2015年全国职称英语考试 理工类新增文章汇总 考试重点内容 word版 全网独一份 改
2015年职称英语教材理工类概括大意与完成句子
第一篇More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing每晚只需8小时，睡眠过多非益事1Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.2Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up1 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night‘s sleep than 8-hour sleepers.2睡眠不足带来的危害已经广为人知，而一项新的研究表明睡眠过多同样会使人们产生不良后果。
圣地亚哥加利福尼亚大学的研究人员发现在入睡、保持睡眠等方面，每晚睡眠9或10小时的人比睡8小时的人存在更多问题。
而每晚仅睡7小时的人则表示，他们在入睡及休息后精力恢复程度上不及8小时睡眠者。
3These findings, which Dr Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine3, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night‘s rest may not need to set aside4 more than 8 hours a night He added that ―it might be a good idea‖ for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.4Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep — for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.Daniel Kripke博士在《心身医学》杂志上报告的这些新发现表明，人们如果想晚上休息好，每天留给睡眠的时间只需8小时。
2015年职称英语理工类教材变动情况(完整详细版)
阅读理解第九篇An Essential Scientific Process All life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no lo nger contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.练习：1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means A heavy. B extra. C green. D liquid. 2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata? A Carbon dioxide. B Water vapor. C Oxygen. D Food. 3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis. B the formation of glucose. C global warming. D water getting to the roots of plants.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process. B telling a story. C comparing and contrasting. D convincing the reader o f plants’ importance. 5．Another good title for this passage would be A Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide. B Plants and Their Roots. C How Photosynthesis Works. D Why Our Earth Needs Water.答案:BDAAC译文：一个至关重要的科学过程地球上所有的生命都依靠绿色植物生存。
2015年职称英语新增文章(理工类B级)
3．What did cope realize about a great composer’s brain?
AIt forms new musical patterns all by itselfBIt writes a computer programCIt can recognize any music patternsDIt creates an accurate database
4．Who is Emmy?
Aa databaseBa computer softwareCa compபைடு நூலகம்ser who helped DavidDan opera
5．We can infer from the passage that ______.
ADavid Cope is a computer programmer.BDavid Cope loves music.CBach’s music helped him a lot.DEmmy did much more work than a composer.
.ARight
6．Men and women dream about different things.ARight
7．Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.BWrong
The Biology of Music
1．Humans, but not animals, can sing.BWrong
What Is a Dream?
职称英语理工类新增文章篇目实务知识资料
词汇：
threshold/‘θre?h?uld/ｎ 起点,开端；
门槛neutral/'nju：tml/aｄj.中性的；中立的
strive/stralv/v.努力,力求；斗争
disposal/dｉs’paool/ｎ.处理,处置；配置
motive/mzotlv/ｎ．动机,目的
注释：
1．Our senses aren’t just delivering a strict view of…in our heads：这个句子的大概意思是：我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界；五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响.
B. An experiment with hungry and non—hungry participants is not reliable.
C. Our thinking processes are independent of our senses.
D. Humans call perceive what high—level thinking processes
+第四十八篇：Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright
2015年新教材全国职称英语考试理工a重要文章字典版
34Batteries Built by Viruses病毒电池 What do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It’s no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds. 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病 有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引 起的疾病。
病毒是能够在人与人之间传染 的微生物。
难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首 先想到的是如何躲避病毒。
Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.In Cambridge ， Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work，teaching them to build some of the world’s smallest rechargeable batteries. 然 而， 并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带 者。
在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有 些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。
他们使病 毒开始工作， 使病毒构成世界上最小的充 电电池。
Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virusbuilt batteries，the scientists combine what they know about biology ， technology and production techniques. 病毒和电池的搭档 似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉 拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。
2015职称英语(理工A类)真题及答案(文字版)更新
2015年职称英语考试《理工A》真题Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on EarthScientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn‟t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth‟s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoi c period, about 800 million years ago —but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?Well,it seems the air wasn‟t so great then, after all.Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth‟s atmosphere couldn‟thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advance mentswere poised to occur.“There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherRein hard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We‟re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.”Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth‟s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygen‟srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today‟sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surfa ce Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.”Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation‟s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons.Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; ThomasJohnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology.16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth‟s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned据网友提供信息，2015年职称英语考试理工A概括大意与完成句子真题及答案，广大考生可以参考本帖，对照答案。
2015年全国职称英语考试 综合类新增文章汇总 考试重点内容 word版 全网独一份 改
2015年全国职称英语考试综合类新增文章汇总word版全网独一份注：押题皇后王老师授意，新增文章仍然是考试热门文章，务必掌握。
2015年职称英语教材综合类的变动比较小，一共只有6篇新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材综合类新增的6篇文章，分布在阅读判断、阅读理解和补全短文：阅读判断综合C新增一篇文章；阅读理解综合C和综合B各新增一篇文章；补全短文综合A、B和C各新增一篇文章。
完形填空综合类整体都没有新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下：综合C阅读判断新增文章第三篇Across the DesertsThe Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very col d. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. But they didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finishedtheir trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.词汇stretch v. 延伸，伸展calorie n. 卡（路里)，小卡，大卡quit v. 停止，放注释1. ... made the decision to run across ...：......决正跑步横跨......练习1. It’s not always hot m the Sahara Desert.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned2. Each day the men ran for approximately eight hours.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned3. In the middle of the day: the men usually stopped running.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned4. They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned5. Sometimes they couldn't see the road because it was windy.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned6. Luckily, they never got lost.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned7. On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five countries.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned答案与题解1. A文中提到撒哈拉沙漠白天很热晚上有时很冷，所以不是总是很热。
2015职称英语(理工A类)真题及答案(文字版)
“It seems clear that there is a f-iorsrdt er difference
inthe nature of Earth surfa ce Cr cycling ” before and after the rise of animals.
“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment, ” saidco -author Tim Lyons of the University of California- Riverside. “This could be agame changer. ”
2015 年职称英语考试
《理工 A》真题
Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth
Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn?t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth?s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?
2015年职称英语理工B级概括大意整理版(背诵版)
第一篇More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing（每晚只需8个小时，睡眠过多非益事）1、Paragraph 2 (E Sleep Problems of Long and Short Sleepers)段落2(长、短睡者的睡眠问题)2、Paragraph 4 (B Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep)段落4(B习惯性睡眠短缺的危险)3、Paragraph 5 (A Kripke’s Rese arch Tool)段落5 (A克里普克的研究工具)4、Paragraph 6 (D A Way of Overcoming Insomnia)段落6 (D克服失眠的一种方式)5、To get a good night's rest, people may not need to(F sleep more than 8 hours)一夜好休息,人们可能不需要(F睡眠超过8小时)6、Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to(E suffer sleep problems)长睡眠者更有可能(E遭受睡眠问题)7、One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to(A fall asleep again)睡眠问题之一是在半夜醒来,无法(再次入睡)8. One survey showed that people who habitually ____ each night have a higher risk of dying. (C sleep less than 7 hours confirm those serious)一项调查显示,人们习惯性地每天晚上有更高的死亡风险。
2015职称英语考试理工类A级新增文章
标题：Small But Wise小而聪明On December14,NASA1blasted a small but mighty telescope into space.The telescope is12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”(聪明)called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan.Don't let its small size fool you:WISE has大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。
你可千万不要轻视这个小东西，WISE可是一款高强数码相机a powerful digital camera,and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2in the known它将在人类已知的宇宙里拍摄任何你所universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3and giant clouds of dust where planets能想到的天体，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天and stars are born.体，以及自行星和恒星诞生以来的巨大尘埃云"I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seenNed Wright是主持WISE项目的科学家他说：“我十分兴奋，因为我们就before,"said Ned Wright,a scientist who directs the WISE project.要看到以前从未看到过的那部分宇宙”。
2015职称英语理工新增所有内容-排版打印版
理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. ____1____Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2____ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3____ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.____4____ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old pe ople?”A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. ____5____People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.词汇：affectionate adj. 深情的dexterity n. 灵巧，敏捷anthropomorphize v. 赋于人性，人格化grumpy adj. 脾气暴躁的cyber adj. 计算机的tend v. 照料bot n. 机器人subservient adj. 屈从的，奉承的注释：1．Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn：计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。
2015年全国职称英语考试 理工类新增文章汇总 考试重点内容 word版 全网独一份
2015年全国职称英语考试理工类新增文章汇总word版全网独一份注：押题皇后王霞老师授意，新增文章仍然是考试热门文章，务必掌握。
2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。
完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allowscarbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。
2015年职称英语增加篇小抄
A record-breaking rover 破纪录的漫游车美国宇航局的火星漫游车“机遇号”到达了其他任何漫游车都没有到达的地方--至少从距离上来说是如此。
自2004年“机遇号”到达火星以来，它已经行驶了25.01英里，比任何外星漫游车走的距离都长。
在火星上行驶数年之后，到7月27日，如高尔夫球那么大的“机遇号”已经行驶了超过24英里，打败了之前的记录保持者----一辆1973年被送上月球的苏联漫游车。
“这是一项不同寻常的成就，因为“机遇号”并不是为了长途行驶而设计的，它本来预定只能行驶大约一千米。
”约翰.卡拉斯这样解释。
他是火星探测漫游车项目的负责人，在加州帕萨迪纳市的美国宇航局喷射推进实验室工作。
“但是最重要的不是漫游车行进了多少距离，而是在这个距离上我们进行了多少探索和发现。
”“机遇号”“机遇号”依靠太阳能提供能量。
十年前，它和另一辆漫游车“勇气号”一起在火星着陆，完成一项预期三个月的任务，目前是帮助科学家进一步了解火星，并且搜寻生命迹象，比如可能存在的水的迹象。
“勇气号”后来陷入沙坑中，三个月后，在2010年3月，它与地面失去联系，只有“机遇号”继续收集和分析火星土壤和岩石的信息。
在执行这次任务的过程中，“机遇号”利用自带的照相机拍摄了大约18700张火星的全景和微观影像并传回地球，还给科学家提供了火星的大气、土壤、岩石以及地形等信息。
马拉松漫游车漫游车的战绩不会止步于此。
如果“机遇号”能够继续行驶的话，在它行驶到26.2英里的时候，它就会到达另外一个重要的研究场地，科学家将这个场地命名为马拉松谷，因为当漫游车到达这个地点的时候，它在火星上行驶的距离正好和马拉松比赛的距离相等。
研究人员认为，马拉松谷附近的黏土物质含有与火星早期环境有关的线索。
“机遇号”接下来的工作能帮助研究人员实施人类最终移居火星的计划。
其他几篇我都有哦，请下载。
2015年职称英语真题：理工A（文字版部分）
2015年职称英语真题：理⼯A(⽂字版部分) 第2部分阅读判断 Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen? Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all. Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur. “There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.” Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere. Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen. Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life. Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals. “If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.” Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons. Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology. 16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise ofanimals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 第3部分概括⼤意与完成句⼦ FirstImage-recognition Software 1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial 1 ,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before. 2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to , Ishows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则)or ,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie , document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video — rather than just text — to locatedocuments. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledgegleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results. 3."Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the study, "the Web has evolved from a small collection ofmostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia dataset,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a personlooks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popularsearch engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search." 4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system — a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitlyprogrammed — that extracts semantic (语义的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe original search engine purely based on text. 23. Paragraph 1 __B__ 24. Paragraph 2 __C__ 25. Paragraph 3 __E__ 26. Paragraph 4 __D__ A.Popularity of the new system B.Publication of the new discovery C.Function of the new system D.Artificial intelligence software created E.Problems of the existing search engines F.Improvement in document retrieval 27. The new system does documentretrieval by __C__. 28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in __B__. 29. When performing documentretrieval the existing search engines ignore __A__ 30. The new system was found moreeffective in document search than the __E__ rmation in images B.current popular search engines ing photos D.machine vision systems E.document search F.description of the HTML page 第4部分阅读理解 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’ta very efficient way to gather heat. That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, anassociate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada. Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. “That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light— pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market. However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent. 31. PVTs are not efficient in A. creating electricity. B. cooling silicon solar cells. C. generating heat. D. powering solar thermal collectors. 32. One of the problems PVTs have is that A. their thermala pplications are costly. B. they are too expensive to afford. C. it is hard to fix them on the roof. D. they occupy too much space. 33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells? A. They are flexible. B. They are less expensive. C. They are electrically efficient. D. They are environment friendly. 34. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market because A. they do not work well if exposed to light. B. their advantages are not well-recognized. C. they need improving in appearance. D. they are not advertised. 35 Which of the following statements is true? A. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon. B Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature. C Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up. D Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created. 译⽂： 第⼗三篇更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光 太阳能光伏热能系统，也叫PVT，能够⽣成热量和电能。
2015年职称英语考试理工类阅读理解新增内容
Graphene's Superstrength1Big technology comes in tiny packages.New cell phones and personal computers get smaller every year，which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside.Engineers are looking for creative ways to build these components，and they've turned their eyes to graphene，a superthin2material，made of carbon，that could change the future of electronics.This year's Nobel Prize for Physics3has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the University of Manchester4，UK.for the discovery of graphene.Graphene isn't just small,it's"the thinnest possible material in this world，"says Novoselov.He calls it a"wonder material."It's so thin that you would need to stack about25,000sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of ordinary white paper.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers5，you'd have no idea because you wouldn't be able to see it.Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. Every known kind of life contains carbon.Graphene is a sheet of carbon，but only one atom thick.You don't have to look far to find grapheme-it's all around you.If you want this high-tech wonderstuff6，all you need is a pencil，paper and a little adhesive e the pencil to shade a small area on the paper,and then apply a small piece of adhesive tape over the area7.When you pull up the tape，you'll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil.That layer is called graphite，one of the softest minerals in the world.Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up-there should be an even thinner layer，this time left on the paper.Now imagine that you do this over and over，until you get the thinnest possible layer of material on the paper.This layer would be only one atom thick，and you wouldn't be able to see it.Graphite is made of layers of graphene，so when you get to the thinnest possible layer，you've found graphene.词汇：graphene n.石墨烯abundant adj.丰富的，充裕的atom n.原子adhesive n.胶粘剂;adj.黏着的stack v.使成堆，堆放graphite n.石墨注释：1.superstrength：超强的力量。
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2015年全国职称英语考试理工类新增文章汇总
word版全网独一份
注：押题皇后王老师授意，新增文章仍然是考试热门文章，务必掌
握。
2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。
完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下：
旧文章新增文章
理工C 阅读理解第九篇：EgyptFelled by Famine
第九篇：AnEssential Scientific
Process
补全短文第五篇：TheMagic of Sound第五篇：ARecord-Breaking Rover
理工B 阅读理解第二十二篇：Snowflakes第二十二篇：Real-WorldRobots 补全短文第九篇：Heat Is Killer第九篇：LighteningStrikes
理工
A
补全短文第十三篇：SleepingGiant第十三篇：AffectionateAndroids
理工C阅读理解新增文章
第九篇An Essential Scientific Process
All life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.
The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows
carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.
If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.
词汇：
nutrient n.营养物
organism n.生物体，有机体
carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳
chloroplast n.叶绿体
molecule n.分子
vapor n.水蒸气
oxygen n.氧气
photosynthesis n.光合作用
chlorophyll n.叶绿素
glucose n.葡萄糖
cease v.停止
注释：
1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。
练习：
1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means
Aheavy.
Bextra.
Cgreen.
Dliquid.
2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata?
ACarbon dioxide.
BWater vapor.
COxygen.
DFood.
3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to
Aphotosynthesis.
Bthe formation of glucose.
Cglobal warming.
Dwater getting to the roots of plants.
4．This passage is primarily developed by
Aexplaining a process.
Btelling a story.
Ccomparing and contrasting
Dconvincing the reader of plants’ importance.
5．Another good title for this passage would be
AOxygen and Carbon Dioxide.
BPlants and Their Roots.
CHow Photosynthesis Works.
DWhy Our Earth Needs Water.
答案与题解：
1．B 前文讲到，植物产生的氧气一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气，因此可以推测这句话的意思应该是剩余的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。
excess在句中的意思是“超额的”，与extra“额外的”意思相近。
2．D 从第三段的第一、二句得知，二氧化碳、氧气和水蒸气都能从气孔中通过，唯一一个没有提到的是food“养分、食物”，因此该题选D项。
3．A 文章通篇都在讲Photosynthesis，即光合作頌钠作用和重要性，文章结尾又重申了Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet，因此选A项。
B项是光合作用的一个部分，C、D项则毫不相干。
4．A 文章先是介绍了进行光合作用所需的原料和组织，又介绍了光合作用的过程，因此整个逻辑应该是解释过程，而不是讲故事或比较对比。
D项是“向读者说明植物的重要性”，这确实是文章的一个目的，但不是文章的组织方式。
5．C 文章的主题是光合作用的基本原理，因此选项C。
A、B项在文中有提及，但不是主旨，D项与本文无关。
理工C补全短文新增文章：
第五篇A Record-Breaking Rover
NASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. ____1____
On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.
“This is so remarkable c onsidering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and。