英语专业写作中常用的单词和短语(分类整理的)
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To begin with
Next ,then ,subsequently(其后，随后，接着) , (somewhat ) later
In the first /second place ,etc
In conclusion finally lastly in the end
Thereupon thereafter
Firstthenoncenextafter when
untillastly as before while
As soon as at this point at the same time
Words & Phrases Often Usedfor Describing Spatial Relationship（描述空间关系）
Words & Phrases Often Used in Describe Chronological Relations(按时间顺序关系)
Now,nowadays
When ,before ,after ,while ,during
Between……and
In ….(year ), in the 1900s ,etc
in one instance in this instance（在这种情况下）in one instance
in other words as an example as follows take an example
let me illustrate let me cite as proof（让我举出证据）according to statistics
Where
In which ,to which , from which ,etc
Under below beneath down over above up on the top of inside beside etc
Along through as far as ,etc
North northern south southern ,etc
Presently ,eventually ,afterwards ,at last
At the turn of the century /decade etc (在世纪/年代之交)
In the first half of the century ,etc
At birth , in childhood , in infancy（在婴儿期）, In adolescence , as an adult , in adulthood , in old age , at death
Words & Phrases Often Usedfor Making Generalization and Giving Specific Details（归纳和给出具体细节）
For example in substantiation（证明）for instance in practice
to substantiate for one thing as an illustration（作为一个例子）to illustrate（举例）
Words & Phrases Often Usedfor Discussing Cause and Effect
so result in
thus as a result in
hence the result of
since have a effect on
owe …to it follows that
Next to close to near to
Adjacent to（与…毗连的）parallel rectangle（长方形，矩形）
Corresponding to（相当于…与…相一致）parallel to semicircle（半圆形）
Distance perpendicular to（垂直于）slope（倾斜；有斜度）
condition category attribute（认为…是；把…归于）
Simultaneously(adv.同时地；一壁；齐；一齐) simultaneous with(同时) at the same time as , the former , the latter , in the mean time（同时）
Words & Phrases Often Used inWriting Process Description（写作过程的描述）
regions categories twk.baidu.commes /eras（纪元，年代）
according to … fall into …categories
with respect to …（关于，（至于）谈到）
can be divided into …kinds /types /classes/parts
Words & Phrases Often Usedfor Definition
generally speaking according to statistical evidence on the whole（大体上，基本上）
Words & Phrases Often Usedin Making Comparison and Contrast（比较和对比）
To compare:
similar to almost the same as similarly at the same time as
as as….as like ,alike in like manner
likewise in the same way both to have ….in common
correspond to common characteristics ,etc correspondingly（相对地，比照地）
Midpoint plane space
Interior（内部的）opposite to surface
Diagonal（对角线的；斜线的）overlapping（物体）部份重叠；交叠vertical
Edge pyramid horizontal（水平的，卧式的；地平线的）
Limit exterior（外面的，外部的，外表上的，表面的）intersection（横断，横切；交叉，相交；交叉点）
divisions similar /similarities dissimilar /dissimilarities
different /differences opposite /opposing
kinds aspects attributes types factors
characteristics classes sources qualities parts
to define to explain to definition in explanation
in other words by …is meant to clarify to paraphrase
in clarification
device method type property（特性，属性）kind
To the left to the right to the south ,etc
On the left on the right ,etc
At the back in front in the middle ,etc
Here in the distance beyond further ,etc
make …possible the consequence of
therefore accordingly make it possible /impossible for …to …
Words & Phrases Often Usedfor Classification（分类）
classify classifications divide
to be parallel in（是平行的）resemble（与…相像，类似于）equally important
resemblance（相似，形似）accordingly
To contrast:
unlike differ from while different from
whereas in contrast to however in opposition to
Since …
From then on
Later , afterwards , earlier , formerly
After an interval soon(过了一段时间后)
Previous,(adj.先前的；以前的；过早的；（时间上）稍前的) previously ,
prior to在…之前
First , second ,etc
still on the contrary nevertheless on the other hand
then …there this …that once ….now some ….others
otherwise on the opposite side but less/more /faster …than
although despite, in spite of even so years ago ….today
not only …but also the first ….whereas the second the former ….the latter
here …there on the one hand …on the other
owing to as
out of so that
thanks to so …that
so that now that
seeing that the cause of
for fear that for this reason
such …that then reason for
so as to consequently
Next ,then ,subsequently(其后，随后，接着) , (somewhat ) later
In the first /second place ,etc
In conclusion finally lastly in the end
Thereupon thereafter
Firstthenoncenextafter when
untillastly as before while
As soon as at this point at the same time
Words & Phrases Often Usedfor Describing Spatial Relationship（描述空间关系）
Words & Phrases Often Used in Describe Chronological Relations(按时间顺序关系)
Now,nowadays
When ,before ,after ,while ,during
Between……and
In ….(year ), in the 1900s ,etc
in one instance in this instance（在这种情况下）in one instance
in other words as an example as follows take an example
let me illustrate let me cite as proof（让我举出证据）according to statistics
Where
In which ,to which , from which ,etc
Under below beneath down over above up on the top of inside beside etc
Along through as far as ,etc
North northern south southern ,etc
Presently ,eventually ,afterwards ,at last
At the turn of the century /decade etc (在世纪/年代之交)
In the first half of the century ,etc
At birth , in childhood , in infancy（在婴儿期）, In adolescence , as an adult , in adulthood , in old age , at death
Words & Phrases Often Usedfor Making Generalization and Giving Specific Details（归纳和给出具体细节）
For example in substantiation（证明）for instance in practice
to substantiate for one thing as an illustration（作为一个例子）to illustrate（举例）
Words & Phrases Often Usedfor Discussing Cause and Effect
so result in
thus as a result in
hence the result of
since have a effect on
owe …to it follows that
Next to close to near to
Adjacent to（与…毗连的）parallel rectangle（长方形，矩形）
Corresponding to（相当于…与…相一致）parallel to semicircle（半圆形）
Distance perpendicular to（垂直于）slope（倾斜；有斜度）
condition category attribute（认为…是；把…归于）
Simultaneously(adv.同时地；一壁；齐；一齐) simultaneous with(同时) at the same time as , the former , the latter , in the mean time（同时）
Words & Phrases Often Used inWriting Process Description（写作过程的描述）
regions categories twk.baidu.commes /eras（纪元，年代）
according to … fall into …categories
with respect to …（关于，（至于）谈到）
can be divided into …kinds /types /classes/parts
Words & Phrases Often Usedfor Definition
generally speaking according to statistical evidence on the whole（大体上，基本上）
Words & Phrases Often Usedin Making Comparison and Contrast（比较和对比）
To compare:
similar to almost the same as similarly at the same time as
as as….as like ,alike in like manner
likewise in the same way both to have ….in common
correspond to common characteristics ,etc correspondingly（相对地，比照地）
Midpoint plane space
Interior（内部的）opposite to surface
Diagonal（对角线的；斜线的）overlapping（物体）部份重叠；交叠vertical
Edge pyramid horizontal（水平的，卧式的；地平线的）
Limit exterior（外面的，外部的，外表上的，表面的）intersection（横断，横切；交叉，相交；交叉点）
divisions similar /similarities dissimilar /dissimilarities
different /differences opposite /opposing
kinds aspects attributes types factors
characteristics classes sources qualities parts
to define to explain to definition in explanation
in other words by …is meant to clarify to paraphrase
in clarification
device method type property（特性，属性）kind
To the left to the right to the south ,etc
On the left on the right ,etc
At the back in front in the middle ,etc
Here in the distance beyond further ,etc
make …possible the consequence of
therefore accordingly make it possible /impossible for …to …
Words & Phrases Often Usedfor Classification（分类）
classify classifications divide
to be parallel in（是平行的）resemble（与…相像，类似于）equally important
resemblance（相似，形似）accordingly
To contrast:
unlike differ from while different from
whereas in contrast to however in opposition to
Since …
From then on
Later , afterwards , earlier , formerly
After an interval soon(过了一段时间后)
Previous,(adj.先前的；以前的；过早的；（时间上）稍前的) previously ,
prior to在…之前
First , second ,etc
still on the contrary nevertheless on the other hand
then …there this …that once ….now some ….others
otherwise on the opposite side but less/more /faster …than
although despite, in spite of even so years ago ….today
not only …but also the first ….whereas the second the former ….the latter
here …there on the one hand …on the other
owing to as
out of so that
thanks to so …that
so that now that
seeing that the cause of
for fear that for this reason
such …that then reason for
so as to consequently