Chapter 6 World Meaning and Semantic Relation

/h/表示猛烈使劲时的气喘声: heavy, haste, hurry, hit, heave, hoarse, hurl等
Wh-表示"剧烈"的拟声词: wham, whang, whap, whop, wheeze, whicker, whinny, whomp, whoop
2. Grammatical motivation Words which were formed by means of grammatical structure belong to the category of motivation by grammar.
2) pejorative sense: slattern, slut, slaBaidu Nhomakorabeag, sly, sloppy, slovenly
Sk-: 与表面接触: skate, skim, skin, skid, skimp
-ump: 表示圆形体: plump, chump, rump, hump, stump, dump, mump
Asses bray. Beetles drone. Camels grunt. Ducks quack. Flies buzz. Geese cackle (gabble). Horses neigh ( snort).
Hens cluck. Lions roar Mice squeak pigeons coo. Snakes hiss. Turkeys gobble.
3)John was looking for the glasses. Ambiguous 4)a. The needle is too short. B. The needle is not long enough. synonymous
5)a.Many of the students were unable to answer your question. B. Only a few students grasped your question. (The meaning of one sentence follows from the other.)
Unit 6
Word Meaning and Semantic Relations
John Lyons gives us ten sentences to discuss what meaning is: 1)What is the meaning of "sesquipedalian?" (signify) 2)I did not mean to hurt you (intend)
number analogy First family first lady the Fourth world
Place and space analogy landscape: moonscape, marscape surnrise: earthrise arthquake: starquake
9) Dark clouds mean rain. (are a sign of) 10)It was John I meant nor Harry. (have in mind)
Semantics refers not only to word meaning but also to sentence meaning. E.g. 1) His typewriter has bad intentions. Anomalous 2)my unmarried sister is married to a bachelor. contradictory
5)Life without faith has no meaning. (significance, value) 6)what do you mean by the word"concept"? (intend to say)
7)He means well but he is rather clumsy. (intends) 8)Fame and richness mean nothing to the true scholar. (have no significance for)
Motivation by analogy Words are created in imitation of other words: telethon,talkathon: from marathon
Colour analogy black list, white list,gray list blue-collar workers, white collar workers, gray-collar workers(服务 性行业的人)
E.g teacher: a person who teaches autobiography contradict
Motivation by meaning (semantic Motivation) It refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.
Onomatopoeic Motivation Primary onomatopoeia Primary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sounds by sounds.
Apes gibber. Bears growl Bulls bellow Cats mew ( purr) Eagles scream. Frogs croak. Goats bleat.
6) a. How long did Archibald remain in Monte Carlo? B. Archibald remained in Monte Carlo for some time. (the first implies the second.)
Meaning and Motivation
Sn1) breath-noise: sniff, snuff, snore, snort 2)quick separation or movement: snip, snap, snatch 3)creeping: snake, snail, sneak, snoop
Sl1) slippery: slide, slip, slither, slush, sluice, sludge
Larks warble Magpies chatter. Owls hoot (screech) Pigs squeal ( grunt). Wolves howl.
模仿金属的声音: clash, clank, ting, tinkle, clang, jangle, ding-dong, tick-tack
5. Use prominent features to refer to the person concerned
The blue eyes walked into the room.
Synecdoche (提喻) Use the part for the whole, or the whole for the part or the material for the thing; smiling year: spring sail: ship copper: coin
3)He never says what he means. (suggesting the possibility of saying one thing and meaning another.) 4)She rarely means what she says. (suggesting the possibility of saying one thing and meaning another.)
3. use part of body organs to refer to their functions: an ear for music Don't let your heart rule your head.
4) use the place name to refer to the product produced there. I could do with a cup of canary. Canary is a place where this kind of grape wine is produce.
Metonymy: 1)use a person's name to refer to the things related; He read Shakespeare.
2)use a container to refer to what is inside; The kettle is boiling He is addicted to the bottle. Please drink a cup
Antonymous analogy moonlight( 白天工作,晚上兼职 ) daylight
with-it入时的 without-it过时,守旧的
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模仿水等液体声: splash, bubble, sizz, sizzle, splishsplosh, drip-drop
Secondary onomatopoeia It means that certain sounds and s ound sequen ces ar e associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship