英专综合教程6册课文翻译及课后答案Answer to unit 5

IV. Chinese Translation of Paragraphs引言中文译文本文“为迷信辩解一二”最初发表在1978年11月20日的《新闻周刊》上。

为了分析迷信这个复杂的话题，戴维斯将其作了分类，然后详细探讨了为何有人会相信法术和机缘。

尽管人们对他划分的四类迷信现象并不陌生，但是很少有人花费心思进行界定。

戴维斯理性地分析了许多人认为是个非理性的话题，对人性提出了一些非常有趣的看法。

1. 在我们当代有关“非理性复兴”的严肃讨论中，迷信并未对理性和科学形成严重挑战。

超心理学、不明飞行物、神奇治疗、超脱禅定法以及所有瞬间彻悟方式都遭人谴责，但是人们对迷信却只有一声哀叹。

难道这是因为我们当中许多人依然受制于它吗？虽然我们不公开承认。

2. 很少有人承认自己迷信，因为那意味着幼稚或愚昧。

但我生活在一个很大的大学里，发现在那些无疑是头脑理性、满腹经纶的学者中间，迷信仍以四种方式大行其道，香火旺盛。

3. 你不知道迷信有四种存在的方式吗？神学家使我们确信它们确实存在。

他们称第一种方式为镇邪压魔，如切忌在梯子下面行走等。

我看到一位知识渊博的人类学教授不小心弄撒了盐后，撮了点盐撒向自己的左肩膀后方。

当我问起他缘故时，他眼睛一眨，回答说那是“用来击中恶魔的眼睛。

”我没有继续问他有关恶魔的迷信，但我留意到在我问他之前，他脸上没有笑容。

4. 第二种是占卜，即求神问卦。

我认识的另一位渊博的教授对抛硬币解决问题（这是对命运之神谦卑的请求方式）嗤之以鼻，但有一回他却认真地告诉我，他通过拜读《易经》解决了一件本校的事务。

为什么不呢？这块大陆上有成千上万的人求助于《易经》，而他们普遍的知识水平很高，似乎不至于盲从迷信。

几乎如此，但并非完全如此。

令理性主义者难堪的,《易经》往往会给出绝佳的忠告。

5. 第三种是盲目崇拜，大学里面这种情况司空见惯，举不胜举。

你如果在大教室里当过监考，就会知道在课桌上放护符、幸运币等其他祈运物件的考生有多少。

这算是适度的膜拜吧?否则又能称作什么呢？6. 第四种是真神错敬。

前不久，我听说学校教堂圣坛烛台底下，连续几天每天都有人塞一张两元的钞票(在加拿大我们有两元纸币，有些人认为它是不吉利的)。

调查发现，某工程专业的学生由于替一位女孩担心，以为这样贿赂神灵或许有助于为她消灾解难。

当我与他交谈的时候，他不认为自己供奉给神的钱太少，因为再多他付不起。

他的辩解听上去不无道理，但那一周上帝或许有些得意，因为科学占卜对那学生不利。

7. 作为原始宗教的一条暗河，迷信似乎流淌在人类意识的表层之下。

自从有了人类行为的记载以来，它便这样流淌着。

尽管我不能予以证明，但我不信现今迷信比以往任何时候都更为盛行。

神学家告诉我们，“迷信”一词源于拉丁文supersisto,意即对神灵的畏惧。

虽然大多数人都能控制这种畏惧，但他们却不能将其根除，而且他们似乎也不想那么做。

8. 正统宗教的教化衰落越严重或者越社会化，大众就越难将上帝视为“仁爱之神”，这个“仁爱之神”要重新担起他原先那明察万物且威慑人心的角色，需要抚慰与哄骗。

当孩子们害怕踩到人行道上的裂缝后就会有厄运降临之时，迷信很早便在他们的人生之中出现了，而且明显是不请自来。

迷信甚至还会潜藏于那些极为博学和虔诚的人群中间，例如塞缪尔·约翰逊博士，他在街上经过柱子，总觉得有必要摸摸它们。

心理分析家对此自然有其解释，但将这类迷信称为强迫症并不能将其驱除。

9. 许多迷信不仅范围广泛，而且历史久远，这必定源于人类灵魂的深处，这灵魂的深处与人种或者信条无关。

正统的犹太教徒会在他们的门柱上挂护身符，中国人也这么做，或曾经这么做过。

中欧有些国家的人认为，当一个人打喷嚏的时候，他的灵魂会暂时出窍，别人要赶紧为他祈福，以免他的灵魂被恶魔掳走。

美拉尼西亚人缘何会有同样的说法呢？迷信似乎与某种信仰体系有关联，而这要远早于我们所知道的宗教——那种没有宽慰人心的短小仪式和仁慈施舍的宗教。

10. 那些热衷历史上诡怪仪式的人们还记得，罗马帝国衰落时,迷信反而变本加厉，更为昌盛。

现今，西方世界也正发生着类似的情况。

人们谈到了星相的流行，就连那些不屑做春药广告的严肃报纸也开辟了星相专栏，时尚杂志更将其列为最受欢迎版面。

不过话说回来, 星相什么时候没有盛行过？说它不科学毫无用处。

人的内心什么时候真正在乎过科学？11. 迷信通常关系到人类了解命运、掌握命运的渴望。

我母亲在孩提时代就天真地加入她的罗马天主教朋友之列，在7月11日屠杀蜘蛛，直到后来她才明白这么做是为了确保次日（即波依恩战役纪念日）天降甘霖，届时爱尔兰新教徒将举行游行。

我认识一位意大利人，他是个不错的科学家。

每天早晨出门之前，他都要观察一番，以确保他遇到的第一个人不是牧师或者修女，因为他认为这必将带来厄运。

12.对于这种事，我不会以高傲的姿态远离人群。

当我还是个大学生的时候，有位怀抱小孩的吉卜赛妇女每年考试期间都会现身，并向所有触摸“幸运儿”的学生讨要一个先令。

我在这个肤色黝黑的孩子身上总共花了四先令，而且考试从来没有不及格过。

当然，我当时那么做只是好玩，或者我当时是那样想的。

现在我可谦卑多了。

13.Section Four Consolidation ActivitiesI. Text Comprehension1. Decide which of the following best states the author's purpose.A. To tell readers the origin and history of superstition in human society.B. To describe four types of superstition and their effects on human nature.C. To describe four types of superstition and their relevance to science and reason.Key: [ B ]2. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false.1). Since superstition is a sign of naÏveté or ignorance, it is only practiced by ill-educated people. [ F ]2). Idolatry is manifested by people’s profound but ungrounded conviction in something that could bring good luck.[ T ]3). Many people have practiced superstition even without their own awareness. [ T ]4). Religion and superstition have the same persistent and minatory power on all people.[ F ]5). Superstition is prevalent because it can meet p eople’s curiosity about their future. [ T ]II. Writing StrategiesIn this expository essay, the author first presents four types of superstition by means of classification and division. Each type is clarified with some anecdotes and examples. Then, he offers his explanation as to why some people are fascinated with these irrational practices by taking a close look at human nature. During the process, the author now and then inserts some rhetorical questions to achieve a variety of functions. Read the following questions taken from the text and explain their respective meanings:1. Is it because it has an unacknowledged hold on so many of us? (Paragraph 1)To express doubt.2. You did not know that superstition takes four forms? (Paragraph 3)To introduce the subsequent classification.3. And why not? (Paragraph 4)To express certainty.4. Modest idolatry, but what else can you call it? (Paragraph 5)To express submission or acceptance.5. How did the Melanesians come by the same idea? (Paragraph 9)To express wonder or surprise.6. But when has astrology not been popular? (Paragraph 10)To express certainty. (Of course, astrology has always been popular.)7. When has the heart of man given a damn for science? (Paragraph 10)To emphasize the author’s conviction. (I don’t really believe that science could work in this manner.)III. Language Work1. Explain the underlined part(s) in each sentence in your own words.1). Is it because it has an unacknowledged hold on so many of us?has an unrecognized control over2). I live in the middle of a large university, and I see superstition in its four manifestations, alive and flourishing among people who are indisputably rational and learned.→ unquestionably3). If you have ever supervised a large examination room, you know how many jujus, lucky coins, and other bringers of luck are placed on the desks of the candidates.→ things that are supposed to contain some power to bring good luck4). When I talked with him, he did not think he was pricing God cheap because he could afford no more.→was offering God too little money5). Most people keep their terror within bounds, but they cannot root it out, nor do they seem to want to do so.→ get rid of it completely6). Superstition makes its appearance, apparently unbidden, very early in life...→ comes into being7). The psychoanalysts have their explanation, but calling a superstition a compulsion neurosis does not banish it.→ do away with8). No use saying science discredits it.→ according to science it is false, not believable9). Superstition in general is linked to man’s yearning to know his fate, and to have some hand in deciding it.→ have some control in10). I am not one to stand aloof from the rest of humanity in this matter ...→ keep a distance from2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1). I don’t think you understand the gravity (grave) of the situation.2). The tone of the letter was placatory (placate).3). They are forced to live in deplorable (deplore) conditions.4). She claimed that the rise in unemployment was just a further manifestation (manifest) of the government’s incompetence.5). Religious observances (observe) such as fasting can be hard to follow.6). The report absolved (absolution) her from all blame for the accident.7). The fruit was preserved by submersion (submerge) in alcohol.8). I divined (divination) from his grim expression that the news was not good.9). The past two years have seen a proliferation (proliferate) of TV channels.10). She’s neurotic (neurosis) about her weight — she weighs herself three times a day.3. Fill in the blank(s) in each sentence with a phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form.within the bounds | depth | yearning | hastenroot out | make an appearance | give a damnhave a hold on | come by | stand aloof1). Ms Campbell has been appointed to root out inefficiency in this company.2). Their company has a strong hold on the computer market.3). What he did was within the bounds of acceptable behavior.4). The famous movie star make a rare personal appearance last Friday.5). They had not realized the depth of their feelings for one another.6). The president hastened to reassure his people that he was in perfect health.7). Cheap organic food is still difficult to come by.8). He can think what he likes about me —I don’t give a damn !9). Although many of his friends were politicians, he stood aloof from politics.10). I suppose it’s because I live in a crowded city that I have this yearning for open spaces.4. Explain the meaning of the underlined part in each sentence.1). People often behave irrationally when they are under stress.→ do unreasonable things2). Evidence of links with drug dealers has discredited the President.→ harmed the reputation of3). He devoutly hoped that they would reach a peaceful agreement.→ sincerely4). The most effective technique is to cajole rather than to threaten.→ try to persuade5). Ares and Aphrodite were the ancient Greek deities of war and love.→ god and goddess6). Opera in Britain is enjoying a long-awaited renaissance.→ rebirth7). The terrorist action has been condemned as an act of barbarism and cowardice→ strongly criticized8). Professor Ross is regarded as the oracle on eating disorders.→ authority9. Trees are dying in areas where acid rain is most prevalent.→ widespread10. At night images would come unbidden into her mind.→ appear automatically in5. Correct the errors in the following passage. The passage contains ten errors, one in each indicated line. In each case, only one word is involved.Corrections should be done as follows:Wrong word: underline the wrong word and write the correct word in the blank.Extra word: delete the extra word with an “×.”Missing word: mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” and write the missing word6. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE appropriate word.TelepathyI can well believe in telepathy, for it has been part of my life since childhood. My own first (1) experience of what might be a kind of telepathy I have already described in A Sort of Life. I would have put it down to mere coincidence if it had not been repeated twice under roughly the same circumstances, each (2) involving a tragedy at sea and a loss of life. The first occasion was during an Easter seaside holiday at Littlehampton when I was seven years old.I dreamt of shipwreck and I can still see clearly one (3) image of the dream. A man is scrambling up the staircase of a ship and a great wave is coming down to swamp him. Next morning we heard the (4) news of the Titanic sunk that night.Of the second dream of a wreck about ten years later, I have also written. I can recall no (5) details and have lost the dream diary which I was keeping during a course of psychoanalysis in London. Perhaps writing down the dream cancelled the (6) memory of it. Again, my dream (7) coincided with a real wreck, this time of the Rowan in the Irish Sea when, I seem to remember, a whole orchestra lost their (8) lives.Always the sea, always lives lost. But the third occasion was not a (9) dream. I was in my flat in Antibes one morning, some six or seven years ago, with (10) nothing to worry me when around breakfast time I was overcome by a deep depression and an anxiety agonizing in its acuteness. I have a witness, for a friend came to lunch with me and I told her what I feared, that something terrible had (11) happened to one of my family. To distract me, she (12) turned on the radio for the one o’clock news. A plane coming from Corsica had (13) crashed that morning into the sea off Cap d’Antibes a few miles away and there were no (14) supervisors. On (15) board was General Cogny whom I had known and liked in Vietnam.IV. Translation1. Translating SentencesTranslate the following sentences into English, using the words or phrases given in brackets.1). 孩子们是天真烂漫的，他们都向往真善美的东西。