研究生公共英语(下)课本翻译

Unit 1: Science vs. the Humanities
科学是一门知识，是解决工业、农业、战争和医疗方面技术问题的非常有用的工具。

要了解科学在于解决个人和国家面临的物质和精神方面可以达到什么广度和深度，就必须了解科学的真实含义是什么。

科学一词来自拉丁语Scire，它的意思是“知道”。

所以，从广义上讲，科学不过是指我们所知道的事情，是人类知识的总和。

但是，把科学定义为人类的全部知识是不切实际的，因为很明显，有各种不同门类的知识。

这些知识根据其获得的方法以及它所适合的经验范围而有所不同。

我们所了解的有关艺术、文学、法律、宗教和专门技术知识等都不同程度地分属于各种独立的知识财富，与我们通常所说的科学没有什么联系。

Science is a kind of knowledge which is a very useful tool in solving the technical problems of industry, agriculture, warfare, and medicine. To understand the width and depth to which science can be applied to the material and spiritual problems that confront individuals and nations requires an understanding of what science really is.
The word science comes to us from a Latin word, Scire, which means “to know”. Then, in a broad sense, science is simply what we know, the total of all human knowledge. But the definition of science as all human knowledge would not be a workable one, for it is obvious that there are different types of knowledge. The kinds differ according to how the knowledge was obtained, and also according to what frame of experience it fits. What we know of the arts, literature, law, religion, and technical know-how, are more or less separate funds of knowledge. They have little to do with what we commonly call science.
Unit5: The Science of Custom
对人类学家来说，文化的涵义远胜于修养、品味、温文尔雅、教育以及美术欣赏等。

不仅所有的大学生都有文化，所有的人都有文化。

哪些影响人们日常生活的文化势力，特别是影响那些受文化熏陶的孩子的文化势力，最令人感兴趣，最具有意义。

从人类学角度界定，文化包含的那些特征，即所谓的“大众文化”特性，有时被认为是琐碎的，不值得研究。

为了了解当代美国文化，我们必须考虑电视、快餐、体育和游戏等的情况。

作为一种文化现象，摇滚歌星和交响乐指挥同样令人感兴趣；一本连环漫画册和一本获奖书同样有意义。

For anthropologists, culture includes much more than refinement, taste, sophistication, education, and appreciation of the fine art s. Not only college graduates but all people are cultured. The most interesting and significant forces are those which affect people every day of their lives, particularly those which influence children during en-culturation. Culture, as defined anthropologically, encompasses features that are sometimes regarded as trivial or unworthy of serious study, such as "popular " culture. To understand contemporary American culture, we must consider television, fast-food restaurants, sports, and games. As a cultural manifestation, a rock star may be as interesting as a symphony conductor, a comic book as significant as a book-award winner.
Unit 7:Labor,Leisure,and the New Class
这种实力主义的观念严重地影响着教育。

现在，越来越少的年轻人仅仅为了获取知识而学习，每一门功课都要有一定的导向，比如通往更高的薪金。

对高科技人员的需求远远大于供给，各大公司相互竞争，在学生毕业之前就将他们征募，并且提供诱人的薪金及额外津贴。

如此的招募策略导致，“人才外流”，即高技术人才为出价高的人提供服务的现象。

有钱的国家夺去了他们的穷邻居最能干的公民。

在财富之神备受崇拜之时，富人越富，穷人越穷。

This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced
education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere, for example, to a bigger wage packet. The demand for hi-tech personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and "fringe benefits" are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the "brain drain", the phenomena in which highly skilled people offer their service to the highest bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer.
Unit 11:The language of colors, myths and Symbols 这些想法从哪里得来呢？日内瓦大学的Max Lusche的教授认为人类之初受制于两种不以我们意志为转移的力量：黑夜与白天。

黑夜产生消极状态，新陈代谢总体减缓；白昼产生了行动的可能性，代谢率提高，给我们提供了体力和主动性。

因此，暗蓝是一种安静和消极的颜色，鲜黄色是希望和行动的颜色。

在史前人类的活动中，一般采取其中之一。

或者是我们狩猎和攻击；或者是我们被追逐而自卫。

红色普遍被认为具有攻击性，而作为映衬的绿色被认为是自我保护。

Where do these ideas come from? Max Luscher from the University of Geneva believes that in the beginning life was dictated by two factors beyond our control: night and day. Night brought passivity, and a general slowing down of metabolism; day brought with it the possibility of action,
and increase in the metabolic rate, thus providing us with energy and initiative. Dark blue, therefore, is the color of quiet and passivity, bright yellow the color of hope and activity. In prehistoric times, activity as a rule took one of two forms: either we were hunting and attacking, or we were being hunted and defending ourselves against attack. Attack is universally represented by the color red; self-preservation by its complement green.
Unit. 13 Society and Individual
坐在安乐椅上的政治理论家们会想当然的争辩说：“每个人都应该为自己所信仰的而奋斗。

”然而，是谁在争斗中真正饱受磨难？当然不是这些理论家他们自己。

如此重要的因素在争论过程中是不容忽视的。

尽管自从二次世界大战以来国际间冲突不断，而在当今世界使用武力解决纷争已逐渐失去了效用。

可是在另一方面，和以往一样显而易见的是任何个人或团体都会捍卫自己所狂热追求的理想和信念，甚至不惜诉诸于武力。

在这样一个国家，运用宪法或法律方式解决纷争早已形成了惯例，个人不必寻求武力来捍卫自己的理想或向他人表明其正确性。

战斗可以在法庭上进行，尽管它有时可能令人难以忍受地拖延下去。

总而言之，在任何有人类正义的国家，任何个体无论是对其他个体，还是团体，法律抑或国家本身有任何不满，都有公平的机会得以申述，只要他有足够的耐心和坚定的信仰。

It is all very well for the political theorists in their armchair to argue that an individual must struggle for what he or she believes in. But who is actually going to suffer most in the struggle? It is rarely the theorists themselves. Such an important factor as this cannot be ignored in the argument.
In the current world it has perhaps become increasingly futile to use force to settle a dispute, although there have
been continuous international conflicts since World War II. On the other hand, it is as apparent today as it ever was that any individual or group of people with ideas or notions which they advocate enthusiastically may defend them, even to the point where armed force is applied.
In those states which have a long-established tradition of settling dispute by constitutional or legal means, the individual has no need to resort to aggression to defend his or her beliefs, or to convince others of their validity. The battles can be fought in courtrooms, unbearable as the delays might often be. In general, in all states where there is human justice, any individual with a fundamental grievance against another individual, an institution, a law, or even the state itself, has a fair chance of putting it right, if he or she has patience and a deep enough belief.。