学术英语-综合-第二单元
学术英语综合第二单元 ppt课件
College English
Stakeholder VS Shareholder
▪ Shareholder Perspective ▪ Those who approach ethical decision making from
a shareholder perspective focus on making decisions that are in the owners' best interest. Decisions are guided by a need to maximize return on investment for the organization's shareholders. Individuals who approach ethics from this perspective feel that ethical business practices are ones that make the most money.
sell it.
自由企业制度，就是确保企业能够拥有在产权受法律保护的基础上所 享有的等一系列的制度安排。它包括产权制度、进入退出制度、公平竞 争制度、平等合约制度、平等交易制度以及平等获取信息服务制度等。
College English
Do you agree or not?
College English
Stakeholder VS Shareholder
▪ Stakeholder Perspective
▪ The phrase corporate social responsibility is often used in discussions of business ethics. The idea behind this concept is the belief that companies should consider the needs and interests of multiple stakeholder groups, not just those with a direct financial stake in the organization's profits and losses.
学术英语(社科)-Unit-2含答案
Unit 2
Economics
Text A
English language for academic purpose
Signpost language
cause and effect: clue words to indicate cause and effect:
because the reason lead to, result from is due to
Former President of the United States Journalist
Chief Executive Officer, Microsoft
Singer for the Rolling Stones
Unit 2
Economics
• Text A
–Critical reading and thinking – Difficult sentences – English language for
Unit 2
Economics
Text A
English language for academic purpose
Specialized vocabulary
elasticity
（__需_求__等_的_）__弹_性_
comparative advantage __比_较__优_势_____
consumer surplus __消__费_过_剩_________
→ Yet, although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies – actually just because they are not that realistic – they are useful to help people learn how the human body works.
新核心综合学术英语教程第二册_Unit_2
Claudius Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy was a Greco-Egyptian writer of Alexandria, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest. The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (―Four books‖), in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
In this unit, you will
• learn about the concept ―scientific method‖ and its application in science; • research ―verification of theories‖ and falsification of theories‖ on the Internet and find reliable information; • learn words, expressions, and sentence patterns related to the theme and use them in writing and speech; • learn strategies such as listening for introduction (listening), skimming (reading), agreeing and disagreeing (discussing), writing thesis statements (writing), etc; • learn the deductive and inductive method of reasoning; • give an oral presentation on an assigned topic to the class.
学术综合英语unit2
Energy in TransitionThe era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end. A transition to more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.John P. Holdren能源转型能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去，目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。
约翰·P·霍德雷恩Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy －including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts －detract from well-being.了解这一转变，需首先考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。
从积极的意义上说，能源为人类幸福作出了贡献，它为经济生产活动提供必要投入的同时，也提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费服务。
然而，人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不但包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。
学术英语(学生资料)_Unit2
Unit Contents
1 Finding reliable and better sources
2 Scanning and skimming
3 Identifying topic sentences for information 4 Guessing word meaning 5 Using the organization of the text 6 Reading critically
Unit 2 Searching for Information
2 Scanning and skimming
Tips for scanning and skimming Task 1 using scanning and skimming strategy
Unit 2 Searching for Information
1. multi- 多种的 multidisciplines (多学科), multicolor (多种颜色), multisteps
(多步骤), multiform (各种形式), multipurpose (多种目的) 2. nano- 纳米
nanotechnology (纳米技术), nanorobot (纳米机器人), nanomachine (纳米机器), nanoscopic (纳米级), nanostructure (纳米结构) 3. converg- 倾向，汇合 convergence (汇合、一致), divergence (分歧), verge (倾向 ), concord (和谐), concourse (合流), conferate (同盟)
Unit 2 Searching for Information
新核心综合学术英语教程2 U2单词总结
empirical◙adj. [usually before noun]• based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories• 以实验(或经验)为依据的；经验主义的:»empirical evidence / knowledge / research实践经验的证明；从实际经验中获得的知识；以实验为基础的研究»an empirical study经验式研究【OPP】theoretical♦empirically/ -kli / adv.:»Such claims need to be tested empirically.这类断言需要实践来检验。
formulationnoun1.[mass noun] the action of creating or preparing something•创建或准备某物的动作the formulation of foreign policy外交政策的制定■[count noun] a particular expression of an idea, thought, or theory2. a material or mixture prepared according to a formuladeductive◙adj. [usually before noun]• using knowledge about things that are generally true in order to think about and understand particular situations or problems• 演绎的；推论的；推理的:»deductive logic / reasoning演绎逻辑/推理--› compare inductive(1)presence◙noun1. [U] (of a person 人) the fact of being in a particular place• 在场；出席:»He hardly seemed to notice my presence.他似乎没有注意到我在场。
学术英语综合Unit2
Text A In-depth analysis
2. Discuss the features of the two versions of Adam Smith’s theory on the basis of Task 1/Critical reading and thinking/Text A.
Unit 2
Business Ethics
Text A In-depth analysis
1. Contribute as much as possible what you know about the following.
• economic system • free enterprise
Unit 2
Adam Smith’s theory vs. modified version of Adam Smith’s theory; pros and cons of social responsibility; economic model vs. socioeconomic model ,etc.)
Profit maximization is the right stockholders.
goal for a business.
Unit 2
Business EthicsLeabharlann Unit Contents
Unit objectives Text A Text B Text C Academic language and discourse Listening Speaking Writing
Unit 2
Business Ethics
formal and informal English and acquire some formal expressions
学术英语（社科）Unit2二单元原文及翻译
学术英语（社科）Unit2二单元原文及翻译第一篇：学术英语(社科)Unit2二单元原文及翻译UNIT 2 Economist1.Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking.Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces.Psychologists talk about ego, id, and cognitive wyers talk about venue, torts, and promissory estoppel.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。
数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。
心理学家谈论自我、本能、以及认知的不一致性。
律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。
2.Economics is no different.Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s language.In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane.But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.经济学家也一样。
学术综合英语课件2
Study of the Text
Why is expensive energy a permanent condition? No other energy resources has very good prospects for delivering large quantities of electricity at costs comparable to... (Paragraph5)
和观点交流。(entail) Much of the current research entails close collaboration with industry, which leads to a profitable exchange of personnel and ideas. 5. 即使是景点的服务和饭菜非常一般，都没有使游人 的兴趣减退。（mediocre，detract） Even the very mediocre services and food at the beauty spot did not detract from the enjoyment of the tourists. turn to: seek or appeal help from... He turned to his mother for advice. traverse: Volunteers traversed the field looking for dues.
学术综合英语Unit2读写课文A文后词汇练习答案
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7. The most profound change in our society since the sixties has not been the arrival of new Britons but the appearance of a new class.
R-C- Detailed Reading
VAf2ter Reading
Vocabulary Development
Translation
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Before Reading
Reading Comprehension
新核心综合学术英语教程Unit 2
Reading 2
Language Points
7.Right now, it is the only fuel approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), passed every Health-Effects Test of the Clean Air Act and meets the requirements of the California Air Resources Board (CARB).(Para. L, L67-69.) 翻译 目前，生物燃料是唯一经美国环境保护署批准的 ： 燃料，它通过了《清洁空气法》各项健康影响测
Reading 2 ■ Sentences：
Language Points
1.It appears as though the crusade to determine the best alternative energy sources is seriously being looked into by lots of countries including most American cities. (Para. A, L1-2.) • →It seems that lots of countries as well as most American cities are seriously investigating ways to launch the campaign of utilizing the best alternative energy sources. 翻译：似乎许多国家，也包括大多数美国城市，正在认真发起 一场寻找最佳替代能源的运动。 这句话的句子主干是：It appears as though the crusade …is seriously being looked into by…
外研社学术英语(第二版)综合Unit 2 (教师用书U2
Unit 2 EconomicsI Teaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 2, students (Ss) are expected to develop the following academic skills and knowledge:II Teaching Activities and ResourcesReadingText ALead-inTeaching StepsAsk Ss to work in pairs and do the task in Lead-in. Then invite several Ss to share their answers with the whole class.Answer Keys1.The invisible hand.2.Our economic life is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of totalstrangers.The activities of countless far-flung men and women have to be intricately choreographed and precisely timed. However, no one coordinates it, and yet they do cooperate. It’s “the invisible hand” —the mysterious power that leads innumerable people, each working for his own gain, to promote ends that benefit many. Out of the seeming chaos of millions of uncoordinated private transactions emerges the spontaneousText AnalysisTeaching Steps1.OverviewAsk Ss to preview Text A before class. Or, allocate some time for Ss to read the text quickly in class. Then invite several Ss to summarize the main idea of Text A.2.In-Depth Analysis1)Show Ss the following words and ask them to contribute to the class as muchas possible with what they know about these words. Provide additional information in Supplementary Information when necessary.•the invisible hand•free-market economy•economic downturn•An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.3)Discuss with Ss the invisible hand in the author’s eyes by doing Task 1 inCritical reading and thinking.4)Organize a group discussion about the questions from Task 2 in Criticalreading and thinking. Encourage Ss to think independently, critically and creatively and share their ideas with each other.Supplementary Information1.free-market economyIn a free market economy, the laws and forces of supply and demand, rather than a central government, regulate production and labor. The prices for goods and services are self-regulated by buyers and sellers negotiating in an open market.Most companies and resources are not owned by the state. Instead, they are owned by private individuals or entities who are free to trade contracts with each other. 2.economic downturnAn economic downturn is a general slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time. It occurs when the value of stocks, property, and commodities fall, productivity either grows more slowly or declines, and GDP shrinks, stands still or expands more slowly. It can happen in a specific region (e.g.the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s) or on a global scale (e.g. the global financial crisis in the late 2000s). The main features of an economic downturn include rising unemployment, falling share and house prices, low consumer confidence and declining investment.4．An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（《国富论》）An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is Adam Smith’s masterpiece. It was first published in 1776, and is widely considered to be the first modern work in economics. Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of theIndustrial Revolution, the book touches upon broad topics such as the division of labor, productivity and free markets.Language Support1.Individual buyers and sellers will act according to what is in their own bestinterests. (Para. 2)The phrase “in one’s interest” means “for one’s benefit or advantage”（为了……的利益；为……着想）. There are some relevant expressions, such as “in the interest of one”, “in one’s own interest”, and “in one’s best interest”.e.g. It’s obviously in their interest to increase profits.I suspect it’s in your own best interest to quit now.2.Customers are likewise typically looking out for their self-interests. (Para. 4)The word “likewise” is used to signal a comparison that explains how things are similar（同样的；此外）.e.g. In this episode, we will likewise deal with another extremely commonquestion.Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.Other special words and expressions are often used to signal the comparison of two or more people, places, things, ideas, etc. Here are some examples of these signposts for your reference:similarly, both, just as, and also, resemble, parallel, in the same manner, inthe same way, alike, equally3.The market becomes more efficient as buyers and sellers move in the samedirection—as if directed by an invisible hand. (Para. 5)这里的as if用于省略句。
学术英语第二单元课件-Unit 2 Work and Leisure
Unit 2 Work and Leisure
Market Leader Elementary, Book 1
Market Leader
Overview
Starting up Vocabulary Video Listening Reading Language Focus Skills Case study
Writing
Teaching Plan
This teaching of this unit will go through four lessons. Each lesson(excluding case studies) is about 45 minutes. This does not include administration and time spent dealing with homework. The teaching plan is as followed:
Teaching Plan
Class work (course work)
Starting up Vocabulary 1: Days, months, dates Reading: Describing Your routine Language focus 1: Present simple Vocabulary 2: Leisure activities Listening: Working and relaxing
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Language focus 2: Adverbs and expressions of frequency Skills: Talking about work and leisure
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1第二单元
《新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1 第二单元》为了更好地帮助你理解和掌握《新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1 第二单元》的内容，我将按照深度和广度的要求进行全面评估，并据此撰写一篇有价值的文章。
在本文中，我将从简到繁，由浅入深地探讨这一主题，以便你更深入地理解。
我们来了解《新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1 第二单元》的主题。
在本单元中，主要涉及到学术英语写作的基本要求、学术论文结构与写作、学术英语写作的篇章结构等内容。
这些内容对于研究生来说至关重要，因为良好的学术英语写作能力是进行学术研究、发表论文和参加国际学术交流的基础。
在学术英语写作的基本要求中，我们需要掌握清晰的逻辑结构、准确的语法表达和恰当的词汇运用。
而学术论文的结构和写作则涉及到引言、方法、结果、讨论和结论等部分的组织和表达方式。
学术英语写作的篇章结构也非常重要，包括段落结构、句子结构和修辞手法等方面的运用。
当我们深入了解了以上内容后，我们可以开始撰写一篇有关学术英语写作的文章。
在文章的引言部分，我们可以介绍学术英语写作的重要性，并简要概括本文将要讨论的内容。
我们可以依次展开介绍学术英语写作的基本要求、学术论文的结构与写作以及学术英语写作的篇章结构。
在每个部分，我们可以引用《新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1 第二单元》中的相关内容，并结合实际案例进行解释和分析，以帮助你更好地理解和掌握。
在文章的结尾部分，我们可以进行总结和回顾性的内容。
总结部分可以对学术英语写作的基本要求、学术论文结构与写作、学术英语写作的篇章结构进行概括，强调其重要性和必要性。
回顾性内容则可以回顾我们在文章中提到的重点和关键内容，以便你能全面、深刻和灵活地理解主题。
我们还可以共享个人观点和理解，以及对学术英语写作的未来发展和趋势进行展望。
在知识的文章格式中，我们可以使用序号标注来列举学术英语写作的基本要求和学术论文的结构，以便读者更清晰地理解。
我们也会多次提及《新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1 第二单元》中的相关内容，以加强文章的权威性和可信度。
通用学术英语综合教程复旦大学第二单元课后答案
通用学术英语综合教程复旦大学第二单元课后答案1、It’s one of _______ means of transportation. [单选题] *A. cheapB. convenientC. second-handD. the most convenient(正确答案)2、You can _______ Bus 116 to get there. [单选题] *A. byB. take(正确答案)C. onD. in3、Be careful when you _______ the street. [单选题] *A. are crossingB. is crossingC. cross(正确答案)D. is cross4、I had _______ egg and some milk for breakfast this morning. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. theD. /5、I hadn't realized she was my former teacher _____ she spoke [单选题] *A. asB. sinceC. until(正确答案)D. while6、Can you give her some ______ ? [单选题] *A. advice(正确答案)B. suggestionC. advicesD. suggest7、What surprised me ______ was that he succeeded. [单选题] *A. most(正确答案)B. mostlyC. almostD. at most8、—______ is it from your home to the bookstore?—About 15 kilometers.（）[单选题] *A. How far(正确答案)B. How muchC. How longD. How many9、He was proud of what he had done. [单选题] *A. 对…感到自豪(正确答案)B. 对…感到满足C. 对…表示不满D. 对…表示后悔10、Mary's watch is more expensive than _____. [单选题] *A. Susan's(正确答案)B. that of Susan'sC. that of SusanD. Susan11、I _______ play the game well. [单选题] *A. mustB. can(正确答案)C. wouldD. will12、32．There are about __________ women doctors in this hospital. [单选题] *A．two hundred ofB．two hundreds ofC．two hundredsD．two hundred (正确答案)13、“I think you are wonderful,”she said, “You are so patient with your little George.”[单选题] *A. 耐心(正确答案)B. 细心C. 关心D. 偏心14、Be careful with the knife. You may hurt _______. [单选题] *A. himselfB. ourselvesC. myselfD. yourself(正确答案)15、Sometimes Americans are said to be _____. [单选题] *A superficially friendB superficial friendC. superficial friendlyD. superficially friendly(正确答案)16、Miss Smith is a friend of _____. [单选题] *A. Jack’s sister’s(正确答案)B. Jack’s sisterC. Jack sister’sD. Jack sister17、31．A key ring is used __________ holding the keys. [单选题] * A．toB．inC．for (正确答案)D．with18、26．—Mary, is this your pen?—No, it isn't. ________ is black. [单选题] * A．MyB．IC．MeD．Mine(正确答案)19、If you pass your exams, we’ll have a party to celebrate. [单选题] *A. 宣布B. 发表C. 解放D. 庆祝(正确答案)20、9．—Will there be more cars in the future?—________. [单选题] * A．See youB．Well, I'm not sure(正确答案)C．You're welcomeD．Thank you21、For more information, please _______ us as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. confidentB. confidenceC. contact(正确答案)D. concert22、( ) ----Would you like___ tea? ----No, thanks. I have drunk two____. [单选题] *A. any, bottles of orangeB. some, bottles of orange(正确答案)C. many, bottles of orangesD. few, bottle of oranges23、All he _______ was a coat. [单选题] *A. had on(正确答案)B. had toC. had a restD. had a good time24、Mr. Wang is coming to our school. I can’t wait to see _______. [单选题] *A. herB. him(正确答案)C. itD. them25、It usually takes him about 15 minutes _______ his bike to school. [单选题] *A. ridesB. ridingC. rideD. to ride(正确答案)26、41．—________ do you take?—Small, please. [单选题] *A．What size(正确答案)B．What colourC．How manyD．How much27、I should like to rent a house which is modern, comfortable and _____, in a quiet neighborhood. [单选题] *A.in allB. after allC. above all(正确答案)D. over all28、Could you tell me _____ to fly from Chicago to New York? [单选题] *A.it costs how muchB. how much does it costC. how much costs itD.how much it costs(正确答案)29、____ China is ____ old country with ____ long history. [单选题] *A. /, an, a(正确答案)B. The, an, aC. /, an, /D. /, the, a30、If we want to keep fit, we should try to _______ bad habits. [单选题] *A. keepB. haveC. getD. get rid of(正确答案)。
学术综合英语unit2
Energy in TransitionThe era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end. A transition to more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.John P. Holdren能源转型能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去，目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。
约翰·P·霍德雷恩Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy －including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts －detract from well-being.了解这一转变，需首先考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。
从积极的意义上说，能源为人类幸福作出了贡献，它为经济生产活动提供必要投入的同时，也提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费服务。
然而，人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不但包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。
学术英语课后答案 unit2
Unit 2 Searching for InformationI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit, you will learn how to:1.search for reliable and better source materials for your research2.find your information by scanning and skimming3.identify topic sentences for a general idea in the paragraph4.guess word meaning through context clues and affixes5.read fast by following the organization of the text6.be a critical reader7.take notes effectively8.write a summary for what you have read9.enhance language skills with the help of the reading and listening materials presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures1 Finding reliable and better sourcesTask 1Answers may vary.Task 2Answers may vary.Task 3Answers may vary.2 Scanning and skimmingTask 11 Artificial intelligence.2 The article may argue for/against the idea that artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the future.3 The story tells that computerization threatens to replace many white-collar jobs.4 The author is optimistic and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs.5 The specter of automation unemploying us all may have finally arrived.6 But the mass job shrinkage that these observers all expected did not come.7 Yet Americans as a whole were not automated out of work. (Para.8, L1)Yet, through all that, more new jobs appeared. (Para.11, L2)8 Man will not lose jobs because there will always be demands of a new economy.9 The neighbor would prefer to order the shoes from machine-handling factories.10 Saving will lead to spending which in turn will create newer, perhaps better jobs tomorrow.3 Identifying topic sentences for informationTask 11 Pieced together, the topic sentences form a short, coherent paragraph or essay.2 a) Paragraph 2b) Paragraph 11Task 21 Game theory is the science of strategy.（Para.1）2 Games are fundamentally different from decisions made in a neutral environment.（Para.3）3 The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.（Para.4）4 A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason back. （Para.5）5 In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle.（Para.7）6 Another way to make threats credible is to employ the adventuresome strategy of brinkmanship—deliberately creating a risk that if other players fail to act as one would like them to, the outcome will be bad for everyone.（Para.17）Task 31 Paragraph 12 Paragraph 5 to 103 Paragraph 12 to 194 Guessing word meaningTask 12 immutable (Para.4, L2): 不变的Context clues: who realized that space is not an immutable stage on which events play out3 trampoline (Para.4, L4): 蹦床，弹床Context clues: responding much as a trampoline does to a jumping child4 malleable (Para.4, L5): 有弹性和延伸性的Context clues: In fact, so malleable is space that, according to the math, the size of the universe necessarily change over time.5 stay put (Para.4, L7): 不动的Context clues: The fabric of space must expand or contact—it can’t stay put.6 flew in the face (Para.5, L4): 敢于违抗Context clues: It flew in the face of the prevailing wisdom.7 stalemate (Para.6, L2): 僵局Context clues: A static situation, like a stalemate in a tug of war8 repulsive (Para.6, L5): 排斥的Context clues: a counterbalancing force would need to provide a repulsive push9 antigravity (Para.7, L2): 排斥力Context clues: antigravity—a gravitational force that pushes instead of pulls10 exodus (Para.8, L3): 大批离开Context clues: And the best explanation for this cosmic exodus came directly.11 supernovae (Para.11, L2): 由于爆炸而突然变亮的星Context clues: distant supernovae—exploding stars so brilliant they can be seen clear acrosscosmos12 garner (Para.13, L5): 获得、得到Context clues: would have garnered him another Nobel Prize13 perplexing (Para.14, L5): 令人不解的Context clues: Perhaps most perplexing of all is a question of quantitative detail.Task 22 unprecedented (Para.1, L1): un-precedented 史无前例的3 self-replicating (Para.1, L6): self-replicating 自我复制的4 diameter (Para.3, L2): dia-meter 直径5 assembler (Para.10, L1): assembl-er 装配器6 contaminant (Para.13, L3): con-taminant 污染物7 non-renewable (Para.13, L6): non-renewable 不可再用的8 foreseeable (Para.14, L2): foresee-able 可预见到的9 exotic (Para.14, L2): exot-ic 非本地，奇异的10 dissipate (Para.14, L6): dis-sipate 消失Task 3Derivatives Affixes or roots Meaning More Words1 multidiscipline multi- many or several Multicolor multistepsmultiform multipurpose2 nanotechnology nano-one of a thousandmillion nanorobot nanomachine nanoscopic nanostructure3 convergence vergcon-incline tojoindivergence vergeconcordconcourse conferate4 construct struct build or make structure reconstructdestruct obstructsubstructure5 manufacture man-,manu-fact by handmakemanuscript manualmanage manipulatefactory facture6 interdisciplinary inter-between or among agroup of things or people interplay interweave interdependent interaction7 insulator insul-protect sth. from insulate insular insularityunpleasant knowledge peninsula8 semiconductor semi-duct- partly but not completelyleadsemiconscious semiofficialsemitropical conductinduct9 microprocessors micro-extremely small microwavemicrocomputermicroscope micrometer 10 simultaneouosly simul-in common simulator simulationsimultaneity simulate11 reverse vers,vert turn obversion inversesubversion convert12 automatical auto Work by oneself;relating to oneself automate autonomous automobile autobiography5 Using the organization of the textTask 1organization paragraphs Introduction Para.1What The definition ofnanotechnology nanotechnology Para.2 nanometer Para.3 nanoscale Para.4How The waynanotechnology worksParas.5-11How The applications ofnanotechnologymedical industry Para.12environment Para.13other fields Para.14 conclusion Para.15Task 21 The writer develops his main ideas about global warming mainly through the structure of cause-and-effect.2 The writer illustrates the effects of global warming through the structure of classification.3 The effects are arranged from the most obvious to least obvious, and signal words include: themost prominent effect of global warming; another area affected by global warming; a third type of evidence of global warming.4 Four types. They are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbons.5 Paragraph 11 follows the pattern of problem-and-solution. The signal words are “a common problem that arises is”, “needs to take action now”.6 Reading criticallyTask 1The tone of one’s writing indicates their feelings and attitude toward the topic being discussed. It reveals whether they are being playful or serious, humorous or somber, whether they are angry or tranquil, bitter or confident. Through tone, their attitude toward what they are writing about and their relationship to their readers become clear.Controlling tone is largely a matter of selecting words and sentences, and choosing details so as to serve the purpose of writing well. Now let’s consider the following sentences which you write to tell two facts:The sales of vitamin E have doubled in the past five years. The increase in sales has been helped by the statements from health food enthusiasts and doctors.1 Combined into a single one, sentence 1 is impartial in tone because it doesn’t reveal your attitude. Impartial and toneless sentences are what you want to write if you either have no opinion or want to seem factual and objective, rather than personal and subjective.2 Strong in tone and clear in attitude: sentence 2 reflects your belief that vitamin E sales have surged because of a deceptive and misleading advertisement campaign. If you feel the sentence is too strong, too opinionated, perhaps even biased, you may suggest your feelings instead of stating them directly.3 By using the words—freaks and quack, this version can make your reader sense not only your reservation about the worth of the vitamin but also your contempt of those who promote it. But the tone is so strong that your reader may consider it exaggerated and may even question its truth.4 This version is more suggestive and less explicit, though your attitude is still negative because “faddists” (unlike enthusiasts) are a word with unfavorable associations and because claims “(unlike statements)” encourage the reader to doubt their truth.5 By inserting the detail that only a few doctors make claims for vitamin, the version seems biased as the tone is stronger.6 The phrase “some doctors” implies that there is another group of doctors who have made no claims for the vitamin and who may perhaps reject such claims.7 Th e word “even” suggests your surprise that doctors, who should know better, have made such foolish claims, thus further weakens the support of the doctors without making your statement seem exaggerated or biased.8, 9 Tone not only can be controlled by the choice of words and details but also by the choice of structures. Sentence 8 and 9 make the implied criticism more forceful as the negative words or phrases have been moved to their beginning or end position, the position which is more emphatic for one’s opinion.10, 11, 12 The three sentences are not critical but favorable in tone toward the increased sales ofvitamin E, because “experts” seem more trustworthy than “enthusiasts” and both “reports” and “testimony” carry more weight than mere “statements”.13, 14 The two sentences have a positive tone because the phrase “a number of doctors” sounds more impressive than “a few” or “some doctors”. And “a number of leading doctors” are supposed to be more reliable, though not as reliable as “leading medical authorities”.15, 16, 17 The three sentences are less formal and more personal than the previous sentences as the first-person view “I” is adopted to personalize their tone.18, 19 The two sentences are more informal as the closer relationship between yourself and the reader is established by asking questions.20, 21 By addressing the reader as “you”, the sentences are more informal and personal.22 The informality of your writing will be increased by contractions, slang, and short, simple words instead of longer, more complex ones.Task 21 Text 9 addresses readers with some knowledge of global warming, because the author argues with strong evidence and reasons, quoting experts more frequently and trying to be impartial and impersonal by choosing more exact wording. On the contrary Text 10 talks to general readers, evidenced by using more definitions and easier language such as figurative speech. It is an essay charged with strong emotion.2 Text 10.3 No. Text 9 illustrates the effects of global warming with strong evidence and reasons, showing that the author tries to be objective and impersonal.4 No. These words lack preciseness. Text 9 tries to be more objective, quoting experts more frequently and avoiding showing strong personal emotion.5 Text 9 quotes Roger Revelle, an oceanographer, Jacques Chirac, French president, Al Gore, Vice president of USA, Ross Gelbspan, an author of a book about Earth’s climate change from global warming, Schneider, from the National Center of Atmospheric Research, and Elmer Robinson, the director of Mauna Loa Observatory. The quotation of those experts and authorities make the arguments more convincing.6 The criticism of Text 9 avoids being subjective and personal and resorts to more authorities and cold reasoning, hence it is more objective.7 Text 9. The use of the first-person view and figurative speech is often considered informal and less serious.8 Text 9, because the author uses more quotations from experts and authorities and less emotional words than Text 10.7 Taking notesTaskTitle: Global Warming and Its EffectsAuthor(s): Nicolas DallevaSource: Main ideas: The essay mainly talks about the effects and causes of global warming.Main findings or ideas: Global warming have negative effects on climate changes, survival of animals, development of plants, people’s health and global economy. There are two major causes for global warming: burning of fossil fuels and greenhouse gases.8 Writing a summaryTask 1The source material uses a story of identical twins to illustrate the idea that apart from the important role the genes play in the development of an individual, their environmental experience also affects their traits greatly. The summary grasps the idea without details of the story.Task 22 History has demonstrated that technology affects education profoundly. Considering the definition of technology broadly, one may say that prehistoric people used primitive technologies to teach skills to their young.3 Psychology can be divided into several important theories. Behaviourists emphasize the role of environment in shaping one’s behavior, while cognitivists explain behavior by analyzing mental processes. Freudians and humanists are more concerned with exploring behavior through the personality whereas social constructivists connect individual behavior to its social-historic context.Task 3Title: Global Warming and Its EffectsAuthor(s): Nicolas DallevaSource: Summary: According to Nicolas Dalleva, global warming has become a great challenge to human beings, for it not only affects the climate change and leads to the decrease of the number of animals per species, but also affects the agricultural growth. Dalleva believes that the burning offossil fuels is the culprit of global warming because it releases greenhouse gases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The other gases like methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbons are also the causes of the greenhouse effect. In Dalleva’s opinion, despite the worldwide efforts, people do not take the issue seriously and do not realize that global warming will also exerts a negative effect on economy and health. He calls for, therefore, a stronger joint effort to prevent global warming. (134 words)Task 4Lecture 6Since the industrial revolution, people’s private sphere have been separated from their working places. Institutions like offices, factories and schools impose isolation on people who are blocked to their privacy sphere at work or at school. Now people try to break the isolation and seek intimacy with high-tech communication tools like facebook, skype, cell phones and emails. The tools enable people to gain comfort and warmth from close friends or families. (72 words) Lecture 7The Kepler Mission is to search for planets by measuring the starlight, through which we can learn about how stars and planets interact to form their eco-system and whether there exist life in other planets or whether they are suitable for life living. In over two years of its operations, over 1,200 potential new planetary systems have been found around other stars. Apart from that, the Kapler also tries to find the size of a planet and how the distance from its parent star. It also observes the effects of our sun’s magnetic activity. (94 words)Lecture 8Traditionally, doctors treat cancers by attacking individual cells. By identifying separate forms cancer cells without molecule test or gene sequencing, however, we can’t understand how the whole cancer system works. Thus the effect of this method is very limited. After exchanging thoughts with Danny, the speaker came up with a new strategy. That is the combination of atypical drugs, computer modeling and protein analysis. It may become one of the most effective ways to treat cancers. (76 words)Lecture 9Mammography is the most common way to detect breast cancer. However, with the increase of breast density, it would be harder to find cancer through X-ray. Dr. Deborah Rhodes has developed a new tool for tumor detection, which is three times as effective as traditional mammograms. What’s more, it is cheaper than other technology. But her research was rejected for by jo urnals, because it is so cheap that the producers of traditional mammograms won’t be happy to see it. Furthermore, there are also some political forces keeping it from the market. (91 words)Task 5Answers may vary.9 Enhancing your academic languageReading: Text 51 Match the words with their definitions.1 e2 h3 a4 g5 c6 b7 j8 f9 d 10 i2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 automation2 occupational3 immigrant4 uplift5 displacement6 hand-crafted7 ranched8 nutritious9 involved 10 assembly 11 yield 12 incredible 13 optimism 14 mob 15 professional 16 labeled 17 analyst 18 surplus 19 harbor 20 columnist 21 virtual 22 revolutionary 23 lace 24 undercut 25 barter26 litigable 27 specter 28 sift 29 pot3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentences patterns listed above.increasingly important role （越来越重要的作用）tasks humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do（那些人类不愿做或不能做的事）and the like（以及诸如此类的事）settle man’s anxieties（解决人类的担忧）Some questions are raised（问题提了出来）4 Translate the following sentences from Text5 into Chinese.1 最近在《纽约时报》上刊登的一篇文章谈到了一种新计算机软件，该软件瞬间就能筛选数以千计的法律文件并寻找到那些可诉讼的条款，为律师们节省了花费在阅读文件上的数百小时。
学术英语综合Unit2 译文
第二单元商业道德Text A努力追求平衡尤金·F·布里格姆，乔尔·F·休斯敦1776年，亚当·斯密描述了“看不见的手”是如何指导公司获取利益，并指导他们做出有益于社会的决定。
通过经验和感悟，亚当·斯密总结出利益最大化是一个企业的正确目标，并且自由企业制度是对社会最有利的。
但是1776年以来，世界开始改变了。
现在公司的规模更大，采用全球化经营模式，它们有成千上万的员工，并且公司有成百万的股东。
这让我们怀疑是否“看不见的手”仍然能够提供可靠的指导，公司是否应该继续追求利益最大化，或者他们是否应该放宽眼界，采取更加均衡的行动来使顾客、员工、供应商和社会共同受益？今天的大多数学者都认同以下修订版本的亚当·斯密理论：∙一个公司的首要目标应该是使股东的财富最大化，这就意味着股值的最大化。
∙从整体来看，自由企业仍然是对国家最有益的经济体系。
在自由企业的机制下，公司生产顾客需要的、对社会有益的产品和服务。
∙然而，一些限制也是必要的——公司不应当造成空气污染和水污染，不应当存在不正当的雇佣行为，也不应通过垄断来剥削消费者。
这些限制有多种表现形式。
通过政治手段，社会强制推行一系列规章制度以防止公司参与有害社会的活动。
另一种限制是根据公司危害社会的程度来估算其应付出的代价。
操作合理的话，这些费用将公平合理地把价值转移到受害方并激励防止未来再有类似事件发生。
最近两件事戏剧性地例证了这些观点。
第一，许多在华尔街上的公司参与了非常有风险的活动，这些活动使金融体系在2007年和2008年濒临崩溃。
挽救这个金融系统需要银行和其他财务集团的紧急援助，而这个紧急援助不仅花费了大量纳税人的钱，而且造成了更严重的经济衰退。
除了强加在社会上的巨大成本，金融企业也付出了沉重的代价——许多领头金融机构的股价大幅下跌，其中一些破产退出了市场，还有许多华尔街高管失去了工作。
最近，在2010年，英国石油公司（BP）的石油在墨西哥湾大量泄漏对墨西哥地区的环境和经济造成了恶劣的影响。
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Stakeholder VS Shareholder
• Stakeholder Perspective
• The phrase corporate social responsibility is often used in discussions of business ethics. The idea behind this concept is the belief that companies should consider the needs and interests of multiple stakeholder groups, not just those with a direct financial stake in the organization's profits and losses.
格 • 【消费预警】你买的人参可能一半是白糖！
Balance profit and business ethics
Business Ethics
• Business ethics means written and unwritten codes of moral standards that are critical to the current activities and future aspirations of a business organization. They can differ from one company to another because of differences in cultural perspectives, operational structures and strategic orientations. The guiding framework of business ethics exists all levels of the organization. It is about having the wisdom to determine the difference between right actions and wrong decisions.
• Organizations that approach business ethics from a stakeholder perspective consider how decisions impact those inside and outside the organization. Stakeholders may include: employees, suppliers, customers, competitors, government agencies, the news media, community residents and others. The idea behind stakeholder based ethical decision making is to make sound business decisions that work for the good of all affected parties.
in which individuals are free to decide what to
produce, how to produce it, and at what price to
sell it.
自由企业制度，就是确保企业能够拥有在产权受法律保护的基础上所 享有的自由创业权、自由经营权、自由交易权以及自由支配或处置财 产权等一系列的制度安排。它包括产权制度、进入退出制度、公平竞 争制度、平等合约制度、平等交易制度以及平等获取信息服务制度等。
学术英语 Academic English
Unit 2 Business Ethics
Text A Striking the Right Balance
Unit 2
Business Ethics
Text A Background information
Free enterprise
Free enterprise refers to the system of business
Do you agree or not?
• Profit maximization is the right goal for a business---- Adam Smith
2016年3·15晚会：共筑消费新生态
• 【曝光】“饿了么”惊现黑心作坊 看完你还会饿 么？
• 【曝光】制造用废钢料 这样的假牙你敢戴吗？ • 【权威发布】跨境电商进口儿童用品超三成不合
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Stakeholder VS Shareholder
• There are two schools of thought regarding how companies should approach a definition for business ethics: the shareholder perspective and the stakeholder perspБайду номын сангаасctive.
• In simpler terms, business ethics provides the morality standards and behavioral patterns expected of individuals and the business as a whole. These moral standards can be perceived in terms of the microenvironment and macro environment of the business.
Stakeholder VS Shareholder
• Shareholder Perspective
• Those who approach ethical decision making from a shareholder perspective focus on making decisions that are in the owners' best interest. Decisions are guided by a need to maximize return on investment for the organization's shareholders. Individuals who approach ethics from this perspective feel that ethical business practices are ones that make the most money.