微观经济学练习题答案(曼昆)

曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案

第三章6．下表描述了Baseballia国两个城市的生产可能性：一个工人每小时生产的红补袜子量一个工人每小时生产的白袜子量A．没有贸易，波士顿一双白袜子价格（用红袜子表示）是多少芝加哥11双白袜子价格是多少答：没有贸易时，波士顿1 双白袜子价格是1 双红袜子，芝加哥1 双白袜子价格是2 双红袜子。

B．在每种颜色的袜子生产上，哪个城市有绝对优势哪个城市有比较优势答：波士顿在生产红、白袜子上都有绝对优势。

波士顿在生产白袜子上有比较优势，芝加哥在生产红袜子上有比较优势。

C．如果这两个城市相互交易，两个城市将分别出口哪种颜色的袜子答：如果它们相互交易，波士顿将出口白袜子，而芝加哥出口红袜子。

D．可以进行交易的价格范围是多少答：白袜子的最高价格是2 双红袜子，最低价格是1 双红袜子。

红袜子的最高价格是1 双白袜子，最低价格是1／2 双白袜子。

7．假定一个美国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或20台电脑，而一个中国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或10台电脑。

A．画出这两个国家的生产可能性边界。

假定没有贸易，每个国家的工人各用一半的时间生产两种物品，在你的图上标出这一点。

答：两个国家的生产可能性边界如图3 一4 所示。

如果没有贸易，一个美国工人把一半的时间用于生产每种物品，则能生产50 件衬衣、10 台电脑；同样，一个中国工人则能生产50 件衬衣、5 台电脑。

图3 一4 生产可能性边界B．如果这两个国家进行贸易，哪个国家将出口衬衣举出一个具体的数字例子，并在你的图上标出。

哪一个国家将从贸易中获益解释原因。

答：中国将出口衬衣。

对美国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是5 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。

对中国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/10 台电脑。

因此，美国在生产电脑上有比较优势，中国在生产衬衣上有比较优势，所以中国将出口衬衣。

衬衣的价格在1/5 到1/10 台电脑之间。

曼昆《微观经济学原理》课后习题答案

第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。

答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。

2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。

3．水是生活必需的。

一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。

4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。

如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。

5．为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答：因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。

通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。

因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。

在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。

6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。

因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。

从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。

7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。

答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。

曼昆经济学原理微观经济学分册第8版全部答案

1章答案一、单项选择题1经济学最好的定义是对（）的研究。

a．社会如何管理其稀缺资源b．如何以最盈利的方式经营企业c．如何预测通货膨胀、失业和股票价格d．政府如何可以制止不受约束的利己所带来的危害【答案】a【解析】社会拥有的资源是有限的，因此不能生产人们希望拥有的所有物品与服务。

由于资源是稀缺的，社会资源的管理就尤为重要。

经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源，经济学家还研究人们如何相互影响，分析影响整个经济的力量和趋势。

2你去看一场电影的机会成本是（）。

a．门票的价格b．门票的价格加上你在电影院购买汽水和爆米花的费用c．去看电影所需要的所有现金支出加上你的时间的价值d．零，只要你享受了电影并认为你为它付出的时间和金钱是值得的【答案】c【解析】机会成本是为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。

看电影的机会成本包括：①去看电影所需要的所有现金支出，即门票的价格、购买汽水和爆米花的费用；②看电影的时间价值，即当把时间用于看电影时，就不能把这段时间用于工作，为此而不得不放弃的工作收入。

3边际变动（）。

a．对公共政策并不重要b．是逐步地改变现有计划c．使结果无效率d．并不影响激励【答案】b【解析】经济学家用边际变动这个术语来描述对现有行动计划的微小增量改变。

边际指边缘，边际变动是围绕所做的事的边缘的调整，即逐步地改变现有行动计划。

理性人通常通过比较边际收益与边际成本来做决策。

4亚当·斯密的看不见的手是指（）。

a．企业家以牺牲消费者为代价而获利的不易察觉而隐蔽的方法b．自由市场达到合意结果的能力（尽管市场参与者是利己的）c．政府通过管制使消费者获益的能力（即使消费者没有意识到这种管制）d．生产者或消费者在不受管制的市场上把成本加到无关旁观者身上的方法【答案】b【解析】经济学家亚当·斯密在其著作《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》中提出了全部经济学中最著名的观察结果：家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，并导致了合意的市场结果。

曼昆微观经济学课后标准答案

曼昆微观经济学课后答案————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：21.Consider the market for DVD movies,TV screens,and ticket at movie theaters. A．对每一对物品，确定它们是互补品还是替代品·DVD 和电视·DVD 和电影票·电视和电影票As: complements substitutes substitutesB．假设技术进步降低了制造电视机的成本。

画一个图说明电视机市场会发生什么变动。

As: demand curve不变supply curve向右移。

技术进步降低了制造电视机的成本，使电视机的供给曲线向右移动。

电视机的需求曲线不变。

电视机的均衡价格下降，均衡价格上升。

C．再画两个图说明电视机市场的变动如何影响DVD 市场和电影票市场。

答：DVD：demand curve不变supply curve向右移。

由于电视机和DVD 是互补品，电视机价格的下降使DVD 的需求增加。

需求增加引起DVD 均衡价格上升，均衡数量增加。

Movie tickets：supply curve不变demand curve向左移。

由于电视机和电影票是替代品，电视机价格的下降使电影票需求减少。

需求的减少使电影票的均衡价格下降，均衡数量减少。

2.Over the past 20 years,technological advance reduces the cost of computer chips.How do you think this affected the market for computers?For computer software?For typewriters?As: computer : supply curve向右移price 下降computer software: supply curve向右移price 下降typewriters : demand curve向左移3.Consider total cost and total revenue given in the following table:A．计算每种产量时的利润。

曼昆《经济学原理》第6版微观经济学分册第7章课后习题答案p157p159

第三篇市场和福利第七章消费者、生产者与市场效率问题与应用1．Melissa用120美元购买了一个iPod，并得到了80美元的消费者剩余。

A．她的支付意愿是多少？答：消费者剩余等于支付意愿减去付出的价格。

因此，梅莉莎须支付200 美元($120 + $80)。

B．如果她在降价销售时买了售价为90美元的iPod，她的消费者剩余会是多少？答：此时，她的消费者剩余为：200-90 =110 美元。

C．如果iPod的价格是250美元，她的消费者剩余会是多少？答：如果iPod 的价格是250 美元，其价格大于梅莉莎的支付愿意，因此她不会再买，这时的消费者剩余就为零。

2．加利福尼亚早来的寒流使柠檬变酸。

柠檬市场上消费者剩余会有什么变动？柠檬水市场上消费者剩余会有什么变动？用图形说明你的答案。

答：柠檬变酸，消费者对柠檬的评价下降，需求曲线向左下方移动。

在其他条件不变的情况下，消费者剩余减少。

如图7－2(a)所示，柠檬质量下降，使需求曲线从D1下降到D 2，△APE是原先的消费者剩余，△A′P′E′是变动后的消费者剩余，△APE>△A′P′E′。

由于柠檬价格的下降，柠檬水的投入成本减少，柠檬水的价格也下降。

在其他条件不变的情况下，柠檬水市场上消费者剩余增加，如图7－2(b)所示。

图7－2 寒流的影响3．假设对法国面包的需求增加。

在法国面包市场上，生产者剩余会发生什么变动？在面粉市场上，生产者剩余会发生什么变动？用图形说明你的答案。

答：由于需求增加，在其他条件不变的情况下，法国面包的价格会上升，市场上的生产者剩余增加。

如图7 －3(a)，价格从P1 上升到P2 ，销量从Q 1上升到Q 2，生产者剩余从面积P1BE1增加到面积P2BE2 。

由于面包产量上升，它的生产要素面粉的需求量也会上升。

在其他条件不变的情况下，面粉价格上升，市场上的生产者剩余增加。

如图7－3(b)所示，生产者剩余从面积P1BE1增加到面积P2BE2 。

曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案

曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案问题与应用1.描述以下每种情况下面临的权衡：a.家庭决定是否购买新车。

答：如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支，如：外出旅行，购置新家具；如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。

b．国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。

答：国家公园的开支很大。

国家公园的条件可以得到改善，环境将得到更好的保护。

但与此同时，政府可以减少在交通、邮电和其他公共事业上的支出。

c、一家公司的总裁决定是否开一家新工厂。

答：开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模，生产更多的产品。

但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。

这样，企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。

d．一个教授决定用多少时间备课。

答：如果教授们把大部分时间花在自己的研究上，他们可能会产生更多的结果，但备课时间的减少会影响学生的教学质量。

e、一个刚毕业的学生决定是否去研究生院。

答：毕业后参加工作，可即刻获取工资收入；但继续读研究生，能接受更多知识和未来更高收益。

2．你正想决定是否去度假。

度假的大部分成本((机票、旅馆、放弃的工资))都用美元来衡量，但度假的收益是心理的。

你将如何比较收益与成本呢??答：这种心理上的益处可以通过设定的目标是否实现来衡量。

为了在行动之前制定既定目标，我们必须有一系列我们愿意承担的成本来实现目标。

在这个可承受的成本范围内，如果假期满足既定目标，如放松和恢复体力，可以说，这个假期的收入至少不低于其成本。

3.你计划周六做兼职，但一个朋友邀请你去滑雪。

滑雪的真正成本是多少？现在假设你计划今天在图书馆学习。

在这种情况下滑雪的费用是多少？请解释一下。

答：去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资，我本可以利用这段时间去工作。

如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习，那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。

4．你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100美元。

你可以选择现在花掉它或在利率为55%的银行中存一年。

现在花掉100美元的机会成本是什么呢?答：现在花100美元的机会成本是在一年后获得105美元的银行付款（利息+本金）。

曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案

第三章6．下表描述了Baseballia 国两个城市的生产可能性：一个工人每小时生产的红补袜子量一个工人每小时生产的白袜子量A ．没有贸易，波士顿一双白袜子价格（用红袜子表示）是多少？芝加哥11 双白袜子价格是多少? 答：没有贸易时，波士顿 1 双白袜子价格是 1 双红袜子，芝加哥 1 双白袜子价格是 2 双红袜子。

B．在每种颜色的袜子生产上，哪个城市有绝对优势？哪个城市有比较优势??答：波士顿在生产红、白袜子上都有绝对优势。

波士顿在生产白袜子上有比较优势，芝加哥在生产红袜子上有比较优势。

C．如果这两个城市相互交易，两个城市将分别出口哪种颜色的袜子?答：如果它们相互交易，波士顿将出口白袜子，而芝加哥出口红袜子。

D．可以进行交易的价格范围是多少?答：白袜子的最高价格是 2 双红袜子，最低价格是 1 双红袜子。

红袜子的最高价格是 1 双白袜子，最低价格是1／2 双白袜子。

7．假定一个美国工人每年能生产100 件衬衣或20 台电脑，而一个中国工人每年能生产100 件衬衣或10 台电脑。

A ．画出这两个国家的生产可能性边界。

假定没有贸易，每个国家的工人各用一半的时间生产两种物品，在你的图上标出这一点。

答：两个国家的生产可能性边界如图 3 一4 所示。

如果没有贸易，一个美国工人把一半的时间用于生产每种物品，则能生产50 件衬衣、10 台电脑；同样，一个中国工人则能生产50 件衬衣、5 台电脑。

图3 一4 生产可能性边界B．如果这两个国家进行贸易，哪个国家将出口衬衣？举出一个具体的数字例子，并在你的图上标出。

哪一个国家将从贸易中获益？解释原因。

答：中国将出口衬衣。

对美国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是 5 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。

对中国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/10 台电脑。

因此，美国在生产电脑上有比较优势，中国在生产衬衣上有比较优势，所以中国将出口衬衣。

微观经济学练习题答案(曼昆)

微观经济学部分练习题参考答案第一单元：经济学概述、供求与局部均衡练习题一、单选题1。

说“资源是稀缺的”是指BA世界上大多数人生活在贫困中 B。

相对于资源的需求而言,资源总是不足的C。

资源必须保留给下一代 D.世界上资源最终将由于生产更多的物品和劳务而消耗光2.经济物品是指DA。

有用的物品 B.稀缺的物品 C。

要用钱购买的物品 D。

有用且稀缺的物品3。

经济学可定义为CA。

政府对市场制度的干预 B。

企业取得利润的活动C.研究如何最合理地配置稀缺资源于诸多用途 D。

人们靠收入生活4.从经济学的观点看,资源配置问题说明的是CA.人们的需要是多方面的且是无止境的 B。

资源的供给是有限的C。

一种资源有许多可供选择的用途，但有一种利用效果最佳 D.以上说法都对5.下列命题中那一个不是实证经济学命题 CA.昨日中国人民银行宣布把存款基准利率降低0。

25％ B。

2011年失业率超过8％C。

个人所得税对中等收入家庭是不公平的 D。

个人所得税的起征点提高了6。

某人有10万元资金，可供选择的用途及各种用途能获得的收入是:开饭店获利3万元，炒股票获利3.5万元，进行期货投机获利4万元。

该人选择期货投机的机会成本为AA.13.5万元B.20。

5万元C.14万元D.13万元7.保持所有其他因素不变，某种商品的价格下降，将导致CA.需求增加 B。

需求减少 C。

需求量增加 D.需求量减少8。

在某种物品价格上升的百分比既定时,引起需求量减少最大的情况是CA.价格上升后时间长B.这种物品的支出在收入中占的比例大C。

很容易得到替代品 D。

以上全对9。

如果某种物品小幅度降价会引起需求量大幅度变动，那么，该物品BA。

需求缺乏弹性 B.需求富有弹性 C。

需求单位弹性 D.需求价格弹性接近于零10.一条垂直的需求曲线所表示的是DA。

单位弹性 B.无限弹性 C。

富有弹性 D.需求的价格弹性为零11.下面哪一种物品的需求价格弹性最大BA。

大米 B。

曼昆微观经济学试题库

第一章经济学十大原理1.1人们如何做出决策【题型】：名词解释1、【试题正文】经济学【参考答案及评分标准】：研究社会如何管理其稀缺资源（2分）。

2、【试题正文】机会成本【参考答案及评分标准】：得到某种东西所放弃的东西（2分）。

【题型】：简答题3、【试题正文】空气是稀缺的吗?清新的空气是稀缺的吗?【参考答案及评分标准】：不,为了得到它，你不必放弃任何东西。

（３分）是的，在得到它(汽车排污设备等)而不放弃什么东西的情况下，你想要多少就可以有多少。

（2分）4、【试题正文】把你工资的一部分储蓄起来的机会成本是什么?【参考答案及评分标准】：你可以享受你为之支付了的东西(现期消费)。

（５分）5、【试题正文】水是生命所必需的。

钻石并不是。

增加一杯水的边际利益大于还是小于增加一克拉钻石的边际利益?为什么？【参考答案及评分标准】：一杯水的边际利益通常很低，因为我们所拥有的水是如此之多，以至于增加一杯水的价值很少（３分）。

钻石的情况正好相反。

（2分）6、【试题正文】你的汽车需要修理。

你已经为修理变速器花了500美元，但它仍然不能正常运行。

你“似乎”能以2000美元的价格出卖你的汽车。

如果你的汽车可以修理好，你可以卖2500美元。

再花300美元保证可以修好你的汽车。

你应该修理你的汽车吗?为什么?【参考答案及评分标准】：是的（１分），因为修理汽车的边际利益是2500美元一2000美元=500美元（2分），而边际成本是300美元（１分）。

原来修理付的钱是无关的（１分）。

7、【试题正文】为什么你认为气囊所减少的汽车车祸的死亡小于你所希望的?【参考答案及评分标准】：一次车祸的成本是低的。

这改变了激励，使人们开车更快，而且车祸更多。

（５分）8、【试题正文】如果我们更多地储蓄，并用储蓄构建更多的物质资本，生产率就会提高，而且，我们将提高未来的生活水平。

未来增长的机会成本是什么?【参考答案及评分标准】：我们必须放弃今天的消费。

（2分）【题型】：判断正误题9、【试题正文】当经济学家说“天下没有免费的午餐”时，他们是指所有经济决策都涉及到权衡取舍。

微观经济学曼昆课后答案2

ECONOMICS 2010 ASSIGNMENT 2 – CHAPTERS 4 & 5NAME____________________________________________1. What is a market?A MARKET IS A GROUP OF BUYERS AND SELLERS OF A PARTICULAR GOOD OR SERVICE--- BUYERS AS A GROUP DETERMINE DEMAND FOR THE PRODUCT OR SERVICE AND THE SELLERS AS A GROUP DETERMINE THE SUPPLY OF THE PRODUCT OR SERVICE2. What are the characteristics of a perfectly competitive market? Explain.A COMPETITIVE MARKET IS A MARKET IN WHICH THERE ARE MANY BUYERS AND MANY SELLERS. EACH BUYER AND SELLER HAS A NEGLIGIBLE IMPACT ON THE MARKET PRICE AND THERE IS FULL INFORMATION AMONGST BUYERS AND SELLERS.3. Explain what is meant by a) quantity demanded; b) a demand schedule;and c) the law of demand.THE QUANTITY DEMANDED IS THE AMOUNT OF A GOOD THAT BUYERS ARE WILLING AND ABLE TO PURCHASE.THE DEMAND SCHEDULE IS A TABLE OR LISTING THAT SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRICE OF A GOOD OR SERVICE AND THE QUANTITY OF THE GOOD OR SERVICE DEMANDED.THE LAW OF DEMAND IS A CLAIM THAT ,OTHER THINGS EQUAL, THE QUANTITY DEMAND OF A GOOD OR SERVICE FALLS WHEN THE PRICE OF THE GOOD OR SERVICE RISES.4. Graph the demand curve given the data from the demand schedule for slices of cherry pie at different prices in the table below.$14 85. Define or identify the economic factors that shift the demand curve. CHANGES IN INCOME, CHANGES IN THE PRICES OF SUBSTITUTE AND COMPLEMENTARYGOODS, TASTES AND PREFERENCES, CHANGES IN EXPECTATIONS, AND CHANGES IN THE NUMBER OF BUYERS,.6. Define what is meant by the “Law of Supply”.THE LAW OF SUPPLY CLAIMS THAT, OTHER THINGS BEING EQUAL, THE QUANTITY SUPPLIED OF A GOOD OR SERVICE INCREASES WHEN THE PRICE OF THE GOOD OR SERVICE INCREASES.7. Look at the figure below and then indicate what factors, or variables, wouldcause the supply curve for Pizza to shift back from supply curve S1 tosupply curve S2.INCREASES IN THE COSTS (PRICES) OF INPUTS SUCH AS LABOR, CAPTITAL, MATERIALS, ENERGY WILL SHIFT THE SUPPLY CURVE FROM S1 TO S2. SIMILARLY CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY THAT INCREASE THE COST OF PRODUCTION WILL SHIFT THE SUPPLY CURVE BACK IN ADDITION OF THE DAMPENING OF EXPECTATIONS ON HOW MUCH CAN BE SOLD. IFTHE NUMBER OF SELLERS (PRODUCERS) DECREASES AND THEIRPRODUCTION DECREASES, THEN SUPPLY WILL SHIFT BACK AS WELL.8. The supply of canvas covers from the Cheung Company to the canvasmarket is 300 canvases if the price per canvas is RNB2,000. The supply of canvases from the Liu Company is 314 canvases if the price per canvas is RNB2,000. What is the market supply of canvases at a price of RNB2,000?MARKET SUPPLY OF CANVASES AT ANY GIVEN PRICE IS THE ADDITION OF THE SUPPLY OF EACH PRODUCER AT THAT GIVEN PRICE, WHICH IN THIS CASE WOULD BE 614CANVASES IF THERE ARE ONLY THE TWO SUPPLIERS IN THE MARKET.9. The demand function for a good, Q, is given by Q D = 12 – P, while thesupply function for Q is given by Q S = 4 + 3P, where P = price. Solve for the equilibrium quantity, Q, and price, P, in the market.SET Q D = Q S, OR 12 – P = 4 + 3P, OR 4P = 8, OR P = 8/4 = 2, SO P = 2SUBSTITUTE P = 2 INTO Q D = 12 – P, OR Q = 12 – 2 = 10, SO Q = 1010. Now suppose that the demand for good Q shifts out (same as shiftingupwards on the supply curve) and the demand curve under theseconditions now becomes Q D = 14 – P. In addition, because of a shortage in inputs used to produce good Q, the supply of Q shifts back and the supply function becomes Q S = 2 + 3P. Now solve for the new equilibrium price, P, and quantity, Q, in the market.AGAIN SET Q D = Q S UNDER THE NEW SUPPLY AND DEMANDCONDITIONS: 14 –P = 2 + 3P, OR 4P = 12, AND P = 3SUBSTITUTE P = 3 INTO Q = 14 – P = 14 – 3 = 11, SO PRICE = 3 ANDQUANTITY = 11 BECAUSE OF THESE SHIFTS IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY.11. Define the economic meaning of the term, “Price Elasticity of Demand” inwords and also in terms of percentage changes.)THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND IS A MEASURE OF HOW MUCHQUANTITY DEMANDED OF A GOOD OR SERVICE RESPONDS TO ACHANGE IN PRICE OF THE GOOD OR SERVICE, AND IS COMPUTED AS THE PERCENTAGE IN QUANTITY DEMANDED DIVIDED BY THEPERCENTAGE CHANGE IN THE PRICE OF THE GOOD OR SERVICE.12. Derive the price elasticity of demand using the midpoint method if thequantity purchased of a good is 60 units at price $HK8,000 and changes to70 units purchased at a price of $HK6,000.THE MIDPOINT METHOD OF COMPUTING THE PRICE ELASTICITY OFDEMAND = ((Q2– Q1)/ (Q2 + Q1)/2) / ((P2– P1)/(P2 + P1)/2)((70 – 60) / (70 + 60)/2 ) / ((6000 – 8000)/ (6000 + 8000)/2) = -0.5384613. a) The quantity of Women’s purses (in some locations women call thesehandbags) purchased decreases 67 % as price is increased by 22%. What is the price elasticity of demand for women’s purses?IN THIS CASE, PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND =- 76 PERCENT / 22 PERCENT = - 3. 45455b) Do women’s purses have an elastic demand elasticity or an inelasticdemand elasticity from your answer derived in part a) above? Explain. THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF THE ELASTIITY HERE IS 3.45455 > 1, SO THE ELASTICITY OF WOMENS PURSES IS ELASTIC MEANING THAT AS PRICE DECREASES, THE QUANTITY DEMANDED INCREASES MORE THAN THE PERCENTAGE DECREASE IN PRICE. OR, SAID ANOTHER WAY, AS PRICE INCREASES, THE QUANTITY DEMANDED DECREASES GREATER THANTHE PECENTAGE PRICE INCREASE.14. You are the manager of a clothing store and you have information that thepric e elasticity of demand on men’s shirts is -1.568. What would you do to increase shirt revenues? (Choose from the choices below and explain your choice)a) Increase price?b) Initiate a sale from time to time by decreasing prices of men’s shirts?c) Only sell men’s cotton pants?THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND HERE SUGGESTS THAT MEN’SSHIRTS HAVE ELASTIC DEMAND. SO A 10 PERCENTAGE DECREASE IN THE PRICE OF MEN’S SHIRTS INDUCES A GREATER THAN 10PERCENT INCREASE IN QUANTITY DEMANDED. SO THE STRATEGYWOULD BE TO DECREASE PRICES BY HAVING A SALE FROM TIME TO TIME IN ORDER TO INCREASE REVENUES ON THE SALE OF MEN’SSHIRTS, SINCE QUANTITY DEMANDED INCREASES GREATER THANPRICE DECLINE, THIS INCREASING REVENUE.15. The income elasticity of demand for watches in Hong Kong is 0.785. Whathappens to the demand for watches as incomes in Hong Kong increase?Explain.ONE SUCH SCENARIO WOULD BE THAT AS INCOMES INCREASE SAY BY10 PERCENT, THEN THE QUANTITY OF WATCHES DEMANDEDINCREASES BY 7.85 PERCENT. SO AS INCOMES INCREASE, THEDEMAND FOR WATCHES INCREASES. SUCH AN INCREASE IN INCOME CREATES AN OUTWARD SHIFT IN THE DEMAND FOR WATCHES.16. The cross-price elasticity of demand for oranges relative to the price ofpineapple is 0.286. Are oranges and pineapples complements orsubstitutes in consumption? Explain your answer.SINCE THE CROSS-PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND IS POSITIVE, ANINCREASE IN THE PRICE OF PINEAPPLE INCREASES THE DEMAND FOR ORANGES, THAT IS THE DEMAND FOR ORANGES EXPERIENCES APOSITIVE (OUTWARD) SHIFT IN DEMAND. ORANGES AND PINEAPPLE ARE SUBSTITUTE GOODS ACCORDING TO THE CROSS-PRICEELASTICITY.17. Suppose the price of milk in the United States increases from $2.85 pergallon to $3.15 per gallon and the quantity supplied increases from 9,000 to 11,000 gallons per month. Derive the price elasticity of milk supply in the United States.USING THE MID-POINT METHOD OF CALCULATING THE SUPPLYELASCTITY WE OBTAIN,((11000 -9000)/(11000+9000)/2)/ ((3.15 – 2.85)/(3.15 + 2.85)/2) = 1.997AS THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY OF MILK.18. Both the demand for and supply of rice in Thailand are inelastic, but a newhybrid rice is developed that increases the yield of rice per hectare inThailand.a) Is this good news for Thai agriculture? Explain.YES, THIS IS GOOD NEWS FOR THAI AGRICULTURE, SINCE NOW MORE RICE CAN BE PRODUCED AND PRODUCED MORE EFFICIENTLY. THE SUPPLY CURVE OR FUNCTION FOR RICE SHIFTS OUTWARD. MORE RICE CAN NOW BE PRODUCED PER UNIT OF LAND IN THAILAND.b) Is this good revenue news for individual Thai rice farmers? ExplainTHE SUPPLY CURVE FOR RICE SHIFTS OUTWARD AND MORE RICE IS PRODUCED FROM THAI AGRICULTURE. IF THE DEMAND FOR RICE DOES NOT CHANGE, THEN THE PRICE FOR RICE IN THAILAND WILL FALL AND DEPENDING ON THE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR RICE IN THAILAND, REVENUE TO THAI RICE FARMERS COULD DECREASE SINCE THEY ARE PRODUCING MORE RICE. IF THE DEMAND FOR RICE IS INELASTIC, THEN PRICE DECLINES ARE GREATER THAN INCREASES IN RICECONSUMPTION AND REVENUES TO THE FARMERS DECLINE.19. Explain the difference in prices changes in the short run relative to the longrun as a result in changes in demand and supply in the short run relative to the same changes over the long run.In the long run, both the price elasticities of supply and demand become less inelastic or more elastic and therefore more responsive to pricechanges relative to short run conditions of demand and supply. For any given shift of supply on a given demand, quantity increases or decreases are greater than price increases or decreases in the long run setting. In the long run there are more substitutes for any given product or servicemaking demand less inelastic or more elastic. On the supply side, smaller increases in price bring about greater increases in quantity suppliedrelative to the short run conditions of supply.20. Explain the factors or influences upon which the price elasticity of supplydepends.THE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY DEPENDS ON THE FLEXIBILITY OFSELLERS TO CHANGE THE AMOUNT OF THE GOOD OR SERVICE THEY PRODUCE OR OFFER, ANDTHE TIME PERIOD BEING CONSIDERED, SUCH AS BEING MORE ELASTIC IN THE LONG RUN RELATIVE TO THE SHORT RUN.。

曼昆经济学原理微观答案

曼昆经济学原理微观答案1. 市场经济体系的基本特征是什么？市场经济体系的基本特征包括：- 私有产权：个人或企业拥有并控制资源和生产要素。

- 自由交易：由供求双方自愿达成协议进行交换。

- 自由进入与退出：个人或企业可以自由地进入或退出市场。

- 价格机制：通过供求关系形成合理的市场价格来指导资源配置和决策。

- 竞争机制：个人或企业在竞争中追求自身利益，从而推动经济发展。

- 通过市场机制进行资源配置和决策。

2. 边际效用是什么？边际效用递减法则是什么？边际效用是指每增加一单位消费或产出所带来的额外满足程度。

边际效用递减法则是指当某种商品或服务的消费或产出量逐渐增加时，其边际效用逐渐减少。

换句话说，随着消费或产出的增加，每单位增加的效用越来越少。

3. 需求曲线的斜率代表什么？需求曲线的斜率代表商品价格相对于商品数量的变化速率。

通常来说，需求曲线的斜率为负数，表示价格上升时，需求量下降的幅度。

斜率的绝对值越大，表示需求的价格弹性越高，即消费者对价格变化更为敏感。

4. 供给曲线的斜率代表什么？供给曲线的斜率代表商品价格相对于供给数量的变化速率。

通常来说，供给曲线的斜率为正数，表示价格上升时，供给量增加的幅度。

斜率的绝对值越大，表示供给的价格弹性越高，即生产者对价格变化更为敏感。

5. 市场均衡是如何形成的？市场均衡是指市场上供给和需求达到平衡时的状态。

在市场均衡状态下，商品的需求与供给量相等，不存在过剩或短缺。

市场均衡的形成是通过价格的调节和供需双方的互动实现的。

当市场价格高于均衡价格时，供给量会超过需求量，导致过剩；当市场价格低于均衡价格时，需求量会超过供给量，导致短缺。

通过价格的自由调整，市场上需求和供给逐渐趋于平衡，最终形成市场均衡。

曼昆微观经济学课后标准答案

曼昆微观经济学课后答案作者: 日期:1 .C on sider the market for DVD movies,TV scree ns,a nd ticket at movie theaters.A •对每一对物品，确定它们是互补品还是替代品・DVD和电视・DVD和电影票・电视和电影票As: compleme nts substitutes substitutesB •假设技术进步降低了制造电视机的成本。

画一个图说明电视机市场会发生什么变动。

As: dema nd curve不娈supply curve向右移:技术进步降低了制造电视机的成本，使电视机的供给曲线向右移动。

电视机的需求曲线不变。

电视机的均衡价格下降，均衡价格上升。

C .再画两个图说明电视机市场的变动如何影响DVD市场和电影票市场。

答：DVD : dema nd curve不变supply curve向右移。

由于电视机和DVD是互补品，电视机价格的下降使DVD的需求增加。

需求增加引起DVD均衡价格上升，均衡数量增加。

Movie tickets : supply curve不变dema nd curve向左移。

由于电视机和电影票是替代品，电视机价格的下降使电影票需求减少。

需求的减少使电影票的均衡价格下降，均衡数量减少。

2.Over the past 20 years,tech no logical adva nee reduces the cost of computer chips.How do you think this affected the market for computers?For computer software?For typewriters?As: computer: supply curve 向右彳多price 卜降3.Consider total cost and total revenue given in the following table:产量01234567总成本89101113192737总收益08162432404856computer software: supply curve 向右彳多price 卜•降软件厂、・i) o _—八j IX2I uWhen MR=MC profit maximum 即Q=6 TC=27B・计算每种产量时的边际收益和边际成本。

曼昆微观经济学答案

曼昆微观经济学答案第四章复习题1．在索洛模型中，更高的储蓄率将导致在稳定状态时有更高的资本存量，从而导致更高的经济产出。

反之，亦然。

如果增加储蓄率将增加稳定状态时的资本存量，增加新的稳定状态的经济产出，从而导致经济增长。

但是，达到稳定状态后，经济将不再增长。

2．这个问题的前提在于经济决策者更关心的整个社会的福利水平，而不是关注最终的产出水平。

因为，在尽可能简单的情况下，社会福利水平与消费量相关，所以，最大化社会福利水平问题就转化为一个消费量最大化问题。

而在黄金规则下，意味着达到稳定状态时，有最大的消费量。

因此，决策者会选择黄金规则的资本水平。

3．应该说，决策者对这两种情况都可能选择，只是看本国情况的不同而定。

因为：无论经济从高于还是低于黄金规则资本存量开始，则达到的新稳定状态的消费水平都将高于最初的稳定状态。

但如果经济从高于黄金规则资本存量开始，则意味着当期的消费水平会上升，此后逐步下降；而如果经济从低于黄金规则资本存量开始，则意味着可能要减少当期的消费水平以获得远期更高的消费水平。

如此看来，如果不选择黄金规则资本存量，则各期的消费水平会有所不同，也就可能造成不同世代的人的福利水平不同。

4．在一定的储蓄率下，人口增长率越高，则稳定状态资本越低，导致的产出水平也越低；反之，稳定状态资本越高，产出水平也就越高。

因此，人口增长率将影响稳定状态产出水平的高低，从而影响经济增长率。

可以通过改变储蓄率来改变经济增长率。

比如：要达到一定的经济增长率，如果人口增长率高，则要求更高的储蓄率；人口增长率低，储蓄率则较低。

问题与应用1．a）Y = F(K, L) = K1/2L1/2，将投入要素都变成原来的z倍，上式变为：Y = F(z K, z L) = z K1/2L1/2，因此，该生产函数的规模收益不变。

b）Y = F(K, L) = K1/2L1/2Y/L = F(K, L)/L = K1/2L1/2/L=(K/L)1/2即：y = f (k) = k1/2c) 在稳定状态下，资本存量不再发生变动。

曼昆微观经济学(第三版)课后习题答案

Ch1.绪论一、名词解释二、问答题1.微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策以及这些这些决策在市场上的相互作用。

微观经济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化——他们在目的和所面临的约束条件下可以让自己的景况更好。

而相对的，宏观经济学研究经济的整体情况，它主要关心总产出、总就业、一般物件水平和国际贸易等问题，以及这些宏观指标的波动趋势与规律。

应该看到，宏观经济学研究的这些宏观经济变量是以经济体系中千千万万个体家庭和企业之间的相互作用所构成的。

因此，微观经济决策总是构成宏观经济模型的基础，宏观经济学必然依靠微观经济基础。

2.一般的，模型是对某些具体事物的抽象，经济模型也是如此。

经济模型可以简洁、直接地描述所要研究的经济对象的各种关系。

这样，经济学家可以依赖模型对特定的经济问题进行研究；并且，由于经济实际不可控，而模型是可控的，经济学家可以根据研究需要，合理、科学的调整模型来研究各种经济情况。

另外，经济模型一般是数学模型，而数学是全世界通用的科学语言，使用规范、标准的经济模型也有利于经济学家正确表达自己的研究意图，便于学术交流。

3.略。

请结合您目前所搜集的最新宏观经济新闻进行讨论。

4.市场出清模型就是供给与需求可以在价格机制调整下很快达到均衡的模型。

市场出清模型的前提条件是价格是具有伸缩性的（或弹性）。

但是，我们知道，价格具有伸缩性是一个很强的假设，在很多实际情况下，这个假设都是不现实的。

比如：劳动合同会使劳动力价格在一段时期内具有刚性。

因此，我们必须考虑什么情况下价格具有伸缩性是合适的。

现在一般地认为，在研究长期问题时，假设价格具有伸缩性是合理的；而在研究短期问题时，最好假设价格具有刚性。

因为，从长期看，价格机制终将发挥作用，使市场供需平衡，即市场出清，而在短期，价格机制因其他因素制约，难以很快使市场出清。

5.一般的，人们认为科学的定义是：一种建立稳定关系的科学的研究方法。

比如：物理学家可以通过实验来收集数据，证明或推翻一个假设。

微观经济学曼昆第七版答案

微观经济学曼昆第七版答案【篇一：曼昆微观经济学英文版本答案】a family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of the car and other things they might wantto buy. for example, buying the car might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years. so the real cost of the car is the familys opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. for a member of congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks, the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. if more money goes into the park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on the police force. or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. when a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firms profits compared to other alternatives. for example, the company could upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories. the bottom line is: which method of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. in deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.2. when the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isnt easy to compare benefits to costs to determine if its worth doing. but there are two ways to think about the benefits. one is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. if you didnt go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? then you can decide if youd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. a second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. if you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiing includes its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wagesyou are giving up by not working. if the choice is between skiing and going to the library to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs including the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. if you spend $100 now instead of saving it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. the idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. the fact that youve already sunk $5 million isnt relevant to your decision anymore, since that money is gone. what matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. if you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, youll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. you are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldnt have started it. thats true, but if you dont spend the additional $1 million, you wont have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. so what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. in fact, youd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you wont be increasing profit at the margin.6. harry suggests looking at whether productivity would riseor fall. productivity is certainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion. ron wants to look at average cost. but both harry and ron are missing the other side of the equation?revenue. a firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. thus, hermione is right?it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. hermione is the only one who is thinking at the margin.7. a. the provision of social security benefits lowers an individual’s incentive t o save for retirement. the benefits provide some level of income to the individual when he or she retires. this means that the individual is not entirely dependent on savings to support consumption through the years in retirement.b. since a person gets fewer after-tax social security benefits the greater is his or her earnings, there is an incentive not towork (or not work as much) after age 65. the more you work, the lower your after-tax social security benefits will be. thus the taxation of social security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.18. a. when welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after two years, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to last forever.b. the loss of benefits means that someone who cant find ajob will get no income at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal. but the economy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. thus the change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. by specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. if you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. by specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.10. a. being a central planner is tough! to produce the right number of cds by the right artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount of information. youneed to know about production techniques and costs in the cd industry. you need to know each persons musical tastes and which artists they want to hear. if you make the wrong decisions, youll be producing too many cds by artists that people dont want to hear, and not enough by others.b. your decisions about how many cds to produce carry overto other decisions. you have to make the right number of cd players for people to use. if you make too many cds and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuck with cds they cant play. the probability of making mistakes is very high. you will also be faced with tough choices about the musicindustry compared to other parts of the economy. if you produce more sports equipment, youll have fewer resourcesfor making cds. so all decisions about the economy influence your decisions about cd production.11. a. efficiency: the market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable tv firm.b. equityc. efficiency: an externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. efficiency: the market failure occurs because of standard oils monopoly power.e. equityf. efficiency: there is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. if everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nations output would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. would that be efficient? if you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiency would increase by providing more health care. but more likely, if the government mandated increased spending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for. from the point of view of equity, if poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care would represent an improvement. each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods.b. when workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs. after all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form of insurance. but there’s an efficiency problem?why work if you can get income for doing nothing? the economy isn’t operating efficiently if people remain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment. thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. the more generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by an unemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. so greater equity reduces efficiency.13. since average income in the united states has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. this is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goodsand services than it used to. thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as hasthe standard of living.14. if americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increase in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. the benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since theyre producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments. there is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. they get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. if people have more money, they are probably going to spend more on goods and services.b. if prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output may increase, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raising prices.c. if prices can adjust, then the higher spending of consumers will be matched with increased prices and output wont rise.16. to make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would need to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run. a policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment. ch21. economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. they devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. economists use theory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to run controlled experiments. instead, they must rely on natural experiments.2. economists make assumptions to simplify problems without substantially affecting the answer. assumptions can make the world easier to understand.3. an economic model cannot describe reality exactly because it would be too complicated to understand. a modelis a simplification that allows the economist to see what is truly important.4. figure 3 shows a production possibilities frontier between milk and cookies (ppf1). if a disease kills half of the economys cow population, less milk production is possible, so the ppf shifts inward (ppf2). note that if the economy produces all cookies, so it doesnt need any cows, then production is unaffected. but if the economy produces any milk at all, then there will be less production possible after the disease hits. figure 35. the idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available.in terms of the production possibilities frontier, an efficient point is a point on the frontier, such as point a in figure 4. a point inside the frontier, such as point b, is inefficient since more of one good could be produced without reducing the production of another good.6. the two subfields in economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics. microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena.7. positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normative statements are prescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. here is an example. positive: a rapid growth rate of money is the cause of inflation. normative: the government should keep the growth rate of money low.8. the council of economic advisers is a group of economists who consult with the president of the united states about economic matters. the council consists of three members and a staff of several dozen economists. it writes the annual economic report of the president.9. economists sometimes offer conflicting advice to policymakers for two reasons: (1) economists may disagree about the validity of alternative positive theories about how the world works; and (2) economists may have different values and, therefore, different normative views about what public policy should try to accomplish.ch31. in the text example of the farmer and the rancher, the farmers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 4 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, he can produce 8 ounces of meat or 32 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at his disposal, producing an ounce of meat means he gives up the opportunity to produce 4 ounces of potatoes. similarly, the ranchers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 2 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, she can produce 24 ounces of meat or 48 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at her disposal, producing an ounce of meat means she gives up the opportunity to produce 2 ounces of potatoes.2. a. see figure 2. if maria spends all five hours studying economics, she can read 100 pages, so that is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. if she spends all five hours studying sociology, she can read 250 pages, so figure 4that is the horizontal intercept. the time costs are constant, so the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.figure 2b. it takes maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. in that time, she could read 40 pages of economics. so the opportunity cost of 100 pages of sociology is 40 pages of economics.3. a.b. see figure 3. with 100 million workers and four cars per worker, if either economy were devoted completely to cars, it could make 400 million cars. since a u.s. worker can produce 10 tons of grain, if the united states produced only grain it would produce 1,000 million tons. since a japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain, if japan produced only grain it would produce 500 million tons. these are the intercepts of the production possibilities frontiers shown in the figure. note that since the tradeoff between cars and grain is constant, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.【篇二：微观经济学原理(第七版) 曼昆名词解释(带英文)】=txt>稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。

曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案(修改)

第一章问题与应用4．你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100美元。

你可以选择现在花掉它或在利率为55%的银行中存一年。

现在花掉100美元的机会成本是什么呢?答：现在花掉100 美元的机会成本是在一年后得到105 美元的银行支付(利息+本金)。

7．社会保障制度为65岁以上的人提供收入。

如果一个社会保障的领取者决定去工作并赚一些钱，他(或她)所领到的社会保障津贴通常会减少。

A．提供社会保障如何影响人们在工作时的储蓄激励?答：社会保障的提供使人们退休以后仍可以获得收入，以保证生活。

因此，人们不用为不能工作时的生活费而发愁，人们在工作时期的储蓄就会减少。

B．收入提高时津贴减少的政策如何影响65岁以上的人的工作激励??答：这会使65 岁以上的人在工作中不再积极进取。

因为努力工作获得高收入反而会使得到的津贴减少，所以对65 岁以上的人的努力工作的激励减少了。

11．解释下列每一项政府活动的动机是关注平等还是关注效率。

在关注效率的情况下，讨论所涉及的市场失灵的类型。

A．对有线电视频道的价格进行管制。

答：这是关注效率，市场失灵的原因是市场势力的存在。

可能某地只有一家有线电视台，由于没有竞争者，有线电视台会向有线频道的消费者收取高出市场均衡价格的价格，这是垄断。

垄断市场不能使稀缺资源得到最有效的配置。

在这种情况下，规定有线电视频道的价格会提高市场效率。

B．向一些穷人提供可用来购买食物的消费券。

答：这是出于关注平等的动机，政府这样做是想把经济蛋糕更公平地分给每一个人。

C．在公共场所禁止抽烟。

答：这是出于关注效率的动机。

因为公共场所中的吸烟行为会污染空气，影响周围不吸烟者的身体健康，对社会产生了有害的外部性，而外部性正是市场失灵的一种情况，而这也正是政府在公共场所禁止吸烟的原因。

D．把美孚石油公司(它曾拥90%的炼油厂)分拆为几个较小的公司。

答：出于关注效率的动机，市场失灵是由于市场势力。

美孚石油公司在美国石油业中属于规模最大的公司之一，占有相当大的市场份额，很容易形成市场垄断。

微观经济学习题答案曼昆

微观经济学习题答案曼昆微观经济学习题答案曼昆微观经济学是经济学的一个重要分支，研究个体经济单位（如家庭、企业）的经济行为和市场的运行机制。

在学习微观经济学的过程中，我们常常遇到一些复杂的问题和难题。

而曼昆（N. Gregory Mankiw）的《宏观经济学原理》和《微观经济学原理》是许多经济学学生的必读教材。

下面，我将为大家提供一些微观经济学习题的答案，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

1. 什么是边际成本和边际效益？为什么边际原理在经济学中如此重要？在经济学中，边际成本指的是增加或减少一个单位产量或消费量所增加或减少的总成本。

边际效益则是指增加或减少一个单位产量或消费量所带来的总效益。

边际原理认为，个体应该在边际成本等于边际效益的情况下做出决策。

边际原理在经济学中非常重要，因为它能够帮助我们理解个体在面对有限资源时做出的最优决策。

通过比较边际成本和边际效益，我们可以确定是否继续增加产量或消费量，以及何时停止增加。

这种理性决策可以最大程度地满足个体的需求，同时也有助于优化资源配置。

2. 什么是需求曲线和供给曲线？它们是如何影响市场价格和数量的？需求曲线是描述消费者在不同价格下购买某种商品或服务的数量关系的一条曲线。

需求曲线通常呈现出向下倾斜的形状，即价格越高，需求量越低；价格越低，需求量越高。

供给曲线则是描述生产者在不同价格下提供某种商品或服务的数量关系的一条曲线。

供给曲线通常呈现出向上倾斜的形状，即价格越高，供给量越高；价格越低，供给量越低。

市场价格和数量由需求曲线和供给曲线的交点确定。

当市场价格高于均衡价格时，供给量超过需求量，市场出现供过于求的情况，价格会下降。

相反，当市场价格低于均衡价格时，需求量超过供给量，市场出现需求过于供给的情况，价格会上升。

只有在市场价格等于均衡价格时，供给量和需求量达到平衡。

3. 什么是弹性需求和供给？它们对价格变化的反应有何不同？弹性需求是指消费者对价格变化的敏感程度。

微观经济学曼昆第七版答案

微观经济学曼昆第七版答案【篇一：曼昆微观经济学英文版本答案】a family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of the car and other things they might wantto buy. for example, buying the car might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years. so the real cost of the car is the familys opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. for a member of congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks, the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. if more money goes into the park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on the police force. or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. when a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firms profits compared to other alternatives. for example, the company could upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories. the bottom line is: which method of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. in deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.2. when the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isnt easy to compare benefits to costs to determine if its worth doing. but there are two ways to think about the benefits. one is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. if you didnt go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? then you can decide if youd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. a second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. if you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiing includes its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wagesyou are giving up by not working. if the choice is between skiing and going to the library to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs including the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. if you spend $100 now instead of saving it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. the idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. the fact that youve already sunk $5 million isnt relevant to your decision anymore, since that money is gone. what matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. if you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, youll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. you are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldnt have started it. thats true, but if you dont spend the additional $1 million, you wont have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. so what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. in fact, youd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you wont be increasing profit at the margin.6. harry suggests looking at whether productivity would riseor fall. productivity is certainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion. ron wants to look at average cost. but both harry and ron are missing the other side of the equation?revenue. a firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. thus, hermione is right?it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. hermione is the only one who is thinking at the margin.7. a. the provision of social security benefits lowers an individual’s incentive t o save for retirement. the benefits provide some level of income to the individual when he or she retires. this means that the individual is not entirely dependent on savings to support consumption through the years in retirement.b. since a person gets fewer after-tax social security benefits the greater is his or her earnings, there is an incentive not towork (or not work as much) after age 65. the more you work, the lower your after-tax social security benefits will be. thus the taxation of social security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.18. a. when welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after two years, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to last forever.b. the loss of benefits means that someone who cant find ajob will get no income at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal. but the economy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. thus the change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. by specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. if you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. by specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.10. a. being a central planner is tough! to produce the right number of cds by the right artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount of information. youneed to know about production techniques and costs in the cd industry. you need to know each persons musical tastes and which artists they want to hear. if you make the wrong decisions, youll be producing too many cds by artists that people dont want to hear, and not enough by others.b. your decisions about how many cds to produce carry overto other decisions. you have to make the right number of cd players for people to use. if you make too many cds and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuck with cds they cant play. the probability of making mistakes is very high. you will also be faced with tough choices about the musicindustry compared to other parts of the economy. if you produce more sports equipment, youll have fewer resourcesfor making cds. so all decisions about the economy influence your decisions about cd production.11. a. efficiency: the market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable tv firm.b. equityc. efficiency: an externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. efficiency: the market failure occurs because of standard oils monopoly power.e. equityf. efficiency: there is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. if everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nations output would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. would that be efficient? if you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiency would increase by providing more health care. but more likely, if the government mandated increased spending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for. from the point of view of equity, if poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care would represent an improvement. each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods.b. when workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs. after all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form of insurance. but there’s an efficiency problem?why work if you can get income for doing nothing? the economy isn’t operating efficiently if people remain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment. thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. the more generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by an unemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. so greater equity reduces efficiency.13. since average income in the united states has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. this is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goodsand services than it used to. thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as hasthe standard of living.14. if americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increase in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. the benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since theyre producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments. there is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. they get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. if people have more money, they are probably going to spend more on goods and services.b. if prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output may increase, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raising prices.c. if prices can adjust, then the higher spending of consumers will be matched with increased prices and output wont rise.16. to make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would need to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run. a policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment. ch21. economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. they devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. economists use theory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to run controlled experiments. instead, they must rely on natural experiments.2. economists make assumptions to simplify problems without substantially affecting the answer. assumptions can make the world easier to understand.3. an economic model cannot describe reality exactly because it would be too complicated to understand. a modelis a simplification that allows the economist to see what is truly important.4. figure 3 shows a production possibilities frontier between milk and cookies (ppf1). if a disease kills half of the economys cow population, less milk production is possible, so the ppf shifts inward (ppf2). note that if the economy produces all cookies, so it doesnt need any cows, then production is unaffected. but if the economy produces any milk at all, then there will be less production possible after the disease hits. figure 35. the idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available.in terms of the production possibilities frontier, an efficient point is a point on the frontier, such as point a in figure 4. a point inside the frontier, such as point b, is inefficient since more of one good could be produced without reducing the production of another good.6. the two subfields in economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics. microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena.7. positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normative statements are prescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. here is an example. positive: a rapid growth rate of money is the cause of inflation. normative: the government should keep the growth rate of money low.8. the council of economic advisers is a group of economists who consult with the president of the united states about economic matters. the council consists of three members and a staff of several dozen economists. it writes the annual economic report of the president.9. economists sometimes offer conflicting advice to policymakers for two reasons: (1) economists may disagree about the validity of alternative positive theories about how the world works; and (2) economists may have different values and, therefore, different normative views about what public policy should try to accomplish.ch31. in the text example of the farmer and the rancher, the farmers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 4 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, he can produce 8 ounces of meat or 32 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at his disposal, producing an ounce of meat means he gives up the opportunity to produce 4 ounces of potatoes. similarly, the ranchers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 2 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, she can produce 24 ounces of meat or 48 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at her disposal, producing an ounce of meat means she gives up the opportunity to produce 2 ounces of potatoes.2. a. see figure 2. if maria spends all five hours studying economics, she can read 100 pages, so that is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. if she spends all five hours studying sociology, she can read 250 pages, so figure 4that is the horizontal intercept. the time costs are constant, so the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.figure 2b. it takes maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. in that time, she could read 40 pages of economics. so the opportunity cost of 100 pages of sociology is 40 pages of economics.3. a.b. see figure 3. with 100 million workers and four cars per worker, if either economy were devoted completely to cars, it could make 400 million cars. since a u.s. worker can produce 10 tons of grain, if the united states produced only grain it would produce 1,000 million tons. since a japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain, if japan produced only grain it would produce 500 million tons. these are the intercepts of the production possibilities frontiers shown in the figure. note that since the tradeoff between cars and grain is constant, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.【篇二：微观经济学原理(第七版) 曼昆名词解释(带英文)】=txt>稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。

微观经济学曼昆案例分析练习题

微观经济学曼昆案例分析练习题IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】微观经济学（曼昆）案例分析练习题1、假设我们有以下自行车的市场供给与需求表：a．画出自行车的供给曲线和需求曲线。

b．自行车的均衡价格是多少?c．自行车的均衡数量是多少?d．如果自行车的价格是100美元，存在过剩还是短缺有多少单位过剩或短缺这将引起价格上升还是下降e．如果自行车的价格是400美元，存在过剩还是短缺有多少单位过剩或短缺这将引起价格上升还是下降f.假设自行车市场的工会为增加工资而谈判。

此外，再假设这个事件增加了生产成本，使自行车制造不利，而且，在每种自行车价格时减少了自行车供给量20辆。

在图4_2中画出新的供给曲线以及原来的供给和需求曲线。

自行车市场新的均衡价格和数量是多少?【参考答案】：a．b ．300美元。

c ．50辆自行车。

d ．短缺，70—30=40单位，价格将上升。

e ．过剩，60—40=20单位，价格将下降。

f.均衡价格为400美元，均衡数量为40辆自行车。

2、假设《每日新闻》估计，如果它把自己报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元，那么订户数就将从5万下降到4万。

a ．当用中点法计算弹性时，《每日新闻》的需求价格弹性是多少?b ．使用中点法的好处是什么?c ．如果《每日新闻》只关心总收益最大化，它应该把报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元吗为什么该提价或不该提价【参考答案】：a ．(10000／45000)／美元/美元)=。

b．用中点法的好处是，无论你从价格为1美元开始上升到美元，还是从美元开始下降到1美元，弹性的值是相同的。

c．应该提价。

因为需求价格弹性小于1(缺乏弹性)，价格上升将增加总收益。

3、对下列每一对物品，你预期哪一种物品更富有供给弹性为什么a．电视；海滩的地产b．下一周的原油；明年的原油c．凡·高的油画；凡·高同一张油画的印刷品【参考答案】：a．电视，因为电视价格上升可以引起电视生产增加，而海滩地产是固定的。

微观经济学原理曼昆第5版习题解答(7~12章)

41
图 7－14 医疗市场供给图 B．在你的图上标出如果消费者每次治疗只支付 20 美元，治疗的需求量。如果每次治疗的社会成本是实际的 100 美元，而且，如果个人有以上所述的医疗保险，这一治疗数量能使总剩余最大化吗？解释原因。答：如图 7－14 所示，如果消费者每次治疗只支付 20 美元，他的需求曲线是一条直线，此时的治疗需求量是 Q2 人。如果每次治疗的社会成本是 100 美元，每个人都有医疗保险。那么，进行 Q1 次治疗能使总剩余最大化。因为市场均衡点正是使市场总剩余最大化的点。 C．经济学家经常指责医疗保险制度引起人们滥用医疗。给出你的分析，说明为什么医疗保健的使用被认为 “滥用”。答：如图 7－14 所示，医疗保险使人们在看病时自己支付的价格大大低于实际应支付的均衡价格。因此，治疗的需求量大幅上升，造成医疗资源的过度使用。在 Q2 的需求量上，阴影部分代表医疗市场的总剩余为负，医疗资源被滥用了。 D．哪种政策可以防止这种滥用? 答：对于这种滥用，可以采用一些限制措施。如规定保险扣除量，即在一定时期内，一定金额以下的医疗费用，保险公司才支付实际治疗费的 80%，超过这一限额的医疗费用完全由消费者自己承担。但是，这种方法也不能完全杜绝医疗滥用，只能是降低滥用的程度，而且，这种方法可能会引起公平问题。 11．花椰菜的供求如下式所述：
答：
表 7－2 艾尼的供给表
价格
供给量
7 美元或以上
4
5～7 美元
3
3பைடு நூலகம்5 美元
2
1～3 美元
1
1 美元以下
0
38
图 7－7 艾尼的供给曲线 B．如果一瓶水的价格是 4 美元，Ernie 会生产并销售多少瓶水？Ernie 从这种销售中得到多少生产者剩余？在你的图形中标出 Ernie 的生产者剩余。答：如果一瓶水的价格是 4 美元，艾尼生产并销售 2 瓶水。艾尼的生产者剩余是 4 美元，如图 7－8 所示。

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