关于温湿度检测的外文翻译

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恒温恒湿及耐电压测试中英文对照全面

Finial 最终值OKNo appearance defects 无外观缺陷100MΩ MinNo evidence of flash marks is over or break-down .无过电压及损坏OKInitial 原始值No appearance defects 无外观缺陷100MΩ MinNo evidence of flash marks isover or break-down . 无过电压及损坏Result 结果ResistanceWithstanding Voltage Judgement 综合判定■ PASS 合格 □ NG 不合格Note 备注According to ANSI/EIA-364-31 (MethodII test Condition A)Test Item 测试项目Humidity & Insulation Resistance & Withstanding Voltage Test 恒温恒湿及耐电压测试Result of measurement 测试结果Test Requirement 测试要求1.Tested with the duration of 96 hour in cycling Tepmerature-Humidity test. 持续96H 偱环温湿度测试 Temperature: +25℃~+85℃ 温度：+25℃~+85℃Relative humidity: 85~95%RH Duration: 4 cycles(96 hours) 相对湿度： 85~95%RH 持续时间：4个周期（共96H ）2. Afer test Insulation Resistance Shall not be less than 100MΩ. (500V DC for 1 Min.) 测试后绝缘阻抗≧100MΩ，DC 电压500V/分钟；3. Using 500V AC RMS Dielectric Strength for one minute to test between adjacent contacts. 对Pin 与Pin 之间施加500V AV 电压一分钟；4. After test:Appearance: No Damage 测试后外观无损坏；JudgementTest machine测试设备温度：28℃/湿度：75%SHENZHEN EAST-TOPTECH ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD深圳市东景盛电子技术有限公司Humidity & Insulation Resistance & Withstanding Voltage test恒温恒湿及耐电压测试报告Sample name样品名称Product spec.产品规格HDMI AM TO AM 30AWG 1.4REV. OD ：5.0mm Length ：1.5/2.0M （ HDMI 19PIN CONNECTOR)Supplier 供应商名称/Test date 测试日期5PCS/2014-9-22HORAD Humidity tester 恒温恒湿箱Withstanding Voltage & Conduction risistance tester LX-750耐电压、导通电阻综合测试机 LX-750Test environment测试环境Drawing NO.工程图号HDMI 19P A/M CONN.Ye Yong Tai Sample Q'ty 样品数量Part/No.产品料号NO.报告编号：DJS-LQC-20140922A013表单编号：DJS-QR-045。

温湿度测量仪外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文翻译英文原文：Temperature and humidity measuring instrumentIntroductionTemperature and humidity measurement is a modern newly developed measurement field, especially the humidity measurement is to continue moving forward. Experienced a length method, dry and wet until today the course of the measurement, humidity measurement technology is maturing. Today, we are no longer satisfied with the measurement of the temperature and humidity, especially in some places to monitor directly the requirements of real-time measure and record the temperature and humidity changes in the whole process, and based on these changes identified during storage and transportation security, led to a new temperature and humidity measuring instrument was born. Temperature and humidity measuring instrument is the temperature and humidity parameters were measured according to a predetermined time interval stored in the internal memory, in the completion of the recording function will be coupled to a PC, use the adapter software data stored in accordance with values time analysis instrument. The instrument can determine the storage and transportation process, experiment process without any compromise product safety incident.MSP430F437 IntroducedThe MSP430 MCU main features are as follows:1)Ultra-low power consumption. MSP430 MCU supply voltage 1.8 to 3.6V low voltage RAM data retention mode power consumption of only 0.1uA active mode power 250uA/MIPS, IO input port leakage current of only 50nA.2)Powerful processing capability. The MSP430 MCU 16-bit microcontroller, reduced instruction set architecture with the most popular one clock cycle to execute an instruction, the MSP430 instruction speeds of up to 8MHz oscillator is 8MIPS.3)High-performance analog technology and a wealth of on-chip peripheral modules. The MSP430 monolithic organic combination of TI's high-performance analog technology, each member of the rich on-chip peripherals are integrated. Depending on the model of the different possible combinations of the following modules: watchdog,analog comparator A timer A, timer B, serial 0,1, hardware multiplier, LCD driver, 10/12/14-bit ADC, 12 DAC IIC bus, direct data access, port 1 to 6, the basic timer. 4)The system is stable. Power-on reset, first initiated by the DC0 CPU, to ensure that the program starts executing from the correct position to ensure crystal oscillator start-up and stabilization time. The software can then set the appropriate control bits of the register to determine the final system clock frequency. If the crystal oscillator is used as the CPU clock MCLK failure, the DCO will start automatically, in order to ensure the normal operation of the system. This structure and operational mechanism in the current series microcontroller is unique.5)Convenient and efficient development environment. MSP430 series OTP type, three types of FLASH-ROM, the domestic large-scale use FLASH. The development of these devices means, after the successful development of the OTP and ROM-type device using a dedicated emulator programmer or chip cover touch. FLASH type is very convenient development and debugging environment, because the device on-chip JTAG debug interface, as well as the electric flash FLASH memory using the first through the JTAG interface to download the program to the FLASH, run by the JTAG interface control program read the on-chip CPU status, and memory contents and other information for designers debug the entire development can be carried out in the same software integrated environment. Which only requires a PC and a JTAG debugger, without the need for a dedicated emulator and programmer. Temperature And Humidity SensorThe SHT7x temperature and humidity sensor characteristics are as follows:1)The temperature and humidity sensor signal is amplified conditioning, A / D converter, all integrated on one IIC bus interface;2)Given calibration relative humidity and temperature output;3)IIC bus with industry-standard digital output interface;4)With dewpoint calculation output function;5)With excellent long-term stability;6)Humidity value output resolution of 14 The temperature output resolution of 12 bits, and programmable;7)Small size (7.65 x 5.08 x 23.5mm) Surface Mount;8)Having reliable the CRC data transmission checking function;9)The chip load calibration coefficients can guarantee 100% interchangeability;AT25256 IntroductionTemperature and humidity data storage chip SPI interface uses ATMEL Corporation's low-voltage serial EEPROM AT25256. AT25256 is mainly applied to low-power occasion the internal accordance with 32K x 8-bit organization, can work at 3.3V, the maximum serial clock frequency as to 2.1MHz. Support for 64-byte page write mode and byte write mode. AT25256 by setting the write-protect pin / WP level to set the chip read-only or writable state. Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus technology is a synchronous serial interface, the hardware features a strong, SPI software is quite simple, so that the CPU has more time to deal with other matters. SPI bus can be connected to multiple host MCU, equipped with SPI interface output devices, output devices, such as LCD drivers, A / D conversion and other peripherals can also be a simple connection to a single TTL shift register chip. The bus allows you to connect multiple devices, but only one device at any moment as the host.SPI bus clock line is controlled by the host, in addition to data lines: host input / output line from the machine and the host output / slave input line. Host and which slave communication through the slave strobe line selection.Application SPI system can be simple, complex and can take many forms: (1) a host MCU and the slave MCU; (2) multiple MCU are connected to each other into a multi-host system; (3) a host MCU and slave peripherals.Segment LCD Display PrincipleLCD display principle is to use the physical characteristics of the liquid crystal born, when power is turned on, arranged order so light by; arranged confusion is not energized, to prevent the light to pass through. Light to pass through and not through a combination of an image is displayed on the screen. In layman's terms, the liquid crystal display is the middle of the two glass clip a layer of liquid crystal material, the liquid crystal material to change their light transmission in the signal under the control of the state, so you can see the image in front of the glass panel. LCD ambient light to display information, the LCD itself is not self-luminous, LCD power consumption is very low, more suitable for single-chip low-power applications. In addition, the LCD can only use low-frequency AC voltage drive, the DC voltage will damage the LCD. There are many types of LCD segment liquid crystal character LCD, graphical LCD. Segment LCD inexpensive, simple to use, is widely used in a variety of microcomputer application system.MSP430 LCD driver module has four driving method, respectively, for static drive, 2MUX drive, 3MUX, Drivers, 4MUX drive. Static driving method, in additionto the public badly in need of a pin, each section of the drive each one pin. If the design involves a lot of number of segments, you need to take up the many pin. In order to reduce the pin number, you can select multiple drive needed: 2MUX drive, drive, 3MUX 4MUX driving method. Increase the number of public-pole, can greatly reduce the number of pins. Need to drive more segments, the more obvious effects. ConclusionThe design requirements to simultaneously detect the temperature and humidity. From the temperature and humidity sensor signal IIC bus to enter MSP430F437 MSP430F437, temperature and humidity data on the one hand to send the LCD display; the other hand, the temperature and humidity data is stored in AT25256 stored temperature and humidity data can be transmitted via RS232 bus to the PC, In the PC application, you can curve shows the temperature and humidity data, and can print the report.This design uses the MSP430 MCU measurement of temperature and humidity, display, storage, transmission, printing and other functions. But also through the button on the temperature and humidity measurement time interval, whether storage, starting time and other parameters set. In addition, the entire system can be connected to external 9V DC power supply, you can use a 9V lithium battery-powered, low-power design ultra-low power MSP430 MCU, and program design, making the whole system very power, particularly suitable for hand-held meter.中文翻译：温湿度测量仪1 引言温湿度测量是现代测量新发展出来的一个领域，尤其湿度的测量更是不断前进。

外文翻译室内环境温度监测(英文原文)

Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–68Contents lists available at ScienceDirectSustainable Cities andSocietyj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /s csMonitoring building energy consumption,thermal performance,and indoor air quality in a cold climate regionTanzia Sharmin a ,Mustafa Gül a ,∗,Xinming Li a ,Veselin Ganev b ,Ioanis Nikolaidis b ,Mohamed Al-Hussein aa Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of Alberta,9105116th Street,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada bDepartment of Computing Science,2-21Athabasca Hall,University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta,Canadaa r t i c l ei n f oKeywords:Sensor-based monitoring system Energy usageBuilding envelope thermal performance Indoor air qualityBuilding management systema b s t r a c tBuildings are major consumers of the world’s energy.Optimizing energy consumption of buildings during operation can signiﬁcantly reduce their impact on the global environment.Monitoring the energy usage and performance is expected to aid in reducing the energy consumption of occupants.In this regard,this paper describes a framework for sensor-based monitoring of energy performance of buildings under occupancy.Different types of sensors are installed at different locations in 12apartment units in a building in Fort McMurray,Alberta,Canada to assess occupant energy usage,thermal performance of the building envelope,and indoor air quality (IAQ).The relationship between heating energy consumption and the thermal performance of building envelope and occupant comfort level is investigated by analyzing the monitoring data.The results show that the extent of heat loss,occupant comfort level,and appliance usage patterns have signiﬁcant impacts on heating energy and electricity consumption.This study also identiﬁes the factors inﬂuencing the poor IAQ observed in some case-study units.In the long term,it is expected that the extracted information acquired from the monitoring system can be used to support intelligent decisions to save energy,and can be implemented by the building management system to achieve ﬁnancial,environmental,and health beneﬁts.©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe building sector accounts for about 30%of total green-house gas (GHG)emissions in Canada (NRC,2006).Furthermore,the construction and operation of buildings are responsible for over a third of the world’s energy consumption (Straube,2006).Data shows that energy consumption and GHG emissions in build-ing sector are growing at an advanced rate than in other sectors (Akashi &Hanaoka,2012).As a result,reducing energy consump-tion has become essential to planning,construction,and use of buildings from the environmental point of view (Stoy,Pollalis,&Fiala,2009).This also entails that the building sector has con-siderable potential for energy and energy-related CO 2emissionssavings (Gökc¸e &Gökc ¸e,2013).According to the International Energy Agency,the building sector can reduce energy consump-tion with an estimated energy savings of 1509Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent)by 2050.Furthermore,through energy-efﬁcient building design,carbon dioxide (CO 2)emissions can be reduced,∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+17804923002.E-mail address:mustafa.gul@ualberta.ca (M.Gül).which can possibly mitigate 12.6Gt (gigatonnes)of CO 2emissions by 2050(International Energy Agency,2010).Energy consumption by built environments can be reduced through new designs,technologies,and materials;proper control;and the use of effective energy management systems by consider-ing factors such as building orientation,shape,wall–window ratio,insulation,use of high-efﬁciency windows,and natural ventila-tion (Dawood,Crosbie,Dawood,&Lord,2013).However,electrical loads,especially miscellaneous electrical loads (involving a range of products,devices,and electrical equipment in some combina-tion,common in every household)consume a signiﬁcant portion of total building energy (Hendron &Eastment,2006).In Canada,the residential building sector consumes approximately 16%of total secondary energy usage (NRC,2006).According to Statistics Canada,in 2007the average Canadian household consumed 106GJ (gigajoules)of energy,with the national total reaching 1,368,955TJ (terajoules)(Statistics Canada,2007).A substantial share of total energy consumption is due to improper use of appliances,and elim-inating this wastage can reduce the overall energy consumption by approximately 30%in buildings (US DOE Energy Information Administration,2003).Today it is important to focus on greater energy efﬁciency to reduce our impact on the environment by/10.1016/j.scs.2014.04.0092210-6707/©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.58T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–68reducing fossil fuel consumption(Gua,Sun,&Wennersten,2013; Sharmin,Li,Gökc¸e,Gül,&Al-Hussein,2012).Built environments also have a signiﬁcant impact on human health.The extent of a building’s impact on human health and the environment depends on the building design,materials,and the methods used for construction and operation(Vittori,2002). According to the Science Advisory Board of the United States Envi-ronmental Protection Agency(EPA),indoor environment stands among the topﬁve environmental risks to public health.In Canada, people spend an average of89%of their time indoors and66%of their time indoors at home(Leech,Wilby,McMullen,&Laporte, 1996),and there is a possibility that people with weak immune systems may suffer from asthmatic symptoms or other respiratory health problems as a result of exposure to poor indoor air quality (Vittori,2002).Considering the fact that human health is affected by poor indoor air quality(IAQ),it is important to maintain a healthy IAQ in the interest of occupant health.Continuous monitoring of indoor environmental quality(IEQ)can thus play a signiﬁcant role in maintaining healthy indoor environments.A signiﬁcant aspect of assessing the sustainability of a building is the monitoring of energy performance(Berardi,2012).Recent innovations in sensing,data logging,and computing technologies have improved monitoring of indoor environment and energy per-formance of buildings.“Real-time”energy performance and IEQ monitoring are signiﬁcant from the perspective of real-time feed-back to promote energy-saving behavior,and also for maintaining healthy IAQ.Proper targeting and monitoring of energy consump-tion and continuous energy management can be effective strategies for improved energy performance of buildings,and can result in reductions in operating costs of facilities(Lee&Augenbroe,2007; Sapri&Muhammad,2010).Research studies examining the effect of energy feedback information on occupant behavior have shown that real-time feedback can be a powerful impetus for behavioral change.McClelland and Cook(1980)ﬁrst tested the impact of con-tinuous energy feedback on electricity usage.The results showed that on average electricity usage was lowered by12%in the homes with continuous electricity usage feedback compared to the homes with no usage feedback system(as cited in Allen&Janda,2006). In another study,a technical research university has monitored energy usage to reduce energy costs through an energy awareness program that offered departments a chance to receive payments of up to30%of the savings achieved.The departments had accom-plished energy savings(saving about$300,000per year)after one and half years of monitoring through improved operations and maintenance procedures and reduced their usage from about44 million kWh to40million kWh(Energy Star,2002).Hutton,Mauser, Filiatrault,and Antola(1986)have shown how the feedback pro-vided by monitoring helped to conserve energy for over75%of the subjects in25households in three cities.In a case regarding water usage,the city of Boston,MA,USA was unable to account for the use of50%of the water used in its municipal water system and,after installing meters,water that was unaccounted for had dropped to 36%(Grisham&Fleming,1989).Another study has shown that an effective energy management system can identify problems in an operating system which might not otherwise have been identiﬁed (Mills&Mathew,2009).Yang and Wang(2013)has shown that energy management systems can also provide comfortable building environments with high energy efﬁciency.Literature reviews from the last ten years show that usage of energy can be reduced from0%to20%by using a variety of feed-back mechanisms(Abrahamse,Steg,Vlek,&Rothengatter,2005). However,despite the fact that providing appropriate feedback can signiﬁcantly reduce the overall energy consumption,relying only on occupants’awareness and behavioral change might not be an effective approach.In a recent study,wireless AC plug-load meters and light sensors were deployed in a computer science laboratory as a case study in energy monitoring.The study reported that more than30%energy savings were achieved immediately after installing a monitoring system,but that the savings were subse-quently reduced to less than4%of the week one level by the fourth week of the study.It light of this case,it might be considered that an effective solution for reducing energy consumption could be an automated energy management system,in addition to user coop-eration(Jiang,Van Ly,Taneja,Dutta,&Culler,2009).Major progress has been made in recent years in accomplish-ing greater awareness(Jiang et al.,2009),showing that advanced measurement of energy usage enables reduction of energy con-sumption.While the approach of monitoring energy usage is useful to achieveﬁnancial beneﬁts,a holistic monitoring of the perfor-mance of the building system can also be used to identify the factors inﬂuencing irregular energy usage or non-standard IEQ.Any information pertaining to irregularity of building system perfor-mance can contribute to building management systems intended to support operational improvement,and can also provide the infor-mation needed to encourage behavioral and operational changes by building occupants and operators.Monitoring is essential to achieving an energy-efﬁcient building management system,but sensor-based monitoring is sometimes costly.In recent years more cost-effective high performance sensor technologies have been introduced,such that the beneﬁts of utilizing this technology outweigh the associated costs.Continuous collection of the indi-vidualized energy use information would translate into increased energy use awareness,identiﬁcation of problems in the building management system,and notiﬁcation of irregular energy usage and non-standard indoor environmental parameters,all of which can lead to more sustainable building operations.However,it remains an open question whether the apparent additional understanding would be enough to justify the cost of installation,maintenance, and calibration of sensors.This paper thus offers a methodological approach by which to extract useful information by establishing relationships and studying patterns across different components of a building management system,facilitated by the installation of various sensors in a case study,the“Stony Mountain Plaza”project in Fort McMurray,Alberta,Canada.1.1.Objective and scopeThe objective of the sensor-based monitoring system adopted in this research is to provide relevant information regarding effec-tive management of building systems in cold-climate regions.The implemented monitoring system can be used for increasing energy performance and occupant comfort while reducing energy and water consumption.In this study,the ASHRAE standard specifying environmental parameter ranges(indoor air temperature,RH,CO2 level)has been used to deﬁne occupant comfort.A holistic exam-ination of the performance of the building system(energy usage, thermal performance,and IEQ)helps to determine whether or not the system is working efﬁciently by identifying correlations across different monitoring components.A more advanced understand-ing of the recorded data is expected to result in changes in building operations through the use of intelligent controls that automati-cally adjust to environmental requirements.It is expected that the extracted information and strategies acquired from the monitor-ing system can be implemented within the building management system to achieveﬁnancial,environmental,and health beneﬁts. 2.Methodological approachIn order to conduct a holistic examination of the performance of the building system under consideration,operating energy usage (e.g.,electrical energy usage,space heating energy usage,andT.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–6859Fig.1.Objective and methodological approach.household water usage);thermal performance of the building; and IAQ under occupancy are monitored.Twelve sample units are chosen in the building to be monitored for energy performance. Different types of sensors are installed in these individual units in order to monitor different components.Finally,recorded data are analyzed in order to extract useful information.Fig.1shows the objective and the monitored components for building energy performance under occupancy.2.1.Sample case-study unitTwo four-storey residential buildings have been constructed as part of the“Stony Mountain Plaza”project in Fort McMurray, Alberta,Canada.Both buildings are oriented with their longer axis facing north and south.Building1has70units while building2has 55units.There are two types of units in building1:one-bedroom and two-bedroom units.For monitoring building energy perfor-mance,three case-study units in eachﬂoor of building1with the same relativeﬂoor plan position are selected:(1)Type‘A’unit (one-bedroom)facing north,(2)Type‘A’unit(one-bedroom)facing south,and(3)Type‘B’unit(two-bedroom)facing south.The sam-ple households are assigned code numbers1–12,and the speciﬁc locations of the units in theirﬂoors are not revealed for the sake of privacy.Fig.2displays the12case-study units.2.2.Types and locations of installed sensorsDifferent types of sensors are used for different types of required information in this assessment of building energy performance under occupancy.For electrical energy usage,Brultech ECM-1240 power meters are used.Each apartment receives power from two phases(phases A and B).Two power meters,one for each phase, recording the total energy for each load(in Ws)are therefore installed in each case-study unit.One Kamstrup MULTICAL601 heating meter is used for monitoring the energy from the water circulation heating system.Three sensors are also used for this purpose:oneﬂow meter and two temperature probes(for supply temperature,T s,and return temperature,T r).The heating meter records the total volume(L),total mass(g),currentﬂow(L/s),cur-rent T s and T r(◦C),and total energy(Wh).The energy consumed by the water circulation heating system can be calculated satisfying Eq.(1).E=V(T s−T r)k(1) where V:volume;T s:supply temperature;T r:return temperature; k:thermal coefﬁcient.For monitoring household water usage,Minomess130water meters are used.There are two water meters in each apartment, one monitoring total incoming water and one monitoring output (cumulative hot water usage in the apartment)of the hot water tank.Two heatﬂux sensors(HFT3Soil Heat Flux Plate)are used for monitoring thermal performance of the building envelope:one measuring the heatﬂux(W/m2)through the studs and the other measuring the heatﬂux through the insulation.The sensor used for IAQ measurement is the IAQ Point air monitoring device man-ufactured by Honeywell Analytics.This device records real-time values of CO2(ppm),RH(%),and temperature(◦C)(Sharmin et al., 2012).The locations of the sensors for one-bedroom units and two-bedroom units are as shown in Fig.3.2.3.Development of system architectureThe power consumption meters(Brultech ECM-1240)commu-nicate using ZigBee with four EtherBee gateways(one on each ﬂoor),which are connected by a CAT5Ethernet cable to a single-board computer through a5-port switch.The energy meter andthe Fig.2.Case-study building and selection of case-study units.60T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–68Fig.3.Location of sensors in case-study units.IAQ sensor use the LonTalk protocol to communicate with an iLON smart server,which is also connected to the single-board computer where the data are being encrypted and transmitted to a database server through a secured connection over the Internet.The heat ﬂux sensors are connected to the CR1000data logger (Campbell Scientiﬁc,Inc.)through a Solid State Multiplexer (Campbell Scien-tiﬁc,Inc.),which makes it possible to connect all 24of the heat ﬂux sensors to a single data logger.The data logger converts the ana-log signal from the heat ﬂux sensors into digital values and sends these values to the SBC through an Ethernet interface (Sharminet al.,2012).Fig.4provides a ﬂowchart of the data collection system adopted in this project.3.Data analysisThis section discusses ﬁndings based on the collected data to assess building energy performance under occupancy.The data sets used for the analysis presented in this paper have been collected during regular operation of thebuilding.Fig.4.System architecture for data collection.T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–6861Fig.5.Data analysis framework for electrical energy consumption.3.1.Measurement of electrical energy usageAccording to Statistics Canada(2007),Alberta’s average per household use of electricity in2007was the lowest among all provinces(26GJ).A possible reason for this low electricity con-sumption might be the comparably high rate of natural gas consumption in Alberta due to the low price of natural gas.In this paper,26GJ is set as the annual per household usage threshold. We consider the electricity consumption for individual appliances and the total electricity consumption for the case-study units. By measuring the electricity consumption of occupants,building management can pursue appropriate measures(i.e.,setting an opti-mum usage limit)if the electricity usage continuously exceeds the threshold of electricity usage established.Fig.5shows the data analysis framework for electrical energy consumption,while Fig.6shows the total electricity consump-tion by case-study unit(except unit8,because of missing data). It is observed in Fig.6that the electricity consumption by units7 (Type A)and9(Type A)in2012exceeds the26GJ threshold.Even though units7and9are type A(one-bedroom)units,the electric-ity consumption of these units is higher than the other case-study units.The data analysis framework(Fig.5)adopted in this study identi-ﬁes factors that inﬂuence higher electricity consumption by a given unit by comparing the electricity consumption of different appli-ances of the selected unit with the average electricity consumption of individual appliances of all the case-study units.Fig.7presents the inﬂuencing factors for higher electricity consumption of3case-study units(units7,9and10).These three units are chosen as examples since two of them(units7and9)exceed the26-GJ thresh-old and the other unit(unit10)has comparatively higher electricity usage but appears to be inﬂuenced by different factors than units7 and9.Our data analysis shows that the primary factors inﬂuencing the higher electricity consumption in unit7are the bedroom appli-ances,electrical duct heating,kitchen plug,and kitchen-bathroom lighting,since electricity consumption by these appliances in unit 7is much higher than the average of the11case-study units for these appliances.A possible reason for higher electricity consump-tion in the bedroom of unit7may be the use of electrical heating radiators by occupants.On the other hand,bedroom appliances and oven usage for unit9and hot water tank and refrigerator usage for unit10are identiﬁed as the primary inﬂuencing factors accounting for the higher electricity consumption of the respective units.It is worth noting that household energy use can vary based on a number of factors,including the number of occupants,lifestyle, and usage of different appliances.With the continuous monitor-ing of electrical energy consumption,it is possible to identify the inﬂuencing factors of higher electricity consumption of occupants and to set an optimum value for electrical energy usage accord-ingly.Based on the monitoring of electricity usage carried out in this study,building management can set an appropriate optimum range of yearly energy usage by occupants.3.2.Measuring thermal performance of building envelope and space heating energy usageFor this research,the heatﬂux—the rate of heat energy transfer—through studs and insulation is also monitored.Since studs(working as thermal bridges between outdoor and indoor environments)lose more heat than does insulation,this research measures heatﬂux through studs and insulation separately.In order to assess the impact of orientation on heatﬂux for the case-study units,annual average heatﬂux through studs and annual average heatﬂux through insulation are compared for north-facing and south-facing units.At eachﬂoor level,one north-facing unit and one south-facing type A(one-bedroom)unit are selected in order to compare heatﬂux.As expected,the collected data in Fig.8shows that north-facing units have greater heat loss than south-facing units when considering the2nd and3rdﬂoor.However,contrary to expectations,at the ground(stud)and topﬂoor,south-facing units have greater heat loss than north-facing units.The recorded data in Fig.8gives an inconclusive result.In order to identify long-term patterns(if any)of heatﬂux for different orientations,it is impor-tant to monitor the data for a few years.If patterns of heatﬂux for differentﬂoor levels(variations with respect to height)or differ-ent orientations are identiﬁed,measures(i.e.,increasedinsulation) Fig.6.Electricity consumption for case-study units.62T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–68Fig.7.Electricity consumption of individual appliances by units 7,9and10.Fig.8.Heat ﬂux for different orientations and ﬂoor levels in 2012.can be taken to reduce heat ﬂux for the units with higher rates.Increasing the thermal performance of the building envelope also provides an opportunity to reduce signiﬁcantly the heating loss of a building,but this is beyond the scope of this study.Fig.9shows the data analysis framework adopted in this study for heating energy consumption.The framework examines the impact of heat ﬂux and outdoor temperature on heating energy consumption.The indoor air temperature maintained in the unit is also compared with the standard indoor temperature range in order to gain understanding of the relationship between occupant comfort level and heating energy consumption.As expected,the recorded data (Fig.10)shows that apart-ments consume more heating energy as the outside temperature decreases.Fig.10also shows the relationship between heat ﬂux and heating energy consumption such that units with higher heat ﬂux in general have higher heating energy consumption,with some exceptions,e.g.,unit 12in October and unit 7in January;(in these exceptions,even though heat loss was high,heating energy con-sumption was comparatively low).In general,variations in theoccupancy,such as vacations and other absences,can directly impact the energy consumption,and the absence of residents ren-ders the heat comfort level of individuals irrelevant with respect to its impact on energy consumption over these periods of absence.Another exception is with respect to unit 7in November and December.Data shows that even though heat ﬂux was lower in unit 7,heating energy consumption was higher (compared to unit 12)in November and December.There is a possibility that occupant comfort level with a higher temperature range may have resulted in higher heating consumption in unit 7.Recorded data indicates that the indoor air temperature in unit 7has always been maintained at a higher level (sometimes exceeding the standard temperature range)compared to unit 12,indicating that occupant preference for a higher temperature range may be the reason for higher heat-ing consumption during October-December in unit 7,even though heat loss was less than for unit 12.It should be noted that occupant lifestyle and comfort level may affect the heating energy consump-tion signiﬁcantly.In order to manage heating energy effectively,it is necessary to monitor and analyze the heating energy usageT.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–6863Fig.9.Data analysis framework for heating energyconsumption.Fig.10.Heat ﬂux and heating energy consumption in north-(unit 7)and south-facing (unit 12)units.regularly and to set realistic targets for improving energy efﬁ-ciency.3.3.Measurement of household water usageHousehold water usage is also being monitored as part of this study.According to Environment Canada ,in 2009average resi-dential water use was 72.38gallons per capita per day,which corresponds to 26,420gallons per capita per year (Municipal Water Use Report,2011).Fig.11shows the water consumption by case-study unit in 2012.The results indicate that even though unit 9is a one-bedroom unit (assumed to be accommodating fewer residents than two-bedroom units),it exhibits the highest water consumption.By measuring the water usage of occupants,build-ing management can pursue appropriate measures (i.e.,optimum usage range)if the water usage per person for a particular unit is continuously higher than the Canadian average residential water usage per capita per day.The recorded data in Fig.11shows that hot water consumption typically accounts for more than 30%of total water consumption in the case-study units,with the exception of unit 11.Since in thisproject energy is drawn from used hot water through drain water heat recovery (DWHR),there is a possibility that this gray water could be used for toilet ﬂushing.It should be noted that the use of gray water in the case-study units is beyond the scope of this study.3.4.Indoor air quality (CO 2concentration and relative humidity)measurementElevated CO 2levels affect occupant comfort and IAQ.With ele-vated CO 2levels,occupants may complain of perceived poor air quality and may face health problems such as headaches,fatigue,and eye and throat irritation.Poor air quality may reduce the efﬁ-ciency of the occupants (Wyon &Wargocki,2006)and this loss can be reduced through proper design strategy (Wyon,1996).The rela-tionship between indoor CO 2concentration and IAQ is in terms of the impact of elevated CO 2on comfort,and the correlation between CO 2and ventilation (Aglan,2003).According to the American Soci-ety of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers Inc.(ASHRAE),buildings with proper ventilation should have CO 2lev-els not in excess of 1000ppm (Quinn,2011).Exceeding this level is likely indicative of inadequate ventilation.In consideration of this,64T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society13(2014)57–68Fig.11.Total water consumption of case-study units in2012.Fig.12.IAQ data analysis framework for CO2.Fig.13.IAQ data analysis framework for RH.T.Sharmin et al./Sustainable Cities and Society 13(2014)57–6865Fig.14.Monthly average CO 2concentration level in case-studyunits.Fig.15.Average CO 2level and ERV electricity consumption in case-study units for February and March,2012.Figs.12and 13show the framework of IAQ data analysis (CO 2and RH,respectively)considered in this project.The results of data analysis (Fig.14)show that CO 2concentra-tion levels exceed the 1000ppm threshold in units 1,3,4,5,8,and 9for several months of 2012.In order to determine if lack of energy recovery ventilation (ERV)usage is the reason for the elevated level of CO 2,electricity consumption by the ERV is inves-tigated for the case-study units for February and March,2012.These two months are chosen as examples since most of the units exceed the threshold during these two months.Fig.15shows the CO 2con-centration and ERV electricity consumption by unit,exhibiting that the units with higher ERV usage have in general relatively lowerCO 2concentration (units 7,10,and 11),while units with lower ERV usage have higher CO 2concentration (units 1,3,4,5,and 9).An improper heating,ventilation,and air conditioning system (HVAC),as well as unvented appliances (space heaters,dryers,stoves,and any other unvented gas appliances)in a house,can lead to high levels of indoor CO 2(Health Canada,1995).Complementing the recorded data (ERV usage record),interviews with occupants may be helpful for identifying the factors inﬂuencing higher CO 2levels in the identiﬁed units.Once the causal factors are identiﬁed,necessary steps (e.g.,imposing the use of ERV,proper maintenance of HVAC system and appliances)should be taken in the interest of occupant health.。

08湿度传感器系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

湿度传感器系统中英文资料外文翻译文献英文:The right design for a relative humidity sensor systemOptimizing the response characteristics and accuracy of a humidity sensor system1 OverviewTo make the right choice when selecting a relative humidity sensor for an application, it is important to know and to be able to judge the deciding factors. In addition to long-term stability, which is a measure on how much a sensor changes its properties over time, these factors also include the measurement accuracy and the response characteristics of the sensor. Capacitive humidity sensors are based on the principle that a humidity-sensitive polymer absorbs or releases moisture as a function of the relative ambient humidity. Because this method is only a spot measurement at the sensor location, and usually the humidity of the surroundings is the desired quantity, the sensor must be brought into moisture equilibrium with the surroundings to obtain a precise measurement value. This process is realized by various transport phenomena (cf. the section titled "The housing effect on the response time"), which exhibit a time constant. Accuracy and response time are thus closely dependent on each other, and the design of a humidity measurement system becomes a challenge.2Measurement accuracyThe term measurement accuracy of a humidity sensor is understood primarily to refer to the deviation of the value measured by the sensor from the actual humidity. To determine the measurement accuracy, references, such as chilled mirror hygrometers, whose own tolerance must be taken into account, are used. In addition to this trivial component, humidity sensors require a given time for reaching stable humidity and temperature equilibrium (the humidity is a function of temperature and decreases with increasing temperature; a difference between sensor and ambient temperature leads to measurement errors). This response time thus has a significant effect on the value measured by the sensor and thus on the determined accuracy.This time-dependent characteristic is explained in more detail in the following.3Response characteristics and response timeThe response characteristics are defined by various parameters. These are:●The actual response characteristics of the humidity sensor at constant temperature.(1) How quickly the sensitive polymer absorbs or releases moisture until equilibrium is reached (intrinsic response time)(2) How fast the entire system reaches humidity equilibrium (housing effect)●The thermal response characteristics of the humidity sensor at a non-constant temperature(3) The thermal mass of the sensor(4) The system's thermal mass, which is thermally coupled to the sensor (e.g. printed circuit board)(5) Heat sources in the direct surroundings of the sensor (electronic components)(1) and (3) are determined entirely by the sensor itself, (1) primarily by the characteristics of the sensitive polymer.(2) and (4) are primarily determined by the construction of the entire system (shape and size of housing andreadout circuitry).(5) is determined by heat-emitting electronic components.These points will be discussed in more detail in the following.The intrinsic response time (1)Qualitatively, the response characteristics of capacitive humidity sensors look like the following (Fig. 1).Fig. 1: Typical and idealized response characteristics of capacitive humidity sensors (schematic)Because these response characteristics are especially pronounced at high humidity values,an isothermal humidity jump from 40% to 100% was selected here for illustration. The desired ideal behavior of the sensor is indicated in blue. In practice, however, the sensor behaves according to the red line, approximately according to:=(E-S)*(1-e)+SRH-t（t）Here, the time span 1 is usually very short (typ. 1 – 30 min.), in contrast, the time span 2 is very long (typ. Many hours to days). Here the connection of measurement accuracy and response characteristics becomes clear (t until RH=100% is reached). The value at t4 (Fig. 1) is considered to be an exact measured value. However, this assumes that both the humidity and also the temperature remain stable during this entire time, and that the testing waits until this very long measurement time is completed. These conditions are both very hard to achieve and unusual in practice. For the calibration, there are the following two approaches, which both find use in practice (cf. Fig. 2):1.The measured value at t2 (Fig. 1) is used as a calibration reference.Advantage:●The required measurement time for reaching the end value (in the example 100%) isclearly shortened,corresponds to practice, and achieves an apparent short responsetime of the sensor (cf. Fig. 2).Disadvantage:●If the conditions are similar for a long time (e.g., wet periods in outdoor operation),the sensors exceed the correct end value (in the example 100%) undesirably by upto 10% (cf. Fig. 2).2. The measured value at t4 (Fig. 1) is used as a calibration reference.Advantage:●Even for similar conditions over a long time (e.g., wet periods in outdoor operation),an exact measurement result is obtained (cf. Fig. 2).Disadvantage:●For a humidity jump like in Fig. 1, the sensors very quickly deliver the measuredvalue at t2, but reaching a stable end value (about 3-6% higher) takes a long time(apparent longer response time)(cf. Fig. 2).In order to take into account both approaches optimally, the measured values at t3 (cf. Fig. 1) are used as the calibration reference by Sensirion AG.Fig. 2: Response characteristics of different humidity measurement systemsThe housing effect on the response time (2)Here, two types of transport phenomena play a deciding role:●Convection: For this very fast process, the air, whose humidity is to be determined,is transported to the sensor by means of ventilation.●Diffusion: This very slow process is determined by the thermal, molecularself-motion of the water molecules. It occurs even in "stationary" air (e.g., within ahousing), but leads to a long response time.In order to achieve favorable response characteristics in the humidity measurement system, the very fast convection process must be supported by large housing openings and the slow diffusion process must be supported by a small housing around the sensor (small "deadvolume") with "stationary" air reduced to a minimum. The following applies:Thermal effects (3), (4), and (5)Because the total thermal mass of the humidity measurement system (sensor + housing)has a significant effect on its response time, the total thermal mass must be kept as low aspossible. The greater the total thermal mass, the more inert the measurement system becomesthermally and its response time, which is temperature-dependent, increases. In order toprevent measurement errors, the sensor should not be mounted in the vicinity of heatgenerating components.4Summary –what should be taken into account when designing a humidity measurement systemIn order to achieve error-free operation of a humidity-measurement system with response times as short as possible, the following points should be taken into account especially for the selection of the sensor and for the design of the system.●The selection of the humidity sensor element. It should●be as small as possible,●have a thermal mass that is as low as possible,●work with a polymer, which exhibits minimal fluctuations in measured values duringthe time span 2(cf. Fig. 1); testing gives simple information on this condition,●provide calibration, which corresponds to the requirements (see above), e. g.,SHT11/SHT15 from Sensirion.●The housing design (cf. Formula 1). It should●have air openings that are as large as possible in the vicinity of the sensor or thesensor should be operated outside of the housing à good convection!●enclose a "dead volume" that is as small as possible around the sensor àlittlediffusion!●The sensor should be decoupled thermally as much as possible from other components,so that the response characteristics of the sensor are not negatively affected by the thermal inertia of the entire system.(e.g., its own printed circuit board for the humidity sensor, structurally partitioning the housing to create a small volume for the humidity sensor, see Fig. 3)Fig. 3: Mounting example for Sensirion sensors SHT11 and SHT15 with slits for thermal decoupling●The sensor should not be mounted in the vicinity of heat sources. If it was, measuredtemperature would increase and measured humidity decrease.5Design proposalThe challenge is to realize a system that operates cleanly by optimally taking into account all of the points in section 4. The already calibrated SMD humidity sensors SHT11 and SHT15 from Sensirion are the ideal solution. For optimum integration of the sensors in a measurement system, Sensirion AG has also developed a filter cap as an adapter aid, which takes into account as much as possible the points in section 4 and also protects the sensor against contaminants with a filter membrane. Fig. 4 shows schematically how the sensors can be ideally integrated into a housing wall by means of the filter cap SF1.Fig. 4: Filter cap for SHT11 and SHT15In addition to the advantages mentioned above, there is also the option of building an IP67-compatible humidity measurement device (with O-ring, cf. Fig. 4) with optimal performance. Detailed information is available on the Sensirion Web site.译文：相对湿度传感器系统的正确设计湿度传感器系统精度及响应特性的优化1.综述为了在相对湿度的应用方面对传感器做出正确的选择，了解和评估那些起决定作用的因素是非常重要的。

外文翻译(供热站温度实时监测)

Heating temperature and pressure test Thermistors are inexpensive, easily-obtainable temperature sensors. They are easy to use and adaptable. Circuits with thermistors can have reasonable outout voltages - not the millivolt outputs thermocouples have. Because of these qualities, thermistors are widely used for simple temperature measurements. They're not used for high temperatures, but in the temperature ranges where they work they are widely used. Thermistors are temperature sensitive resistors. All resistors vary with temperature, but thermistors are constructed of semiconductor material with a resistivity that is especially sensitive to temperature. However, unlike most other resistive devices, the resistance of a thermistor decreases with increasing temperature. That's due to the properties of the semiconductor material that the thermistor is made from. For some, that may be counterintuitive, but it is correct. Here is a graph of resistance as a function of temperature for a typical thermistor. Notice how the resistance drops from 100 kW, to a very small value in a range around room temperature. Not only is the resistance change in the opposite direction from what you expect, but the magnitude of the percentage resistance change is substantial.Temperature Sensor - The Thermocouple You are at: Elements - Sensors - Thermocouples Return to Table of Contents A thermocouple is a junction formed from two dissimilar metals. Actually, it is a pair of junctions. One at a reference temperature (like 0 oC) and the other junction at the temperature to be measured. A temperature difference will cause a voltage to be developed that is temperature dependent. (That voltage is caused by something called the Seebeck effect.) Thermocouples are widely used for temperature measurement because they are inexpensive, rugged and reliable, and they can be used over a wide temperature range. In particular, other temperature sensors (like thermistors and LM35 sensors)are useful around room temperature, but the thermocouple can The Thermocouple Why Use thermocouples To Measure Temperature? They are inexpensive. They are rugged and reliable. They can be used over a wide temperature range. What Does A Thermocouple Look Like? Here it is. Note the two wires (of two different metals) joined in the junction. What does a thermocouple do? How does it work? The junction of two dissimilar metals produces a temperature dependent voltage. For a better description of how it works, click here. How Do You Use A Thermocouple? You measure the voltage the thermocouple produces, and convert that voltage to a temperature reading. It may be best to do the conversion digitally because the conversion can be fairly nonlinear. Things You Need To Know About Thermocouples A junction between two dissimilar metals produces a voltage. In the thermocouple, the sensing junction - produces a voltage that depends upon temperature. Where the thermocouple connects to instrumentation - copper wires? - you have two more junctions and they also produce a temperature dependent voltage. Those junctions are shown inside the yellow oval. When you use a thermocouple, you need to ensure that the connections are at some standard temperature, or you need to use an electronically compensated system that takes those voltages into account. If your thermocouple is connected to a data acquisition system, then chances are good that you have an electronically compensated system. Once we obtain a reading from a voltmeter, the measured voltage has to be converted to temperature. The temperature is usually expressed as a polynomial function of the measured voltage. Sometimes it is possible to get a decent linear approximation over a limited temperature range. There are two ways to convert the measured voltage to a temperature reading. Measure the voltage and let the operator do the calculations. Use the measured voltage as an input to a conversion circuit - either analog or digital. Let us look at some other types of base-metal thermocouples. Type T thermocouples arewidely used as are type K and Type N. Type K (Ni-Cr/Ni-Al) thermocouples are also widely used in the industry. It has high thermopower and good resistance to oxidation. The operating temperature range of a Type K thermocouple is from -269 oC to +1260 oC. However, this thermocouple performs rather poorly in reducing atmospheres. Type T (Cu/Cu-Ni) thermocouples can be used in oxidizing of inert atmospheres over the temperature range of -250 oC to +850 oC. In reducing or mildly oxidizing environments, it is possible to use the thermocouple up to nearly +1000 oC. Type N (Nicrosil/Nisil) thermocouples are designed to be used in industrial environments of temperatures up to +1200 oC. A polynomial equation used to convert thermocouple voltage to temperature (oC) over a wide range of temperatures. We can write the polynomial as: The coefficients, an are tabulated in many places. Here are the NBS polynomial coefficients for a type K thermocouple. (Source: T. J. Quinn, Temperature , Academic Press Inc.,1990) Type K Polynomial Coefficients n an 0 0.226584602 1 24152.10900 2 67233.4248 3 2210340.682 4 -860963914.9 5 4.83506x1010 6 -1.18452x1012 7 1.38690x1013 8 -6.33708x1013 What If The Surrounding Temperature Exceeds Limits? There are really no thermocouples that can withstand oxidizing atmospheres for temperatures above the upper limit of the platinum-rhodium type thermocouples. We cannot, therefore, measure temperature in such high temperature conditions. Other options for measuring extremely high temperatures are radiation or the noise pyrometer. For non-oxidizing atmospheres, tungsten-rhenium based thermocouples shows good performance up to +2750 oC. They can be used, for a short period, in temperatures up to +3000 oC. The selection of the types of thermocouple used for low temperature sensing is primarily based on materials of a thermocouple. In addition, thermopower at low temperatue is rather low, so measurement of EMF will be proportionally small as well.More Facts On Various Thermocouple Types A variety of thermocouples today cover a range of temperature from -250 oC to +3000 oC. The different types of thermocouple are given letter designations: B, E, J, K, R, S, T and N Types R,S and B are noble metal thermocouples that are used to measure high temperature. Within their temperature range, they can operate for a longer period of time under an oxidizing environment. Type S and type R thermocouples are made up of platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) mixed in different ratios. A specific Pt/Rh ratio is used because it leads to more stable and reproducible measurements. Types S and R have an upper temperature limit of +1200 oC in oxidizing atmospheres, assuming a wire diameter of 0.5mm. Type S and type R thermocouples are made up of platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) mixed in different ratios. A specific Pt/Rh ratio is used because it leads to more stable and reproducible measurements. Types S and R have an upper temperature limit of +1200 oC in oxidizing atmospheres, assuming a wire diameter of 0.5mm. Type B thermocouples have a different Pt/Rh ratio than Type S and R. It has an upper temperature limit of +1750 oC in oxidizing atmospheres. Due to an increased amount of rhodium content, type B thermocouples are no quite so stable as either the Type R or Type S. Types E, J, K, T, and N are base-metal thermocouples that are used for sensing lower temperatures. They cannot be used for sensing high temperatures because of their relatively low melting point and slower failure due to oxidation. Type B thermocouples have a different Pt/Rh ratio than Type S and R. It has an upper temperature limit of +1750 oC in oxidizing atmospheres. Due to an increased amount of rhodium content, type B thermocouples are no quite so stable as either the Type R or Type S. we will look into some differences between different base-metal thermocouples. Type E (Ni-Cr/Cu-Ni) thermocouples have an operating temperature range from -250 oC to +800 oC. Their use is less widespread than other base-metal thermocouples due to its low operating temperature. However,measurements made by a Type E have a smaller margin of error. 1000 hours of operation in air of a Type E thermocouple at +760 oC, having 3mm wires, shold not lead to a change in EMF equivalent to more than +1 oC. Type J (Fe/Cu-Ni) thermocouples are widely used in industry due to their high thermopower and low cost. This type of thermocouple has an operating temperature range from 0 oC to +760 oC. Links to Related Lessons Temperature Sensors Thermistors Thermocouples LM35s Other Sensors Strain Gages Temperature Sensor Laboratories Return to Table of ContentsExperiments With Temperature Sensors - Data Gathering Measuring temperature is the most common measurement task. There are numerous devices available for measuring temperature. Many of them are built using one of these common sensors. Thermistor Thermocouple LM35 Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor You can get more information about these sensors by clicking the links above. Laboratory The purpose of this laboratory is to get time response data for the three sensors you were introduced to labs week. Here are links to LabVIEW programs you can use. NTempsHydra.vi - to measure temperature from the Hydra. NVoltsHydra.vi - to measure voltage from the Hydra. ResetHydra.vi - A "sub-vi" you need to reset the Hydra. 1Temp.vi - A sub-vi that will take one temperature measurement on the Hydra. 1VoltHydra.vi - A sub-vi that will take one voltage measurement on the Hydra. You should have all the files above on your desktop. You can click on each link and save to the desktop, or you can find the NMeas folder in my public space and copy the entire folder to the desktop (best). You only need to double click the NTemps or NVolts files to start and run them in LabVIEW - but they have to be taken out of the network folder! Once you have the files together in a single folder on your desktop, Start NTempsHydra.vi to measure temperature using the thermocouple attached to terminals 21 (yellow lead) and 22 (red lead).Note that these terminals (21 and 22) are the connections for channel 1 for the Hydra. (For example, if you were doing a manual temperature reading using the front panel, you would need to set to channel 1.) You need to connect the yellow lead of the thermocouple to the top connector for Channel #1 (Terminal #21) and the red lead of the thermocouple to the bottom connector (ground?) for Channel #1 (Terminal #22). Both of those connections are made to the connector strip on the top of the Hydra Data Acquisition Unit. Start NVoltsHydra.vi to measure voltages using the LM35 and the voltage divider circuit for the thermistor. Both sets of measurements should be taken from the front panel connection points on the Hydra. For both the LM35 and the thermistor circuit, you need to supply 5v to the circuit board. In your lab notebook record any circuitry you use, and any pertinent points regarding the equipment you use. Note any other features of each sensor that will help you for your project or make things more difficult. Do the following: Connect each sensor. Here are links to using each sensor in a measurement. Thermocouples LM35s Thermistors For each sensor you need to get data in two situations: As the sensor heats up (rising time constant behavior) As the sensor cools down to ambient temperature (decaying time constant behavior) That data should be stored in a computer file. Use a different, understandable name for each file. The program will prompt you for a file name. Suggested file names are things like ThermistorUp.txt, etc. Before you leave lab be sure that you can bring your data up in Excel (to test that you have a good data file) and that you can plot the data to see that it looks like what you expect. Estimate the following for each sensor. The time it will take for the sensor to get within 1oC when the sensor is in good thermal contact with the temperature environment being measured and the temperature sensor starts at 25 oC and goes to 50 oC. (That means to measure the time it takes to get to between 49 oC and 51 oC.) The time it will take for the sensor to get within 1oC of the final value when the sensoris in air at a constant temperature and the temperature sensor starts at 25oC and goes to 50oC. In other words, when will the temperature sensor reach 49oC? The time it will take for the sensor to get within 0.1oC for the two situations above. (i.e., between 49.9 oC and 50.1 oC.) The time it will take for the sensor to get within 1oC when the sensor is in good thermal contact with the temperature environment being measured and the temperature sensor starts at 50 oC and goes to 25 oC. Explain why there is a difference in the speed of the response in the various situations above. Your report should show calculations for the time constant(s) for each device, and should show the results using the three methods. Tabular presentation of the results is best. Finally, you should - as best possible - explain your results. Why would the time constant be different going up and going down.供热站温度压力实时检测热敏电阻很便宜，易于得到的温度传感器。

温湿度控制中英文

外文原文Single chip microcomputer and the development of the temperature and humidity sensorAbstract:Temperature control system has been widely used over the past decades. In this paper, a general architecture of distributed temperature control system is put forward based on multi-sensor data fusion and CAN bus. A new method of multi-sensor data fusion based on parameter estimation is proposed for the distributed temperature control system. The major feature of the system is its generality, which is suitable for many fields of large scale temperature control. Experiment shows that this system possesses higher accuracy, reliability, good real—time characteristic and wide application prospectBorn in the 1970 s single chip microcomputer, and experience the SCM, MCU, SOC three phases.(1) SCM namely Single Chip computer stage, main is to seek out the monolithic forms of the embedded system best system structure. "Innovation mode" success, laid the SCM and general computer completely different development road.(2) MCU namely Micro Controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main technological development direction is: expanding meet embedded application, the object system requirements of various peripheral circuit and interface circuit, dash forward show its object the intelligent control ability.(3) MCU is embedded system independent development way, to a key factor to the development of MCU stage, is to seek application system on a chip in the maximization of the solution; Therefore, special MCU development natural form the SOC tendency. With microelectronics technology, IC design, EDA tools development, based on the single chip microcomputer application system SOC design can have larger development.Temperature is a basic physical quantities, everything in nature is closely related with the process of temperature. The temperature sensoris the earliest development, the most widely used kind of sensor. From 17 th century people began to use temperature measuring. The temperature sensor there are four main types: thermocouple, thermal resistance, resistance temperature detector (RTD) and temperature sensor IC. IC temperature sensor and including analog output and digital output two types. Contact temperature sensor detection part and the tested object has a good contact, and calls the thermometer. The thermometer through the transmission or convection reach thermal equilibrium, thus make the thermometer and value can be measured directly says the temperature of the objects. General measurement precision. In a certain temperature range, the thermometer can also be measuring objects of internal temperature distribution. But for sports body, small target or heat capacity is very small objects will produce larger measurement error, commonly used a thermometer have two-metal thermometer, glass liquid thermometer, pressure type thermometer, resistance thermometers, thermistors and temperature difference electric dipole, etc. Contactless temperature sensor sensitive components and tested object each other is not contact, again say non-contact highlighted.it table. This instrument can be used to measure movement object, small goals and heat capacity small or temperature change quickly (transient) the surface temperature of the object, also can used for the measurement of the temperature distribution.Distributed temperature control system has been widely used in our daily life and production, including intelligent building, greenhouse, constant temperature workshop, large and medium granary, depot, and soon[1]. This kind of system should ensure that the environment temperaturecan be kept between two predefined limits. In the conventional temperature measurement systems we build a network through RS-485 Bus using a single-chip metering system based on temperature sensors. With the aid of the network, we can carry out centralized monitoring and controlling. However, when the monitoring area is much more widespread and transmission distance becomes farther, the disadvantages of RS-485 Bus become more obvious. In this situation, the transmission and response speed becomes lower, the anti-interference ability becomes worse. Therefore, we shouldseek out a new communication method to solve the problems produced by RS-485 Bus.During all the communication manners, the industrial control-oriented field bus technology can ensure that we can break through the limitation of traditional point to point communication mode and build up a real distributed control and centralized management system. As a serial communication protocol supporting distributed real-time control, CAN bus has much more merits than RS-485 Bus, such as better error correction ability, better real-time ability, lower cost and so on. Presently, it has been extensively used in the implementation of distributed measurement and control domains.With the development of sensory technology, more and more systems begin to adopt multi-sensor data fusion technology to improve their performances. Multi-sensor data fusion is a kind of paradigm for integrating the data from multiple sources to synthesize the newinformation so that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts [3][4][5].And it is a critical task both in the contemporary and future systems which have distributed networks of low-cost, resource-constrained sensors1.AVR devices profileA VR MCU is 1997 by ATMEL company developed of enhanced the built-in Flash RISC (Reduced Instruction Set CPU) Reduced Instruction Set high speed eight microcontroller. AVR single-chip can be widely used in computer external equipment, industrial real-time control, instrument and apparatus, communication equipment, household electrical appliances, etc. In 1997, the Atmel company Norway design center of Mr. A and V sir, the use of the new technology Atmel company Flash, to research the RISC reduced instruction set high speed eight microcontroller, hereinafter referred to as the AVR.Avr microcontroller characteristicsAVR microcontroller hardware structure take eight machine and 16 machine of compromise strategies that use local registers of deposit (32 register file) and monomer high-speed input/output scheme (i.e. input capture registers, output is matching register and the corresponding control logic). Improve the instruction execution speed (1 Mips/MHz), overcome the bottlenecks, and enhance the function; At the same time, reduce the cost of the management of foreign set, relative simplified the hardware structure, reduce the costs. So AVR microcomputer in the soft/hardware cost, speed, performance and cost many has made optimization balance, is a cost-effective microcontroller.AVR SCM's I/O line can be set on the all take pull-up resistors, set separately for input/output, can be set (initial) the high impedance input,driving ability (can save power drive devices) features, make the I/O mouth flexible and powerful and resources can be fully used.Single chip microcomputer automatic power AVR reset circuit, independent watchdog circuit, low voltage detection circuit BOD, multiple reset source (automatic reset and external reset and electricity, the watchdog reset, BOD reset), can be set to start delay to run the program, enhance the reliability of the embedded system.AVR SCM has a variety of province electricity sleep mode, and wide voltage operation (5-1.8 V), the anti-interference ability is strong, can reduce the average 8 bits of software anti-interference design work machine and the usage of the hardware.AVR microcontroller technology embodies the single-chip microcomputer collect A variety of devices including FLASH program memory, the watchdog, EEPROM, with/asynchronous serial mouth, TWI, SPI, A/D converter module, timer/counter, etc) and A variety of functions (enhance the reliability of the system, reduce the power consumption reduction of anti-interference sleep mode and many varieties of all categories interrupt system, with input and output is matching and capture the timer function of diversification, replace function with/counter the I/O port...) at A suit, fully embodies the microcontroller technology from "piece of self conduct war" to "chip systems SoC" the development direction of the transition.2.Integrated temperature sensorAD590Integrated temperature sensor AD590 to, its temperature resolution for the 0.3 degrees Celsius. The analog signal is output AD590 to, when the temperature of 0 degrees, output current 273.2 microamps, and current variation and temperature variation in a linear relationship, temperature, and once every change, the output current change 1 microamps, the temperature sensor of working temperature range is-30 degrees-150 degrees. If use AD590 to make the temperature sensor, sensor peripheral circuit is simple, just put sampling resistance and AD590 to link and then to amplify the signal, and then using voltage comparator compared to output voltage, voltage comparator output signals can be directly as PLC the input signal.3.Humidity sensorThere are many ways of measuring the air humidity, its principle isbased on certain material from the surrounding air absorb water caused by physical or chemical properties of the change, indirectly from the material of water quantity and the surrounding air humidity. Capacitive and resistive and wet go up wet type according to its original susceptibility were macromolecule material moisture absorption after the dielectric constant and resistivity and volume change and humidity measurementSolution a: the HOS-201 wet sensors. HOS-201 wet sensor for high humidity sensor switches, it's the job of the voltage of ac 1 V the following, frequency for frequency 50 HZ ~ 1 KHZ, humidity measurement range of 0 ~ 100% RH, working temperature range is 0 ~ 50 ℃, impedance in 75% RH (25 ℃) for 1 M Ω. The sensor is used to switch the sensor, not on the wideband range detection humidity, therefore, mainly for the judgment or under more than e. humidity level. However, the sensor to a certain range, have a good use of the linear, and can be effectively using the linear characteristics.Scheme ii: the HS1100 / HS1101 humidity sensor. HS1100 / HS1101 capacitance sensor, in a circuit of equivalent to a capacitor, it has the capacity as the air humidity increases while. Do not need to complete interchangeability of calibration, high reliability and long-term stability, fast response time, patent design of solid polymer structure, the top contact (HS1100) and lateral contact (HS1101) two kinds of packaging products, apply to linear output voltage and frequency output two circuit, is suitable for making automatic assembly line of the plugin and automatic assembly process, etc.Relative humidity at 1%-100% RH range; The capacity to change by 16 pF 200 pF, the error is not more than plus or minus 2% RH; Response time less than 5 S; The temperature coefficient is 0.04 pF / ℃. Visible is higher accuracy.A comprehensive comparison of scheme and scheme ii, plan one although meet the precision and the requirements of the measure humidity range, but its limited to certain scope, have a good use of the linear, and can be effectively using the linear characteristics. And still do not have in this design system of temperature-30 to 50 ℃ request, so we chose this design as the second scheme humidity sensor.4.MC14433 A/D converterMC14433 is three and A half double integral type of the A/D converter, with high precision, good anti-jamming performance advantages, its shortcoming is conversion rate low, about 1-10 times/SEC. Without the requirement of high speed switching occasions, for example, in low speed data acquisition system, is widely used. MC14433A a/D converter and domestic product 5 G14433 are all the same, can be interchanged.5.Multi-sensor data fusonThe aim to use data fusion in the distributed temperature control system is to eliminate the uncertainty, gain a more precise and reliable value than the arithmetical mean of the measured data from finite sensors. Furthermore, when some of the sensors become invalid in the temperature sensor groups, the intelligent CAN node can still obtain the accurate temperature value by fusing the information from the other valid sensors.5.1. Consistency verification of the measured dataDuring the process of temperature measurement in our designed distributed temperature control system, measurement error comes into being inevitably because of the influence of the paroxysmal disturb or the equipment fault. So we should eliminate the careless mistake before data fusion.We can eliminate the measurement errors by using scatter diagram method in the system equipped with little amount of sensors. Parametersto represent the data distribution structure include median—TM, upperquartile number—Fv , lower quartile number—FLand quartiledispersion—dF.It is supposed that each sensor in the temperature control systemproceeds temperature measurement independently. In the system, there are eight sensors in each temperature sensor group of the intelligent CAN node. So we can obtain eight temperature values in each CAN node at the same time. We arrange the collected temperature data in a sequence from small to large:T 1, T 2, …, T 8In the sequence, T 1 is the limit inferior and T 8 is the limit superior.We define the median —T M as:(1)The upper quartile —F v is the median of the interval [T M , T 8].The lowerquartile number —F L is the median of the interval [T 1, T M ].The dispersion of the quartile is:（2）We suppose that the data is an aberration one if the distance from the median is greater than adF, that is, the estimation interval of invalid data is:(3)In the formula, a is a constant, which is dependent on the system measurement error, commonly its value is to be 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and so on. The rest values in the measurement column are considered as to be the valid ones with consistency. And the Single-Chip in the intelligent CAN node will fuse the consistent measurement value to obtain a fusion result6.The research significanceThe collection of temperature and humidity monitoring in daily life has a wide range of USES, the temperature and humidity monitor based on this and design, the biggest advantage is that it can display the current temperature and humidity measurement, and the current temperature and preset temperature carries on the comparison, more than when the current temperature and humidity preset temperature alarm, realize the historicaldata monitoring, collection and analysis purposes. The temperature and humidity monitoring alarm low power consumption, can use the minimal resource for different temperature for high precision measurement, reliable performance, convenient operation information, complex work through software programming to complete, easy to get results, in actual use for the ideal effect. This design has realized to the real-time control of the temperature, flexible control precision and reliability, high, can meet the product preliminary test the requirements of the aging. In the processing of constant temperature and heating temperature, formed a complete set of control plan, can transplantation for constant temperature, heating the house and equipment many aspects. Therefore, this design research results and the design idea can be good in other design transplantation, did it and the actual good union, with strong practical significance.译文单片机及温湿度传感器的发展摘要：在过去的几十年，温度控制系统已经被广泛的应用。

温湿度测量仪外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文翻译----数字温湿度传感器(SHT 1x SHT 7x)

- No external components required
- Ultra low power consumption
- Surface mountable or 4-pin fully interchangeable
- Small size
- Automatic power down
SHT1x / SHT7x Product Summary
The SHTxx is a single chip relative humidity and temperature multi sensor module comprising a calibrated digital output. Application of industrial CMOS processes with
patented micro-machining (CMOSens® technology) ensures highest reliability and excellent long term stability. The device includes a capacitive polymer sensing element for relative humidity and a bandgap temperature sensor. Both are seamlessly coupled to a 14bit analog to digital converter and a serial interface circuit on the same chip. This results in superior signal quality, a fast response time and insensitivity to external disturbances (EMC) at a very competitive price.Each SHTxx is individually calibrated in a precision humidity chamber with a chilled mirror hygrometer as reference. The calibration coefficients are programmed into the OTP memory. These coefficients are used internally during measurements to calibrate the signals from the sensors. The 2-wire serial interface and internal voltage regulation allows easy and fast system integration. Its tiny size and low power consumption makes it the ultimate choice for even the most demanding applications.The device is supplied in eith surface-mountable LCC (Leadless Chip Carrier) or as a pluggable 4-pin single-in-line type package. Customer specific packaging options may beavailable on request.

试验设备常用的温度词语中英文对照

试验设备常用的温度词语中英文对照temperature rising,温升temperature scale,温(度)标(尺)temperature standard material for DTA,差热分析温度标准物质temperature standard material for TG,热重法温度标准物质temperature transducer (sensor),温度传感器temperature transmitter,温度变送器temperature uniformity,温度均匀性temporary base strain gauge,临时基底应变计tensile strength,拉伸强度tensile stress,拉应力tensile testing machine,拉力试验机tension force,张力terminal,终端terminal-based conformity,端基一致性terminal-based linearity,端基线性度terminal control,终端控制terminology standard,术语标准terrestrial radiation,地球辐射test block,试块test chamber,试验箱test coil,试验线圈test data,试验数据test for nominal samples,标样试验test for non-transmission(of an internal explosion),隔爆性能试验test frequency,激励频率；试验频率test loads,试验负荷test mass,试验质量test order,试验顺序test point,测试点test procedure standard,试验程序标准test signal,测试信号test solution,试验溶液test space,试验空间test surface,探伤面test table,工作台testability,可测试性tester,校验器testing bench,试台testing facility,试验装置testing system flexibility,试验系统的柔度texturometer,构造仪TG-DTA,热天平/差示热分析仪thematic mapper (TM),专题制图仪theodolite,经纬仪theorotical intensity of scattered ion,散射离子的理论强度theoretical slope factor,理论斜率因数thermal analysis,热分析thermal analysis curve,热分析曲线thermal analysis instrument,热分析仪器thermal analysis range,热分析范围thermal chemical gas analyzer,热化学式气体分析器thermal conductivity,热导率thermal conductivity cell,热导池thermal conductivity detector (TCD),热导检测器thermal conductivity gas analyzer,热导式气体分析器thermal conductivity gas transducer [sensor],热导式气体传感器thermal conductivity humidity transducer [sensor],热导式湿度传感器thermal conductivity meter,热导率计thermal conductivity of mixture gas,混合气体热导率thermal cone,温度锥thermal dilatometer,热膨胀仪thermal equilibrium,热平衡thermal fatigue testing machine,热疲劳试验机thermal hysteresis,热滞后thermal infrared range (TIR) remote sensing,热红外遥感thermal instrument,热系仪表thermal insulation,隔热thermal ionization mass spectrometer,热电离质谱计thermal magnetic oxygen analyzer,热磁式氧分析器thermal mass flowmeter,热式质量流量计thermal output,热输出thermal output coefficient,热输出系数thermal printer,热敏印刷机thermal radiation,热辐射(thermal)radiator,(热)辐射体thermal recorder,热式记录仪thermal response time,热响应时间thermal sensitivity drift,热灵敏度漂移thermal shock,热冲击shermal shock test chamber,热冲击试验箱thermal strain,热应变thermal stress,热应力thermal titration,热滴定(法)thermal wave electron image,热波电子象thermal wave electron microscope,热波电子显微镜thermal zero drift,热零点漂移thermistor,热敏电阻thermistor chain,热敏电阻测温链(thermo) reference material,(热)参比物thermo-sensitive element,热敏元件thermoacoustimetry,热(传)声法thermoacoustimetry apparatus,热传声仪thermobalance,热天平thermocouple,热电偶thermocouple circuit,热电偶电路thermocouple element,热电偶元件thermocouple instrument,热偶式仪表。

温湿度传感器外文

SHT1x/SHT7xHumidity&Temperature Sensor-Relative humidity and temperature sensors-Dew point-Fully calibrated,digital output-Excellent long-term stability-No external components required-Ultra low power consumption-Surface mountable or4-pin fully interchangeable-Small size-Automatic power downSHT1x/SHT7x Product SummaryThe SHTxx is a single chip relative humidity and temperature multi sensor module comprising a calibrated digital output.Application of industrial CMOS processes with patented micro-machining(CMOSens®technology)ensures highest reliability and excellent long term stability.The device includes a capacitive polymer sensing element for relative humidity and a bandgap temperature sensor.Both are seamlessly coupled to a14bit analog to digital converter and a serial interface circuit on the same chip.This results in superior signal quality,a fast response time and insensitivity to external disturbances(EMC)at a very competitive price.Each SHTxx is individually calibrated in a precision humidity chamber with a chilled mirror hygrometer as reference.The calibration coefficients are programmed into the OTP memory.These coefficients are used internally during measurements to calibrate the signals from the sensors.The2-wire serial interface and internal voltage regulation allows easy and fast system integration.Its tiny size and low power consumption makes it the ultimate choice for even the most demanding applications.The device is supplied in eith surface-mountable LCC(Leadless Chip Carrier)or as a pluggable4-pin single-in-line type package.Customer specific packaging options may beavailable on request.Applications_HVAC_Automotive_Consumer Goods_Weather Stations_Humidifiers_Dehumidifiers_Test&Measurement_Data Logging_Automation_White Goods_Medical2Interface SpecificationsFigure2Typical application circuit2.1Power PinsThe SHTxx requires a voltage supply between2.4and5.5V.After powerup the device needs11ms to reach its“sleep”state.No commands should be sent before that time.Power supply pins(VDD,GND)may be decoupled with a100nF capacitor.2.2Serial Interface(Bidirectional2-wire)The serial interface of the SHTxx is optimized for sensor readout and power consumption and is not compatible with I2C interfaces,see FAQ for details.2.2.1Serial clock input(SCK)The SCK is used to synchronize the communication between a microcontroller and the SHTxx.Since the interface consists of fully static logic there is no minimum SCK frequency.2.2.2Serial data(DATA)The DATA tristate pin is used to transfer data in and out of the device.DATA changes after the falling edge and is valid on the rising edge of the serial clock SCK. During transmission the DATA line must remain stable while SCK is high.To avoid signal contention the microcontroller should only drive DATA low.An externalpull-up resistor(e.g.10kΩ)is required to pull the signal high.(See Figure2)Pull-up resistors are often included in I/O circuits of microcontrollers.See Table5for detailed IO characteristics.2.2.3Sending a commandTo initiate a transmission,a“Transmission Start”sequence has to be issued.It consists of a lowering of the DATA line while SCK is high,followed by a low pulse on SCK and raising DATA again while SCK is still high.Figure3"Transmission Start"sequenceThe subsequent command consists of three address bits(only“000”is currently supported)and five command bits.The SHTxx indicates the proper reception of a command by pulling the DATA pin low(ACK bit)after the falling edge of the8th SCK clock.The DATA line is released(and goes high)after the falling edge of the9th SCK clock.2.2.4Measurement sequence(RH and T)After issuing a measurement command(‘00000101’for RH,‘00000011’for Temperature)the controller has to wait for the measurement to complete.This takes approximately11/55/210ms for a8/12/14bit measurement.The exact time varies by up to±15%with the speed of the internal oscillator.To signal the completion of a measurement,the SHTxx pulls down the data line and enters idle mode.The controller must wait for this“data ready”signal before restarting SCK to readout the data.Measurement data is stored until readout,therefore the controller can continue with other tasks and readout as convenient.Two bytes of measurement data and one byte of CRC checksum will then be transmitted.The uC must acknowledge each byte by pulling the DATA line low.All values are MSB first,right justified.(e.g.the5th SCK is MSB for a12bit value,for a8bit result the first byte is not used).Communication terminates after the acknowledge bit of the CRC data.If CRC-8checksum is not used the controller may terminate the communication after the measurement dat LSB by keeping ack high. The device automatically returns to sleep mode after the measurement and communication have ended.Warning:To keep self heating below0.1°C the SHTxx should not be active for more than10%of the time(e.g.max.2measurements/second for12bit accuracy).2.2.5Connection reset sequenceIf communication with the device is lost the following signal sequence will reset its serial interface:While leaving DATA high,toggle SCK9or more times.This must be followed by a “Transmission Start”sequence preceding the next command.This sequence resets the interface only.The status register preserves its content.Figure4Connection reset sequence2.2.6CRC-8Checksum calculationThe whole digital transmission is secured by a8bit checksum.It ensures that any wrong data can be detected and eliminated.Please consult application note“CRC-8Checksum Calculation”for information on how to calculate the CRC.2.3Status RegisterSome of the advanced functions of the SHTxx are available through the status register.The following section gives a brief overview of these features.A more detailed description is available in the application note“Status RegisterFigure7Status Register Write Figure8Status Register Read2.3.1Measurement resolutionThe default measurement resolution of14bit(temperature)and12bit(humidity)can be reduced to12and8bit.This is especially useful in high speed or extreme low power applications.2.3.2End of BatteryThe“End of Battery”function detects VDD voltages below2.47V.Accuracy is±0.05V2.3.3HeaterAn on chip heating element can be switched on.It will increase the temperature of the sensor by5-15°C(9-27°F).Power consumption will increase by~8mA@5V. Applications:By comparing temperature and humidity values before and after switching on the heater,proper functionality of both sensors can be verified.•In high(>95%RH)RH environments heating the sensor element will prevent condensation,improve response time and accuracyWarning:While heated the SHTxx will show higher temperatures and a lower relative humidity than with no heating.3Converting Output to Physical Values3.1Relative HumidityTo compensate for the non-linearity of the humidity sensor and to obtain the full accuracy it is recommended to convert the readout with the following formula1:RH linear=c1+c2•SO RH+c3•Table6Humidity conversion coefficients Table7Temperature compensation coefficient The humidity sensor has no significant voltage dependencyFigure10Conversion from SORH to relative humidity3.1.1Humidity Sensor RH/Temperature compensationFor temperatures significantly different from25°C(~77°F)the temperature coefficient of the RH sensor should be considered:RH true=(T°C-25)•(t1+t2•SO RH)+RH linear3.2TemperatureThe bandgap PTAT(Proportional To Absolute Temperature)temperature sensor is very linear by e the following formula to convert from digital readout to temperature:Temperatur e=d1+d2•SOTTable8Temperature conversion coefficientsFor improved accuracies in extreme temperatures with more computation intense conversion formulas see application note“RH and TemperatureNon-Linearity Compensation3.3DewpointSince humidity and temperature are both measured on the same monolithic chip,the SHTxx allows superb dewpoint measurements.See application note “Dewpoint calculation”for more.4Applications Information4.1Operating and Storage ConditionsFigure11Recommended operating conditionsConditions outside the recommended range may temporarily offset the RH signal up to±3%RH.After return to normal conditions it will slowly return towards calibration state by itself.See4.3“Reconditioning Procedure”to accelerate this process.Prolonged exposure to extreme conditions may accelerate ageing.4.2Exposure to ChemicalsChemical vapors may interfere with the polymer layers used for capacitive humidity sensors.The diffusion of chemicals into the polymer may cause a shift in both offset and sensitivity.In a clean environment the contaminants will slowly outgas.The reconditioning procedure described below will accelerate this process. High levels of pollutants may cause permanent damage to the sensing polymer. 4.3Reconditioning ProcedureThe following reconditioning procedure will bring the sensor back to calibration state after exposure to extreme conditions or chemical vapors.80-90°C(176-194°F) at<5%RH for24h(baking)followed by20-30°C(70-90°F)at>74%RH for48h(re-hydration)4.4Temperature EffectsThe relative humidity of a gas strongly depends on its temperature.It is therefore essential to keep humidity sensors at the same temperature as the air of which the relative humidity is to be measured.If the SHTxx shares a PCB with electronic components that give off heat it should be mounted far away and below the heat source and the housing must remain well ventilated.To reduce heat conduction copper layers between the SHT1x and the rest of the PCB should be minimized and aslit may be milled in between(see figure13).4.5MembranesA membrane may be used to prevent dirt from entering the housing and to protect the sensor.It will also reduce peak concentrations of chemical vapors.For optimal response times air volume behind the membrane must be kept to a minimum.For the SHT1x package Sensirion recommends the SF1filter cap for optimal IP67protection.4.6LightThe SHTxx is not light sensitive.Prolonged direct exposure to sunshine or strong UV radiation may age the housing.4.7Materials Used for Sealing/MountingMany materials absorb humidity and will act as a buffer,increasing response times and hysteresis.Materials in the vicinity of the sensor must therefore be carefully chosen.Recommended materials are:All Metals,LCP,POM(Delrin),PTFE(Teflon),PE,PEEK, PP,PB,PPS,PSU,PVDF,PVF For sealing and gluing(use sparingly):High filled epoxy for electronic packaging(e.g.glob top,underfill),and Silicone.Outgassing of these materials may also contaminate the SHTxx(cf.4.2).Store well ventilated after manufacturing or bake at50°C for24h to outgas contaminants before packing.4.8Wiring Considerations and Signal IntegrityCarrying the SCK and DATA signal parallel and in close proximity(e.g.in wires) for more than10cm may result in cross talk and loss of communication.This may be resolved by routing VDD and/or GND between the two data signals.Please see the application note“ESD,Latchup and EMC”for more information.Power supply pins (VDD,GND)should be decoupled with a100nF capacitor if wires are used.4.9ESD(Electrostatic Discharge)ESD immunity is qualified according to MIL STD883E,method3015(Human Body Model at±2kV)).Latch-up immunity is provided at a force current of±100 mA with Tamb=80°C according to JEDEC17.See application note“ESD,Latchup and EMC”for more information.5Important Notices5.1Warning,personal injuryDo not use this product as safety or emergency stop devices or in any other application where failure of the product could result in personal injury.Failure to comply with these instructions could result in death or serious injury.Should buyer purchase or use SENSIRION AG products for any such unintended or unauthorized application,Buyer shall indemnify and hold SENSIRION AG and its officers, employees,subsidiaries,affiliates and distributors harmless against all claims,costs, damages and expenses,and reasonable attorney fees arising out of,directly or indirectly,any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use,even if such claim alleges that SENSIRION AG was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part.5.2ESD PrecautionsThe inherent design of this component causes it to be sensitive to electrostatic discharge(ESD).To prevent ESD-induced damage and/or degradation,take normal ESD precautions when handling this product.See application note“ESD,Latchup and EMC”for moreinformation.5.3WarrantySENSIRION AG makes no warranty,representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its product for any particular purpose,nor does SENSIRION AG assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit and specifically disclaims any and all liability,including without limitation consequentialor incidental damages.“Typical”parameters can and do vary in different applications. All operating parameters,including“Typical”must be validated for each customer applications by customer’s technical experts.SENSIRION AG reserves the right, without further notice,to change the product specifications and/or information in this document and to improve reliability,functions and design.。

测试中心性能试验测试中英文对照

户内表:IP51,户外表:IP54
端子座：960℃±10℃ 端子盖和表壳：650℃±10 作用时间：30s±1s 仪表在非工作状态下，温度：+70℃±2℃ 试验时间：72h 仪表在非工作状态下，温度： -25℃±3℃ 户内表 -40℃±3℃ 户外表试验时间：72h 户内表
16h 户外表电压线路和辅助线路通参比电压，电流线路无电流。交变方式：1 上限温度：+40℃±2℃户内表
IEC 6205211(Clause 7.1.2)
3 短时过电流 Short-time overcurrents IEC 62053-21
4 自热影响
Influence of self-heating IEC 62053-21
5 温升影响
Heating
IEC 62053-21
6 接地故障
Immunity to earth fault IEC 62053-21
+55℃±2℃户外表试验时间：6个周期仅对户外用仪表，仪表在非工作状态，试验程序A(照光8h，遮暗16h) 上限温度：+55℃ 试验时间：3个周期或3天
参数见附件表3，附件表4，附件表5 试验完后，电能表应满足标准规定的准确度要求，关键信息不应改变。试验图附件表6
空气放电:15kV 接触放电:8kV
1 高温试验
Dry heat test
IEC 60068-2-2
2 低温试验
Cold test
气候影响 (Tests of climatic influences)
3 交变湿热试验 Damp heat cyclic test
IEC 60068-2-1 IEC 60068-2-30
4 阳光辐射试验 Solar radiation test

STH10-SPI_温湿度传感器中英资料(1)

STH10-SPI
Temperature & Humidity Sensor
Block Diagram
1. Module Performance Specification 模块性能规格
Parameter 参数
Resolution 分辨率
Conditions Min
条件
最小值 Typ
Humidity 湿度
Product Summery 产品简介 The STH10 is a MCU based temperature and relative humidity sensor module, comprising a SPI interface (master mode) for direct temperature and humidity read out. The digital output is pre-calculated and no extra calculation is required. The system applied two sensor elements: NTC type high precision temperature sensor and a resistor type relative humidity sensor from Japan. With a very unique and patented relative humidity calculation algorithm, the system can assure accurate relative humidity output through fine tuned
- 完全可互换 - Small Size - 尺寸小 - Automatic Power Down - 自动断电

ATE Benchtop Test Chambers 温湿度测试箱说明书

198123Models save valuable lab spaceESPEC introduces our expanded Criterion Series. With a narrower footprint and increased performance, these test chambers provide an economical and space-saving solution for cramped labs needing to do a variety of temperature (and humidity) testing.All of the Criterion models have a 19.5 inch wide interior, which is 3.5 inches more than traditional benchtops, yet the exterior is 20% narrower. The four cubic foot models have the largest workspace found in a benchtop unit, while maintain-ing the smallest exterior footprint.For additional space savings, the refrigeration system ven-tilates out the top, and utility connections are on the sides, thus allowing installation directly against a wall. With the elec-trical system behind the hinged control panel, minimal space allowance is required on the sides, as well.Big chamber performanceThe extended temperature ranges of the Criterion series make testing at extreme conditions possible without buying a larger, stand-alone chamber. Units are available that go as cold as -70°C.The four cubic foot models also offer a choice of humidity control. With a range from 10 to 95%, you can maximize your testing options. A low humidity system can extend this range even farther. (See humidity chart on page 7 for details.)Faster temperature changesThe Criterion series can cycle temperatures at rates up to 5°C/minute without requiring liquid nitrogen. Significant test time can be saved, as well as creating added thermal stress on your samples.To demonstrate performance, ESPEC uses the international standard IEC 60068 3-5 measured at the supply air. T em-perature cycles are run from hot to cold extremes, and the middle 80% of the transition is timed to determine perfor-mance. Y our actual cycling results will vary depending on methodology, including the start and end temperatures, and the amount of samples loaded.The BTZ & BTX models have extended cold temperature ranges without requiring liquid nitrogen. The BTU & BTL still offer sub-freezing testing capability.The Criterion series has two chamber sizes: 1.5 and 4 cubic feet. The interior width for both sizes is 19.5 inches. The exterior footprint for both sizes is the same, just 30" x 33.5".1.5 cu. ft. 4 cu. ft.12"11"24"15"min.The Criterion chambers respond quickly to setpoint changes. The BTZ-175 can save 30 minutes or more per cycle.Performance ComparisonTemperature Range ComparisonSize Comparison4Test AreaA nonmetallic thermal break around the door and doorframe stops transfer of heat/cold to the exterior. (BTZ-133 shown with optional shelf and window.)Space-saving designAn innovative new layout of system compo-nents helps make Criterion chambers have the smallest footprint.Keeping the refrigeration compressors and blower fan to the back of the chamber also reduces noise to the room.Useful safety featuresTo protect from the risk of overheating, there are three levels of protection: Settable within the programmer 1. An independent settable monitor 2. A thermal fuse3. In addition, a specimen power terminal allows the user to safely operate powered equipment inside or with the chamber. If the chamber is shut down, the interlocked device will also be shut down.Highly reliable operationThe Criterion platform has been re-engineered from the ground-up to be consistent, reliable, and easy to maintain. ESPEC stands behind the chambers with a comprehensive one-year parts and on-site labor warranty.Quality cabinet constructionESPEC is meticulous about making a chamber that is more than just functional.Stainless steel exterior and interior • Rounded corners for easy cleaning• Durable thermoformed plastic door and • control panelFull thermal break around doorframe • and doorRotating door latch is easy and secure • Dual-layer insulation of fiberglass and • expanded foam for thermal integrity One 2" (50mm) diameter cable port on • the left, with an impervious, flexible silicone plugEasy lift-off service panels• Floor drain and drip-tray under the • doorframe The chamber's fan continuously circulates conditioned air from the test area to the plenum (to the right of the test area), where the heaters, cooling coil, and humidity inlet are located. (BTX-475 model shown).5Cabinet OptionsRoll-around cart with storage • cabinet (suitable for chart recorder placement)Cable ports: 2", 4", or 6"• diameter (50, 100, or 150mm). One 2" port is standard on the left wall.Adjustable stainless-steel • shelving Heated viewing window, 6"x6" • (150x150mm) with interior lightOperational OptionsLiquid nitrogen (LN • 2) injection boost for faster cooling Emergency stop 'mushroom' • button Overcool protector (overheat is • standard)Humidity OptionsSolid-state humidity sensor in • place of wet-bulb External water supply tank with • recirculating capability Water filter (de-ionizing type)• Extended low humidity range • to 5°C/15% (see chart, page 7)Instrumentation OptionsRS-485 interface (in place of • RS-232C)WatView software upgrade for • full data-logging capability Ethernet access for F4• Y okogawa paperless recorders • with optional Ethernet Honeywell circular-chart • recorders Y okogawa strip-chart recorders • Control sensor output for cus-•tomer useCartCable portPaperless recorderWindowWindowWatlow F4 controllerThe Watlow F4 is a popular, easy to use, programmer/controller for test cham-bers. It stores up to 40 different test profiles (total 256 steps). Programming step-types available are: ramp, soak, jump/repeat, auto-start, and end. The F4 includes RS-232C serial interface and software. Optional remote ac-cess via Ethernet is possible, as well as software upgrades for full datalogging capability. One event relay with external output terminal is included for activat-ing other equipment during operation.Emergency stop buttonSteam generator removes foreasy cleaning6Accessories included with each chamber:RS-232 configurator software by Watlow • Cable port plug• Power cable with plug (115V is NEMA 5-20, 208/230V is NEMA 6-20)• Box of wet-bulb wicks (BTL/BTX)• Operations & programmer manual, parts list & schematics on CD.• .5min.1.5 cu. ft.(this page)4 cu. ft.(next page)Chart shows example of heating and cooling ramps during IEC 60068 3-5 qualification (see page 3).7Temp. in °C%R H 5° Controlled humidity range for BTL-433 & BTX-475 models(without live load). Optional low humidity range shown in red.Chart shows example of heating and cooling ramps during IEC 60068 3-5 qualification (see page 3).4141 Central Parkway, Hudsonville, MI 49426, U.S.A. Tel: 1-616-896-6100 Fax: 1-616-896-6150ESPEC EUROPE GmbHDachauer Strasse 11, D-80335, Munchen, Germany T el: 49-89-1893-9630 Fax: 49-89-1893-96379ESPEC ENVIRONMENT AL EQUIPMENT (SHANGHAI) CO., LTD.F5, ShenHua Financial Building, NO 1 NingBo Road,Huangpu District Shanghai, 200002, P .R. China T el: 86-21-51036677 Fax: 86-21-63372237ESPEC SOUTH EAST ASIA SDN. BHD.No.10 -1, Jalan Dagang SB 4/2, T aman Sungai Besi Indah Off Jalan Sungai Besi, 43300 Seri Kembangan Selangor Darul Ehsan MalaysiaT el: 60-3-8945-1377 Fax: 60-3-8945-1287ESPEC (CHINA) LIMITEDSuite 618, 6th F , Ocean Centre, Harbour City, Kowloon, Hong KongT el: 852-2620-0830 Fax: 852-2620-0788www.espec.co.jp/english3-5-6, T enjinbashi, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-8550, Japan T el: 81-6-6358-4741BTL-BTZ CRITERION r1April 2013Not for use with specimens which are explosive or flammable, or which contain such substances. To do so could be hazardous, as this may lead to fire or an explosion.DANGER。

4- Heat Soak-恒温恒湿-中英

Rev. Level版本ECO# Approved 批准 Date日期 Revision Description修订状况A 288574See RFA 见RFA8/14/03See RFA 见RFAB 319672See RFA 见RFA4/16/04See RFA 见RFAC 492124See RFA 见RFA3/12/07See RFA 见RFAStd, Heat SoakNOTICE OF PROPRIETARY PROPERTYTHE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS THE PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF APPLE, INC. THE POSSESSOR AGREES TO THE FOLLOWING: (i) TO MAINTAIN THIS DOCUMENT IN CONFIDENCE (ii) NOT TO REPRODUCE OR COPY IT (iii) NOT TO REVEAL OR PUBLISH IT IN WHOLE OR PART WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM APPLE, INC.COPYRIGHT © 2007 APPLE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDSize: A METRIC Scale: NONE Sheet 1/6 Apple Computer,Inc.Dwg Number:080-1654 Rev:C Title: Spec, Heat SoakCONTENTS目录1.0 Reference Documents 参考文件 (2)2.0 Definitions 定义 (2)3.0 Scope 范围 (2)4.0 Purpose 目的 (2)5.0 Required Equipment 要求设备 (2)5.1 Heat Chamber高温箱 .................................................................................................................. (3)6.0 Test Activity 测试活动 (3)6.1 Heat Soak Test 高温高湿............................................................................................................. (3)6.1.1 Hardware Requirements硬件要求 ....................................................................................... (3)6.1.2 Environment环境 (3)6.1.3 Test Time试验时间 ............................................................................................................. . (3)6.1.4 Procedure步骤 ................................................................................................................... . (4)6.1.5 Procedure Chart程序图....................................................................................................... . (5)6.1.6 Pass/Fail Criteria 合格/不合格标准.................................................................................... (6)7.0 Documentation and Report Requirements 记录报告要求 (6)1.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS参考文件No reference documents无参考文件2.0 DEFINITIONS 定义RH: Relative Humidity相对湿度UUT: Unit Under Test 测试样品3.0 SCOPE范围This document defines Apple test specification and requirements for the heat soak testperformed by Apple’s Reliability Engineering Department. This test specification is applicableonly for new and unused product. 这份文件定义了苹果可靠性小组要求执行的高温高湿试验的规范和要求。

传感器温湿度测量中英文资料外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译文献SHT11/71传感器的温湿度测量Assist.Prof.Grish Spasov,PhD,BSc Nikolay KakanakovDepartment of Computer Systems,Technical University-branch Plovdiv,25,”Tzanko Djustabanov”Str.,4000Plovdiv,Bulgaria,+35932659576, E-mail:gvs@tu-plovdiv.bg,kakanak@tu-plovdiv.bg 关键词：温湿度测量，智能传感器，分布式自动测控这篇论文阐述了智能传感器的优点，介绍了SHT11/71温湿度传感器（产自盛世瑞公司）。

该传感器是一种理想的对嵌入式系统提供环境测量参数的传感器。

常规的应用时将SHT11/71放于实际的工作环境当中。

应用于分布式的温湿度监测系统。

使用单片机与集成网络服务器来实现对传感器的信息交流与关系。

这个应用是可实现与测试的。

1.介绍温湿度的测量控制对于电器在工业、科学、医疗保健、农业和工艺控制过程都有着显著地意义。

温湿度这两种环境参数互相影响，因为这至关重要的一点，在一些应用中他们是必须并联测量的。

SHT11/71是利用现代技术把温度、湿度测量元件、放大器、A/D转换器、数字接口、校验CRC计算逻辑记忆模块和核心芯片集成到一个非常小的尺寸上[1][3]。

采用这种智能传感器可以缩短产品开发时间和成本。

整合入传感器模数转换和放大器的芯片使开发人员能够优化传感器精度和长期问的的元素。

并不是全结合形式的数字逻辑接口连通性管理的传感器。

这些优点可以减少整体上市时间，甚至价格[1][3]。

本文以SHT11/71（产自盛世瑞公司）智能传感器为例，介绍他的优势和测量程序给出一个实用实例来说明该工作的实现条件。

这个应用时可行可测试的。

2.智能传感器——SHT11/71SHT11/71是一个继承了温度和湿度组建，以及一个多元化校准数字器的芯片。

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试验设备常用的温度词语中英文对照

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测试中心性能试验测试中英文对照

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ATE Benchtop Test Chambers 温湿度测试箱说明书

4- Heat Soak-恒温恒湿-中英

传感器温湿度测量中英文资料外文翻译文献

恒温恒湿及耐电压测试中英文对照全面

外文翻译室内环境温度监测(英文原文)