第一堂课笔记

Provisional syllabus

1.defining pragmatics(semantics vs. pragmatics)

2.deixis

3.prepositional meaning vs. implicature

4.speech acts vs. illocutionary force

5.presupposition

6.conversational structure

参考书目：Pragmatics: An introduction(何兆雄，姜望琪，何自然)

Assignment: some 2500 words on pragmatic topics

Important distinctions

1.utterance vs. sentence

An utterance from a particular word, phrase, or sentence because an

a particular Speaker, Hearer, time, place, available things, and recent language, in addition to its own linguistic form. I'll sometimes refer to the Speaker and Hearer as utterance participants. For example, we can put the English words I, like, and it together to make the English sentence I like it, but this sentence is a different utterance each time it is uttered.

Each utterance has its own context, and, as we will see below, for each context the sentence has a different meaning. That is, meaning always changes from one utterance context to another.（for the same sentence）The figure below is one way of representing the elements of an utterance context.

different situation. For example, the Speaker role is filled by a particular person, and the Location role is filled by a particular place. We will meet the concept of role again later in this book; in fact it is one of the most fundamental notions in cognitive science.

Distinction between usage and use

The term usage refers to conventions, most often to those of language. Thus, "English usage" or

"French usage" refers to the conventions of those languages, respectively. When we refer to "word usage," we mean the conventions for using words; when we refer to "use of words," we mean only the employment of words: "This text describes the principles of word usage." "He is noted for his frequent use of wrong words."

Usage: the way that words are used in a language:the way in which something id used, or the amount of it that is used 词语的使用，东西抽象、归纳的使用：car usage has increased dramatically.(使用方法，用量) a book on modern English usage关于现代英语用法的书Use：1 when people use something to do something: Are you in favor of the use of animals for research?

2. A purpose for which something can be used the drug has many uses.

3.If you have the use of something, you are able to use it or someone has allowed you to use it

运用能力；使用权：Joe's given me the use of his office.

Robin Lakoff

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Robin Tolmach Lakoff (born 1942) is a professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. Lakoff's writings have become the basis for much research on the subject of women's language. In a 1975 article, she published ten basic assumptions about what she felt constituted a special women's language. Much of what Lakoff proposed agreed with theories originally proposed in the 1920s by Otto Jespersen in Growth and Structure of the English Language (1905, revised and republished several times).

Lakoff's most famous work, Language and Woman's Place, introduced to the field of sociolinguistics many ideas about women's language that are now commonplace. She proposed (Language and Woman's Place) that women's speech can be distinguished from that of men in a number of ways, including:

1.Hedges: Phrases like "sort of," "kind of," "it seems like"

2.Empty adjectives: divine, adorable, gorgeous, etc

3.(Super-)Polite forms: "Would you mind…" "Is it o.k if…?" "…if it’s not too much to ask"

4.Apologize more: "I'm sorry, but I think that…"

5.Speak less frequently

6.Avoid coarse language or expletives

7.Tag questions: "You don't mind eating this, do you?". Subsequent research has cast some

doubt on this proposition

8.Hyper-correct grammar and pronunciation: Use of prestige grammar and clear articulation

9.Indirect requests: "Wow I'm so thirsty." – really asking for a drink

10.Speak in italics: Use tone to emphasis certain words, e.g., "so", "very", "quite".