论文工程造价中英文
工程造价英文作文
工程造价英文作文Engineering cost refers to the total expenses incurred in the process of designing, constructing, and maintaining a project. It includes the cost of materials, labor, equipment, and any other expenses related to the project.The cost of engineering projects can vary greatly depending on factors such as the size and complexity of the project, the location, and the current market conditions. It is important for engineers to carefully estimate the cost of a project to ensure that it stays within budget.One of the key challenges in engineering cost management is controlling the expenses throughout theentire project lifecycle. This involves closely monitoring the budget, identifying any potential cost overruns, and taking corrective actions to keep the project on track.In addition to managing the direct costs of a project, engineers also need to consider indirect costs such asoverhead, administrative expenses, and financing costs. These expenses can significantly impact the overall cost of a project and must be carefully managed.Effective cost management in engineering projects requires a combination of technical expertise, financial acumen, and project management skills. Engineers must be able to accurately estimate costs, negotiate contracts, and make strategic decisions to optimize the use of resources.Ultimately, the goal of engineering cost management is to deliver a high-quality project within the specified budget. By carefully controlling expenses and making informed decisions, engineers can ensure the success of a project while maximizing value for the client.。
工程造价论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
工程造价论文中英文资料对照外文翻译This paper focuses on the risk analysis of nal n XXX the unique risks associated with nal n projects。
including political。
economic。
and cultural risks。
It then outlines the XXX a risk analysis。
including risk n。
risk assessment。
and XXX.nXXX。
XXX by a range of unique risks that must be XXX for risk management in nal n projects.Unique Risks Associated with nal n ProjectsXXX are subject to a range of unique risks that are not present in XXX。
economic uncertainty。
cultural differences。
and legal XXX can impact the project。
Economic uncertainty XXX。
n。
or XXX project stakeholders。
while legal issues XXX.Risk Analysis ProcessThe risk analysis process involves several steps。
including risk n。
risk assessment。
and XXX all potential risks that couldimpact the project。
This can be done through brainstorming ns。
工程造价与管理论文英文文献中英对照
英文文献Engineering cost managementProject cost control emphasis should be transferred to the project construction early days, is transferred to the project decision and design stage. Project cost control in construction projects throughout the entire process, the key lies in the pre construction investment decision-making with design phase, whereas in the investment decision is made, the key lies in designing. According to expert analysis: architectural design, in the preliminary design stage, design stage, construction design stage to the engineering effect were 75% ~ 95%, 35% ~ 75%, 5% ~ 35%; while in the construction phase, through the optimization of construction organization design, construction cost saving the possibility of only 5% to 10%. We should put the focus shifted to the design stage, in order to get twice the result with half the effort.Pay attention to the technical and economic optimization combination. The combination of technology with economy is most effective way to control engineering cost. China engineering fields for a long time did not do this. The lack of technical personnel economy idea, design thought is conservative, the design of the outcome of the economy are not fully reflect. Therefore, we should solve the problem is to improve economic efficiency as the goal, in the construction process, organization, technology and economy organic ground union rises. Through the economic analysis, comparative study and effect evaluation, correct processing of advanced technology and reasonable in economy between the relation of unity of opposites, strive to advanced technology under the conditions of economic rational, reasonable in economy based on advanced technology.Carry out "limitation is designed" method. To be consciously put the application of value engineering to the specific design, actively promote quota design in engineering design contract, by way of bidding. This has been proven in practice is an effective way, it is not only an economic problem, more precisely a technical and economic problems. This "limitation is designed" to effectively control the project cost. In order to make the "limitation is designed" to achieve the desired objectives, should be involved in the design personnel must be experienced skilled economic designer. Their design results must be practical, advanced and reasonable cost. Control of engineering cost on the other hand is the need for comparison, because the outcome is a process of gradual improvement, and not to decide, so the comparison is a measure of its practical, advanced and economical means.Do good project cost control in the process. ( 1) compilation of economic and feasible construction scheme. Before construction, construction enterprises should be combined with the construction drawings and the actual situation at the scene, their mechanical equipment, construction experience, the management level and technical specification acceptance criteria, a set of practical and feasible construction scheme. The construction scheme is engineering implementation of the programme of action. ( 2) to technical personnel, materials, machinery and personnel staff communicationand coordination. In the process of construction, construction technology, materials and mechanical personnel should cooperate closely, understand each other, to management as the core, to reduce costs for the purpose of. ( 3) to the project completion settlement. Strict supervision system. Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision (including cost management ) system. Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.Strict supervision system. Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision (including cost management ) system. Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.To establish and perfect the independent project cost advisory body, cultivate a Zhi De have both engineering team. To establish a real sense of independent engineering cost consulting agencies. Through improving the laws and regulations, normative behavior, separate government functions from enterprise management, the establishment of independent business partnership, share-holding system, the limited responsibility system and other forms of organization, an industry-based, diversified services integrated project consulting company, build and development and reform the engineering cost intermediary service institutions, make construction project management of a gradual transition by an independent specialized agency in charge of project cost whole process tracking management, truly between owner and contractor plays an intermediary role. To strengthen engineering cost consulting industry association construction, establish project cost consulting industry self-discipline mechanism, and constantly improve the Engineering Cost Association in engineering cost consulting industry status, to be truly representative of the interests of the majority of the industry practitioners, government and enterprises to become connection link and the bridge. At the same time to strengthen the project cost specialty in higher education and in service education. As a result of project cost management in construction projects and various economic interests are closely related, and the whole social economic activities play a very important role, it requires the cost engineering technical personnel should have different levels of knowledge, in addition to their professional knowledge and have a deep understanding, also deal with the design content, design process, construction technology, project management, economic laws and regulations have a comprehensive understanding of. Therefore, the project cost management, project cost per unit of society groups, has already obtained a cost engineer qualification personnel, in order to carry out plan, has the goal, multiple levels of continuing education and training, to understand and master Chinese bilateral agreements with countries project cost technology, regulations, management system and its development trend, to expand domestic and foreign exchanges, and actively participate in international or regional engineering activities, improve their professional quality, so that the current practitioners in intelligentstructure, theory and working experience three aspects can meet the needs of engineering cost management. Cost engineering professionals need to strengthen their own learning, in addition to the professional knowledge to upgrade, should also work in combination with a broad understanding and master the relevant engineering and technical expertise, educational organizations and industry regulatory bodies constitute a complete education system, so as to the field of engineering senior talent development to create good conditions.中文译文：工程造价与管理工程造价控制重点应转移到项目建设的前期，即转移到项目决策和设计阶段。
工程造价毕业论文摘要（中英）
工程造价毕业论文摘要（中英）第一篇：工程造价毕业论文摘要(中英)扬州职业大学毕业设计（论文）中文摘要摘要清单计价模式在世界上有很广泛的运用，在我国也正在取代定额计价模式成为主流，中国的政策法规规定，凡使用国有资金投资的工程项目必须采用清单计价模式，其他情况下的工程项目具体是使用清单模式还是定额模式由建设单位自行决定。
保留定额计价是考虑到我国实际情况而作出的一种过渡性安排。
本毕业设计通过西部小街运河家园15#楼的工程为实例，进行了工程计量计价。
使用未来清单编制软件、Excel、天正建筑等软件，结合学习的知识及中国现阶段的计价模式，通过定额与清单模式的编制、成果对比，熟悉了招标控制价、投标报价的编制过程，深化了对造价工作的认识与运用。
关键词：清单计价，定额计价，招标，投标，成本管理扬州职业大学毕业设计（论文）中文摘要ABSTRACTBill valuation mode is used very widely in the world, in China is also being replaced by the tradition mode of rating valuation to become the popularity, according to China's policies and regulations, investment and the use of state capital projects must adopt the mode of valuation with bill, other project case specific is the use of list mode or quota mode is decided by the construction unit itself.Reserved quota valuation is a transitional arrangement in consideration of China's actual situation and make.The graduation design through the Western Street Canal homes 15# building project as an example, the engineeringvaluation.The use of future listed software, Excel, TarchCAD building software, combined with the pricing mode of learning knowledge and the present stage of China, by contrast, quota and compiled list mode results, familiar with the process for the preparation of tender control price, bidding, deepen the understanding and application of the cost of work.Keywords：bill valuation, quota valuation, invitation for bid, bidding, Cost management第二篇：毕业论文摘要(中英双语)摘要企业发展战略就是企业为寻求和维持持久竞争优势而作出的有关全局的筹划和谋略，企业要在激烈的市场竟争中适应环境的变化，准确、有效地把握在环境变化中不断涌现的机遇和商机，并不断得到发展壮大，必须有明晰的企业发展战略。
英文作文工程造价
英文作文工程造价英文：When it comes to engineering cost, it is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration. As an engineer, I have had to deal with cost estimation and management on numerous occasions, and I can say that it is not an easy task.Firstly, it is important to understand that engineering cost is not just about the materials and labor required to complete a project. It also includes factors such as design, planning, supervision, and overhead costs. All of these elements need to be taken into account when estimating the total cost of a project.Secondly, there are different methods of costestimation that can be used depending on the project andits requirements. For example, the bottom-up approach involves estimating the cost of individual components andthen adding them up to get the total cost. On the other hand, the top-down approach involves estimating the total cost based on similar projects or industry standards.Thirdly, it is crucial to manage costs throughout the project to ensure that it stays within budget. This involves monitoring expenses, identifying potential cost overruns, and making adjustments as necessary. Failure to manage costs effectively can result in delays, quality issues, and even project failure.In terms of my personal experience, I once worked on a construction project where the cost estimation was not done properly. As a result, we ended up exceeding the budget and had to make cuts in other areas to compensate. This experience taught me the importance of accurate cost estimation and effective cost management.Overall, engineering cost is a complex issue that requires careful consideration and management. By understanding the different factors involved and using appropriate estimation and management methods, it ispossible to ensure that projects stay within budget and are completed successfully.中文：谈到工程造价，这是一个复杂而多方面的问题，需要仔细考虑。
工程造价管理控制论文英文翻译
Engineering Cost Management and ControlEven under the WTO and China's accession to the world community，China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However，the current budget for the construction projects - estimate budget，Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process，stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage，the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages，use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s，1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget，content，methods and approval，the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation，approval，management authority，and so on.With the historical process，after recovery，reform and development，formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However，as the socialist market economic development，the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking，the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. Enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy，and，at the time under the conditions of productivity，will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions，as long as a certain level of investment，will be certain outputs. In this environment，the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices，wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment，the budget estimate for the system approved project cost，help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist market economic system established，requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years，international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China，the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making，implementation heavy，light the economy and technology，First，the consequences of victimization，Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control，cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals.Second，the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances，My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept，building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal，learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries，and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system，efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence，The construction cost is an important stage control.China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price，and focusing only on the construction process of cost control，neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investmentdecision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis fordecision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects，the information cannot be fully，comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small，estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost，many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue，and should be a number of factors，a combination of practical，comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits，with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage，rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study，the work is done well，returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise，invest more，less effective，resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.At present，some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue，false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors，actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems，lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective，even become hopeless completion of the beard works.Therefore，in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs，we must do the following aspects:ⅰImplementation of the construction project and corporate accountability，Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.ⅱA realistic approach to market analysis，to avoid the blindness of the projectdecision-making，reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness，design task more scientific and reliability.ⅲ Capital financing must have a formal commitment document，the parties must do investment funds in place，and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.ⅳ To strengthen the engineering geology，hydrology，geology and land，water，electricity，transport，environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.工程造价管理控制即使在世贸组织和中国加入世界大家庭, 是中国建筑业如何有效地控制工程造价的建设和管理的一个重要组成部分。
有关介绍工程造价的英语作文
有关介绍工程造价的英语作文Engineering cost refers to the total cost of a construction project, including materials, labor, equipment, and overhead. It is essential for project managers to accurately estimate and control engineering costs to ensure the project stays within budget and is completed on time.There are several key components of engineering cost, including direct costs such as materials and labor,indirect costs such as equipment and utilities, and general overhead costs such as project management and administration. It is important to carefully analyze and estimate each of these costs to develop an accurate budget for the project.One method for estimating engineering costs is to use historical data from similar projects to create a cost model. This can help project managers predict the costs of materials, labor, and other expenses based on the size and scope of the project. Additionally, project managers canuse software tools to create detailed cost estimates and track expenses throughout the project.Controlling engineering costs involves closelymonitoring expenses and making adjustments as needed tostay within budget. This may involve negotiating priceswith suppliers, finding more cost-effective materials or labor, or re-evaluating the project scope to reduce costs. Effective cost control requires regular communication and collaboration with all stakeholders involved in the project.In conclusion, engineering cost is a crucial aspect of construction projects that requires careful estimation, monitoring, and control. By accurately estimating costs, using historical data and cost models, and implementing effective cost control measures, project managers canensure that the project stays within budget and is completed successfully.工程造价是指建筑工程项目的总成本，包括材料、劳动力、设备和间接费用。
英文作文工程造价
英文作文工程造价Engineering cost is a crucial factor in any construction project. It includes the costs of materials, labor, equipment, and other expenses necessary for completing the project. The cost estimation process involves analyzing and calculating all these factors to come up with an accurate budget for the project.When it comes to engineering cost, there are various methods that can be used for cost estimation. These methods include the use of historical data, cost indexes, and cost models. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method depends on the specific requirements of the project.One of the challenges in engineering cost estimation is the uncertainty and variability of costs. Factors such as market conditions, labor availability, and material prices can fluctuate, making it difficult to predict the exact cost of a project. This uncertainty requires carefulanalysis and contingency planning to ensure that theproject stays within budget.In addition to the direct costs of materials and labor, engineering cost also includes indirect costs such as overhead, insurance, and taxes. These costs are often overlooked but can have a significant impact on the overall cost of the project. It's important to take these indirect costs into account when estimating the total cost of a project.Another important aspect of engineering cost is the concept of value engineering, which focuses on finding ways to reduce costs without sacrificing quality. This involves analyzing the project design and construction methods to identify areas where cost savings can be made without compromising the integrity of the project.Overall, engineering cost is a complex and dynamic aspect of construction projects. It requires careful analysis, estimation, and management to ensure that theproject stays within budget while meeting the required standards of quality and safety.。
介绍工程造价作文英文
介绍工程造价作文英文英文：Engineering cost is a crucial aspect of anyconstruction project. It involves the estimation, budgeting, and control of the expenses related to the construction ofa building or infrastructure. As a construction project manager, I have to carefully consider the various factors that contribute to the overall cost of a project.One of the key elements in engineering cost is the estimation of material and labor costs. This involves analyzing the blueprints and specifications of the projectto determine the quantity and quality of materials needed, as well as the labor hours required for construction. For example, when estimating the cost of a new office building, I have to take into account the cost of steel, concrete, glass, and other materials, as well as the wages of the workers involved in the construction.Another important aspect of engineering cost is the budgeting and allocation of funds. Once the estimation is done, I have to create a budget that outlines the expenses for each phase of the project, such as site preparation, foundation, structure, and finishing. It's like managing a household budget – you have to make sure that you have enough money for groceries, bills, and other expenses without overspending.Furthermore, controlling the cost throughout theproject is also crucial. I have to constantly monitor the expenses and make adjustments as needed to ensure that the project stays within budget. This requires effective communication with the contractors, suppliers, and other stakeholders to negotiate prices and find cost-saving alternatives. It's like playing a game of chess – you have to strategize and make smart moves to keep the project on track financially.中文：工程造价是任何建筑项目中至关重要的一个方面。
工程造价英文作文
工程造价英文作文英文：As a professional in the field of engineering cost, I have been asked to write about this topic. Engineering cost refers to the cost associated with the construction of a project, including materials, labor, equipment, and other expenses. It is important to accurately estimate the cost of a project to ensure that it is completed within budget.There are several methods for estimating the cost of a project, including the square foot method, the unit cost method, and the detailed cost estimate method. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of method depends on the specific project and the available information.For example, the square foot method is often used for estimating the cost of a building. This method involves calculating the cost per square foot of the building, basedon the type of construction, the location, and other factors. The unit cost method, on the other hand, involves estimating the cost of individual components of the project, such as the cost of a particular type of equipment or material.In addition to estimating the cost of a project, it is also important to monitor the cost throughout the project's lifecycle. This involves tracking actual costs against the estimated costs, identifying areas where costs are higher than expected, and taking corrective action to bring costs back in line with the budget.Overall, engineering cost is a complex and important aspect of any construction project. Accurately estimating and monitoring costs can help ensure that a project is completed on time and within budget.中文：作为一名工程造价领域的专业人士，我被要求写一篇关于这个话题的文章。
工程造价管理外文翻译文献
工程造价管理外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：The significance of control constructioncosts manages on entire processFirst, The necessary of control construction costs manages on entire processTalk about the management and the control on construction costs, that the field we are just accustomed to is thought of is a project advance in final account. Indeed , right away at present system and reality,what the job of that the management and the control on construction costs is advance in final account. Be that in advance, the people who work on final account according that already be ascertaied of the working drawing to calculate project amounts，apply a quota mechanically, the meter mechanically fetching cost, or designing that according to the drawing sheet and construction organization after construction is over as well as the scene construction visa takes notes weaves the final account being completed. This is necessary , usefulno doubt. But we must see that when pre-final accounts personnel weave working drawing budget or the final account being completed, the construction plan and the design paper already determined. But construction being to take according to picture as principle, so then in advance, job done by final account personnel is only the change secretly scheming against cost produced by design alteration and prevents upvaluation from calculating boldly. But suppose the project is unreasonable on economy, there is a fault in decision-making; suppose designing a scheme feasible or be not optimum on the technology; the final account personnel can do nothing for sb then in advance. Job of final account personnel does accounts in advance only under just saying system currently in effect, after the event , can only reflect already complete project amounts inactively , can only reflect design and be under construction passively. This evidently is single-faceted , insufficient , we must carry out the entire proceeding supervisory control on the construction costs of building a project.Concrete conditions of union our country, cost of construction manages have problems as follows:1、Be not enough to take investment decision into the stage of construction costs seriously charge indeed.Investment decision is to produce the construction costs headstream, This one stage blow the expense at take up the total investment forehead about 0.5%～3%,but that can have an effect to raise the project benefit of investment. That the project carries out rational choice on construction is that resource carries out direct , the most important optimization deploy means on economy , project benefit of investment affects efficiency and beneficial result to entire national economy. The developed country charges attach importance to control on investment decision stage construction costs,and costs not stinting big capital of money making the studies on the stage of carrying out investment decision energetically, make relatively comparatively accurate construction costs , go along the controlFor a long time, there is the grave phenomenon investing in swelling in engineering construction of our country,bring the limit for a project feeling longer andlonger, construction costs is higher and higher. The cause of that is short of the effective basis of the building of earlier stage ascertaining construction costs, only basis the already completed according to the expert , decision-makers draw lessons to estimate the project construction costs. Because a lot of factor effects, the“three surpass " phenomenon very common, there are main cause as follows:(1) personal factor brings about rough estimate lessening(2) equipment composes in reply material price's not working out according to market quotations.(3) construction units bring forward the too high for exceeding a design criterion2、The design stage of construction costs is not under the control of strictThe design stage is the faucet in that project construction costs controls. After the investment decision is be made rationally , that is the process of plan the technology and organic together economly . Effective control the cost of construction requires strictly and all-round in the enginee designing . Engineering design of current our country also puts move bidding system , fair competition into practice , cost of construction looks on control engineering effective to design stage as one of the standard choosing main part being hit by the bid unit , cost of construction carries out the administration controlling on the entire proceeding .Our country major part design that the unit carries out thorough analysis lack on construction project technology and economy , big multiple technologies make light of economy in design but at present , design that the personnel is responsible seemingly only to design project mass , are concerned with the construction costs height not very. Optimize a design plan to such an extent as having no way to pass, the first step designs , the rough estimate gets to the effect controlling general cost of construction's establishment. Mass and depth that engineering design pursues etc. is also insufficient , amounts project mistakes in amounts project detailed lists calculates , misses and not calculating, can't arouse increasing by estimating a project momentary, the mass making a tender work is difficult to ensure that , have no way to have an effect to control construction costs as a result also.3、Has not adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being applied or used universally on the international all roundAdopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being put into use commonly on the international , is that our country construction costs system reforms and cause the inevitable trend reforming to bid system in invitation to bid tender.One of important act carrying out project public bidding system being to build socialist market economy and to perfect construction market operating mechanism in construction field. After the construction project tender is carried out all round in our country, the effect is obvious in the respect of shortening the mass building a time limit for a project , ensuring a project , reducing construction costs , boycotting an unhealthy tendency. Have ensured the invitation to bid people and bidder's lawful rights and interests also effectively. With the socialist market economy uninterrupted growth,the original tender stage puts the budget quota valuation pattern into practice already doing not adapting , adopt the amounts project detailed list quoted price way being put into use commonly on the international to carry out a tender is an inevitable trend. Ministry of Construction has issued amounts project detailed list valuation method , amounts project detailed list valuation has been in construction project tender job , person has provided project quantity from invitation to bid according to national unification project amounts calculation regulation , quoted price, and classics have judged the reason bidder autonomously trying the at a low price middle bid construction costs valuation pattern.That carrying out amounts project detailed list valuation method is one important measure of item of construction costs deepen the reform, is standard tender behavior effective measure. This method is beneficial to changing over taking that "amounts" ", "price" are "quota-consuming" as dominant static state managing a pattern , make project amounts in detailed list not enter competition, competition being confined to price only; Beneficial to rightness appraises enterprise strength; Project mass beneficial to ensuring that, reduces construction costs; May cut down the physical labour complicated and overloaded repeating the amounts calculating a project; Facilitate the tender quoted price job; Argue with the dispute back and forth in cuttingdown project settlement; Receive a track step by step with the convention "controlling amounts , guiding price , competing for a fee's on" the international, deepen the reformation that project valuation manages mainly according to the marketplace changes development, taking one's place on the international market for our country contracts business creates condition.4、The stage being under construction controls lack to construction costsWant to have strict control design alteration too in the stage being under construction. Guard the pass though that working drawing appears in joint trial or are able to have all sorts of problems, but call for to design a branch in the process of construction hard to avoid is strict out of the construction works complexity, the situation changing after avoiding doing first, is also that the weight avoiding break a rough estimate , effective control engineering of construction costs cost of construction plays with a link. At the same time, the sharpening contract manages , ensures equality and mutual benefit issuing contract of method and contracting method.5、The construction costs being completed settling a stage's controls a project inefficientlyThat the final account being completed is that entire construction costs is under the control of the most important one is encircled by construction works. How the final account being completed can reflect actual entire project cost of construction honestly , have also reflected the ability issuing contract of method and contracting method to construction costs administration , have finished handling a project in time the final account being completed must collect , arrange settling a data , pursuing , designing the certificate material changing notice , various warning including that the project is completed and so on being completed. These data collecting must pay attention to whose validity with obtaining evidence, specimen seal impression having designing personnel's signature and being related to if the design alteration advice note must be made known to lower levels by plain design organ. Scene inspection and control visa must label seal and the ratification going on a punitive expedition to such that designing a personnel etc. having construction site person in charge of first party.Great majority our country construction projects are completed in the project being under construction when the final account, during the period of the final account being completed contracting method , are are under construction contracting method calculating commonly much in the book being completed winding up an account , are issue contract of haggie just inexhaustible in devices and schemes , are dispute over trifles phenomenon is grave , project settlement drags repeatedly , some confirmation having drug once and , greatly, affecting engineering construction project sigmatism and building construction costs.A construction project includes the following procedure from brewing , planning , designing that to establishing completion and commissioning: Be that the project letter of advice stage , feasibility appraise the stage , design stage , the stage being under construction , acceptance check stage and the queen being completed estimate that. Correspondingly, the construction costs ascertaining that and the project construction phase job look at and appraise the stage adapting to , several being allotted in general for the following: The investment studying stage establishment in the project letter of advice and feasibility is estimated, design stage establishment designs a rough estimate in the first step, budget designing that the stage weaves working drawing in working drawing, budget builds ampere of construction costs face to face with working drawing for basis tender project engineering contract, price is also that the form ascertains that with the business contract; Project amounts putting stage into practice being going to be completed according to contracting reality in project, takes contract price as basis , considers cost of construction rise aroused by inflation of prices at the same time , considers the project and cost being difficult to estimate that to designing middle but happening in putting stage reality into practice , the example is ascertained estimating price; All-in cost costing in the reality being completed checking and accepting a stage , assembling into engineering construction process middle all round, weaves the final account being completed , embodies the actual cost of construction that a construction project according to the facts."Four guess that two-valence "is interrelated , the former restricts the latter , the latter supplements the former.What is called, build the construction costs administration and control, it is the occurrence contracting the stage and construction in the investment decision stage , design stage , construction project putting stage into practice with construction construction costs to control within the cost of construction quota O. K. , correcting the deviation happening at any time, to ensure that the project manages the target realization , get fairly good benefit of investment and social benefits in an attempt being able to use manpower and material resources, financial resources rationally in building a project one by one.Second, the importance of the investment decision-making stage of project cost controlConstruction projects in the investment decision-making stage, the project of the techno-economic decision-making, as well as the cost of construction projects completed and put into production after the project cost-effective, have a decisive impact on the construction project cost control is an important stage. Project cost management as a decision-making stage in the feasibility study report shall be prepared, and economic evaluation of the proposed project, select the technically feasible and economically the construction of example programs and to optimize the construction program on the basis of the preparation of high-quality items investment is estimated that the project construction so that the real control of the project has played the role of total investment.The impact of the decision-making phase of the project cost are the main factors: a, the determine level of construction standards; b, the choice of built-up areas; c, building location (site) selection; d, project the economic scale; e, technology selection f, equipment selection .Such as the choice of built-up areas, there is a basic principle, that is close to raw materials, fuel and consumer principles. This project completed and put into production, you can avoid the raw materials, fuels, and finished the long-haul transport, reduce costs, lower costs; transportation distance may be shortened to reduce the flow of time, speed up cash flow and is conducive to business. If the project's economic size, economies of scale, product standard is a reasonable meansof production volume, a number of products under certain conditions, was "increasing returns" of economic phenomena, that is, with the expansion of production volume, unit cost reduction, revenue increase.Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making control over project cost effective, we must do a good job in the following areas:(1) the implementation of construction project legal person responsibility system, the construction project from planning to implementation of the whole process of the use of funds and repayment responsibilities to people and projects at the same time establish a system of matching corporate oversight mechanisms, by the competent authorities and supervision of the industry sector establishment of a monitoring group to oversee the use of project funds.(2) to conduct market analysis and seeking truth from facts, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduce risk and lower investment, give full consideration to construction projects in the future competitiveness of the market so that more scientific book design and reliability(3) Capital financial capital must be committed to a formal document, investment funds must be put in place the parties, there must be a funding document to ensure that projects are implemented on schedule after approval. Conditions of the loans should be carefully analyzed and compared to minimize the interest burden and repayment pressure.(4) Strengthening of engineering geology, hydrogeology, as well as land, water, electricity, transport, environmental protection projects such as the work of the depth of the external conditions, so that there is sufficient basis to estimate the investment. At the same time, extensive research should be to compare similar projects, a serious functional analysis, comparison and choice of multi-program, a full-scale technical feasibility studies and economic evaluation, the finalization of technologically advanced, reliable, economical and rational project construction program in order to estimate more accurate and realistic estimate of the amount of investment in order to make the project cost from the start position in a more reasonable level.Third, the design phase of the importance of project cost controlMake investment decisions in the project, the project cost control is the key to the design. Design is in the technical and economic implementation of the proposed project to conduct a comprehensive arrangement, is also planning the construction process. Technologically advanced, economical and rational design can reduce the project construction period, savings investment, to improve efficiency. According to expert analysis, design fee generally equal to the construction of the project life-cycle cost of less than 1%, which costs less than 1% of project cost accounts for the impact of degrees above 75%. Because of the general construction projects, selection of materials and equipment accounted for more than 50% of the cost of the project, and in the design phase of architectural forms, structural type, the selection of equipment and materials have been identified in the construction of post-implementation phase, the impact of the project cost a small (10 % or less). This shows that the design quality is crucial to the entire projectThe same construction project, the same single unit of work can have different programs, which have different costs, it is therefore necessary to meet the function under the premise of doing a number of options, through technical comparison, economic analysis and efficiency evaluation, selection of technology selection into the application of economic and rational design, that is, the process of design optimization. Often used to optimize the design of the program, also known as the value of value engineering analysis, that is, as far as possible in meeting the functionality or improve the function of the premise, as far as possible to reduce costs.Occurred in the cost of all parts of the application of value engineering, construction investment will require a lot of people, financial, and material, and thus the value of engineering construction works great. For a rather mature and effective management methods, value engineering in a number of works have been widely used in construction.In the engineering design phase correctly handle the technical and economic relationship between the unity of opposites, we can control the key to investment, design and cost management must work closely with staff to make a lot of the technical and economic comparison, in the reduction and control of project efforts,engineering Cost management in the design process should be timely investment analysis on the comparison, the cost of information feedback and dynamic impact on the design, in order to ensure effective control over investment.At the design stage to project cost control should focus on the following aspects.(1) to promote the design and the design of the bidding campaign optimization design approachThe assessment team of experts using scientific methods, in accordance with applicable, economic, aesthetic principles, as well as technologically advanced, well-structured to meet the building energy saving and environmental requirements, a comprehensive assessment of the merits of design, selection of the best in determining the successful program. Estimates of selected investment program in general to be close to the scope of construction projects. The design of these two methods both contract design choice and competition, to ensure selection of the design of technologically advanced, innovative and unique, adaptable, and help control project cost. Design units should strive to improve their own quality, clever engineering design ideas, great care, in order to reduce the project cost more than their brains in order to improve design quality, and strive to put at the design stage in the approval of project cost control within the investment limits.(2) actively pursuing the design limitThe so-called cap design, is in accordance with the approved design of the book and investment is estimated that in the guarantee under the premise of the functional requirements. Preliminary design and budget control, in accordance with the approved budget for the preliminary design and total control of the construction design. Through the ceiling design, every professional, every designer has a target investment limit. During the design process, designers should be more into the program to compare and optimize the design, Not only to ensure that technically advanced and reasonable design, innovative aesthetics, but also the investment limit is not exceeded the target in order to put an end to the design of the project to raise the factor of safety and design standards, or only consider the feasibility of technical solutions, rather than the phenomenon of economic rationality to ensure effective cost control.(3) the implementation of the design of reward and punishment systemIn order to limit the design of the implementation into practice, the limit should be set up and sound system designed to reward and punishment. To limit the design is done well, cost savings and control of investment there is the effectiveness of the project legal person should be given appropriate incentives and design units. Design to limit the development of the internal design of assessment and incentive methods to limit attention to the design, made to save investment and effective cost control offices and the significant achievements of individuals, should be rewarding. Do not attach importance to limit the design, do not take measures to save the investment, resulting in more than a design limit investment offices and individuals should be given to economic penalties. Do reward and encourage designers to design deep potential economic importance to design the control of a reasonable project cost will be a major breakthrough.Fourth、the cost control of the implementation phase of construction project1, the bidding process stageThe implementation of construction project bidding is effective means of construction projects to control the implementation phase of the project cost. If we want To do a good job for bidding, the first we should make sure that qualification is clearance, and resolutely put an end to bribery, such as all the Phenomenon about destruction of all bidding discipline; Secondly, we should strengthen the bid management, to ensure the accuracy and confidentiality of bid preparation; Third, make sure the method of Evaluation and Calibration are Scientific .when select the successful projects as a standard we should concern about the reasonable, short period, reputable companies, construction considerations such as experience. when we evaluation, the first is technical standard assessment, the follow is business assessment,this can ensure open, fair and just.2, the construction phaseIn the construction phase construction ,the goles based on project budget or contract price of Civil works and installation works and project cost control of Civil works and installation works. At this stage the scope for savings has been small, but itis likely to lead to waste,this make us give them adequate attention for the control of project cost.(1) strengthen the technical and economic comparison of construction programConstruction is an important work of the design of constructing orgnization. Reasonable constructing program can shorten the period of constructing, ensure the quality of the project and enhance economic efficiency. Comparing and analysing the constructing program from technical and economic view and comparing the three techno-economic index of the quality, duration and cost through qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis can take good use of manpower, material and financial resources, achieving better economic benefits. Consequently, good construction management is an important way of all-round cost management.(2) a sound system design change Examination and approval systemIf design subject need to be change, we should take action as far as possible in advance, because the sooner the change, the smaller loss; Second, before each design ofchanges we must analysis the quality of project and cost, and this should receive the consent of the original design. If it breakthrough the total project cost estimates after the change, this must be approved by the review of the relevant departments, we should prevent these things happened such as increasing design elements ,improving the design standards, increasing the project cost.(3) check strictly with visa procedures of the project site we should Construct project management system , establish the specialized departments,and through the use of specialized management of professionals for the project, to avoid the phenomenon that project management staff just care visa only, take no concern about the economic accounts, resulting the serious consequences such as investment is out of control.For Seriously changes of visa procedures we should make the building side, supervision side, the construction site together representatives signed a manner to ensure that the authenticity of the visa, the rationality of the economy of changes and to avoid the disputes caused by the phenomenon of fraud.(4) do a good job in the completion of the audit settlement priceClearing refers to the completion of construction enterprises in accordance with the terms of the contract completed by the contractor within the engineering, land quality experience, and in accordance with the contract, the construction units to carry out the final project settlement price. Completion of the project audited settlement is approved in accordance with the construction of the project cost. Therefore, the completion of settlement of the audit is a very important work, should focus on the following:① check the accuracy of the project quantity.the check of project Quantity is the most important and most complicated, the most detailed work in process of the settle of completed project, this must be based on completion of the project plan, changed design and construction of the scene .it strictly in accordance with the provisions of the rules one by one in terms of project review to prevent the units of construction to increase the volume of inflated project cost in the settlement on completion of the project.② examine whether the additional apply is right . check the sub-projects listed in the price in line with the fixed unit price, check whether the name, specification, measurement units and the content consistent with the units of the valuation table; for the unit price of conversion, the first step is to check if the conversion price was fixed allowed, followed check if the conversion price is correct.③ check if the standards for the admission fee In line with the cost of the fixed and the cost of policies and regulations of the project during the construction.Fifth, the thinking and outlook of project cost management systemFrom a long time, we generally ignore the the project cost control of preparatory work for the construction phase, and control projects often focus on the cost of the construction phase - the budget review working drawings and reasonable settlement price Civil project and installation project,little count, although there do , but, after all, is "never too late to mend", achieve very little.In order to control construction costs effectively, it is necessary for us to shifted the focus of control to the early stages, the first thing we shoulf do is that to attach importance to this and strengthen the work of estimated investment of。
(完整版)工程造价外文及翻译
The Cost of Building Structure1. IntroductionThe art of architectural design was characterized as one of dealing comprehensively with a complex set of physical and nonphysical design determinants。
Structural considerations were cast as important physical determinants that should be dealt with in a hierarchical fashion if they are to have a significant impact on spatial organization and environmental control design thinking.The economical aspect of building represents a nonphysical structural consideration that, in final analysis， must also be considered important。
Cost considerations are in certain ways a constraint to creative design。
But this need not be so。
If something is known of the relationship between structural and constructive design options and their cost of implementation, it is reasonable to believe that creativity can be enhanced. This has been confirmed by the authors’observation that most enhanced. This has been confirmed by the authors’ observation that most creative design innovations succeed under competitive bidding and not because of unusual owner affluence as the few publicized cases of extravagance might lead one to believe。
工程造价论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
工程造价论文中英文资料对照外文翻译Risk Analysis of the International Construction ProjectABSTRACTThis analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong.KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof trusses. The building construction proceeded to completion and was handed over to the owners on Sept. 12, 1991. The SAZ took effective occupation of the headquarters building without a certificate of occupation. Also, the defects liability period was only three months .The roof structure was in place 10 years before partial failure in December 1999. The building insurance coverage did not cover enough, the City of Harare, a government municipality, issued the certificate of occupation 10 years after occupation, and after partial collapse of the roof .At first the SAZ decided to go to arbitration, but this failed to yield an immediate solution. The SAZ then decided to proceed to litigate in court and to bring a negligence claim against CABCO. The preparation for arbitration was reused for litigation. The SAZ’s quantified losses stood at approximately $ 6 million in Zimbabwe dollars (US $1.2m) .After all parties had examined the facts and evidence before them, it became clear that there was a great probability that the courts might rule that both the architects and the contractor were liable. It was at this stage that the defendants’ lawyers requested that the matter be settled out of court. The plaintiff agreed to this suggestion, with the terms of the settlement kept confidential .The aim of this critical analysis was to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of the building housing the HQ of Standard Association of Zimbabwe. It examined the prior roles played by the project management function and construction professionals in preventing/mitigating potential construction problems. It further assessed the extent to which the employer/client and parties to a construction contract are able to recover damages under that contract. The main objective of this critical analysis was to identify an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. The importance of this study is its multidimensional examination approach.Experience suggests that participants in a project are well able to identify risks based on their own experience. The adoption of a risk management approach, based solely in past experience and dependant on judgement, may work reasonably well in a stable low risk environment. It is unlikely to be effective where there is a change. This is because change requires the extrapolation of past experience, which could be misleading. All construction projects are prototypes to some extent and imply change. Change in the construction industry itself suggests that past experience is unlikely tobe sufficient on its own. A structured approach is required. Such a structure can not and must not replace the experience and expertise of the participant. Rather, it brings additional benefits that assist to clarify objectives, identify the nature of the uncertainties, introduces effective communication systems, improves decision-making, introduces effective risk control measures, protects the project objectives and provides knowledge of the risk history .Construction professionals need to know how to balance the contingencies of risk with their specific contractual, financial, operational and organizational requirements. Many construction professionals look at risks in dividually with a myopic lens and do not realize the potential impact that other associated risks may have on their business operations. Using a holistic risk management approach will enable a firm to identify all of the organization’s business risks. This wi ll increase the probability of risk mitigation, with the ultimate goal of total risk elimination .Recommended key construction and risk management strategies for future construction projects have been considered and their explanation follows. J.W. Hinchey stated that there is and can be no ‘best practice’ standard for risk allocation on a high-profile project or for that matter, any project. He said, instead, successful risk management is a mind-set and a process. According to Hinchey, the ideal mind-set is for the parties and their representatives to, first, be intentional about identifying project risks and then to proceed to develop a systematic and comprehensive process for avoiding, mitigating, managing and finally allocating, by contract, those risks in optimum ways for the particular project. This process is said to necessarily begin as a science and ends as an art .According to D. Atkinson, whether contractor, consultant or promoter, the right team needs to be assembled with the relevant multi-disciplinary experience of that particular type of project and its location. This is said to be necessary not only to allow alternative responses to be explored. But also to ensure that the right questions are asked and the major risks identified. Heads of sources of risk are said to be a convenient way of providing a structure for identifying risks to completion of a participant’s part of the project. Effective risk management is said to require amulti-disciplinary approach. Inevitably risk management requires examination of engineering, legal and insurance related solutions .It is stated that the use of analytical techniques based on a statistical approach could be of enormous use in decision making . Many of these techniques are said to be relevant to estimation of the consequences of risk events, and not how allocation of risk is to be achieved. In addition, at the present stage of the development of risk management, Atkinson states that it must be recognized that major decisions will be made that can not be based solely on mathematical analysis. The complexity of construction projects means that the project definition in terms of both physical form and organizational structure will be based on consideration of only a relatively small number of risks . This is said to then allow a general structured approach that can be applied to any construction project to increase the awareness of participants .The new, simplified Construction Design and Management Regulations (CDM Regulations) which came in to force in the UK in April 2007, revised and brought together the existing CDM 1994 and the Construction Health Safety and Welfare (CHSW) Regulations 1996, into a single regulatory package.The new CDM regulations offer an opportunity for a step change in health and safety performance and are used to reemphasize the health, safety and broader business benefits of a well-managed and co-ordinated approach to the management of health and safety in construction. I believe that the development of these skills is imperative to provide the client with the most effective services available, delivering the best value project possible.Construction Management at Risk (CM at Risk), similar to established private sector methods of construction contracting, is gaining popularity in the public sector. It is a process that allows a client to select a construction manager (CM) based on qualifications; make the CM a member of a collaborative project team; centralize responsibility for construction under a single contract; obtain a bonded guaranteed maximum price; produce a more manageable, predictable project; save time and money; and reduce risk for the client, the architect and the CM.CM at Risk, a more professional approach to construction, is taking its place along with design-build, bridging and the more traditional process of design-bid-build as an established method of project delivery.The AE can review the CM’s approach to the work, making helpful recommendations. The CM is allowed to take bids or proposals from subcontractors during completion of contract documents, prior to the guaranteed maximum price (GMP), which reduces the CM’s risk and provides useful input to design. The procedure is more methodical, manageable, predictable and less risky for all.The procurement of construction is also more business-like. Each trade contractor has a fair shot at being the low bidder without fear of bid shopping. Each must deliver the best to get the projec. Competition in the community is more equitable: all subcontractors have a fair shot at the work .A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.It was reasonable to assume that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It did appearjustified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects.In many projects clients do not understand the importance of their role in facilitating cooperation and coordination; the design is prepared without discussion between designers, manufacturers, suppliers and contractors. This means that the designer can not take advantage of suppliers’ or contractors’ knowledge of build ability or maintenance requirements and the impact these have on sustainability, the total cost of ownership or health and safety .This risk analysis was able to facilitate, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. This work also served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. They do not want surprises, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong.国际建设工程风险分析摘要此次分析用实例研究方法分析津巴布韦标准协会总部（SAZ）的屋顶部分坍塌的问题。
(完整)工程造价专业外文文献翻译(中英文对照
外文文献：Project Cost Control： The Way it WorksBy R. Max WidemanIn a recent consulting assignment we realized that there was some lack of understanding of the whole system of project cost control, how it is setup and applied. So we decided to write up a description of how it works。
Project cost control is not that difficult to follow in theory.First you establish a set of reference baselines. Then, as work progresses, you monitor the work， analyze the findings， forecast the end results and compare those with the reference baselines. If the end results are not satisfactory then you make adjustments as necessary to the work in progress, and repeat the cycle at suitable intervals。
If the end results get really out of line with the baseline plan, you may have to change the plan。
More likely， there will be （or have been） scope changes that change the reference baselines which means that every time that happens you have to change the baseline plan anyway。
工程造价工程变更毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
工程变更中英文资料外文翻译文献Highway engineering change reasonanalysis and cost of the project of influenceAbstract: in the implementation stage because of highway engineering design factors, environmental factors, the influence of various engineering changes happened is more common, combining with engineering practice, this paper discusses the causes and engineering change of project cost.Keywords: engineering change, Reason, CostDue to the highway project period, long, long line, so broad in construction of various causes by the engineering change is inevitable. Engineering change could lead to increase of construction cost or time limit of the owner and the contractor, between the claim will claim and the cost of the project.Owner of change and the causes of the costAnd when the owner change engineering bidding of construction conditions of commitment. "SanTongYiPing" referred to in the preceding paragraph, the engineering tight finish, delay purpose will increase the contractor's settlement fee, but little impact on total cost, the owner or project quantity change projects. Increase the project content or quantity, will increase the cost, Project content or cancel or reduce the number will reduce cost, but may affect the use function of engineering, because the owner with agreements for the existence of incomplete, or in the contract when division, can increase content of missing the contract cost, and the owners' requirements, and shorten delivery of finished ahead of the original contract period, invest more in construction unitcost of manpower and material resources, to increase, and improve the design standard requirement owner, beautiful Angle from security requirements of engineering structure change type, elevation, baseline, location, size and strength, make cost increase, and the owner to change in the construction organization design has approved the construction plan, cost increase, and the owner of the contract with the owner of the materials or equipment supply for the category and quantity, cause cost increase or decrease, and the owner of the contract specifies unreasonable, can make the cost is increasedThe design of change and the causes of the costThe design adopts the new standard, new technology, new technology, to replace the original design of the project, and put to use more favorable for owner reduce project cost, the depth of the design documents, cannot satisfy the relevant provisions of the relevant design phase of engineering change and requirements, cost increase or decrease, and when designing units in the preliminary design to fully consider the network planning, and in local government and related departments (e.g., environmental protection, water conservancy, electricity, gas, communication, navigation, etc.) and the requirements of the project, the main structure change shape and size change etc, make the cost increase, and design personnel errors or omissions caused engineering change. Due to the "two SanShen school system to implement the change that cost is increased, Unit, uncoordinated cooperation between designers, or the highway facilities with the principal part of the project design, cause sync job change, make cost increase, and the design drawing not timely delivery time delay, provide, construction, make the cost compensation shutdown caused by increased.Tthe contractor to change and cause the influence. CostThe contractor is unable to perform the contract or can't completely, the contractor shall take remedial measures proposed change, this kind of change of engineering cost, can increase by contractor burden loss, the contractor has been approved changes when bidding of construction project, this kind of change of cost, but almost no effect for the contractor may save construction cost, and the contractor for construction is convenient, or to shorten the construction period, or to reduce the investment of construction, and puts forward such reasons, and more economical and reasonable, optimizing design scheme, this kind of change if owner recognized, can reduce the construction cost, also can reduce the cost of the owner and the contractor, mutually beneficial, According to the contract, the contractor couldn't finish, engineering construction contractextension, the owner may terminate the contract terms, according to the content of construction contract in whole or in part, by the contractor, this kind of other changes generally does not make owner cost increase, but will make the contractor under loss, due to the contractor technology or management of the error caused by engineering change, this kind of change to the contractor, the owner may claim generally do not increase the cost, stipulated in the contract, the contractor change by owner procurement materials, using other kinds of materials, and therefore model brand damage by contractor, unless the owner to approbate, generally do not add costthe supervisor of change and the causes of the costSupervision by the owner, commissioned by the cause of the change of the owner or expenses directly influence the cost. 1 and supervision engineer in order to coordinate the contractor's operation, or section of this project contractors to coordinate with relevant departments or units where the relations of production, easy cause engineering change caused by increased cost. the site supervision engineers in actual situation in the contract and the technical specification for the design, according to local modification and perfect or by design, this kind of change unit may cause increased cost. and supervision engineers work and coordination ability damage caused by lack of rework, engineering cost change work. and supervision engineer proposed optimization design or construction, the design optimization or contractor agree, can reduce engineering changes caused by the project cost.The environment factors and impact on the cost of changeEngineering geology unknown or insufficiency in design, engineering cost increased to. and highway engineering construction projects from the construction, project feasibility study, design and construction drawing design to construction, due to various reasons, the project in the declaration and approval process, some problems existing in the construction stage, these problems caused by exposure to change, and engineering cost increase. and national policies, laws and regulations and standard, the change of change, resulting in increased cost. Four, the local government of the people's production and life convenient scheme adopted by engineering change after that cost increase. whose house is caused by delay, the work of engineering change, could lead to increased cost.Highway engineering change of a variety of reasons, this means that the appraisal work for engineering changes are complex and difficult to decrease the cost, the change of the effects are also different. Through the analysis, is looking for engineering changes the various causes, andthrough the analysis of the cost control are not isolated, control cost, the key is to establish and perfect the scientific management system. Based on control cost, quality assurance and accelerate the progress, the principle of efficiency to determine the necessity and feasibility of engineering change. Only in this way can we truly achieve the effective control of the construction project cost and improve the economic benefit and social benefit.公路工程变更原因分析及其对工程造价的影响摘要：公路工程在实施阶段由于设计因素、环境因素等多方面的影响，发生工程变更是较常见的，文章结合工程实践，探讨工程变更的原因及其对工程造价的影响。
有关介绍工程造价的英语作文
有关介绍工程造价的英语作文英文回答：Engineering cost estimation is an essential part of any construction project. It involves determining the expenses associated with the materials, labor, and equipment necessary for completing the project. Accurate cost estimation is crucial for ensuring that the project stays within budget and is completed on time.To estimate the cost of a construction project, various factors need to be considered. These include the type of construction, the size and complexity of the project, the location, and the current market conditions. Additionally, the cost estimation process involves analyzing theproject's specifications, blueprints, and other relevant documents to determine the quantities of materials needed and the time required for completion.Once all the necessary information is gathered, costestimators use different methods to calculate the project's expenses. One common method is the unit cost method, where the cost of each item or activity is determined and then multiplied by the quantity required. Another method is the parametric estimating method, which uses historical data and mathematical models to estimate costs based on certain parameters.Furthermore, cost estimators also consider indirect costs such as overhead expenses, permits, and fees. These costs are not directly related to the constructionactivities but are necessary for the project's successful completion. It is crucial to include these indirect costsin the estimation to ensure an accurate overall picture of the project's expenses.In conclusion, engineering cost estimation is a complex process that requires careful analysis and consideration of various factors. Accurate cost estimation is essential for successful project management and ensuring that the project stays within budget. By utilizing different methods and considering all relevant factors, cost estimators canprovide an accurate estimation of the expenses associated with a construction project.中文回答：工程造价估算是任何建筑项目中的重要组成部分。
工程造价专业英语作文
工程造价专业英语作文Title: The Importance of Cost Engineering in Construction Projects。
Cost engineering plays a pivotal role in the success of construction projects, serving as a critical component in the overall project management process. This essay explores the significance of cost engineering in construction projects, focusing on its key principles, methodologies, and benefits.Introduction:Cost engineering encompasses the processes involved in estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs throughout the lifecycle of a construction project. It involves a systematic approach to forecasting expenses, optimizing resources, and ensuring financial feasibility. In today's dynamic construction industry, where budget overruns and schedule delays are common challenges, effective costengineering practices are essential for project success.Key Principles of Cost Engineering:1. Accurate Estimation: Cost engineers utilize various techniques such as historical data analysis, parametric estimating, and bottom-up estimating to accurately predict project costs. By considering factors such as materials, labor, equipment, and overhead expenses, they develop comprehensive cost estimates that serve as the foundationfor project budgets.2. Risk Management: Cost engineering involvesidentifying and mitigating potential risks that couldimpact project costs. This includes assessing uncertainties such as market fluctuations, regulatory changes, and unforeseen events, and developing contingency plans to address them. By proactively managing risks, cost engineers minimize the likelihood of cost overruns and project delays.3. Value Engineering: Value engineering focuses on maximizing the value of project investments whileminimizing costs. Cost engineers collaborate with project stakeholders to identify opportunities for cost savings without compromising quality or functionality. This may involve evaluating alternative materials, construction methods, or design modifications to achieve optimal cost-efficiency.4. Cost Control: Throughout the project lifecycle, cost engineers monitor expenditures, track variances against the budget, and implement corrective actions as needed. By maintaining strict financial discipline and adhering to budgetary constraints, they ensure that projects remain on track financially and avoid exceeding allocated funds.Methodologies in Cost Engineering:1. Cost Estimating Techniques: Cost engineers employ a variety of estimating techniques, including analog estimating, parametric estimating, and three-point estimating, to develop accurate cost projections. These techniques leverage historical data, industry benchmarks, and expert judgment to quantify project costs withprecision.2. Cost Management Systems: Advanced cost management systems such as Earned Value Management (EVM) provide cost engineers with real-time visibility into project performance. EVM integrates cost, schedule, and scope data to assess project progress and forecast future outcomes, enabling proactive decision-making and risk mitigation.3. Life Cycle Cost Analysis: Cost engineers conduct life cycle cost analyses to evaluate the total cost of ownership over the project's lifespan. By considering not only initial construction costs but also long-term operational, maintenance, and disposal expenses, they help stakeholders make informed investment decisions that optimize value over time.Benefits of Cost Engineering:1. Cost Savings: Effective cost engineering practices help minimize project costs through accurate estimation, value engineering, and cost control measures. Byidentifying cost-saving opportunities and mitigating financial risks, cost engineers contribute to improved project profitability and return on investment.2. Improved Decision-Making: Cost engineers provide stakeholders with reliable cost data and performance metrics to support informed decision-making throughout the project lifecycle. By analyzing cost trends, identifying cost drivers, and evaluating alternative scenarios, they empower project teams to make strategic choices that align with project objectives and constraints.3. Enhanced Stakeholder Confidence: By demonstrating transparency, accountability, and financial stewardship, cost engineers instill confidence in project stakeholders, including clients, investors, and regulatory authorities. Their ability to effectively manage project costs and deliver projects within budget and schedule fosters trust and credibility within the construction industry.Conclusion:In conclusion, cost engineering plays a crucial role in the success of construction projects by facilitating accurate cost estimation, effective cost management, and value optimization. By adhering to key principles, leveraging advanced methodologies, and delivering tangible benefits, cost engineers contribute to the overall competitiveness, sustainability, and profitability of construction projects. As the construction industry continues to evolve, the role of cost engineering will remain indispensable in achieving project success and delivering value to stakeholders.。
工程造价英语作文
工程造价英语作文Title: Understanding Engineering Cost Management。
Engineering cost management is a critical aspect of any construction project, ensuring that resources are utilized efficiently and budgets are adhered to. In this essay, we will delve into the principles, strategies, and challenges associated with engineering cost management.Firstly, it's essential to understand the keyprinciples underlying engineering cost management. One fundamental principle is accurate cost estimation. This involves thoroughly assessing all aspects of the project, including materials, labor, equipment, and overhead costs, to develop a comprehensive budget. Accurate cost estimation forms the foundation for effective cost control throughout the project lifecycle.Secondly, effective cost control is vital for managing engineering projects successfully. This entails monitoringexpenses, identifying variances from the budget, and implementing corrective actions when necessary. Utilizing cost control tools such as Earned Value Management (EVM) can help project managers track performance against the budget and schedule, enabling timely interventions to mitigate cost overruns.Furthermore, risk management plays a crucial role in engineering cost management. Anticipating and mitigating potential risks, such as design changes, delays, and supply chain disruptions, can prevent cost escalations and project delays. Implementing robust risk management strategies, such as conducting thorough risk assessments and developing contingency plans, enhances the project's resilience to unforeseen challenges.In addition to principles, several strategies can optimize engineering cost management. One such strategy is value engineering, which involves analyzing project components to identify opportunities for cost savings without compromising quality or functionality. Value engineering encourages innovative solutions and fosterscollaboration among project stakeholders to achieve cost-effective outcomes.Moreover, adopting lean construction practices can streamline project delivery and reduce costs. Lean principles, such as minimizing waste, improving workflow efficiency, and fostering continuous improvement, can enhance productivity and resource utilization, ultimately driving down project costs.However, despite the importance of engineering cost management, several challenges exist in its implementation. One common challenge is inaccurate cost estimation, leading to budget overruns and financial strain on projects.Factors such as incomplete project scope, volatile market conditions, and unforeseen complications can contribute to cost estimation errors.Another challenge is managing scope changes effectively. Changes in project scope, whether due to client requests or unforeseen circumstances, can impact project costs and schedules. Therefore, establishing robust change managementprocesses and clearly defining scope boundaries are essential to mitigate the impact of scope changes onproject finances.Furthermore, navigating complex contractual arrangements and procurement processes can pose challenges in engineering cost management. Ensuring transparency, fairness, and compliance with contractual obligations while optimizing procurement costs requires careful negotiation and contract administration skills.In conclusion, engineering cost management is integral to the success of construction projects, requiring meticulous planning, diligent monitoring, and proactiverisk management. By adhering to key principles, implementing effective strategies, and addressing common challenges, project stakeholders can optimize resource utilization, minimize costs, and deliver projects on time and within budget.。
英文工程造价作文
英文工程造价作文The cost estimation for this engineering project is quite challenging. We need to consider various factors such as materials, labor, equipment, and overhead expenses. It's crucial to be accurate in our calculations to avoid any budget overruns.One of the key aspects in cost estimation is to analyze the scope of work in detail. This involves breaking down the project into smaller tasks and estimating the cost for each task separately. By doing so, we can identify any potential cost discrepancies and adjust our budget accordingly.Another important factor to consider is the market conditions. Prices of materials and labor can fluctuate depending on the economic situation and demand. It's essential to stay updated on market trends and adjust our cost estimation accordingly to avoid any surprises during the project execution.In addition to materials and labor costs, we also need to consider indirect costs such as permits, insurance, and taxes. These costs can add up quickly and significantly impact the overall budget. It's important to factor in all these indirect costs to ensure an accurate cost estimation.Lastly, communication with stakeholders is crucial in cost estimation. We need to keep all parties involved informed about the budget status and any changes in cost estimation. By maintaining open communication, we can ensure that everyone is on the same page and avoid any misunderstandings or conflicts related to the project budget.。
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工程造价专业英语The stage of the project costmanagementAbstractProject cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives.Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy,Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s, 1980s perfect together. Performanceof the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget, content, methods and approval, the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation, approval, management authority, and so on.With the historical process, after recovery, reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However, as the socialist market economic development, the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking, the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time under the conditions of productivity, will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions, as long as a certain level of investment, will be certain outputs. In this environment, the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices, wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment, the budget estimate for the system approved project cost, help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist market economic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years, international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China, the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy, light the economy and technology,First, the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control, cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals.Second, the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances, My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept, building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal, learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries, and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system, efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence, The construction cost is an important stage control.China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price, and focusing only on the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects, the information can not be fully, comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small, estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost, many owners have thewrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a number of factors, a combination of practical, comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits, with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage, rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study, the work is done well, returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise, invest more, less effective, resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.At present, some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue, false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors, actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems, lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective, even become hopeless completion of the beard works.Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs, we must do the following aspects:ⅰImplementation of the construction project and corporate accountability, Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.ⅱA realistic approach to market analysis, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider buildingprojects in the future market competitiveness, design task more scientific and reliability.ⅲCapital financing must have a formal commitment document, the parties must do investment funds in place, and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.ⅳTo strengthen the engineering geology, hydrology, geology and land, water, electricity, transport, environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.Taking extensive investigation and research, comparison of similar projects, seriously functional analysis, multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation, and the final technologically advanced, functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects, thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of the amount of investment, so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level.The design phase of the project cost control for a long time, China's building control very effective, - investment projects is not uncommon, this will affect owners of investment returns, it adds to the owners and within budget, as well as difficulties in fund owners, the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears, and so on. Hence, the control of the project cost is of great significance, however the project cost is the primary means of control design, Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control, and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact, it is wrong, on the contrary, Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design, construction methods, materials and equipment types, models of the project cost is of critical significance, design optimization phase of the program or minor changes, project cost will have a significant impact, Design phase of the project cost control of the total project costof 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law: ⅰAs the owners must design, the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level, and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between, We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design, Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget, certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same, and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than 30%, and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost, and good design is often low cost, We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels, the design works naturally, therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method, the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements, cost control targets, and so on.2设计阶段的工程造价控制长期以来,我国建筑控制很有效,因此,控制工程造价具有重要意义, 但工程造价的主要方法是控制设计。