研究生公共英语(下)课本翻译

Unit 1: Science vs. the Humanities

科学是一门知识，是解决工业、农业、战争和医疗方面技术问题的非常有用的工具。要了解科学在于解决个人和国家面临的物质和精神方面可以达到什么广度和深度，就必须了解科学的真实含义是什么。

科学一词来自拉丁语Scire，它的意思是“知道”。所以，从广义上讲，科学不过是指我们所知道的事情，是人类知识的总和。但是，把科学定义为人类的全部知识是不切实际的，因为很明显，有各种不同门类的知识。这些知识根据其获得的方法以及它所适合的经验范围而有所不同。我们所了解的有关艺术、文学、法律、宗教和专门技术知识等都不同程度地分属于各种独立的知识财富，与我们通常所说的科学没有什么联系。

Science is a kind of knowledge which is a very useful tool in solving the technical problems of industry, agriculture, warfare, and medicine. To understand the width and depth to which science can be applied to the material and spiritual problems that confront individuals and nations requires an understanding of what science really is.

The word science comes to us from a Latin word, Scire, which means “to know”. Then, in a broad sense, science is simply what we know, the total of all human knowledge. But the definition of science as all human knowledge would not be a workable one, for it is obvious that there are different types of knowledge. The kinds differ according to how the knowledge was obtained, and also according to what frame of experience it fits. What we know of the arts, literature, law, religion, and technical know-how, are more or less separate funds of knowledge. They have little to do with what we commonly call science.

Unit5: The Science of Custom

对人类学家来说，文化的涵义远胜于修养、品味、温文尔雅、教育以及美术欣赏等。不仅所有的大学生都有文化，所有的人都有文化。哪些影响人们日常生活的文化势力，特别是影响那些受文化熏陶的孩子的文化势力，最令人感兴趣，最具有意义。从人类学角度界定，文化包含的那些特征，即所谓的“大众文化”特性，有时被认为是琐碎的，不值得研究。为了了解当代美国文化，我们必须考虑电视、快餐、体育和游戏等的情况。作为一种文化现象，摇滚歌星和交响乐指挥同样令人感兴趣；一本连环漫画册和一本获奖书同样有意义。

For anthropologists, culture includes much more than refinement, taste, sophistication, education, and appreciation of the fine art s. Not only college graduates but all people are cultured. The most interesting and significant forces are those which affect people every day of their lives, particularly those which influence children during en-culturation. Culture, as defined anthropologically, encompasses features that are sometimes regarded as trivial or unworthy of serious study, such as "popular " culture. To understand contemporary American culture, we must consider television, fast-food restaurants, sports, and games. As a cultural manifestation, a rock star may be as interesting as a symphony conductor, a comic book as significant as a book-award winner.

Unit 7:Labor,Leisure,and the New Class

这种实力主义的观念严重地影响着教育。现在，越来越少的年轻人仅仅为了获取知识而学习，每一门功课都要有一定的导向，比如通往更高的薪金。对高科技人员的需求远远大于供给，各大公司相互竞争，在学生毕业之前就将他们征募，并且提供诱人的薪金及额外津贴。如此的招募策略导致，“人才外流”，即高技术人才为出价高的人提供服务的现象。有钱的国家夺去了他们的穷邻居最能干的公民。在财富之神备受崇拜之时，富人越富，穷人越穷。

This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced