地球与空间科学概述共76页
地球的结构地球科学概论地球与空间科学PPT精品文档
9. 实例
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库车拗陷逆冲褶皱组合
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塔里木盆地布格重力异常图
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塔里木盆地康氏界面等深图
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塔里木盆地显生宙磁极游移曲线
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塔里木盆地孔深-温度
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塔里木盆地各地区温度梯度
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塔里木盆地6000 m 深地温图
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中国大中型盆地不同深度温度对比
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塔里木盆地地温梯度
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塔里木盆地地温随深度的变化
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2. 结构
一级界面
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二级界面
岩石圈，地壳， 软流圈，相变带， 液态外核
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E
4640km
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低速带60-250km
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V = 90% M = 67.2% ⑴ 软流圈，低速带，岩石圈 ⑵ 地幔的物质组成：辉橄岩，上幔岩
Pyrolite ① 超深钻的进展 ② 行星对比 ③ 实验室模拟，高温高压下的Vp与平衡
1000外逸层 3000km
01-地球科学概论-地球科学概论-地球与空间科学-PDF课件教案(共12讲)
6. 地球科学发展趋势(续)
从数值模拟向预测发展 高新技术的应用: 遥感，深部探测 非线性应用：0.618在地学上的局限性 微观地球科学：电镜，隧道电子显微镜，分 子生物学，纳米科学，同步辐射加速器，质 子加速器。
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Zn(pppm) 50 0 5 depth（cm） 10 15 20 25 30 100 150 200
F(ppm) 400 1200 2000
Sr(ppm) 250 350 450 550 2
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Cu(ppm) 160 260 3
25 50 D e p th ( c m )
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C( ‰ ) δ
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Years before present
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Abandoned penguin rookery Modern penguin active area
初三科学知识梳理地球 宇宙和空间科学
初三科学总复习基础知识梳理第一部分地球、宇宙和空间科学主题一、人类生存的地球1、地球的形状和大小：1）地球是一个两极稍扁、赤道略鼓的球体。
它的赤道半径是6378千米，两极方向的半径比赤道半径短21千米左右，仅差0.33%，它的赤道周长约为4万千米。
2）证明地球是球体的方法：（5种方法）（1）麦哲伦率领的船队环地球航行，证实了地球是一个球体；（2）人造地球卫星拍摄的地球照片，确证地球是一个球体；（3）在海边看到远方驶来的帆船，总是先看到桅杆，再看到船身；（4）站得高看得远，说明大地也是曲面。
（5）月食是地球的影子遮挡了月球，从月食的过程可以判断地球是球体。
地球的自转：地球绕地轴的旋转运动叫做地球的自转。
自转方向：自西向东。
从北极上空看，地球作逆时针方向旋转；从南极上空看，地球作顺时针方向旋转。
自转周期：23小时56分4秒地球自转的结果：出现了太阳的东升西落，昼夜交替现象，造成星空的周日变化2、地球仪和地图1）经线和纬线地球仪上连接南北两极的线叫做经线。
也称子午线。
在南北两极中间，与两极等距，并且与经线垂直的线叫赤道。
与赤道平行的线叫做纬线。
本初子午线：国际上规定，通过英国伦敦格林尼治天文台原址的那条经线为00经线，也叫本初子午线。
2）在地球仪和地图上确定地理位置在这部分的学习中首先知道地球东西半球是以东经1600和西经200来划分的，南北半球的划分是以赤道来划分的；看天体的平面图应是上北下南，左东右西；看地图和经纬网应是上北下南，左西右东。
3、平面示意图学会绘制简单平面示意图本部分内容的学习要知道地图的基本要素：比例尺、方向、图例。
（也叫地图的基本语言）主题二地球在宇宙中的位置一、太阳系与星际航行太阳和月球：1）太阳的基本概况太阳是离地球最近的恒星。
它是一颗自己能发光发热的气体星球。
太阳的直径约为140万千米，表面温度约6000℃，中心温度高达1500万℃。
它与地球的平均距离约1。
5亿千米。
2）太阳活动与人类常见的太阳活动有太阳黑子、耀斑、日珥等。
〈地球、宇宙和空间科学〉
第一章地球在宇宙中的位置1——1 四季的星空1．地球公转（1）地球的公转运动是指地球绕太阳的运动。
（2）方向和周期：地球公转运动的方向是自西向东，周期是365.2422天。
（3）特点:地球公转时,地轴倾斜方向不变,北极总是指向北极星附近，公转的轨道近似圆形。
（4）产生的影响：正午太阳高度角的季节变化、昼夜长短的季节变化、地球上五带的划分、阳历的制订和节气的确定都和地球公转运动有关。
2．月相及其变化（1）月相的概念：月球的各种圆缺形态。
（2）月相的成因：①月球本身不发光也不透明，只反射太阳光而发亮。
②日、地、月三者位置不断变化而使月球视形状发生变化。
（3）月相的变化规律：（注第一册P105）3．历法：历法是以日、地、月三者运动中产生的地理现象为依据制订的。
历法主要有三种：阳历、阴历和阴阳历。
（1）阳历是世界上使用最广泛的一种历法。
它是根据地球绕日公转周期制订出来的，通常以365天为一年。
同时每400年中设97个366日的年，以和四季更替的周期相一致。
（2）阴历是以月相变化周期为依据制订的。
①以月球绕地球一周的时间（29.53059天）为一月，大月30天，小月29天，积12月为一年，农历月的表示方法属于阴历。
②阴历不能正确地反映一年四季的周期性变化，故用二十四节气反映季节变化，指导农业生产和生活。
但二十四节气的日期在公历每年都是固定的，故属于阳历。
③阴阳历也以月球绕地球一周的时间为一个月，但又添置闰月，使年均天数与阳历的年相等，我国的夏历就是阴阳历的一种。
4．日食与月食：（1）日食：当月球运行到地球和太阳之间，且三者正好或接近排成一条直线时，月球不发光也不透光，挡住了我们观察太阳的视线，就产生了日食。
日地月的位置即“日-月-地”。
（2）月食：月球本身不发光也不透光，当日、地、月位于同一直线，月球又位于日、地的一侧，月球可能进入日食月食原理太阳射到地球的光被月球挡住太阳射到月球的光被地球挡住日地月相互位置日-月-地日-地-月发生的时间农历初一满月十五、十六开始的部位由西向东食由东向西食持续的时间短，一般为几分钟较长、为几小时类型日全食、日偏食、日环食月全食、月偏食5．恒星与星座（1）恒星是指宇宙间普遍存在的一种能发光、发热的球状天体。
地球 宇宙和空间科学(Earth, space and Space Science)
地球宇宙和空间科学（Earth, space and Space Science）Chapter 1 the position of the earth in the universeThe first four seasons starry skyDirection determination on the 1. star mapDirections on the star chart: upper, lower, South, left, East, right, west. Because the star is that the relative position of the stars in the sky map, observation, facing north, looking up into the sky, the actual range is before the north south, East left the West right.2. famous constellations and stars(1) famous constellations and major stars (2) look for the North Star under the Big DipperThe Big Dipper (Ursa Major Part) is spoon shaped, the end of the two star connection and extending toward the opening direction is about 5 times the distance of a star, as the North star.(3) according to dipper dipper handle to determine the four seasonsThe dipper handles toward the East, South, West and north respectively, showing the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter.3. the relationship between the solar calendar and the rotationof the earth(1) the rotation of the earth produces four seasons, with a period of 365.2422 days.(2) the basis of solar calendar day and month time;The number of solar calendar days is based on the cycle of seasons and the speed at which the earth revolves around the sun. The seasonal cycle is 365.2422 days, the size of the month, month for 31 days, I was 30 days; February year for 28 days, 29 days in a leap year.(3) the arrangement of solar calendar leap yearThe fractional portion of the cycle of alternate seasons (O.2422 days) equal to garlic. Therefore, in the Gregorian calendar every 400 years in 97 366 years (leap year) the rest of the 303 years, 365 days (year). In A.D., divisible by 4 is a leap year, and century must be divisible by 400. It is a leap year.4. with the lunar moon(1) the meaning of the moonVarious lunar moon form called moon.(2) the causes of phase changeThe moon is an opaque, non luminous sphere.The relative positions of the sun, the earth, and the moon vary regularly over a period of three months.(3) the name and appearance time of judgmentWhen the moon, the moon and the earth are in the same line, when the moon is centered, it is a new moon. The time is the first day of the lunar year. When the earth is centered, it is full moon (hope), and the time is fifteen and sixteen of the lunar calendar.The day, month, the three mutually perpendicular, the other side, when the motion of the moon the moon, time for the lunar seventh moon, eight; Japan, middle exercise for the moon, time for the lunar twenty-two, twenty-three.YuexiangThe phase change cycle of 29.53 days.(4) the arrangement of the lunar month, the middle of the lunar month. About 30 days, I was 29 days, the size of the month and distribution, so the way to arrange and keep the Gregorian calendar month.5. reasons for the formation of eclipses(1) the meaning of solar eclipse and lunar eclipseAs the moon blocks our view of the sun, a solar eclipse occurs;the moon enters the earth's shadow, and we see the lunar part or all of the moon's surface darkening, creating a lunar eclipse.(2) the cause and time of solar eclipse and lunar eclipseThe sun, moon, and ground are just right or near in a straight line, and the eclipse occurs when the moon is centered. Therefore, eclipses always occur on new moon (Lunar New Year's day).Lunar eclipse occurs when the earth is centered. An eclipse of the moon must occur at the full moon (lunar calendar fifteen, sixteen).(3) the type of solar eclipse and lunar eclipseThe solar eclipse is divided into a total solar eclipse, the partial eclipse, eclipse eclipse is divided into three categories; two, total lunar eclipse eclipse.(4) of the total solar eclipse, the total lunar eclipseThe process of total solar eclipse is the process of shading the moon's shadow from right to left. The right side of the moon is darkened first, and the range is gradually expanded. All the blocks are blocked and the right side of the moon is lit up until the end of the total eclipse.The process is a total lunar eclipse lunar left (East) before dark, all the dark, after the first light left until the endfor total lunar eclipse. The two phase change process in the figure, as long as the moon's shadow to make clear the relationship between direction and is easy to understand.(5) the lunar eclipse does not happen every monthThe orbital plane of the moon moving around the earth and the orbital plane of the earth moving around the sun have a 5. The angle between the left and right, so the lunar eclipse doesn't happen every month.The second solar system and interplanetary navigation1. the sun and the moon(1) the basic situation of the sunThe sun is the nearest star to the earth. It is a luminous, hot gas star, about 1 million 400 thousand kilometers in diameter, the surface temperature of about 6000 degrees, the central temperature of up to L500 million degrees, the daily distance of about 150 million km. The earth moves around the sun at the same time as it rotates. It takes a year to revolve around the sun.(2) the basic survey of the moonThe moon is the only natural satellite of the earth. On average distance of about 384 thousand and 400 km, the moon is about 3476 km in diameter, the moon has no light of its own. The dark part of the moon is the plains and lowlands of the moon's surface,and the bright part of the moon belongs to the highlands and mountainous regions of the moon's surface. The moon has numerous craters. The moon's orbit around the earth is about a month, and it rotates at the same time. The cycle is exactly one month, so the moon we see on earth is the same face.2. the influence of solar activity on human beings(1) the types of common solar activityThere are sunspots, flares and prominences. Sunspots occur in the photosphere, prominences and flares occurred in the chromosphere.(2) sunspot cycle;The sunspot cycle is 11 years, and the number and size of sunspots are often signs of solar activity. The sunspot year is the solar maximum; the minimum sunspot number is the Solar Valley year.(3) the influence of solar activity on the earthAffect short wave communication on earth.Too much ultraviolet light cause damage to human skin.Influence the climate of the earth.Influence the earth's magnetic field, the compass can not correctly indicate the direction.3. solar system(1) the composition of the solar systemNine planets, asteroids, comets and other celestial bodies orbit around the sun in a certain orbit, forming the solar system. The sun is the central celestial body, which attracts all the celestial bodies of the solar system with its powerful gravitational attraction around it, making them rotate around themselves in an orderly manner.(2) from the date of the order from the near to the distant planetsThe distance on the order from the near to the distant planets Mercury, Venus, earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and pluto.Mercury, Venus, earth, and Mars are called terrestrial planets, consisting mainly of stone and iron, with smaller radii but smaller masses, but with higher densities.Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are called Jovian planets, consisting mainly of hydrogen, helium, ice, methane, ammonia, etc., and are much larger in quality and radius than in the earth, but are less dense.Pluto is a special planet. It is the outermost planet in the solar system.(3) the location of the asteroid beltAsteroids, located between Mars and Jupiter's orbit, do not see these asteroids with their naked eyes. They orbit around the sun in an elliptical orbit, forming an annular asteroid belt.(4) the direction of the revolution of the nine planetsThe nine planets revolve from west to East, and orbit almost on the same plane. The orbit is very close to that of the circle.(5) meteor phenomena, meteorites;Meteor phenomenonWhen a solid block of solar system enters the atmosphere, it rubs against the atmosphere, burns and lights the night sky, known as meteor.No meteoroids burned down to the earth surface, the meteoroid meteorite called. Meteorites mainly composed of rocks are called meteorites. It gives us a wealth of information about the formation and evolution of solar system objects, and is an excellent source of scientific research. By calculating the isotopic content of various elements in meteorites, we can calculate the age of meteorites, thus calculating the period when the solar system began to form. The famous Jilin meteorites, meteorites have Chinese China Xinjiang aerosiderite, Bahrain Jie, Australia Moqixun carbonaceous meteorite meteorite.Meteor showerMeteoroids originally move around the sun, and when they pass through the earth, they change their orbits by the forces of the earth and enter the earth's atmosphere. Many meteors disperse from one point of the sky (radiation point) to form a meteor shower.Comet 4.(1) the meaning of cometA comet is a smaller mass of heavenly bodies orbiting the sun on a flat long orbit,A cloud shaped appearance.(2) the composition of cometsA large ice hockey ball consisting of fragments of rock, solid particles, and ice crystals".(3) revolution cycle of Halley's cometHalley's comet is the most famous comet, with a revolution of 76 years.5. the human journey to space and the exploration of the moon and planets by man(1) the human journey to spaceTime eventIn 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched the world's first man-made earth satellite, marking the opening of spaceIn 1961, the Soviet Union successfully launched a manned spaceship for the first time, and Gagarin became the first astronaut to travel in spaceIn 1981, the United States successfully launched its first manned space flight, the Columbia, and human exploration of the universe entered a new phaseIn 1993, Russia and other countries began to build the international space station, human spaceflight activities into a new era(2) human landing on the moonTime eventIn 1959, the Soviet Union's lunar probe 2 successfully landed on the ground for the first timeIn 1961, the United States announced the implementation of the Appollo manned lunar landing programIn 1968, the U. S. "Appollo" 8 manned spacecraft successfully flew around the moon for the first timeIn 1969, American astronaut Armstrong first stepped on the moon,the first successful lunar landing(3) great events of human exploration of mercury, Mars, and VenusTime event1989 in May, the American space shuttle sent the Magellan probe into spaceIn April 2001, the United States launched the Odyssey Mars probeIn 2003, the European Space Agency Mars Express Mars probe was launchedIn 2003, the Mars rover rover, carrying the Mars rover, launched into the airIn 2003, America's "courage" twin, the "opportunity" rover, was launchedIn 2004, the American messenger mercury probe took the delta 2 rocket to orbit mercury6., the achievements of China's space industryTime eventIn 1960, China successfully launched its first home-made launch vehicleIn 1970, the "Dongfanghong" man-made satellite was successfully launched, marking China's high flying spaceIn 1975, China successfully launched the first recoverable satellite, becoming the third country in the world to master the technology of satellite returnIn 1985, the long march series of launch vehicles took part in international competition and launched satellites for other countriesFrom 1991 to now, the Shenzhou spacecraft was launched, in which the Shenzhou five manned spaceship was launched in 2003, and China became the third country in the world to send astronauts into space independentlyThird sections of the Milky way and the universe1. universe(1) the composition of the Milky Way GalaxyThe Milky Way galaxy is a massive celestial system composed of numerous stars and interstellar materials.(2) size and shapeThe galaxy is discus shaped from side to side, overlooking the whirlpool. The Milky way is about 100 thousand light-years across.(3) the position of the solar system in the galaxyThe solar system, near the equatorial plane of the galaxy, about 30 thousand light-years (1 light-years from about 94605 kilometers) away from the center of the Milky way, is the central movement of the solar system as an ordinary star around the galaxy. There are about 200000000000 stars in the Milky way, such as the sun.2. the composition of the universeAt present, there are about 1 billion celestial bodies similar to those observed by the Milky way. These celestial systems are called galaxies, and all galaxies form a vast universe. The cosmic part of man's observation is called the total galaxy, which is about 15 billion light-years away from the earth.Within this range, the system is composed of several levels of celestial bodies, as follows:3. the origin and evolution of the universe(1) Harbert discovered the characteristics of Galaxy motionAll galaxies are far away from us. The farther away galaxies are, the faster they move. The distance between galaxies is constantly expanding.(2) the Big Bang TheoryAbout 15 billion years ago, the universe we were in was squeezedin a primordial fireball in the form of particles, very high densities and temperatures. The universe was born in the explosion of this big fireball.The explosion caused the expansion of the universe, which has continued to this day and continues.4. the history of the development of the heliocentric geocentric saidTime person, main theory, theoryIn second Century, the Greek scientist Ptolemy founded the "geocentric". The theory holds that the earth is the center of the universe, and that the sun and other celestial bodies revolve around the earthSixteenth Century Poland astronomer Copernicus based on the data of a large number of precision, established the "heliocentric" universe theory, that the sun is the center of the universe, the earth and the planets rotate around the sunEighteenth Century Laplasse "Laplasse Kant Kant nebula" said that the solar system was formed from a nebula contraction, first is the formation of the sun, and then the remaining Nebula material further shrinkage evolution, the formation of the earth and other planets5. evolution of stars(1) starsA globular or spherical object consisting of glowing gas that glows and warms itself; called a star. The distance between a star and the earth is far away. The nearest star is the sun (its light takes 8 minutes to reach the earth), followed by the Centauri (its light reaches the earth about 4.2 light-years).(2) special starsSupernova: a new star whose brightness has risen to more than 10 million times. It is the most violent eruption of stars.The explosion results in the complete collapse of a star into a nebula, or ejection of most of its mass, leaving some of its remaining material to shrink into white dwarf stars, neutron stars, or black holes, leading to the final stage of stellar evolution.In the Milky Way department, has found four supernovae, which, in 1054 the supernova is the most famous, the Crab Nebula is a recently discovered remains of a supernova.(3) the future evolution of the sun(4) the evolution of stars6. the evolution of the earth and the birth of life(1) the evolution of the earthTime evolution4 billion 600 million to 2 billion 600 million years ago, as the earth's temperature dropped, the solid crust gradually formed. A large quantity of water vapor released by the eruption of a high temperature magma. As the temperature falls, condensed water drops to the earth's surface and the earth enters the ocean age. Scientists speculate that 3 billion 800 million years ago, the most primitive body of life was born in the ocean2 billion 500 million years ago, 2 billion 500 million to 600 million years ago, the earth began to appear large tracts of land and mountains, the algae in the ocean release oxygen, oxygen content in the atmosphere gradually increasedFrom 600 million to 250 million years ago, the land area of the Paleozoic earth increased, and the primitive Eurasian and North American continents appeared above the sea, and insects, fish, amphibians, bare ferns and other organisms appearedThe Mesozoic the Atlantic and India oceans formed from 250 million to 70 million years ago, and the outline of the Chinese mainland was basically formed. Gymnosperms and reptiles appeared70 million years ago, the earth experienced a large-scale orogeny in the third century, forming many large mountains in the world, such as the Himalaya mountains, birds, mammals and angiosperms(2) the birth process of lifeThe original atmospheric methane, ammonia, water, hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, lightning under the effect of synthetic amino acids, nucleic acids, sugars and other organic compounds, these substances together in the original ocean, after a long and complex chemical changes, the formation of protein and nucleotide molecules, under certain conditions, after concentration, cohesion, the formation of a system composed of many molecules, a layer of film outside, in the original ocean has undergone changes long and complex, and ultimately the formation of primitive life.The eleventh chapter, human survival of the earthThe first section of the earth1. the shape and size of the earth(1) the earth is an ellipsoidThe earth is an ellipsoid with a slightly flattened edge and a slightly bulging equator.The equatorial radius of the earth is 6378 km, and the equatorial circumference is about 40 thousand km.(2) the method of proving that the earth is a sphereGlobal voyages by Columbo, Magellan and other famous navigators, and photographs of earth taken on artificial satellites.2. globe and map(1) meridians and parallelsLongitude: the line connecting the north and south poles on the globe is the longitude line.The latitude: on the globe and the line is parallel to the equator.The equatorial equatorial weft is the longest, about 40 thousand km long.The prime meridian: after the London Greenwich observatory site 0. The warp, also called the prime meridian.The graticule: warp and weft woven into the network, called Jingwei network. You can determine the location of any point on the earth surface using graticule.(2) to determine the location on the globe and mapA longitude and latitude can only determine a point on the earth's surface position, a point on the earth's surface is only a longitude.The prime meridian to the East and west each divided into 180. 1800, east to east longitude, usually expressed by "E" (such as 34. E); West 180. Belong to the west, usually represented by "W" (such as 340W).The equator is 0. The latitude, from the equator to the north and south poles were divided into 90.. North of the equator latitude (indicated by "N"), the more north latitude latitude higher value; south of the equator latitude (indicated by "S"), the south latitude value higher latitude. North of the equator in the northern hemisphere, the southern hemisphere is south of the equator. Usually in the 300 and 600 latitude to low latitude, the latitude is divided into mid latitude and high latitude.Schematic diagram of 3. plane(1) scaleOn the map scale is that map distance than the degree of narrowing the distance field. The formula is:(2) directionThe basic direction of the plane eight. The expression of the three kinds of commonly used direction on the map.The expression of direction with the graticule: in latitude and longitude lines on the map, indicating the warp weft indicating north-south direction, east-west direction.The direction indicator expression direction: the map has a pointer to the object, the arrow points to the direction for the North to.In the absence of the latitude and longitude lines and direction on the map, "according to the north of the south, East left the West right" principle to determine the direction.(3) the legendThe legend is said symbols on the map of geographic objects.A common legend is shown in figure.The second section topography and crustal movement1. of the earth's interior structureThe interior of the earth can be divided into the crust, mantle and core layer three.2. crustal movementThe crust is in constant motion. According to the nature and direction of crustal movement, can be divided into horizontal and vertical movement of two types. The level of motion of the surface rock bending uplift occurred in some places, forming a huge fold mountains; some places break open, formed the rift or sea. The vertical motion performance for the crustal uplift or subsidence, which cause the surface of ups and downs and the sea changes.3. plate tectonicsThe theory of plate tectonics the earth surface is divided into several rigid lithospheric plates, subduction and collisionzone, as the plate between the ridges, transform faults and other activities with. The theory of plate tectonics, the earth's surface movement is mainly caused by fault activity between the plates to complete, and the plate boundary between the wide block deformation is very small, can be considered to be rigid plate. The motion of the plates that rigid lithosphere (including the continent and ocean crust) mobile asthenospheric thin viscosity in the upper mantle on the smaller.4. active volcano earthquake distribution and earthquake disaster prevention(1) the main distribution area of the volcano and earthquake in the world(2) earthquake disaster prevention activitiesThe engineering countermeasure: strengthen the seismic capacity of all kinds of engineering.Non engineering countermeasure: establish and perfect the system for disaster reduction, earthquake disaster mitigation planning, development of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction publicity and education and training, scientific research, and promote the exercise of earthquake disaster insurance and disaster relief funds and supplies etc..5. terrain(1) the main topographic featuresA plain ground wide flat, generally at an elevation of 200 meters below the small fluctuation.The mountain high mountains and steep slopes, generally at an elevation of 500 meters above the undulating terrain, relatively large height.The plateau altitude of more than 500 meters above the ground, flat, undulating.The basin surrounded by high, middle low, the terrain is relatively flat.The hills: generally at an elevation of 500 meters below the undulating terrain, gentle slope, relatively small height.(2) simple contour mapThe top 1: closed contour,From extroversion to elevation.The saddle between two from peak to peak, the saddle, the lower elevation.Cliff: adjacent lines overlap and merge.Ridge: contour lines protrude from height to low.Valleys: contours protrude from low to high.Third sections of soil1. structure of soil(1) soil composition;The soil is composed of water, air, minerals and humus.There are a lot of living things in the soil: animals, plants and microorganisms.(2) the type of soil;Effects of soil grain properties on plant growthSandy soil has more sand, less sticky particles, coarse particles, loose, difficult to bond, ventilate, strong permeability, and easy to dry. Organic matter decomposes quickly and tends to drain awayClay soil has less clay particles, fine silt, fine particles, sticky, wet, sticky, dry, hard to maintain water and fertilizer capacity, poor ventilation and permeabilityLoam soil sand, sticky particles, powder sand roughly the same amount, the texture is even, not too loose, nor sticky, ventilation, water permeability, water conservation, fertilizer preservation, suitable for farming(3) the effect of plants on SoilAccumulation process of organic matter. Plants absorb nutrients, synthesize organic matter and accumulate in the parent material.Enrichment process of nutrient elements. Plant roots selectively absorb nutrient elements, store them in organisms and release them to the surface of the soil with the decomposition of biological debris. With the development of biological cycle, nutrient elements are continuously enriched on the surface of soil.2. soil pollution and protectionSoil resources are limited, and human survival and development depend on it. The greatest threat to soil resources is soil pollution and overexploitation.Current situation, harm, treatment measuresSoil and water loss, soil erosion, wide area and large amount of runoff. The soil erosion in the Loess Plateau is especially serious, the degradation of farmland, desertification, flood and waterlogging, ecological deterioration, tree planting and grass planting are comprehensively dealt withSoil desertification, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other places are the most serious, arable land decreased, sandstorms frequent, planting trees and grass, rational developmentSoil pollution, soil pollution in China is still deteriorating, the quality of agricultural products decline, endanger human health, prevention based, strengthen management, monitoring and comprehensive treatmentFourth sections of water on earth1. classification of water bodies96.53% of the water on the earth is sea water, and only 2.53% is fresh water. Fresh water can be divided into glacial water, underground fresh water and other water bodies. At present, 0.3% of all freshwater resources can be exploited and utilized by human beings.2. water cycleThe water distributed around the earth is closely linked by a series of processes and processes, such as evaporation, transpiration, water vapor transport, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, or subsurface runoff, and so on. Through the mutual transformation of water bodies and water exchange, the water resources can be constantly updated.3. water resources(1) the serious crisis of freshwater resources in the world and China;60% of the world's water resources are scarce and water supply is difficult.Second, China is the world's "poor countries" one, the per capita water resources is only the world average of 1/4. Lack of water supply has seriously affected the local economic development and the people's livelihood.(2) measures for rational development and utilization of water resources;Save water, recycle water and make full use of it.Prevention and control of water pollution and protection of water resources.Third, build reservoirs, cross basin water diversion, change the temporal and spatial distribution of water resources.Fifth, weather and climate1. weather and climate(1) the concept of weatherShort period of time, the atmospheric temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure and other elements of the integrated status of the weather.Weather phenomenon: sunny, overcast, rain, snow and so on.Weather factors include temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation.(2) the concept of climate;Climate is the average or statistical state of an area over the years. The average state is usually expressed by the average or statistic of climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation.Factors affecting the climate include solar radiation, ground conditions, atmospheric circulation and human activities.2. artificial rainfall(1) cold cloud artificial rainfall;。
1.1 地球在宇宙中(课件)七年级地理上册(中图版2024)
宇宙 阅读
离太阳系最近的恒星和夜空中最亮的恒星 恒星是由炽热气体组成的、能自己发光的球状或者类球状天体。由于肉眼很难发现 它们位置的变化情况，因此古人把它们称为恒星。 1915年，天文学家发现了距离太阳系最近的恒星——比邻星。它是一颗橙红色的恒 星，距离地球约4.2光年（光年是一种长度单位，是指光在真空中一年内所走过的距离）， 即接近40万亿千米。比邻星的亮度比较弱，我们在地球上用肉眼是无法看见的，需要借 助天文望远镜才能观测到。 夜空中最亮的恒星是天狼星。天狼星距离地球约8.6光年，是比邻星与地球距离的2 倍多。在冬季晴朗的夜空中，我们抬头就能看到它。
安全的宇宙环境和稳定的光照。
2
温度适宜，有适合生物呼吸的大气，有液态水。
①解决昼夜温差大的问题，控制合适的温度；
3
②寻找或解决生存用水问题；
③通过氧气的制造和存储运输，保证氧气的供应。
本课完结，下课
2024年七年级地理上册（中图版）
新课标·新教材
0.06 0.86 1.00 0.15 1321.33 763.59 63.08 57.74
赤道半径/千米 2440 6052 6378 3396 71492 60268 25559 24764
地球在太阳系中的位置 实践：行星的分类
类地行星
巨行星
远日行星
太 阳
水金 星星
地 球
火 星
小 行 星
带
地内行星
定义 组成
太阳系、银行系
行星的分类
外部条件
稳定的太阳光照 安全的运行轨道
自身条件
温度 日地距离 大气 体积质量 水
随堂检测
人类自远古时代就对浩瀚的宇宙有着无尽的想象。随着对关键技术的持续攻关，中国逐步具备了全面的宇宙空间探 索和应用能力。地球是目前已知宇宙中适合人类生存的唯一家园。下图示意地球在宇宙中的位置以及中国太空探索的 部分方式。完成下面小题。
地球、宇宙和空间科学
Orion Nebula (M42)
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王 炎 拍 摄
狮子座流星雨（ 1999年11月16-18日）
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Comet West （1976）
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地球、宇宙和空间科学
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怎样观测日食
日食观测项目
意义
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日食原理
日食发生 的规律
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日全食、日偏食和日 环食的形成示意图
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Space Shuttle Takes Off
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在撞击坦普尔一号彗星前24小时，深度撞击号探测器 释放出撞击舱。图为深度撞击号释放撞击舱的模拟图。
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“地心说”—〉“日心 说”—〉“星系”—〉现代 观测
1957年，原苏联将人类第一颗人造地球 卫星送入轨道，开创了观测、研究地球和 整个宇宙的新时代。
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地球、宇宙和空间科学
地球、宇宙和空间科学讲座摘要050709 市教师进修学校人类对地球和宇宙空间的认识，经历了一个漫长的过程。
1957年10月，原苏联用火箭把第一颗人造地球卫星送上了天，开创了从太空观测、研究地球和整个宇宙的新时代。
20世纪60年代以来，各种载人飞船、航天站、航天飞机先后进入太空，实现了在没有地球大气干扰的情况下，人对月球、大行星的逼近观测和直接取样观测，以及对宇宙空间环境的直接探测，极大地充实和丰富了人类关于太阳系和宇宙的知识。
宇宙探测的发展，不仅使人们进一步了解了地球的宇宙环境，而且还影响和改变着人们的社会生活。
例如，人们利用卫星进行军事侦察、空间通信、气象观测，以及寻找资源、为飞机导航等，从中获得许多实际利益。
谈一点空间科学空间科学是指利用航天器研究发生在日地空间、行星际空间乃至整个宇宙空间的物理、天文、化学及生命等自然现象及其规律的科学。
空间科学以航天技术为基础，包括空间飞行、空间探测和空间开发等几个方面。
它不仅能揭示宇宙奥秘，而且也给人类带来巨大的利益。
应该说，人造卫星是空间科学技术的结晶。
今年7月5日，"深度撞击"成功冲入"坦普尔一号"彗星"怀抱"。
美国航天局指挥中心一片欢腾。
这是人类历史上所发射的第一颗目的为撞击彗星的飞行器。
在2004年11月03日开幕的中国科协第五届青年学术年会上，中国空间技术研究院院长、“神舟”五号载人飞船系统总指挥袁家军表示，我国将大力发展空间科学，开展深空探测，我国确立的空间科学发展目标是：●建立长期稳定运行的卫星对地观测体系●建立自主经营的卫星广播通信系统●建立自主的卫星导航定位系统●建立初步配套的载人航天工程研制试验体系下面我们一起学习《科学》教材中相关的天文地理知识一、（地图、地球上的）方向二、天球、星座、星图与四季星空天球：地球以外的天体，距离我们的远近，极其悬殊。
但是，人们都有这样的直觉印象：日月星辰看上去似乎是一样遥远的。
小学科学地球与空间相关概念的梳理
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5.地球有适应生物生存的大气包围。
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大气圈：又叫大气 圈，地球就被这一 层很厚的大气层包 围着。大气层的成 分主要有氮气，占 78．1%；氧气占 20．9%；氩气占 0．93%；还有少 量的二氧化碳、稀 有气体（氦气、氖 气、氩气、氪气、 氙气、氡气）和水 蒸气。大气层的空 气密度随高度而减 小，越高空气越稀 薄。
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主要内容：
一、地球与空间科学在小学科学教材中涉及的 相关内容。 二、人类认知宇宙和地球的历史过程及儿童在 地球与空间领域中的认知情况。 三、地球与空间科学概念的梳理。
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一、地球与空间科学在小学科学教材中涉及的相 关内容。
三类岩石的相互转变：
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地质作用：
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地质作用——引起地壳及其表面形态 不断发生变化的作用。
内力作用：主要表现形式有地壳运动、岩浆活 动、变质作用 。 外力作用：主要表现形式风化作用、侵蚀作用、 搬运作用、沉积作用、固结成岩作用。
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日心 说解 释的 行星 逆行 现象。
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日心说存在的错误：
1.太阳并非宇宙中心，而是太阳系的中心。 2.地球并非是引力的中心。
3.天空中看到的任何运动，不全是地球运动引起的。
4.地球和其他行星的运行轨道是椭圆而不是圆，不做圆 周运动。
中国的地形种类的特征
大气逆辐射
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臭氧层和臭氧空洞
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臭氧层：指大气 层的平流层中臭 氧浓度相对较高 的部分，其主要 作用是吸收短波 紫外线。
6.地球表面70%覆盖有适合生物生存的液 LOGO 态水。
《地球与空间科学》6 (1)
贝尔定律
• 在北半球，河流对右岸的冲刷比 对左岸强烈，以致大河右岸通常 较为陡峻，而左岸较为平缓。由 于这个原因，北半球的河流一般 总是从右面绕过障碍，南半球情 形相反。
岁差和章动（precession and nutation)
• 在外力作用下，地球自 转轴在空间并不保持固 定的方向,而是不断发生 变化。地轴的长期运动 称为岁差,而其周期运动 则称为章动。岁差和章 动引起天极和春分点在 天球上的运动，对恒星 的位置有所影响。 像转动中的陀螺一样， 地球的自转轴在太空中 其实并不固定，而是以 26000年的周期在转动， 这个运动称为岁差，所 以，春分点和天球北极 的位置亦会非常缓慢地 移动。
太空和地球知识点总结
太空和地球知识点总结地球是我们生活的家园，而太空则是我们所不断探索和探究的未知领域。
在人类的漫长历史中，地球和太空的关系始终是一个备受关注的话题。
本文将从地球的性质和特点、太空的探索和未知等方面，对太空和地球的知识点进行总结和介绍。
地球的性质和特点地球是我们所熟知的行星之一，它拥有独特的性质和特点。
首先，地球是一个内部活动的行星，它拥有大量的火山、地震等地质活动。
地球的内部是由地壳、地幔和地核组成的，地幔是由固态和流动态组成，而地核则是由固态和液态组成。
地球表面则是由陆地和海洋组成的，陆地上有各种各样的生物，而海洋中则是生命的摇篮。
其次，地球是一个有大气层的行星，大气层提供了生命生存的条件。
大气层中的氧气和二氧化碳等气体是生物呼吸和光合作用所需要的。
此外，大气层还能够吸收来自太空的辐射，并维持温室效应，使地球的气温适合生物生存。
大气层还能够阻止大量的宇宙射线和流星体进入地球，保护地球上的生命。
再次，地球是一个拥有水资源的行星。
地球上覆盖着大量的海洋和湖泊，这些水资源不仅为生物提供了生存的条件，也为人类的生活带来了便利。
此外，水资源还为地球上的生态系统提供了支持，维持了地球上的生命链。
最后，地球是一个拥有生物多样性的行星。
地球上有各种各样的生物，从微生物到巨型动物，从极端环境到普通生态系统，生物多样性使地球上的生物世界更加丰富多彩。
生物在地球上的存在和繁衍，也使地球上的生态系统更加庞大和复杂。
太空的探索和未知太空是一个广阔的未知领域，人类对太空的探索从未停止。
在人类的漫长历史中，人类始终对太空充满好奇和向往，并不断尝试着探索和了解太空。
以下将从太空的探索历程、太空的未知领域和太空的探索意义等方面，对太空的探索和未知进行总结和介绍。
太空的探索历程人类对太空的探索历程可以追溯到很久以前。
古代的人类通过观测天象来了解宇宙，他们根据星球的运行轨迹，制定了日历、预测了天象现象，同时也开启了对太空的探索之路。