四川大学硕博士研究生课程考试试卷(封面)
四川大学华西医学院生物化学与分子生物学2009年考博真题试卷
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２、试述你对“Ｘ－ｏｍｉｃｓ”的认识（如Ｐｒｏｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｏｍｉｃｓ、Ｇｌｙｃｏｍｉｃｓ等）。 （１５分） ３、试述你对目前定量蛋白质组学研究技术的认识。 （１５分） ４、试述你对第二遗传密码（蛋白质折叠密码）的认识。 （２０分） ５、“人类有限的基因资源正在做着一次性的分配，生物医药产业正在进行着一 场圈地运动”，谈谈你的认识。 （１５分） 二、实验设计题 （１５分） 某植物种子有一种活性蛋白质与所有已知蛋白的同源性极低，请设计合理的 实验方案，纯化该蛋白（请说明原理）并克隆此蛋白基因（包括信号肽、５＇－Ｕ ＴＲ和３＇－ＵＴＲ），在此基础上将编码成熟蛋白原核生物中进行表达并得到易 于纯化的产物。
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
200与分子生物学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、问答题 １、试述大肠杆菌等微生物基因表达调控与新陈代谢的适应关系。（２０分）
四川大学口腔组织病理学2019年考博真题试卷
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四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔组织病理学
注意：所有答案一律ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一.名词解释（英文5*5=25分）
固有牙槽骨
缩余釉上皮
结合上皮
分叶状毛细血管瘤
角化珠
二.简答题（75分）
1.牙源性间叶来源的肿瘤，两例临床病理学生物学行为（15分）
2.唾液腺上皮来源的良性肿瘤有哪些，举两例临床病理和生物学行为；肿瘤性肌上皮细胞的电镜下特征和免疫组织化学特征（20分）
3.口腔粘膜特征，白斑/斑纹性疾病有哪些，两例临床病理（25分）
4.由牙髓炎引起的根尖周疾病（包括颌骨损伤的疾病），根尖疾病的发展和转归（15分）
2007-2014年四川大学考博试题 专业课一 资本论》研究与市场经济
2007-2014年四川大学考博试题专业课一《资本论》研究与市场经济2007年考题1、马克思的商品理论及其现实意义2、马克思的扩大再生产理论3、马克思的收入分配理论与西方经济学的收入分配理论比较2008年考题1、马克思的货币理论及其现实意义？（30分）2、马克思的资本循环和周转理论及其现实意义？（30分）3、马克思经济危机理论和西方经济危机理论的比较？（40分）2009年考题1、论马克思经济危机理论及其2008年的全球金融危机？（40分）2、论马克思的地租理论及其现实意义？（30分）3、论劳动力价格是如何形成的？（30分）2010年考题1、比较马克思劳动价值论和效用价值论？（40分）2、马克思的平均利润及其生产价格理论及其现实意义。
（30分）3、论马克思的社会资本再生产理论。
（30分）2011年考题1、比较马克思通货膨胀理论和西方通货膨胀理论。
（40分）2、马克思工资理论及其现实意义。
（30分）3、论马克思虚拟资本理论及其现实意义。
（30分）2012年考题1、论马克思价格理论以及应用2、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义3、试比较马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论2013年考题1、论马克思通货膨胀理论与西方货币主义学派通货膨胀理论的异同2、论马克思价值生产与分配理论及其现实意义3、论马克思资本循环与周转理论及其现实意义2014年考题1、论马克思劳动力再生产理论及其现实意义2、试比较马克思土地所有权理论和西方经济产权理论的不同3、论社会总产品实现与中国经济结构调整四川大学博士入学考试参考书：专业课一《资本论》研究与市场经济1、《资本运行论——资本论与市场经济》弓孟谦北京大学出版社2、《经济理论比较研究》洪远朋复旦大学出版社3、《资本论》的现代解析洪银兴经济科学出版社3、《资本论》教程简编洪远朋复旦大学出版社。
2011年四川大学生物学综合考博真题
四川大学2011年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：生物学综合科目代码：2018 （试题共2页）适合专业：生物学各专业（试题必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上不给分）一、问答题（选做3道题，每题20分，共计60分）1、你对植物生物学的哪一个研究领域最感兴趣，这一研究领域的进展如何？2、植物对逆境有哪些代谢适应。
3、以形态结构及生活习性等方面比较分析脊椎动物对环境的适应性。
4、以你熟悉的现象为例，分析人类活动对地球生态系统的严重影响及其威胁，并提出可能的减缓措施或思路。
5、目前市场上的益生菌保健品日益增多，请阐述其对人类健康的作用？以及如何看待这类益生菌产品？6、光能自养微生物、光能异养微生物、化能自养微生物、化能异养微生物的碳源和能源各是什么？请阐述这些微生物在生产中的应用？7、请简述遗传学发展历史。
有哪些重要的历史事件在遗传学发展过程中起着至关重要的作用？至少举3个例子加以说明。
8、什么是反向遗传学（Reverse Genetics）?有哪些技术手段与它相关？哪些研究会用到反向遗传学的原理和技术？请举例说明。
9、细胞死亡有哪些主要类型？简述其分子调控机制。
10、核糖体是蛋白质合成的细胞器，可以位于细胞质基质合成蛋白质，也可以位于内质网上合成蛋白质，决定其合成部位的机制是什么？简述在内质网上合成蛋白质的主要去路。
11、简要说明蛋白质二级结构的特点，原肌球蛋白分子量70KD,由双股α螺旋组成，该分子的长度为多少？12、任说出3种常见的蛋白质修饰，并同时说明它们怎么调节蛋白质的结构于功能的。
13、如果你们实验室获得一条人的EST序列，并已经测序，那么你认为应该怎样对其进行分析？请详细叙述你的分析思路，包括泳道的数据库，软件等等。
（提示：所测得的序列有可能为新的，或部分新的，或是其他单位已经完成过的。
）14、请详细描述数据库的概念，写出你所了解的常用数据库管理系统。
如果你所在的实验室有一批新的数据并打算构建一个数据库向外发布，你打算怎样做？写出完整步骤，数据的类型自己设定，可是是核苷酸、氨基酸序列或任何你所熟悉的数据。
四川大学考博英语真题及答案精编版
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。
3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。
书写要求字迹清楚、工整。
I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
【四川大学】博士研究生---副本
1.马克思主义通货膨胀理论与西方货币学派比较2.价值的生产与分配理论3.资本的周转与循环理论2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思地租理论及其现实意义；2.马克思价格理论及其现实意义；3.马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论的比较.2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.从经济增长方面看通胀的管理；2.欧债危机；3.工业化、城镇化和现代农业化三化关系。
2010年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1、论我国城镇化中的土地流转2、论我国现阶段的收入分配3、论新时期我国的宏观经济政策2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.大宗商品价格波动的意义及其传导机制2.社会主义的生产目的；3.我国的工资理论2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.马克思的通货膨胀理论及其与西方通货膨胀理论比较2.实体经济与虚拟经济的关系3.论述转变经济发展方式2007年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思的商品理论及其现实意义2.马克思的扩大再生产理论？3.马克思的收入分配理论与西方经济学的收入分配理论比较1.马克思的货币理论及其现实意义2.马克思的资本循环与周转理论3.马克思的经济危机理论与西方经济周期理论的比较2009年四川大学博士生入学试题1.马克思的经济理论与当前金融危机2.马克思的地租理论及其现实意义3.劳动力价格的形成四川大学博士考试辅导，结合中央经济工作会议，我们提出以下问题请加以思考：1.实现经济自主增长的意义及途径（从原来的政策推动经济增长转到……）2.通货膨胀的成因及对策3.高通胀与低增长之间的关系（统筹速度、结构、物价三者的关系）4.经济风险的形成原因及化解对策5.金融风险的形成原因及化解对策6.发展实体经济的意义及途径7.提供发展包容性的途径8.经济金融潜在风险与宏观调控的方向及途径9.宏观调控的“稳中求进”的意义及其途径学科专业代码、专业名称及研究方向导师姓名招生人数考试科目101 经济学院 45人020101 政治经济学 12人01 中国经济改革杨继瑞杨明洪陈永正① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语② 2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③ 3001 政治经济学研究020102 经济思想史 3人01 马克思主义经济理论的形成与发展研究蒋永穆蒋和胜陈永正① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语② 2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③ 3002 经济思想史四川大学经济学院定于2012年3月12～19日开设“《资本论》与社会主义经济理论”专题研讨班。
四川大学内科学(呼吸内科)2019年考博真题考博试卷
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第1页 共1页2019 年攻读博士学位研究生 Nhomakorabea学考试试题
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二、呼吸内科 1. 限制性通气功能和阻塞性通气功能的肺功能异常指标的不同（五个） 2. 哮喘的诊断标准 3. AECOPD 的 2019GLOD 定义及治疗 4. IPF 的 HRCT 分类标准 5. 病毒性肺炎的病例题 6. 肺移植的适应症和禁忌症 7. 五个肺部病原菌病史症状特征及 X 线特征
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四川大学2019年博士研究生入学英语考试题-14页word资料
四川大学2019年招收攻读博士研究生入学考试英语试题(第一类)Part 1 Reading Comprehension (30 points)Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist. The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes. Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for only on classification of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into spacePassage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical multiculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars". Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on theFirst Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights. The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multiculturalism to multiculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of literary criticismPassage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of2019 and 2019 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed 20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America. In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of SouthAmerica soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador,Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 2019.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds weakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistPassage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills.An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience. Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goeswhere, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction.Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s. It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity." What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages to his explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember. Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, orintermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children. The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabilityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setschow Passage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat--could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 2019 which killed 41 people. Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes. The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides. Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fightingspecialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilationD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fire tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skinB, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a Robogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmed chow II.Part 2 Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. With regard to33. AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and a little girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger not only throughout America but also throughout the whole world.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50. The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingIII. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have more difficulty in 56 data from others. The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The tea m surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the 68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers who had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use。
四川大学麻醉学2019年考博真题试卷
5.人意识消失后的病理生理变化有哪些？
6.呼吸的储备功能的影响因素？
二、分析题（每题20分）
1.男，48岁，80kg，拟行胃大部分切除术，常规诱导，手术开始后半小时，呼末二氧化碳60mmHg，增加通气后无明显改善，气道压无明显升高，
问：1）患者发生呼末二氧化碳升高的原因有哪些？如何鉴别诊断？
问：
1）患者两次手术术后发生了什么？危险因素是什么？
2）简述针对此次手术的麻醉计划（麻醉前准备，麻醉方式，围术期管理）？
2）本例患者呼末二氧化碳升高最可能得原因是什么？进一步处理？
2.患者，男性，54岁，直肠癌根治术后5年，肝转移3年，5年前肝转移术后第一天出现不认识家人，胡言乱语，持续20分钟后好转，此后对此无记忆，第二次肝转移瘤介入术后当天又出现胡言乱语，不认识家人的现象，持续半小时，此后对此无记忆。此次拟行肝部分切除术。
医学考博真题试卷
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四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（每题10分，共60分）
1.疼痛的传导通路
2.过敏性休克的治疗原则
3.人在紧急应急状态下的交感神经和副交感神经系统有哪些变化，变化的生理意义？
四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
英语2013年试题四川大学2013 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):Direction: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D, Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneOver the past several decades, the U.S., Canada, and Europe have received a great deal of media and even research attention over unusual phenomena and unsolved mysteries. These include UFOs as well as sightings and encounters with "nonhuman creatures" such as Bigfoot and the Loch Ness monster. Only recently has Latin America begun to receive some attention as well. Although the mysteries of the Aztec, Mayan, and Inca civilizations have been known for centuries, now the public is also becoming aware of unusual, paranormal phenomena in countries such as Peru.The Nazca "lines" of Peru Were discovered in the 1930s. These lines are deeply carved into a fiat, stony plain, and form about 300 intricate pictures of animals such as birds, a monkey, and a lizard. Seen at ground level, the designs area jumbled senseless mess. The images are so large that they can only be viewed at a height of 1,000 feet- meaning from an aircraft Yet there were no aircraft in 300 B.C., when it is judged the designs were made. Nor were there then, or are there now, any nearby mountain ranges from which to view them. So how and why did the native people of Nazca create these marvelous designs? One answer appeared in 1969, when the German researcher, and writer Erich yon Daniken proposed that the lines were drawn by extraterrestrials as runways for their aircraft. The scientific community did not take long to scoffat and abandon yon Daniken's theory. Over the years several other theories have been put forth, but none has been accepted by the scientific community.Today there is a new and heightened interest in the Nazca lines. It is a direct result of the creation of the Internet. Currently there are over 60 sites dedicated to this mystery from Latin America's past, and even respected scientists have joined the discussion through e-mail and chat rooms.Will the Intemet help explain these: unsolved mysteries? Perhaps it is a step in the right direction.1．Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?[A] Latin America has long received attention for unusual phenomena.[B] Public attention is now directed towards countries like Peru.[C] Public interest usually focuses on North America and Europe[D] Some ancient civilizations have unsolved mysteries.2．According to the passage, the Nasa lines were found_______[A] in mountains [B] in stones [C] on animals [D] on a plain3．We can infer from the passage that the higher the lines are seen, the______ the images they present.[A] smaller [B] larger [C] clearer [D] brighter4．There has been increasing interest in the Nazca lines mainly because of________.[A] the participation of scientists[B] the emergence of the Intemet[C] the birth of new theories[D] the interest in the Intemet5．The author is _______ about the role of the Intemet in solving mysteries.[A] cautious [B] pessimistic [C] uncertain [D] optimisticPassage TwoSocial circumstances in Early Modem England mostly served to repress women's voices. Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste, silent, obedient, and subordinate. At the beginning of 17th century, the ideology of patriarchy, political absolutism, and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in The. Trew Law of Free Monarchie and the Basilikon Doron; by that ideology the absolute power of God the supreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch of the state and in the husband and father of a family. Accordingly, a woman's subjection, first to her father and then to her husband, imaged the subjection of English people to their monarch, and of all Christians to God. Also, the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynist sermons, tracts, and plays, detailing women's physical and mental defects, spiritual evils, rebelliousness, shrewishness, and natural inferiority to men.Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women. During the Elizabethan era (1558-1603) the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen, who provided an impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for other women Elizabethan women writers began to produce original texts but were occupied chiefly with translation. In the 17th century, however, various circumstances enabled women to write original texts in some numbers. For one thing, some counterweight to patriarchy was provided by female communities -- mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks, close female friends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James's Consort) and her often oppositional masques and political activities. For another, most of these women had a reasonably good education (modem. languages, history, literature, religion, music, occasionally Latin) and some apparently found in romances and histories more expansive terms for imagining women's lives. Also, representation of vigorous and rebellious female characters in literature and especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic social construct of women's nature and role.Most important, perhaps, was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant insistence on every Christian's immediate relationship with God and primary responsibility to follow his or her individual conscience. There is plenty of support in St Paul's epistles and elsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a wife's subjection to her husband, but some texts (notably Galatians 3:28) inscribe a very different politics, promoting women's spiritual equality: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Jesus Christ." Such texts encouraged some women to claim the support of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in his Stead.There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. English women throughout the 17th century exercised a good deal of actual power: as managers of estates in their husbands' absences at court or on military and diplomatic missions; as members of guilds; as wives and mothers who sometimes dominated their men by sheer force of personality or outright defiance. Their power reached its apex during the English Civil War and Interregnum (1640-60) as the execution of the King and the attendant disruption of social hierarchies led many women-to seize new roles --as preachers, as prophetesses, as deputies for exiled royalist husbands, as writers of religious and political tracts.6．What is the best title for this passage?[A] Women's Position in the 17th Century.[B] Women's Subjection to Patriarchy.[C] Social Circumstances in the 17th Century.[D] Women's Objection in the 17th Century.7．What did the Queen Elizabeth do-for the women in culture?[A] She set an impressive female example to follow.[B] She dominated the culture.[C] She did little.[D] She allowed Women to translate something.8．Which of the following is Not mentioned as a reason to enable women to original texts?[A] Female communities provided some counterweight to patriarchy.[B] Queen Anne's political activities.[C] Most women had a good education.[D] Queen Elizabeth's political activities.9．What did the religion do for the women?[A] It did nothing.[B] It too asked women to be obedient except some texts.[C] It supported women.[D] It appealed to the God.10．What does the word "apex" mean in the last paragraph?[A] the lowest point [B] the end[C] ultimate [D] summitPassage ThreeI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me; it is the reality I took with me into sleep. I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her. She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don't know the word for "ribbons", so I put my hand to my own hair and, with three fingers against my head; I looked at her ribbons and said "Beautiful." She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn't sure if she understood me (I don't speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs in them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn't make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lire& I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn't, of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman Wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the maketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn't cry.11．Which of the following in NOT correct?[A] The writer was not used to bargaining.[B] People in Asia always bargain when buying things.[C] Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.[D] The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.12 ．The writer assumed that the woman accepted the last offer mainly becausewoman_______.[A] thought that the last offer was reasonable[B] thought she could still make much money[C] was glad that the writer knew their way of bargaining[D] was fired of bargaining with the writer any more13．Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?[A] The skirts were cheap and pretty.[B] She liked the patterns on the skirts.[C] She wanted to do Something as compensation.[D] She was fed up with further bargaining with the woman.14．When did the writer left the marketplace, she wanted to cry, but did not because_______.[A] she had learned to stay cool and unfeeling[B] she was afraid of crying in public[C] she had learned to face difficulties bravely[D] she had to show in public that she was strong15．Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?[A] she suddenly felt very sad.[B] she liked the ribbons so much.[C] she was overcome by emotion.[D] She felt sorry for the woman.Passage FourWhen one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of our language has always been a history of constant change --at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our language has always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not of one class or group but of many. At one extreme it has been the property of the common, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans. At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible, a little beauty.As we consider our changing language, we should note here two developments that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the relationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon (old English) was a language of many inflections. Modem English has few .inflections. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of changes in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions, conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationships among other words. A few inflections, however, have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and ME or I. The second fact we must consider is that as language itself changes, our attitudes toward language forms change also. The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.16．In contrast to the earlier linguists, modern linguists tend to_______.[A] attempt to continue the standardization of the language[B] evaluate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standards or proper patterns[C] be more concerned about the improvement of the language than its analysis or history[D] be more aware of the roles of the language usage17．Choose the appropriate meaning for the word "inflection" used in paragraph 2:______[A] changes in the forms of words.[B] changes in sentence structures.[C] changes in spelling roles.[D] words that have similar meanings.18．Which of the following statements is Not mentioned in the passage?[A] It is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of the modem English language.[B] Some other languages had great influence on the English language at some stages of its development.[C] The English language has been and still in a state of relatively constant change.[D] Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the English language. 19．The author of these paragraphs is probably a (an)_______.[A] historian [B] philosopher [C] anthropologist [D] linguist20．Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage?[A] The history of the English language.[B] Our changing attitude towards the English language.[C] Our changing language.[D] Some characteristics of modem English.Passage FiveWe know very little about pain and what we don't know makes it hut all the more. Indeed, no form of illiteracy in the United States is so widespread or costly as ignorance about pain what it is, what causes it, how to deal with it without panic. Almost everyone can rattle off tile names of at least a dozen drugs that can deaden pain from every conceivable cause all the way from headaches to hemorrhoids.There is far less knowledge about the fact that about 90 percent of pain is self limiting, that it is not always an indication of poor health, and that, most frequently, it is the result of tension, stress, worry, idleness, boredom, frustration, suppressed rage, insufficient sleep, overeating, poorly balanced diet, smoking, excessive drinking, inadequate exercise, stale air, or any of the other abuses encountered by the human body in modem society.The most ignored fact of all about pain is that the best way to eliminate it is to eliminate the abuse. Instead, many people reach almost instinctively for the painkillers -- aspirins, barbiturates, codeines, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and dozens of other analgesics or desensitizing drugs.Most doctors are profoundly troubled over the extent to which the medical profession today is taking on the trappings of a pain-killing industry. Their offices are overloaded with people who are morbidly but mistakenly convinced that something dreadful is about to happen to them. It is all too evident that the campaign to get people to run for a doctor at the first sign of pain has boomeranged. Physicians find it difficult to give adequate attention to patients genuinely in need of expert diagnosis and treatment because their time is soaked up by people who have nothing wrong with them except a temporary indisposition or a psychogenic ache.Patients tend to feel indignant, and insulted if the physician tells them he can find no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term "psychogenic" to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many cases of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress, or hostile factors in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of "conversion hysteria", the name given by Jean Charcot to physical symptoms that have their origins in emotional disturbances.Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentially serious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting bad news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. They only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works, so that more people will be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symptoms.Of all forms of pain, none is more important for the individual to understand than the "threshold" variety. Almost everyone has a telltale, ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point, it can take the form of a migraine type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or even pain in the joints. The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains, And their cause doesn't panic when they occur; he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension.If the pain persists despite the absence of apparent Catlse, the individual will telephone the doctor.21．What does the sentence "It is all too evident..." (Paragraph 4) mean?[A] It is obviously true that people should consult a doctor as soon as they feel pain.[B] It is useless to ask people to seek advice from doctors the minute they feel painful.[C] The suggestion that people go to see a doctor immediately if they feel pain has some bad effect.[D] The campaign against pain will be lost if people don't go to see a doctor when theyfeel pain.22．A hypochondria is someone who________.[A] ignores doctor's advice and warnings[B] is afraid of going to see doctors[C] always complain about having symptoms that don't actually exist[D] always telltales pain-killers23．It can be concluded from the passage that ________.[A] most cares of pain are caused by hysteria[B] if a pain isn't organic, it's very likely to be psychogenic[C] pain-killing industry won't be encouraged in the future[D] doctors seldom prescribe pain-killers to patients24．They author wrote this article to ________.[A] explain how pain-killers work[B] call for understanding between doctors and patients[C] illustrate the harm of taking too much pain-killers[D] teach the right attitude to pain25．What does the word "telltale" (Paragraph 7) mean?[A] not obvious [B] scary. [C] not precise [D] gorgeousPassage SixAldous Huxley was a most unfortunate man. When he died in 1963 he must have expired in the confident belief that the event would be given wide coverage in the press the next day. After all, his career had not been without distinction. Where he made his big mistake was in dying on the same day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. As a result Huxley got about three column inches at the bottom of page 27.In the same way the death of Victor Farris has gone widely unnoticed because he foolishly shuffled off this mortal coil at the same time as Mr. Konstantin Cherenkov. Now, as you all know, Victor Farris was the chap who invented the paper clip. The paper milk carton too. And paper clips and milk cartons will be in use long. after everyone has forgotten the name of the comrade who came between Andropov and whatever this new bloke is called.The same goes for the inventor of the supermarket trolley who died in Switzerland a few months ago. Fell off his trolley, so to speak. For all I know, he may be a household name in his own canton and they are putting up a statue of home wheeling his trolley, and are going to commemorate him on one of those ever-so-tasteful Swiss postage stamps we used to collect when we were younger and wiser, but I doubt if his name will be remembered outside the borders of his small country. Personally I forgot it within minutes of reading of his decease.Not that it matters. Somehow it is hard to imagine things like paper clips and supermarket trolleys having had a named inventor. It's like discovering that at a particular moment of history a particular person invented the spoon, or the chair, or socks. One assumes that these everyday objects just happened, or evolved through natural selection.It isn't necessarily so. I read only the other day that Richard II invented the handkerchief. Almost everything else was invented either by Leonardo da Vinci (scissors, bicycles, helicopters, and probably spoons, socks and the Rubik cube as well) or by Benjamin Franklin (lightning-conductor, rocking-chair, bifocals) or else by Joseph Stalin (television).It's quite possible that Leonardo or Benjamin Franklin or Stalin also invented the supermarket trolley. Certainly it has been invented more than once. Hardly was Herr Edelweiss (or whatever the Swiss chap was called) in his grave, than news came of the death of Sylvan N. Goodman at the age of 86. Sylvan also invented the supermarket trolley or, as the Los Angeles Times report calls it, the shopping cart.Be that as it may, Herr Edelweiss or Sylvan Goodman, or both, did a grand job and made supermarket shopping far less hellish than it would otherwise be. The next step will be to get the trolleys out of the shops and into the streets. You could put an engine in the front and call it a car. Or give it big wheels and a canopy and call it a pram. The possibilities are endless.26．It can be inferred from the passage that Herr Edelweiss_______[A] was remembered by the people all over world[B] made a lot of money from his invention[C] was not very famous[D] was a business partner of Sylvan Goodman27．The author writes this article in order to illustrate that_______ .[A] the names of the people who invented the most useful things are usually forgotten[B] everyday objects are invented and evolve through natural selection[C] many everyday objects are invented more than once[D] many famous people have passed away without being noticed28．Who probably invented spoons?[A] Leonardo da Vinci. [B] Benjamin Franklin. [C] Victor Farris. [D] A person unknown. 29．By stating that Leonardo da Vinci invented helicopters, the author means______[A] he really did it[B] he is a military scientist[C] he painted in one of his masterpieces a helicopters[D] people turn to ascribe inventions to him but they are wrong.30．What can be inferred about Aldous Huxley?[A] His death Was not reported by the press.[B] He was a famous inventor.[C] He made a very. big mistake in his late years.[D] He died on the same day as John F. Kennedy.II. Vocabulary ( 10%: 0.5 mark each)31．_______ the sight of the police officers, the men ran off.[A] In [B] At [C] on [D] With32．_______the wall, we decided that we should need three tins of paint.[Al Making up [B] Doing up [C] Putting up [D] Sizing up33．_______ the whole, early American city planning was excellent.[A] In [B] From [C] On [D] Above34．_______ we are having these days![A] What a lovely weather [B] What lovely weathers[C] What lovely weather [D] What lovely a weather35．________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.[A] Other things being equal [B] Were other things equal[C] To be equal to other things [D] Other things to be equal36．________, he does not love her.[A] As he likes her very much [B] Though much he likes her[C] Much although he likes her [B] Much though he likes her37．A drunk man walked in, ________ in appearance.[A] repulsive [B] reluctant [C] reproachful [D] reputed38．A good many houses, ________ knocked down by the earthquake.[A] was [B] were [C] is [D] are39．A good teacher must know how to ________ his ideas.[A] convey [B] display [C] consult [D] confront40．A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment, is ___conditions or events.[A] in response to [B] in favor of [C] in contrast to [D] in excess of41．Due to personality________, the two colleagues never got on well in work.[A] contradiction [B] conflict [C] confrontation [D] competition42．During the summer vacation, kids are often seen hanging ________ in the streets.[A] about [B] on [C] over [D] out43．There were 150________ at the international conference this summer.[A] spectators [B] viewers [C] participants [D] onlookers44．School started on a ________ cold day in February.[A] severe [B] bitter [C] such [D] frozen45．In the face of unexpected difficulties, he demonstrated a talent for quick, ________ action.[A] determining [B] defensive [C] demanding [D] decisive46．The team has been working overtime on the research project________.[A] lately [B] just now [C] late [D] long ago47．Because of the economic crisis, industrial output in the region remained ________.[A] motionless [B] inactive [C] stagnant [D] immobile48．The police had difficulty in ________ the fans from rushing on to the stage to take photos with the singer.[A] limiting [B] restraining [C] confining [D] restricting49．Joan is in the dorm, putting the final _______ to her speech.[A] details [B] remarks [C] comments [D] touches50．His ________ in gambling has eventually brought about his min.[A] indulgence [B] habit [C] action [D] engagement。
四川大学华西医学院内科学(呼吸内科)2018年考博真题试卷
内分泌：酮症酸中毒基本处理原则
血液：出血性疾病诊断试验及意义
免疫：系统性硬化的临床分型，实验室特点，治疗原则
感染：临床常用抗生素种类及使用基本原则
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸内科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
呼吸内科专科题：
1.举例说明三种支气管扩张剂，简述期其应用，
2.有关哮喘和COPD的一道病例分析题，（20分）
3.ARDS的定义和最新诊断标准，
4.CAP的诊断标准，
5.机械通气撤机困难应考虑哪些原因，
6.COPD的定义，分级，分期，
7.活动性肺结核的治疗原则和初治和复治的要点，
大内科公共题，选2个，20分
呼吸：呼吸支持技术？简述其要点
心内：冠心病二级预防
消化：溃疡性结肠炎和crohn肠病鉴别
肾内：2选1
AKI诊断分期
四川大学华西医学院病理学2014年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释2*10分
1、EFGR；2、SARS；3、结核结节；4、肾炎综合征；5、副肿瘤综合征；6、肺褐色硬化；7、纤维化；8、纤维样坏死；
包括1）、股动脉栓塞、2）、急性肺栓塞；3）、股静脉血栓；4）、急性心肌梗塞；5）、急性脂肪栓塞；
8、两种病毒EB病毒及HPV，请举出两例相关疾病，起诊断及病理学表现。
二、问答题8题80分
1、脓肿、嗜酸性脓肿、冷脓肿、阿米巴肝脓肿病理学改变
2、肠道溃疡的3种疾病，病理学改变；大体及病检；
3、二次打击学说，举例说明；
4、1青年女性，发现右肺有站位，请说明下一步病理学检查方法，优缺点？
5、肿瘤学增生与非肿瘤性增生区别
6、为何说淤血总是病理请说明最可能死亡的原因，病理学机制？
四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试题考生请注意：1、本试题共5大题，共14页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
2、1-70题答案请填在机读卡上相应处，否则不给分。
3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。
书写要求字迹清楚、工整。
I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):Directton : Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneOver the past several decades, the U.S., Canada and Europe have received a great deal of media and even research attention over unusual phenomena and unsolved mysteries. These include UFOs as well as sightings and encounters with " nonhuman creatures" such as Bigfoot and the Loch Ness monster. Only recently has Latin America begun to receive some attenhon as well. Although the mysteries of the Aztec, Mayan, and Inca civilizations havc been known for cenuries, now the public is also becoming aware of unusual, paranormal phenomena in countries such as Peru.The Nazca "lines" of Peru were discovered in the 1930s. These 1ines are deeply carved into a flat, stony plain, and form about 300 intricate pictures of animals such as birds, a monkey. and a lizard. Seen at ground level, the designs are a jumbled senseless mess. The images are so large that they can only be viewed at a height of 1,000 feet - meaning from an aircraft. Yetthere were no aircraft in 300 B.C., when it is judged the designs were made. Nor were there then, or are there now, any nearby mountain ranges from which to view them. So how and why did the native people of Nazca create these marvelous designs? One answer appcared in 1969,when the Gerran rcsearcher and writer Erich von Daniken proposed that the lines were drawn by extraterrestriols as runways for their aircraft. The scientific community did not take long to scoffat and abandon von Daniken's theory. Over the years several other theories have been put forth. but none has been accepted by the scicntific community.Today there is a new and heightened interest in the Nazca lines. It is a direct result of the creation of the Internet. Currently there are over 60 sites dedicated to this mystery from Latin America's past, and even respected scientists have joined the discussion through e-mail and chat rooms.Will the Internet help explain these unsolved mysteries? Perhaps it is a step in the right direction.l. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?[A] Latin America has long received attention for unusual phenomcna.[B] Public attcntion is now direckd towards countries like Peru.[C]Public interest usually focuses on North America and Europe.[D] Some ancient civilizations have unsolved mysteries.2.According to the passage, the Nazca Lines were found_______.[A] in mountains.[B] in stones[C] on animals[D] on a plain3.We can infer from the passage that the higher the lines are seen, the________the imagesthey prescnt.[A] smaller[B] larger[C] clearer[D] brighter4. There has been increasing interest in the Nazca lines mainly because of.[A] the participation of scientists[B] the emergence of the Internet[C] the birth of new theories[D] the interest in the Internet5. The author is______ about the role of the Internet in solving mysteries.[A] cautious[B1 pessimistic[C] uncertain[D] optimisticPassage TwoSocial circumstances in Early Modem England mostly served to repress women's voices. Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste, silent, obedient ,and subordinate. At the beginning of 17th century, the ideology of patriarchy. political absolutism, and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in The Trew Law of Free Morzarchie and the Basilikon Doron; by that ideology the absolute power of God the supreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch of the state and in the husband and father of a family. Accordingly, Awoman’s subjection, first to her father and then to her husband, imaged the subjection of English People to their monarch, and of all Christians to God. Also, the period saw an outpouring of Repressive or overtly misogynist sermons, tracts, and plays,detailing woment’s physical and mental defects, spiritual evils, rebelliousness, shrewishness, and natural inferiority to men.Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women. During the Elizabethan era (1558-1603) the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen, who provided an impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for other women Elizabethan women writers began to produce original texts but were occupied chiefly with translation. In the 17th century, however, various circumstances enabled women to write original texts in some numbers. For onething, some counterweight to patriarchy was provided by female communities --- mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks, close female friends, the separate court of Queen Anne (King James’s consort) and her often oppositional masques and political activities.For another, most of these women had a reasonably good education (modern languages, history, literature, religion, music, occasionally Latin) and some apparently found in romances and histories more expansive terms for imagining women’s lives. Also, representation of vigorous and rebellious female characters in literature and especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic social construct of women's nature and role.Most important, perhaps, was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant insistence on every Christian’s immediate relationship with God and primary responsibility to follow his or her individual conscience. There is plenty of support in St Paul'sepistles and elsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a wife's subjection to her husband, but some texts (notably Galations 3:28) inscribe a very different politics, promoting women's spirtual equality:“ There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all o ne in Jesus Ghrist.” Such texts encourage d some women to claim the support of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in his stead.There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. English women throughout the 17th century exercised a good deal of actual power, as managers of estates in their husbands , absences at court or on military and diplomatic missions; as members of guilds; as Wives and mothers who sometimes dominated their men by sheer force of personality or outright defiance. Their power reached its apex during the English Civil War and Interregnum(1640-60) as the execution of the King and the attendant disruption of social hierarchies led many women to seize new roles ---as preachers, as prophetesses, as deputies for exiled royalist husbands,as writers of religious and political tracts.6. What is the best title for this passage?[A] Women’s Position in the 17th Century.[B] Women’s Subjection to Patr iarchy.[C] Social Circumstances in the 17th Century.[D]Women’s Objection in the 17th Century.7. What did the Queen Elizabeth do for the women in culture?[A]She set an impressive female example to follow.[B]She dominated the culture.[C]She did little.[D] She allowed women to translate something.8.Which of the following is Not mentioned as a reason to enable women to original texts ?[A] Female communities provided some counterweight to patriarchy.[B] Queen Anne's political activities.[C]Most women had a good education.[D] Queen Elizabeth's political activities.9. What did the religion do for the women ?[A] It did nothing.[B] It too asked women to be obedient except some texts.[C] It supported women.[D] It appealed to the God.10. What does the word "apex" mean in the last paragraph?[A] the lowest point[B] the end[C] ultimate[D] summitPassage ThreeI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that finally. I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me; it is the reality I took with me into sleep. I try to think of something else.Jmmediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her. She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I ofien saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons. blue,green, and white. They reminded me of mychildhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don't know the word for "ribbons", so I put my hand to my own hair and, with three fingers against my head; I looked at her ribbons and said "Beautiful." She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn't sure if she understood me (I don't speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs in them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly. she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn't make enough money.I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way Iwas. able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me .When I left though, thefeeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace.I left tears in my throat I wanted to cry. I didn't ,of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it ,I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand. all differtent colors. The woman in the maketplacel !She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn't cry.11. Which of the following in NOT correct?[A]The writer was not used to bargaining.[B]People in Asia always bargain when buying things.[C]Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.[D]The writer was ready to bargain with the Woman.12. The writer assumed that the woman accepted the last offer mainly because woman ___________.[A]thought that the last offer was reasonable[B]thought she could still make much money[C]was glad that the writer knew their way of bargaining[D]was tired of bargaining with the writer any more13. Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?[A]The skirts were cheap and pretty.[B] She liked the patterns on the skirts.[C]She wanted to do something as compensation.[D] She was fed up with further bargaining with the woman.14. When did the writer left the marketplace, she wanted to cry. but did not because_________.[A] she had learned to stay cool and unfeeling[B] she was afraid of crying in public[C]she had learned to face difficulties bravely[D]she had to show in public that she was strong15. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?[A]she suddenly felt very sad.[B] she liked the ribbons so much.[C]she was overcome by emotion.[D] she felt sorry for the woman.Passage FourWhen one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of our language has always been a history of constant change -- at times a slow, almost imperceptible change,at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our language has always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not of one class or group but of many. At one extreme it has been the property of the common, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans. At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization,and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence,order, dignity, and if possible, a little beauty.As we consider our changing language, we should note here two developments that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the relationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon (old English) was a language of many inflections. Modem English has few inflections. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of changes in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions. conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationships among other words. A few inflections, however. have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and ME or I. The second fact we must consider is that as language itself changes, our attitudes toward language forms change also. The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.16. In contrast to the earlier linguists, moderm linguists tend to __________.[A] attempt to continue the standardization of the language[B] evaluate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standards or proper pattems[C] be more concerned about the improvement of thelanguage than its analysis or history[D] be more aware of the rules of the language usage17. Choose the appropriate meaning for the word "inflection" used in paragraph 2:[A] changes in the forms of words.[B] changes in sentence structures.[C]changes in spelling rules.[D] words that have similar meanings.18. Which of the following statements is Not mentioned in the passage?[A] It is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of the modern English language.[B] Some other languages had great influence on the English language at some stages of its development[C] The English language has been and still in a state of relatively constant change.[D] Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the English language.19. The author of these paragraphs is probably a (an) __________.[A] historian[B] philosopher[C] anthropologist[D] linguist20. Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage?[A] The history of the English language.[B] Our changing attitude towards the English language.[C] Our changing language.[D] Some characteristics of modem English.Passage FiveWe know very little about pain and what we don't know makes it hut all the more. Indeed, no form of illiteracy in the United States is so widespread or costly as ignorance about pain what it is. what causes it, how to deal with it without panic. Almost everyone can rattle off tile names of at least a dozen drugs that can d deaden pain from every conceivable cause all the way from headaches to hemorrhoids.There is far less knowledge about the fact that about 90 percent of pain is self limiting, that it is not always an indication of poor health, and that, most frequently, it is the result of tension, stress, worry, idleness, boredom, frustration, suppressed rage, insufficient sleep, overeating, poorly balanced diet，smoking, excessive drinking, inadequate exercise, stale air, or any of the other abuses encountered by the human body in modem society.The most ignored fact of all about pain is that the best way to eliminate it is to eliminate the abuse. Instead, many people reach almost instinctively for the painkillers --- aspirins, barbiturates,codeines, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and dozens of other analgesics or desensitizing drugs.Most doctors are profoundly troubled over the extent to which the medical profession today is taking on the trappings of a pain-killing industry. Their offices are overloaded with people who are morbidly but mistakenry convinced that something dreadful is about to happen to them.It is all too evident that the campaign to get people to run for a doctor at the first sign of pain has boomeranged. Physicians find it difficult to give adequate attention to patients genuinely in need of expert diagnosis and treatment because their time is soaked up by people who have nothing wrong with them except a temporaryindisposition or a psychogenic ache.Patients tend to feel indignant ,and insulted if the physician tells them he can find no organic cause for the pain. They tend to interpret the term "psychogenic' to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms They need to be educated about the fact that many cases of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result，as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress or hostile factor, in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of "conversion hysteria", the name given by Jean Charcot to physical symptoms that have their origins in emotional distutrbances.Obviousty, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentially serious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting bad news from a doctor that they allow their malaise to worsen sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria.They only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works so that more people will be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill popping and irresponsible disregard of genuine symptoms.Of all forms of pain, none is more important for the individual to understand than the "threshold" varity. Almost everyone has a telltale ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point,it can take the form of a migraine type headache or a squeezing pain deep in the abdomen or cramps or even pain in the joints. The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains. And their cause doesn't panic when they occur,he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension.If the pain persists despite the absence of apparentCatlse. ,the individual will telephone the doctor.21. What does the sentence "It is all too evident..." (Paragraph 4) mean?[A] It is obviously true that people should consult a doctor as soon as they feel pain.[B] It is useless to ask people to seek advice from doctors the minute they feel painful.[C] The suggcestion that people go to see a doctor immediately if they feel pain has some bad effect[D] The campaign against pain will be lost if people don't go to see a doctor when they feel pain22. A hypochondria is someone who__________.[A] ignores doctor's advice and warnings[B] if afraid of going to see doctors[C] always complain about having symptoms that don't actually exist .[D] always telltales pain-killers23. It can be concluded from the passage that ___________. .[A] most cares of pain are caused by hysteria[B] if a pain isn't organic, it's very 1ikely to be psychogenic[C] pain-killing industry won't be encouraged in the future[D] doctors seldom prescribe pain-killers to patients24. They author wrote this article to__________.[A] explain how pain-killers work[B] call for understanding between doctors and patients[C] illustrate the harm of taking too much pain-killers[D]teach the right attitude to pain25. What does the word "telltale" (Paragraph 7) mean?[A] not obvious[B] scary[C] not precise .[D] gorgeousPassage SixAldous Huxley was a most unfortunate man. When he died in 1963 he must have expired in the confident belief that the event would be given wide coverage in the press the next day. After all,his career had not been without distinction. Where he made his big mistake was in dying on the same day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. As a result Huxley got about three column inches at the bottom of page 27.In the same way the death of Victor Farris has gone.widely unnoticed because he foolishly shuffled off this mortal coil at the same time as Mr. Konstantin Cherenkov. Now,as you all know, Victor Farris was the chap who invented the paper clip. The paper milk carton too. And paper clips and milk cartons will be in use long after everyone has forgotten the name of the comrade who came between Andropov and whatever this new bloke is called.The same goes for the inventor of the supermarket trolley who died in Switzerland a few months ago. Fell off his trolley. so to speak. For all I know, he may be a household name in his own canton and they are putting up a statue of home wheeling his trolley. and are going to commemorate him on one of those ever-so-tasteful Swiss postage stamps we used to collect when we were younger and wiser, but I doubt if his name will be remembered outside the borders of his small country. Personally I forgot it within minutes of reading of his decease.Not that it matters. Somehow it is hard to imagine things like paper clips and supermarket trolleys having had a named inventor. It's like discovering that at a particular moment of history a particular person invented the spoon, or the chair, orsocks. One assumes that these everyday objects just happened, or evolved through natural selection.It isn't necessarily so. I read only the other day that Richard II invented the handkerclrief. Almost everything else was invented either by Leonardo da Vinci (scissors, bicycles, helicopters, and probably spoons, socks and the Rubik cube as well) or by Benjamin Franklin (lightning-conductor, rocking-chair, bifocals) or else by Joseph Stalin (television).It's quite possible that Leonardo or Benjamin Frankjin or Stalin also invented the supermarket trolley. Certainly it has been invented more than once. Hardly was Herr Edelweiss (or whatever the Swiss chap wascalled) in his grave, than news came of the death of Sylvan N. Goodman at the age of 86. Sylvan also invented the supermarket trolley or, as the Los Angeles Times report calls it,the shopping cart.Be that as it may, Herr Edelweiss or Sylvan Goodman, or both, did a grand job and made supermarket shopping far less hellish than it would otherwise be. The next step will be to get the trolleys out of the shops and into the streets. You could put an engine in the front and call it a car .Or give it big wheels and a canopy and call it a pram. The possibilities are endless.26. It can be inferred from the passage that Herr Edelweiss_______.[A] was remembered by the people all over the word[B] made a lot of money from his invention[C]was not very famous[D]was a business partner of Sylvan Goodman27. The author writes this article in order to illustrate that__________.[A] the names of the people who invented the most useful things are usually forgotten[B] everyday objects are invented and evolve through natural selection[C]many everyday objects are invented more than once[D] many famous people have passed away without being noticed28. Who probably invented spoons ?[A] Leonardo da Vinci.[B] Benjamin Franklin.[C] Victor Farris.[D] A person unknown29. By stating that Leonardo da Vinci invented helicopters, the author means _________.[A] he really did it[B] he is a military scicntist[C] he paintcd in one of his masterpieces a helicopters[D]people turn to ascribe inventions to him but they are wrong30. What can be inferred about Aldous Huxley?.[A] His death was not reported by the press.[B] He was a famous inventor.[C] He made a very big mistake in his late years.[D] He died on the same day as John F. Kennedy.II.Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each):31. __________ the sight of the police officers ,the men ran off.[A] In [B] At[C] On [D] With32.___________the wall, we decided that we should need three tins of paint.[A] Making up [B]Doing up[C] Putting up [D] Sizing up33.___________ the whole, early American city planning was excellent.[A] In [B] From [C] On [D] Above34.___________ we are having these days![A] What a lovely weather [B] What lovely weathers[C] What lovely weather [D]What lovely a weather35.______a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapldly than a man whose command of language is poor.[A] Other things being equal[B] were other things equal[C]To be equal to other things [D]Other things to be equal36._______, he does not love her.[A] As he likes her very much[B]Though much he likes her[C]Much although he likes her [D]Much though he likes her37. A drunk man walked in_____in appearance.[A] repulsive [B] reluctant[C] reproachful [D] reputed38. A good many houses knocked down by the earthquake.[A] was [B]were[C] is [D] are39. A good teacher must know how to______his ideas.[A] convey [B] display[C] consult [D] confront40. A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment,is_________conditions or events.[A] in response to [B] in favor of[C] in contrast to[D] in excess of41. Due to personality________,the two colleagues never got on well in work.[A] contradiction [B] conflict[C]confrontaion [D] competition42. During the summer vacation kids are often seen hanging_______in the streets.[A] about[B] on[C] over [D] out43. Then were 150________at the international conference this summer.[A] spectators [B] viewers[C] participants [D] onlookers44. School started on a_______cold day in February.[A] severe[B] bitter[C] such [D] frozen45. In the face of unexpected difficulties, he demonstrated a talent for quick,_________action.[A] determining [B] defensive[C] demanding [D]decisive46. The team has been working overtime on the research project ________.[A] lately [B] just now[C] late [D]long ago47. Because of the economic crisis, industrial output in the region remained_________ .[A] motionless [B] inactive[C] stagnant [D] limmobile48. The police had difficulty in________ the fans from rushing on to the stage to take photos with the singer.[A] limiting [B]restraining。
四川大学麻醉学2019年考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（每题10分，共60分）
第1页 共1页
1.疼痛的传导通路 2.过敏性休克的治疗原则 3.人在紧急应急状态下的交感神经和副交感神经系统有哪些变化，变化的生理意义？ 4.右心衰竭的临床表现 5.人意识消失后的病理生理变化有哪些？ 6.呼吸的储备功能的影响因素？
第1页 共1页
四川大学华西医学院内科学(消化内科)2018年考博真题试卷
4.胃食管曲张大出血止血及注意事项。
5.结肠CD和肠结核鉴别。
6.急性胰腺炎病因、诊断、并发症、治疗原则。
大内科公共题，选2个，20分
呼吸：呼吸支持技术？简述其要点
心内：冠心病二级预防
消化：溃疡性结肠炎和crohn肠病鉴别
肾内：2选1
AKI诊断及分期
慢性肾功能不全透析指针
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（消化内科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
消化内科专科题：
一、简答题
1.HP检查、根治适应症、方案。
2.早期食管癌筛查对象、巴黎分型、内镜检查、井上分型。
内分泌：酮症酸中毒基本处理原则ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
血液：出血性疾病诊断试验及意义
免疫：系统性硬化的临床分型，实验室特点，治疗原则
感染：临床常用抗生素种类及使用基本原则
川大经济学院考博真题(2007-2019)
四川大学经济学院资本论考博历年真题（2007-2019）一、《资本论》第一卷1、马克思的商品理论及其现实意义20072、马克思劳动价值理论基本原理20163、马克思的货币理论及其现实意义20084、马克思的价格理论及其现实意义20195、试述马克思工资理论20176、马克思工资理论及其现实意义20117、论劳动力价格是如何形成的20098、论马克思的资本积累理论20159、马克思的失业理论201810、马克思的相对人口过剩理论2019二、《资本论》第二卷1、马克思资本周转理论20162、马克思的资本循环和周转理论及其现实意义20083、论马克思资本循环与周转理论及其现实意义20134、资本循环周转理论及其现实意义20185、论马克思的社会资本再生产理论20106、马克思的扩大再生产理论20077、论社会总产品实现与中国经济结构调整2014三、《资本论》第三卷1、论马克思的价格理论以及应用20122、试述马克思的平均利润和生产价格理论20173、马克思的平均利润及其生产价格理论及其现实意义20104、论马克思虚拟资本理论及其现实意义20115、论马克思货币银行学理论及其现实意义20156、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义20097、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义20128、论马克思价值生产与分配理论及其现实意义2013四、《资本论》其他理论1、比较马克思通货膨胀理论和西方通货膨胀理论20112、论马克思通货膨胀理论与西方货币主义学派通货膨胀理论的异同20133、马克思经济危机理论和西方经济危机理论的比较20084、论马克思经济危机理论及其2008 年的全球金融危机20095、马克思收入分配理论与西方经济学收入分配理论的比较20076、论马克思劳动力再生产理论及其现实意义20147、比较马克思劳动价值论和效用价值论20108、试比较马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论20129、试比较马克思土地所有权理论和西方经济学产权理论的不同2014五、社会主义经济理论1、论述中国经济新常态20152、论述中国供给侧结构性改革20163、论实体经济与虚拟经济的关系20174、试述我国经济从高速增长转向高质量发展20185、试述国有企业与民营企业的关系2019更多资本论资料https:///thread-7057969-1-1.html 2001《资本论》与社会主义经济理论指定参考书目马克思：《资本论》1-3 卷，人民出版社，1975 年或2004 年洪远鹏：《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社，2002 年张宇等：《中国特色社会主义政治经济学》，高等教育出版社，2017 年四川大学经济学院考博西经历年真题（2007-2019）一、纯微观经济理论1、理性人假定及其局限性20072、西方经济学的均衡分析方法及其应用20183、论述消费者选择理论20084、试比较基数效用论和序数效用论及其评价20145、效用论的基本内容及评价20126、论述边际收益递减规律20077、试述企业成本理论及其现实意义20178、试述西方经济学市场结构理论及其现实意义20159、试对不同市场进行比较分析200910、简述不完全竞争市场的类型和特征11、一般均衡论201612、试论帕累托最优201113、试述纳什均衡思想201914、公平与效率的基本思想述评201315、试述市场失灵的主要原因及政府的微观经济政策201016、试述市场失灵及其微观经济政策2015二、纯宏观经济理论1、论述国民收入决定理论20082、试述总需求总供给模型及其对现实经济的解释20103、试述总需求与总供给的关系20174、通货膨胀及其经济效应20125、试论菲利普斯曲线及其评价20146、就业与通货膨胀之间的关系20167、论述宏观经济政策目标及其相关关系20078、试述经济增长、就业和通货膨胀的关系20179、试论货币政策原理及其现实意义201110、论述财政政策原理及其现实意义200911、试论财政政策与经济发展201412、论论述财政政策原理及现阶段财政政策评述201913、试论述当前我国宏观经济政策201514、简述经济周期理论201815、真实周期理论201316、论述西方经济学中对技术进步的理论观点2019三、经济发展学理论1、试述经济发展的结构主义思路20112、论述经济发展的新古典主义思路20123、试述经济发展的激进主义思路20134、反贫困理论及政策述评20165、论述新古典增长理论20086、论述经济增长阶段理论20097、试论平衡增长理论2010更多西经资料https:///thread-7058782-1-1.html 3001 西方经济学指定参考书目高鸿业：研究生用西方经济学，经济科学出版社，2004 年谭崇台：《发展经济学概论》，武汉大学出版社，2008 年。