1、科技确实对人有巨大帮助，减轻了人的思维负担：a、电子计算器帮助人们完成复杂计算，推动数学及相关领域发展;b、电脑由于其强大的功能可以被应用在几乎所有领域，成为人们思考和解决问题的重要工具;c、科技使得人们的研究领域大为扩展，同时拓展了人类的思维(intellection)和认知(perception)2、不得不说，很多情况下科技确实造成人类独立思维能力的下降：a、依赖计算器完成简单计算，运算能力下降;b、便利的科技造成人们懒于思考，而习惯于通过技术手段求助;c、通讯技术发展造成交流形式快速化，交流能力减退3、尽管如此，采用科技仍然利大于弊(outweigh)：a、科技确实减退了人类某些方面的思维能力，但主要集中在重复性(accurate)和精确性(precise)的领域，而独立思维寻求解决方法的能力并不受影响，反而被提升;b、部分能力下降相对于获得的实际利益和扩展人类的思维空间是值得的;c、科技本身没有错，很多时候是由于我们过度或不当的运用结论：尽管科技对人类思维的不良影响将持续讨论，我仍然认为只要我们正确运用科技，其弊端是可以削弱的，而优点则会极大地使我们受益。

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版2、To understand the most important characteristic表态+论述观点：偏否定1、不可否认，主要城市某些程度上可以代表一个国家及其社会的特性：a、主要城市往往是一个社会最强大繁华的地区，其特性影响了这个社会的特性，比如伦敦设计师偏爱格子型花纹(plaid)，逐渐成为英国特色;b、由于主要城市往往汇聚了来自全国的人士，则各地特色的融合形成了该城市的特色，进而代表了该国社会的特色2、然而，这种代表性(representativeness)正在逐渐消退a、当今全球化程度日趋提高造成代表性下降，各国社会的主要城市逐渐趋同(skyscrapers)，丧失独特个性;b、另一方面，某一社会各个地区发展程度差异很大，尤其在许多developing country造成主要城市反而成为特例，如中国，北京、上海等城市的繁华不能说明中国的发达，许多乡村地区非常落后3、事实上，由于主要城市代表性的下降，我们很难仅仅通过研究他们理解社会特性，而要针对不同社会的实际情况进行选择。

GREIssue教研实践活动话题写作提纲

GRE Issue教研实践活动话题写作提纲
考生在参与GRE作文考试的时候，肯定要养成写提纲的习惯，提纲可以关心大家理清思路和脉络，下面针对教研实践活动话题的GRE Issue写作提纲思路与分析进行说明。

Issue 50
【题目】In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.
【翻译】为了改善大学的教学质量，全部的教员都应当被要求花肯定时间到学术领域以外去参与和他们所教科目相关的工作。

【提纲】
(1)反对观点。

(2)首先这样会使教员分心，有可能面外的工作占用许多精力，而忽视了教学任务，这样反而会降低教学质量。

比方，如今计算机行业很热门，有许多计算机系的老师在外面的公司兼职做项目，导致上课质量下降，许多只是应付任务。

(可以举自己身边的例子)
(3)有些学科进展很快，的确需要多了解外面的进展，但也不肯定非要让教员出去工作，因为还有许多渠道的，比方参与学术商量会议、通过网络了解最新动态等等。

(4)此外，有些学科，比方基础讨论学科数学、物理的进展是需要在试验室里的，不需要到外面工作，且短期内这些都不会有太大改
变，这些老师更不需要必需花时间去外面工作。

大家可以通过提纲来弄清GRE的写作思路，大家要多多学习和积累。

GRE写作—ISSUE高频提纲整理

ISSUE高频话题：传统文化与现代化
传统文化与现代化之间存在着复杂的互动关系。现代化进程必然会对传统文化产生影响，但同时也需要保留和传承传统文化的精髓。如何平衡传统文化与现代化的关系，既能促进社会发展，又能保持文化传承，是当代社会面临的重要课题。
在探讨传统文化与现代化的关系时，需要关注文化的多样性与包容性。现代化并非要完全摒弃传统，而是要在传承中创新，在借鉴中发展。
ISSUE高频话题：环境保护与经济发展
可持续发展
环境保护与经济发展并非相互矛盾，两者可以相互促进。
生态保护
保护自然环境是可持续经济发展的基石，我们要重视生态保护的长期效益。
绿色科技
发展绿色科技，可以有效减少环境污染，促进经济绿色转型。
ISSUE高频话题：平等机会与社会公正
平等机会和社会公正一直是人类社会关注的重要议题。GRE写作中经常出现探讨这两者的关系。本节将探讨平等机会与社会公正的内涵，分析两者之间的关系，并举例说明如何运用相关论证进行写作。
稳定的重要性
社会稳定是改革成功的基础，为改革创造良好的外部环境。
改革与稳定的平衡
在改革过程中，要注重改革的力度和节奏，确保社会稳定，避免剧烈动荡。
总结与展望
GRE写作备考
通过对ISSUE写作高频话题的梳理，希望能帮助考生更有效率地备考，提高写作水平。
持续学习
写作能力的提升是一个持续积累的过程，建议考生定期阅读写作材料，练习写作。
用事实、数据、例子等佐证你的观点。
解释逻辑 3
解释你的论据如何支持你的观点。
每个论点都应该清晰地表达你的观点，并用充足的论据和逻辑解释来支撑。
如何引用例子论证
选择相关例子 1

gre作文issue社会提纲完整版

社会类1(2). "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。

竞争对于社会的优点和缺点Topic：同意，"Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."1）“物竞天择，适者生存”是自然界的普遍规律。

达尔文在研究了自然界发展的规律后，得出了一个基本规律，万物都是在竞争中，在适应环境变化的过程中才能生存，弱肉强食，自然界的变化是如此，人类社会的变化也是如此。

因此，竞争是不可避免的客观规律。

2）竞争是促进社会发展的根本动力。

1，社会要前进，必须有创新，必须不断发展先进淘汰落后，优胜劣汰的过程是竞争中才得以实现的，2，人类的发展历史已经证明了这一点。

从奴隶社会发展到封建社会，再发展到资本主义社会，表面上看是人的改朝换代，实际上一是反映的是科学技术的不断进步，是科学技术竞争的结果。

青铜器淘汰了石器，铁器淘汰了青铜器；蒸汽机淘汰了原始的刀耕火种等等，落后的生产力不断被淘汰；二是反映人的民主意识的不断进步，是人为获得自身民主权利不断斗争的过程，从任受宰割的奴隶到自由独立的公民，反映了人生依附关系的不断松懈，人权的不断落实，落后的生产关系不断被淘汰。

3，如果没有竞争，人们就会甘于落后，甘于停滞不前，社会的发展就会缺少前进的动力，就如中国50-60年代的计划经济时代。

3）社会竞争的“弊”不能掩盖社会竞争带来的“利”。

任何事物都有两面性，竞争也会产生一些副作用，比如：会在社会上产生一些不正当的手段，竞争会使一部分缺乏竞争能力的人受到伤害，导致两极分化的出现，导致失业人口的增加等等，但是这些与竞争所带来的社会进步相比，是次要的，而且是可以通过不断完善法制，不断完善社会保障加以解决的。

gre作文issue行为提纲完整版

行为类1(12). "People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."人们的态度更多的是由临时的情况或者环境所决定，而非人们自身的特点。

.心理问题之冲动和可预测------------------------------2(18). "Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."只有通过排除异议和对照其他的观点来捍卫一个理念，人们才能真正的发现该理念的价值所在。

------------------------------3(21). "Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."改革几乎从来都不是由那些关心自己声誉和社会地位的人发起的。

那些真正热衷于政府改革、教育改革和其他机构改革的人们一定都是甘于被他人轻视的。

GRE写作ISSUE提分写法要点

GRE写作ISSUE提分写法要点对于GRE考试中的作文部分，考生虽然很难在短期内快速提高写作水平，但是假如把握肯定的GRE写作技巧，想要肯定程度上提升作文分数也并非不行能。

今日我给大家带来了GRE写作ISSUE提分写法要点解读,盼望能够关心到大家，一起来学习吧。

GRE写作ISSUE提分写法要点解读论点树立技巧介绍GRE话题作文开头先引用更有利绽开新GRE的话题做文通常只给出一段话，是通过这一段话反应了一个主题和思想，需要我们做出相应的回应。

我们要留意，回应必需面面俱到，不能仅仅只是对一部分进行回应，要每个点都要说到，应对回答时，将对方的观点整个脉路梳理一下，不要丢三落四的，说了这里忘了那里的。

需要重点提示考生的是，新GRE作文的一项重大要求是要有重点，强调重点内容，所以说你在回应时要有中心思想。

只有一个主题，全部写的内容都是围绕这个主题来写的，其他的内容都是帮助，都是陪衬，在实践中，建议大家把重心在开头的时候就直接写出来，这样的话不仅自己心中有数，自己究竟要说什么，也让老师看得时候也很清楚，觉得考生思路清晰，规律清楚。

这样的文章才有可能得高分。

GRE作文ISSUE论点选择很重要关键点是在于重心的选择。

就topic issue来说，重心一般就是这个话题的中心思想，应当是原谈论的论点部分，或者看最终结论部分也能得出。

但自己写的中心思想不肯定是原来题目的中心思想，我们还是可以有选择的，自己选择合适的，能够有话说的作为论点进行论证。

下面在GRE考试的选择论点上教大家两个方法。

第一种：找出话题本身的重心，直接拿过来作为自己的论点也行。

其次种：对话题自身的重心做到心中有数，然后自己再找出其中的突破点，来重点攻击某一个方面，就某一点来大做文章，重心打算后，接下来的事情就简单多了。

最抱负的状况往往是，我们先抓住重点，然后将原观点中其他非重点的内容全部都找出来，然后进行筛选，选出一个自己最适合的，最有思路的点进行下手，我们把全部点都列出来后，在写作时也可以做到面面俱到，每个点都兼顾，这样回应很全面，重点也突出了，这不失为一个好方法，盼望大家能够在实践中敏捷运用。

GRE写作-ISSUE高频提纲整理

1======================Issue 51======================【题目】”Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.‖【翻译】只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣，教育才真正的有意义。

【题纲】Position: There is no doubt that education should pay more attention on the needs and interests ofstudents, but it is possible for education to satisfy every student.1、从教育的目的上讨论，兴趣对教育的重要性；对个人，爱因斯坦有句至理名言：―兴趣是最好的老师‖；对社会，教育的目的就是为社会培养各种人才，如果不注重学生兴趣，那么他们到社会不可能尽其所能。

有时候可能埋没人才。

比如一味的强调分数，那么对发明有兴趣的学生可能会失去动力，eg.哥白尼以前学医，爱因斯坦小时候学习并不好（这个例子是以前看到别人用的，我没有想到很好的例子）2、学校必须努力发现并培养学生的兴趣。

因为有些学生没有意识到自己的兴趣，因此学校要在这方面作引导。

例如学校可以通过开设对终选修课，增加各类奖学金等方法来鼓励学生培养自己的兴趣；3、但是，鼓励兴趣的培养不等于学校必须根据每个学生的兴趣来进行教育，这既无意义也不现实；一方面老师是有限的，而学生的兴趣是各种各样的。

另一方面，学生没有足够的判断力来决定自己该学什么，比如数学，有些学生不喜欢学，但是能够去掉吗？过分强调学生兴趣势必会造成教学的紊乱，而且学生的兴趣不同阶段可能发生改变；4、总结2=================Issue 144=================【题目】"It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value."【翻译】是艺术家而不是批评家，给了社会一些永久的价值。