国际市场营销课后习题答案
国际市场营销学习题答案
国际市场营销学国际市场营销：书P9全球营销：企业的市场营销活动突破国家地域的界限，按照资源配置最优化的原则，采取投资、生产、合作等方式，生产出最完整的产品去满足世界市场各国消费者的需要。
这就是全球营销的市场观念国际市场营销发展过程：国际市场营销的形成与发展，大体上经历三个阶段：1、第一阶段：出口营销阶段（ExportingMarketing）2、第二阶段：国际市场营销阶段( InternationalMarketing )3、第三阶段：全球营销阶段（Global Marketing ）怎样理解商品国际化，技术国际化，服务国际化资本国际化1、商品国际化：是根据世界各国消费者的需求与欲望的国际化倾向，按照全球营销观念，创造出受世界各国普遍欢迎的―世界产品‖，甚至采用统一商标和促销手段，满足市场顾客的需要。
2、技术国际化：是指技术从一个国家或地区向世界其他国家或地区的有偿转移，在国际经济往来中居于日益重要地位。
3、服务国际化：是指对外工程承包、对外劳务合作和国际旅游等内容。
目前，服务国际化已成为世界经济国际化的重要内容．4、五、资本国际化：是指国际直接投资在世界经济中的地位和作用加强的趋势。
直接投资组建跨国公司从事国际经营活动，在国外投资兴办合作、合资或独资企业，都是当今国际经济贸易往来的常用方式。
国际营销学认为，世界各国的经济发展状况可以分为四种类型：1、自给自足型经济2、原料出口型经济3、新兴工业化型经济4、工业化经济国家（发达国家型经济）国家或地区经济特征包括哪些内容：P70国际市场信息系统的组成：（一）营销信息系统的概念参考P.162（二）国际市场信息系统的组成包括四个分系统：1、内部记录系统2、市场情报系统3、国际市场营销调查研究系统4、市场营销分析系统国际市场营销调研的任务、类型和步骤：营销调研：指运用科学的方法和手段，有目的、有系统地搜集、记录整理和分析有关市场营销方面的各种情报资料，为营销决策提供依据。
国际市场营销课后答案internationalmarketingplanessayque
国际市场营销课后答案internationalmarketingplanessayqueinternational marketing planDeveloping a Global Vision through Marketing ResearchEssay Questions100. (p. 216) Give the traditional definition for marketing research.Marketing research is traditionally defined as the systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data to provide information useful in marketing decision making.101. (p. 216) Discuss the differences between traditional marketing research and international marketing research. Although the research processes and methods are basically the same in traditional marketing research and international marketing research, international marketing research involves two additional plications. First, information must be municated across cultural boundaries. Second, the environments within which the research tools are applied are often different in foreign markets.102. (p. 217) International marketers often collect forms of information not normally collected by domestic marketing researchers. Unisys Corporation gives some guidance as to what forms of information need to be collected in theinternational environment. List and briefly discuss each of the five types of information suggested by the UnisysCorporation model.103. (p. 218 and major section titles for the six) List and briefly characterize the six steps in the research process.The steps are: (a) define the research problem and establish research objectives, (b) determine the sources of information to fulfill the research objectives, (c) consider the costs and benefits of the research effort, (d) gather the relevant data from secondary or primary sources, or both, (e) analyze, interpret, and summarize the results, and (f) effectively municate the results to decision makers. Summaries of the steps can be found in the major sections describing each of the six steps.104. (p. 220-223) There are four major problems with using secondary data in international marketing research. What are these four major problems? Briefly, characterize each problem.The four major problems are: (a) availability of data, (b)reliability of data, (c) parability of data, and (d) validating secondary data. For a brief summary see each of the section titles of the four problem areas.105. (p. 223) As a practical matter, the international marketing researcher should ask four questions to effectively judge the reliability (validating secondary data) of secondary data sources. List those four questions.The four questions are: (a) Who collected the data? Would there be any reason for purposely misrepresenting the facts? (b) For what purposes were the data collected? (c) How were the data collected? (methodology) (d) Are the data internally consistent and logical in light of known data sources or market factors?106. (p. 223-225) Demonstrate the difference between quantitative and qualitative research.In quantitative research, usually a large number of respondents are asked to reply either verbally or in writing to structured questions using a specific response format or to select a response from a set of choices. Questions are designed to obtain specific responses regarding aspects of the respondents' behavior, intentions, attitudes, motives, and demographic international marketing plancharacteristics. In qualitative research, if questions are asked they are almost always open-ended or in-depth, and unstructured responses that reflect the person's thoughts and feelings on the subject are sought.107. (p. 229) Discuss the differences between back translation and parallel translation in international marketing research. In back translation the questionnaire is translated from one language to another, and then a second party translates it back into the original. This process pinpoints misinterpretations and misunderstandings before they reach the public. Back translations may not always ensure an accurate translation because of monly used idioms in both languages. Parallel translation is used to e this problem. In this process, more than two translators are used for the back translation; the results are pared, differences discussed, and the most appropriate translation selected.108. (p. 232) It has been suggested that there are at least seven different uses for the Internet in international research.Assume that you are a marketing director for Ty Beanie Babies and are interested in expanding your pany's phenomenal growth into Asia. What are the seven uses suggested in the textand which of the seven would you propose to use to plish your objective?The seven uses are (a) online surveys and buyer panels, (b) online focus groups, (c) Web visitor tracking, (d) advertising measurement, (e) customer identification systems, (f) e-mail marketing lists, and (g) embedded research. The students could make a case for any or all of the above, therefore, the intent of the question is to get the students to first list and then creatively think about options. Discussion of the seven uses may be found on page 232. If the instructor would like to place additional suggestions or parameters on the question, be sure to do so before assigning the question to students.109. (p. 239, Exhibit 8.3) The text suggests four kinds of pany-agency-customer relationships for managing the cultural barrier in international marketing research. Describe or characterize each of these kinds of relationships and designate which one(s) are better suited for managing the cultural barrier across the chain of munication.The four options are: Option A (pany--agency--customers); Option B (pany--agency--local agency--customers); Option C (pany--subsidiary--agency--customers); and, Option D (pany--foreign agency--customers). The text suggests that Options B and C are best for managing the cultural barrier.Global Marketing Management: Planning and Organization Essay Questions101. (p. 310-312) Briefly, explain the benefits of global marketing.When large market segments can be identified, economies of scale in production and marketing can be important petitive advantages of global panies. Other benefits include: (a) a transfer of experience and know-how across countries through improved coordination and integration of marketing activities, (b) ensures access to the toughest customers, and (c) diversity of markets served carries with it additional financial benefits.102. (p. 311-313) Demonstrate the differences among corporate, strategic, and tactical planning.Corporate planning is essentially long term, incorporating generalized goals for the enterprise as a whole. Strategic planning is conducted at the highest levels of management and deals with products, capital, and research, and long- and short-term goals of the pany. Tactical planning pertains to specific actions and tothe allocation of resources used to implement strategic planning goals in specific markets. Tactical plans are made at the local level and address marketing and advertising questions.international marketing plan103. (p. 315, Exhibit 11.1) List and briefly characterize the four phases of the international planning process.The four phases are: (a) Phase 1--Preliminary analysis and screening (matching pany/country needs); (b) Phase 2--Adapting the marketing mix to target markets; (c) Phase 3--Developing the marketing plan; and, (d) Phase 4--Implementation and control.104. (p. 319, Exhibit 11.2) A pany has four different modes of foreign market entry from which to select. List and briefly characterize each of these modes.The modes are exporting, contractual agreements, strategic alliances, and direct foreign investment. Brief characterizations may be found on page 319 in Exhibit 11.2. More detailed descriptions of each mode may be found in the associated sections found on pages 318-330.105. (p. 32-322) Describe the two basic contractual agreements that most panies follow in their attempt to enter aforeign market.Contractual agreements generally involve the transfer of technology, processes, trademarks, or human skills. The two basic forms of contractual agreements are licensing and franchising. Licensing is associated with patent rights, trademark rights, and the rights to use technological processes in foreign markets. It is a favorite strategy for small and medium-sized panies. Franchising involves offering a standard package of products, systems, and management services.106. (p. 323-324) What is a strategic international alliance (SIA)?A SIA is a business relationship established by two or more panies to cooperate out of mutual need and to share risk in achieving a mon objective. SIAs are sought as a way to shore up weaknesses and increase petitive strengths.107. (p. 325-328) Explain the differences between a joint venture and consortia.A joint venture is differentiated from other types of strategic alliances or collaborative relationships in that a joint venture is a partnership of two or more participating panies that join forces to create a separate legal entity. Consortia are similar to jointventures but have two distinguishing characteristics: (a) they typically involve a large number of participants and (b) they frequently operate in a country or market in which none of the participants is currently active.108. (p. 328-329) You have just been hired as a consultant by Apple Computer to advise them on how to enter the South African market. You have decided that direct foreign investment would be the best mode for Apple to follow at this point in time. Write a one-paragraph memo that outlines the benefits of direct foreign investment in a country.Companies that manufacture locally can capitalize on low-cost labor, avoid high import taxes, reduce the high cost of transportation to market, gain access to raw materials, and gain advantages by being perceived as making an investment in the market (as a way to gain entry).109. (p. 331, Exhibit 11.4) With respect to organizational structures used in international marketing, panies are usually structured around one of three alternatives. Assuming that you were a consultant for ATT who desired to create an organization that was able to merge your organization's expertise and skills with that of Sony's cell phone division so that your new jointventure could enter the Scandinavian market, which of the organizational structure alternatives would make most sense? Comment on why the structure might be a good one to use.international marketing planThe three structures are product, geographic, and a matrix approach. Students could select any of the three options, however, the text suggests that the matrix form is preferable in today's market place. A matrix structure permits management to respond to the conflicts that arise between functional activity, product, and geography. Since the new venture will be a joint venture, the matrix structure might allow both of the panies to bring separate expertise to the table. Since a matrixstructure encourages sharing of experience, resources, expertise, technology, and information, it seem to be a natural in this situation.Products and Services for ConsumersEssay Questions107. (p. 337) Discuss the two dimensions of quality.The two dimensions of quality are market-perceived quality and performance quality. Simply, one dimension deals with how consumers believe the pany, product, or service matches toexpectations of quality. The other dimension, which can be measured, deals with how the product, pany, or service actually performs.108. (p. 339) Describe the process called product homologation.Product homologation is used to describe the changes mandated by local product and service standards. A product may have to change in a number of ways to meet the physical or mandatory requirements of a new market.109. (p. 344-347) Everett Rogers notes that four crucial elements impact the diffusion of new ideas. What are those elements?The elements are (a) an innovation, (b) which is municated through certain channels, (c) over time, and (d) among the members of a social system.110. (p. 350, Exhibit 12.1) Draw and correctly label the product ponent model shown in the text.The model is shown on page 350 (see Exhibit 12.1). Students should include the core, packaging, and support services ponents and the sub-parts of each for full credit.111. (p. 353-355) Consumer services are distinguished byfour unique characteristics. List and characterize each of these four unique characteristics.The characteristics are (a) intangibility--services cannot be touched, (b) inseparability--the service cannot be separated from its consumption, (c) heterogeneous--it is individually produced and is thus virtually unique, and (d) perishability--once created it cannot be stored but must be consumed simultaneously with its creation.112. (p. 356-358) Consumer services face four kinds of barriers as these services are presented to the global market. What are these barriers?The barriers are (a) protectionism, (b) controls on transborder data flows, (c) protection of intellectual property, and (d) cultural requirements for adaptation.113. (p. 358-359, Exhibit 12.2) A successful brand is the most valuable resource a pany has. Comment on why this is true and create an example to illustrate.international marketing planUsing the material on pages 358-359 and including Exhibit 12.2, students should be able to make a case for the value of a brand. To summarize, the brand name passes the years ofadvertising, good will, quality evaluation, productexperience, and other beneficial attributes the market associates with the product. Students may use whatever example they wish, however, it still needs to be appropriate to the material above.114. (p. 363-364) Assuming that you were a new marketing manager for Nike and that your first task was to launch a renewed effort to gain market share in Europe, an Adidas stronghold. Describe the impact that the country-of-origin effect might have on your chances of success.The country-of-origin effect can be defined as any influence that the country of manufacture, assembly, or design has on a consumer's positive or negative perception of a product. Students could discuss stereotypes in the example, mention the difficulties that the U.S. has had with France, the general opinion of American-made products, Nike's publicity as asweatshop broker, or how a home-based rival such as Adidas might react to Nike. If you, as an instructor, would like to set additional parameters for this question, please do so before the exam.International Marketing ChannelsEssay Questions101. (p. 396) Characterize a distribution process.A distribution process includes the physical handling and distribution of goods, the passage of ownership (title), and the buying and selling negotiations between producers and middlemen and between middlemen and customers.102. (p. 397) The Japanese distribution system has four distinguishing characteristics. What are these characteristics? The characteristics are (a) a structure dominated by many small middlemen dealing with many small retailers, (b) channel control by manufacturers, (c) a business philosophy shaped by a unique culture, and (d) laws that protect the foundation of the system--the small retailer.103. (p. 399) How does a manufacturer attempt to control the distribution channel?The manufacturer attempts to control the distribution channel through (a) inventory financing, (b) cumulative rebates, (c) merchandise returns, and (d) promotional support.104. (p. 404) Discuss the impact of the trend from traditional to modern channel structures.The impact of these trends will change traditionaldistribution and marketing systems. While retailing revolution remains in flux, new retailing and middle-men systems will be invented, and established panies will experiment, seeking ways to maintain their petitive edge. Moreover, it is ing more dangerous to think of petitors in terms of individual panies―in international business generally, and distribution systems particularly, a networks perspective is increasingly required. That is, firms must be understood in the context of the mercial networks of which they are a part. These changes will resonate throughout the distribution chain before new concepts are established and the system stabilizes.105. (p. 408) Characterize the difference(s) between agent middlemen and merchant middlemen.The primary difference is that agent middlemen do not take title to the goods they process and the merchant middleman does. Additionally, the merchant middleman normally performs more work tasks that are often general in nature whereas the agent middleman may be more of a specialist.international marketing plan106. (p. 412) Steve Smith has been assigned the task of choosing a foreign market channel that would be mostappropriate for his pany. Assuming that his pany was an automobile pany and he wished to enter the Spanish market, list the four points that were identified in the text as starting places for making the channel selection decision. Be specific with your wording of the points.The points are: (a) identify specific target markets within and across countries; (b) specify marketing goals in terms of volume, market share, and profit margin requirements, (c) specify financial and personnel mitments to the development of international distribution, and (d) identify control, length of channels, terms of sale, and channel ownership.107. (p. 419-421) Channel strategy is thought to have six specific strategic goals. If you were to list these goals for a strategic planner, what would be the six specific goals that the planner should consider?The six Cs of channel strategy are: (a) cost, (b) capital, (c) control, (d) coverage, (e) character, and (f) continuity.108. (p. 396-424) Name and briefly define/describe the five basic points involved in making channel decisions.1. channel decisions - producer's choice of a distribution structure through which goods pass from producer to user. Everycountry market has a distribution structure through which goods pass form producer to user. This structure may have a variety of possible middlmen.2. distribution patterns - the variety of possible distribution paths and distribution channel length through which a product may pass from producer to customer.3. available alternative middlemen - the external middlemen from which specific intermediaries are selected. The middlemen e the means of building and developing the channels for international distribution.4. factors affecting choice of channels - identifying target markets, specifying marketing goals, specifying financial and personnel needs, and identifying control, length of channels, terms of sales, and channel ownership.5. locating, selecting, motivating, terminating, and controlling middlemen - the process of building international distribution requires as a first step locationg prospective middlemen. Selection involves determining which ones can performsatisfactorily. Motivating middlemen may involve financial rewards, psychological rewards, munications, pany support, andcorporate report. Termination is the dismissal of middlemen that have not performed up to standard. Controlling middlemen involves control of the distribution network and includes middlemen meeting standards of performance to insure that product is flowing through desired middlemen.Integrated Marketing Communications and International AdvertisingEssay Questions100. (p. 464) Describe the ponents of integrated marketing munications (IMC).IMC are posed of advertising, sales promotions, trade shows, personal selling, direct selling, and public relations.101. (p. 464) What are sales promotions?Sales promotions are marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchases and improve retailer or middleman effectiveness and cooperation.102. (p. 465) Describe the role of public relations.Creating good relationships with the popular press and other media to help panies municate messages to their publics--customers, the general public, and government regulators--is the role of public relations.international marketing plan103. (p. 470-471) List the seven steps in creating an international advertising campaign.The steps are: (a) perform marketing research, (b) specify the goals of the munication, (c) develop the most effective message(s) for the market segments selected, (d) select effective media, (e) pose and secure a budget, (f) execute the campaign, and (g) evaluate the campaign relative to the goals specified.104. (p. 476) List and describe the steps (stages) in the international munication process.The steps are (a) an information source, (b) encoding, (c) a message channel, (d) decoding, (e) receiver, (f) feedback, and (g) noise. See page 479 for details on each stage.105. (p. 486-493)advertising: newspapers, magazines, radio, television, or direct mail.See pages 486-493 for summaries of each of the mass media forms mentioned. If you wish to give additional instructions for answering this question or set question limits, please do so before assigning the question.106. (p. 470-471) Assume that you are the munications manager for a pany that is seeking to begin amunications process with buyers in a foreign market. Take the steps in the international munications process, list them, and indicate which of the steps will probably present the greatest challenge with respect to munication.The steps are: (a) perform marketing research, (b) specify the goals of the munication, (c) develop the most effective message(s) for the market segments selected, (d) select effective media, (e) pose and secure a budget, (f) execute the campaign, and (g) evaluate the campaign relative to the goals specified. Students should build a case for what they perceive to be the most challenging step. See pages 473 for additional aid.107. (p. 491) Belinda is considering Internet advertising to support her pany's international marketing campaign. She knows the Internet has some limitations as an advertising vehicle. What are the current limitations associated with Internet advertising?In many markets the Internet is limited in its penetration of households. Also, there is petition among Internet marketers for Web surfers.Pricing for International MarketsEssay Questions100. (p. 529) Explain the process called parallel importing.Parallel importing occurs when importers buy products from distributors in one country and sell them in another to distributors who are not part of the manufacturer's regular distribution system. For more information and illustrations see page 531, Exhibit 18.1.101. (p. 532) What is the difference between variable-cost pricing and full-cost pricing.In variable-cost pricing, the firm is concerned only with the marginal or incremental cost of producing goods to be sold in overseas markets. In full-cost pricing, the philosophy insists that no unit of a similar product is different from any other unit in terms of cost and that each unit must bear its full share of the total fixed and variable cost.international marketing plan102. (p. 544) There are two distinct views of what constitutes dumping. Explain each of these views.One approach classifies international shipments as dumped if the products are sold below their cost of production. The other approach characterizes dumping as selling goods in a foreign market below the price of the same goods in the home market.103. (p. 545-549) List and briefly characterize the four formsof countertrade.The four forms are (a) barter--the direct exchange of goods between two parties in a transaction, (b) pensation deal--involves payments in goods and cash, (c) counterpurchase--the seller agrees to sell a product at a set price to a buyer and receives payment in cash; however, a second contract stipulates that the original seller will in turn purchase a like amount of goods from the buyer (or a similar arrangement), and (d) product buy-back agreement--the seller may agree to accept partial payment in manufactured goods from the buyer or the seller can accept full payment in manufactured goods. For additional information and examples see pages 545-549.104. (p. 549) What are the benefits of transfer pricing?The benefits are (a) lowering duty costs by shipping goods into high-tariff countries at minimal transfer prices so that duty base and duty are low, (b) reducing e taxes in high-tax countries by overpricing goods transferred to units in such countries, and (c) facilitating dividend repatriation when dividend repatriation is curtailed by government policy.105. (p. 542) A reasonable price for goods in the home market may more than double in the foreign market. How doeschannel length and transportation costs contribute to the price increase?Channel length is determined by the number of middlemen. Middlemen may increase the price of goods to covertransportation costs and to increase their margins; there is little opportunity for a manufacturer to control retail prices in a foreign country. In addition, transportation costs also contribute to the increase in product costs. Transportation costs include insurance, packing, handling, and shipping charges. Such costs are added to the price of goods to determine the landed cost which es the basis of import tariffs. These costs add to the inflation of the final price of goods.106. (p. 551-553) Discuss the meaning of and nature of cartels. Are these groups beneficial or not? Create an example to illustrate your stance.A cartel exists when various panies producing similar products or services work together to control markets for the types of goods and services they produce. The cartel association may use formal agreements to set prices, establish levels of production and sales for the participating panies, allocate territories, and even redistribute profits. The economic role ofcartels is debatable, but their proponents argue that they eliminate cutthroat petition and rationalize business, permitting greater technical progress and lower prices to consumers. Many do not agree with this view. See the text on pages 551-553 for additional information and examples.。
国际市场营销(第十六版)参考答案
Keys to the exercises of Chapter1Marketing’s Value to Consumers, Firms and Society1.Multiple choices.(1)B(2)D(3)C(4)D(5)A2.Terms translation.(1)营销(2)融资(3)顾客满意度(4)计划经济(5)社会责任(6)中间商(7)合作者(8)销售时代(9)营销伦理(10)规模经济3.True or false.(1)F(2)T(3)T(4)T(5)T(6)T(7)F(8)T(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks.(1)Economics of scale(2)E-commerce(3)Customer value(4)spatial separation(5)Standardization and grading(6)collaborators(7)command(8)sales(9)marketing(10)micro-macro dilemma5.Answer the following questions.(1)There are seven main functions of marketing:selling,pricing,financing, promotion,distribution or channel management,product or service management, marketing information management.(2)Marketing is the performance of activities that seek to accomplish an organization’s objectives by anticipating customer or client needs and directing a flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to customer or client. (3)Micro-marketing refers to the marketing of products or services designed to meet the needs of a very small section of the market.Macro-marketing is a social process that directs an economy’s flow of goods and services from producers to consumers in a way that effectively matches supply and demand and accomplishes the objectives of society.As the same with micro-marketing,macro-marketing is also concerned with the flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to consumer.However, the emphasis with macro-marketing is not on the activities of individual organizations.Instead,the emphasis is on how the whole marketing system works.(4)Production orientation refers to making whatever products are easy to produce and then trying to sell them.Marketing orientation means trying to carry out the marketing concept.Instead of just trying to get customers to buy what the firm has produced,a marketing-oriented firm tries to offer customers what they need. (5)Open-ended.Keys to the exercises of Chapter2:Evaluating Opportunities in theChanging Market Environment1.Multiple choices(1)C(2)B(3)D(4)B(5)A2.Terms translation(1)公司宗旨(2)竞争环境(3)可持续的竞争优势(4)竞争对手分析(5)经济环境(6)文化和社会环境(7)国民总收入(GNI)(8)智能代理(9)民族主义(10)可持续性3.True or false(1)T(2)T(3)F(4)F(5)T(6)F(7)T(8)T(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks(1)mission statement(2)monopoly(3)opportunities(4)Artificial intelligence(AI)(5)intelligent agent(6)Nationalism(7)Free trade(8)competition(9)return on investment(10)Sustainability 5.Answer the following questions(1)The marketing manager should be heard when the company is setting objectives. But setting whole-company objectives—within resource limits—ultimately is the responsibility of top management.Top management must look at the whole business, relate its present objectives and resources to the external environment,and then decide what the firm wants to accomplish in the future.(2)Many firms try to avoid this problem by developing a mission statement,which sets out the organization’s basic purpose for being.A good mission statement focuses on a few key goals rather than embracing everything.It should guide managers in determining which opportunities to pursue.(3)To find its strengths or recognize weaknesses,a firm must evaluate its functional areas(production,research and engineering,marketing,general management,and finance)as well as its present products and markets.(4)Sustainable competitive advantage refers to a marketing mix that customers see as better than a competitor’s mix and cannot be quickly or easily copied.The search for some sort of competitive advantage—requires an understanding not only of customers but also of competitors.That’s why marketing managers turn to competitor analysis—an organized approach for evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of current or potential competitors’marketing strategies.(5)open-ended.Key to the exercises of Chapter3Focusing marketing strategy with segmentation and positioning1.Multiple choices.(1)A(2)D(3)D(4)C(5)C2.Terms translation.(1)市场细分(2)子市场，次市场(3)定位(4)客户关系管理(5)产品市场(6)差异化(7)定位声明(8)一般市场(9)组合(10)品牌熟悉度3.True or false.(1)F(2)T(3)F(4)F(5)F(6)T(7)T(8)T(9)T(10)F4.Fill in the blanks.(1)Submarkets(2)heterogeneous(3)Clustering(4)Segmenters(5)generic(6)Market segmentation(7)naming segmenting(8)Qualifying(9)Determining(10)Positioning5.Answer the following questions(1)A generic market is a market with broadly similar needs and sellers offering various,often diverse,ways of satisfying those needs.A product-market is a market with very similar needs and seller offering various close substitute ways of satisfying those needs.(2)Market segmentation is a two-step process of①naming broad product-markets and②segmenting these broad product-markets in order to select target markets and develop suitable marketing mixes.(3)There are three basic ways to develop market-oriented strategies in a broad product-market.①The single target market approach—segmenting the market and picking one of the homogeneous segments as the firm’s target market.②The multiple target market approach—segmenting the market and choosing two or more segments,and then treating each as a separate target market needing a different marketing mix.③The combined target market approach—combing two or more submarkets into one larger target market as a basis for one strategy.④Kind of relationship,types of customer,geographic,demographic,how product will be used,type of buying situation,purchasing methods.(5)A positioning analysis helps managers understand how customers see their market.It is a visual aid to understanding a product-market.The first time such an analysis is done,managers may be shocked to see how much customers’perceptions of a market differ from their own.Keys to the exercises of Chapter 4：1.Multiple choices (1)B (2)C (3)D (4)A (5)B2.Terms translation(1)消费者购买行为(2)经济需求(3)需求层次(4)空巢家庭(5)参照群体(6)安全需求(7)选择性记忆(8)生理需求(9)可支配收入(10)强化3.True or false (1)T (2)T (3)F (4)T (5)F (6)T (7)T (8)F (9)F (10)T4.Fill in the blanks (1)Learning (2)opinion (3)stimuli (4)Consumer (5)Social (6)classes (7)family (8)attitude (9)psychological (10)Perception5.Answer the following questions.(1)Needs are the basic forces that motivates a person to do something.Wants are “needs”that are learned during a person’s life.A drive is a strong stimulus that encourages action to reduce a need.(2)Maslow is well known for his five-level hierarchy of needs.They are physiological needs,safety needs,social needs,esteem needs and self-actualization.Esteem needs and self-actualization can be simplified as personal needs.(3)The learning process are illustrated as following.(4)Young single,young married without children,young married with children,middle-aged married with children,middle-aged married without dependent children,older married,and widowed.(5)Consumers use extensive problem solving when they put much effort into deciding how to satisfy a need.Limited problem solving is used by consumers when some effort is required in deciding the best way to satisfy a need.A consumer uses routinized response behavior when he or she regularly selects a CuesDriveResponse Reinforcementparticular way of satisfying a need when it occurs.Key to the exercises of Chapter51.Multiple choices(1)C(2)B(3)B(4)D(5)A2.Terms translation(1)企业顾客(2)组织买家(3)采购中心(4)首次购买(5)采购经理(6)供货商分析(7)直接再购(8)外包(9)购买申请(10)竞标3.True or false(1)F(2)F(3)F(4)T(5)T(6)T(7)F(8)T(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks(1)derived(2)straight rebuy(3)fewer,emotional(4)New-task(5) local(6)Negotiated(7)buying center(8)dispersed(9)purchasing(10) deciders5.Answer the following questions.(1)Manufacturers;producers of services;retailers and wholesalers;government units(2)Users;influencers;buyers;deciders;gatekeepers(3)A straight rebuy is a routine repurchase that may have been made many times before.A modified rebuy is the in-between process where some review of the buying situation is done—though not as much as in new-task buying.(4)NAICS refers to North American Industry Classification System which are groupsof firms in similar lines of business.(5)Salespeople,others from supplier firms,trade shows,buying center members,outside business associates,consultants and outside expertsKeys to the exercises of CHAPTER61.Multiple choices(1)C(2)B(3)C(4)B(5)C2.Terms translation(1)物流系统(2)实体物流(3)顾客服务层次(4)供应链(5)电子数据交换(6)集装箱化(7)公营仓库(8)私营仓库(9)存货(10)运输方式3.True or false(1)T(2)F(3)T(4)T(5)F(6)T(7)T(8)F(9)T(10)F4.Fill in the blanks(1)logistics(2)trade-offs(3)chain(4)economies(5)valuable(6)carloads(7)distances(8)slowest(9)nonperishable(10)Pipelines5.Answer the following questionsAnswers are open for discussion.Keys to Chapter7Retailers,Wholesalers,and Their Strategy Planning1.Multiple choices(1)C(2)A(3)B(4)A(5)C2.Terms translation(1)专业商店(2)大众营销概念(3)折扣商店(4)量贩零售商(5)零售轮转理论(6)特许经营(7)专门批发商(8)产销直达货运批发商(9)制造商代理人(10)经纪人3.True or false(1)T(2)F(3)T(4)T(5)F(6)F(7)F(8)T(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks(1)Single-line(2)specialty shop(3)Automatic vending(4)door-to-door(5)franchise operation(6)Wholesaling(7)Service wholesalers(8)Drop-shippers(9)Brokers(10)selling agent5.Answer the following questions(1)A specialty shop—a type of conventional limited-line store—is usually small and has a distinct personality.Specialty shops sell special types of shopping products, such as high-quality sporting goods,exclusive clothing,baked goods,or even antiques. Catering to certain types of customers whom the management and salespeople know well simplifies buying,speeds turnover,and cuts costs due to obsolescence and style changes.Specialty shops probably will continue to be a part of the retailing scene as long as customers have varied tastes and the money to satisfy them.(2)a.Internet retail is still growing.b.Online buying is more or less convenient.c.Online buying gets good information.d.The online costs for retailers and customers could be higher or lower.(3)The main advantage of limited-line retailers is that they can satisfy some target market better.Perhaps some are just more conveniently located.But most adjust tosuit specific customers.They build a relationship with their customers andearn a position as the place to shop for a certain type of product.But these retailers face the costly problem of havingto stock some slow-moving items in order to satisfy their target markets.Many of these stores are small—with high expenses relative to sales.(4)A manufacturers’agent sells similar products for several noncompeting producers—for a commission on what is actually sold.Such agents work almost as members of each company’s sales force,but they’re really independent wholesalers. More than half of all agent wholesalers are manufacturers’agents.Their big plus is that they already call on some customers and can add another product line at relatively low cost—and at no cost to the producer until something sells!If an area’s sales potential is low,a company may use a manufacturers’agent because the agent can do the job at low cost.Manufacturers’reps will continue to play an important role in businesses that need an agent to perform order-getting tasks.But manufacturers’reps everywhere are feeling pressure when it comes to routine business contacts.More producers are turning to telephone selling,websites,email, teleconferencing,and faxes to contact customers directly.(5)a.Wholesaling is in decline.b.Opportunities remain for progressive wholesalers.Those that have survived are adapting their marketing strategies and finding new ways to add value in the channel. Progressive wholesalers are becoming more concerned with their customers and with channel systems.c.Wholesalers need to add value.Progressive wholesalers need to be efficient,but that doesn’t mean they all have low costs.Keys to the CHAPTER81.Multiple choices(1)A(2)B(3)D(4)A(5)D2.Terms translation(1)促销(2)宣传(3)促销(4)公共关系(5)整合营销传播(6)AIDA模式(7)编码(8)信息通道(9)采用曲线(10)基本需求3.True or False(1)F(2)F(3)F(4)T(5)F(6)T(7)T(8)F(9)T(10)T4.Fill in blanks(1)seller(2)Pulling(3)adoption curve(4)innovators(5)early majority(6)selective demand(7)task method(8)Promotion(9)Mass selling(10)reminding5.Answer the following questions(1)a.Sale managers manage salespeople.b.Advertising managers work with ads and agencies.c.Sales promotion managers need many talents.They manage their company’s sales promotion effort.d.The marketing manager talks to all and blends all.They must weigh the pros and cons of the various promotion methods and then devise an effective promotion blend.(2)rming,persuading and reminding are basic promotion objectives.rming is educating.c.Persuading usually becomes necessary.d.Reminding may be enough sometimes.e.Promotion objectives relate to adoption process.(3)The basic promotion objectives and adoption process fit very neatly with another action-oriented model—called AIDA.It consists of four promotion jobs:1)to get attention,2)to hold interest,3)to arouse desire,and4)to obtain action.Getting attention is necessary to make consumers aware of the company’s offering. Holding interest gives the communication a chance to build the consumer’s interest in the product.Arousing desire affects the evaluation process,perhaps building preference.And obtaining action includes gaining trial,which may lead to a purchase decision.(4)a.During market introduction,the basic promotion objective is informing.b.In the market growth stage,more competitors enter the market,and promotion emphasis shifts from building primary demand to stimulating selective demand.c.In the market maturity stage,mass selling and sales promotion may dominate the promotion blends of consumer products firms.d.During the sales decline stage,the total amount spent on promotion usually decreases as firms try to cut costs to remain profitable.(5)The most common method of budgeting for promotion expenditures is to computea percentage of either past sales or sales expected in the future.The virtue of this method is its simplicity.In the light of our continuing focus on planning marketing strategies to reach objectives,the most sensible approach to budgeting promotion expenditures is the task method—basing the budget on the job to be done.It helps you to get priorities so that the money you spend produces specific results.Keys to CHAPTER91.Multiple choices(1)B(2)D(3)C(4)A(5)B2.Terms translation(1)目标利润目标(2)一种价格政策(3)渗透定价政策(4)基本价格表(5)折让(6)数量折扣(7)旧货折让折扣(8)给推销员的佣金(9)优惠券(10)广告补贴3.True or false(1)T(2)F(3)T(4)F(5)T(6)T(7)T(8)F(9)F(10)T4.Fill in the blanks(1)the Price(2)customer value(3)market share(4)Flexible pricing(5)Cumulative discounts(6)coupons(7)Rebate(8)monopolistic(9)Dumping(10)price discrimination5.Answer the following questions(1)a.Target returns provide specific guidelines.Marketing managers should set objectives oriented toward making a profit.A target objective sets a specific level of profit as an objective.Often this amount is stated as a percentage of sales or of capital investment.A target return objective has administrative advantages in a large company.Performance can be compared against the target.Some companies eliminate divisions, or drop products,that aren’t yielding the target rate of return.b.Some just want satisfactory profits.Some managers aim for only satisfactory returns.They just want returns that ensure the firm’s survival and convince stockholders they’re doing a good job.Many private and public nonprofit organizations set a price level that will just recover costs.In other words,their target return figure is zero.c.Profit maximization can be socially responsible.A profit maximization objective seeks to get as much profit as possible.It might be stated as a desire to earn a rapid return on investment or to charge all the traffic will bear.Pricing to achieve profit maximization doesn’t always lead to high prices.Low prices may expand the size of the market and result in greater sales and profits.(2)Marketing managers who administer prices must consciously set a price-level policy.As they enter the market,they have to set introductory prices that may have long-run effects.Marketers often use introductory price dealing—temporaryprice cuts—to speed products into a market and get customers to try them.The aim is to raise prices as soon as the introductory offer is over.By then,hopefully,target customers will have decided it is worth buying again at the regular price.Introductory price dealing should be part of a larger marketing strategy.(3)Cash discounts are reductions in price to encourage buyers to pay their bills quickly.The terms for a cash discount usually modify the net terms.Smart buyers carefully evaluate cash discounts.A discount of2/10,net30may not look like much at first.But the buyer earns a2percent discount for paying the invoice just20days sooner than it should be paid anyway.By not taking the discount,the company in effect is borrowing at an annual rate of36percent.That is,assuming a360-day year and dividing by20days,there are18periods during which the company could earn2 percent—and18times2equals36percent a year.(4)Allowances,like discounts,are given to final consumers,business customers,or channel members for doing something or accepting less of something.a.Advertising allowances are price reductions given to firms in the channel to encourage them to advertise or otherwise promote the supplier’s products locally.b.Stocking allowances,sometimes called slotting allowances,are given to an intermediary to get shelf space for a product.c.PMs,push money,or prize money allowances,sometimes called PMs or spiffs,are given to retailers by manufacturers or wholesalers to pass on to the retailers’salesclerks for aggressively selling certain items.d.A trade-in allowance is a price reduction given for used products when similar new products are bought.Trade-ins give the marketing manager an easy way to lower the effective price without reducing list price.(5)To maintain competition,there are several important regulations in the pricing area.Firstly,you can’t lie about prices.Phony list prices are prices customers are shown to suggest that the price has been discounted from the list.Most businesses,trade associations,and government agencies consider the use of phony list prices unethical.Secondly,pricing fixing is illegal.Price fixing,competitors getting together to raise, lower,or stabilize prices,is common and relatively easy.But it is also completely illegal in the United States.To discourage price fixing,both companies and individual managers are held responsible.Thirdly,producers may set minimum retail prices.Manufactures usually suggest a retail list price and then leave it up to retailers to decide what to charge in their local markets.Fourthly,U.S.antimonopoly laws ban price discrimination unless they are based on cost differences or the need to meet competition.Keys to the exercises of Chapter10:Ethical Marketing in a Consumer-Oriented World:Appraisal and Challenges1.Multiple choices(1)D(2)B(3)A(4)B(5)C2.True or false(1)F(2)F(3)T(4)T(5)F(6)F(7)T(8)F(9)T(10)T3.Fill in the blanks(1)attitude research studies(2)Micro-marketing;macro-marketing(3)consumer(4)society(5)marketing(6)increase(7)lower(8)materialistic(9)social values(10)actual performance4.Answer the following questions(1)open-ended.(2)ck of interest in or understanding of the sometimes fickle customer.b.Improper blending of the Four Ps—lack of understanding of or adjustment to the market environment,especially what competitors do.(3)Too many managers seize on whatever strategy seems easiest rather than seeking really new ways to satisfy customers.Too many companies stifle really innovative yers of bureaucracy and a“that’s not the way we do things”mentality can snuff it out.On the other hand,not every new idea is a good idea for every company.Many firms have lost millions of dollars with failed efforts to jump on the“what’s new”bandwagon—without stopping to figure out how it is going to really satisfy the customer and result in profit for the firm.(4)It seems fair to suggest that marketing managers should be expected to improve and expand the range of goods and services they make available—always trying to add value and better satisfy consumers’needs and preferences.This is the job we’ve assigned to business.If pursuing this objective makes excessive demands on scarce resources or has an unacceptable ecological effect,then consumer-citizens have the responsibility to vote for laws restricting individual firms that are trying to satisfy consumers’needs.This is the role that we,as consumers,have assigned to the government—to ensure that the macro-marketing system works effectively.(5)open-ended.。
国际市场营销学课后答案
单项选择题1.国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比，其表现为：(两者的理论来源和基础相同)2.( C .市场营销观念)是企业经营思想上的一次根本性的变革，被认为是现代市场营销学的“第一次革命”。
3.美国福特汽车公司创办人享利·福特曾说：不管顾客需要什么颜色，我的汽车就是黑色的。
这句话体现的是企业营销的( A 生产观念)。
4.( A《巴黎公约)的保护对象是工业产权，包括发明、实用新型、外观设计等。
5．大多数国家都热衷于“奖出限入”，原因很简单，净出口（出口减进口）是一国国内生产总值的重要组成部分。
另外，出口是很多国家外汇收入的主要来源，有利于保持良好的国际收支，维持本币币值的稳定。
主要的鼓励出口措施有（B 本币升值）6.(B人均国民收入)在一定程度上反映一国的经济发展水平和现代化程度，以及健康、教育、社会福利状况，对评估耐用消费品、奢侈消费品、休闲旅游产品和娱乐产品的市场规模具有重要的作用。
7.( . D交通设施)不属于自然环境因素。
8.以下四项中，( B居民市场)不属于组织市场。
9.人们对商品的品牌、包装、款式、特性等提出的需求属于( A心理需求)。
10.(经济因素)是影响购买这一经济行为的最基本因素。
1.( Ｃ. 抽样调研)就是从被调研对象的总体中，抽取一部分样本单位进行调研，用以推算总体。
它适用于一些使用量大、涉及面广的产品。
2.(Ａ内部报告系统)是企业最基本的信息系统，它以内部会计系统为主，辅之以销售信息系统而组成。
这是一个报导订单、存货水平、销售额、成本、利润、现金流量、应收帐款及应付帐款等等的系统，其中“订单、发货、帐单”的循环是该系统的核心，即销售人员把顾客的订单送至企业，负责管理订单的机构把有关订单的信息送至企业内部的有关部门，然后企业把帐单和货物一并送至购买者手中。
3.(Ｂ国际营销情报系统)是国际市场信息系统的最根本的组成因素，其主要作用是向营销管理人员及时提供外部环境发展变化的有关信息，从而给企业提供改革的动力，、为企业更好地适应外界环境提供基础。
国际市场营销课后习题答案
国际市场营销课后习题答案《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国内营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国内营销。
国内营销是指国内市场为企业唯一的经营范围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国内消费者、国内供应商、国内竞争者。
其公司在国内从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1、企业走向国际市场得主要动因就是什么？我国企业走向国际市场得动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱与及市场竞争激烈；国际市场得吸引力;政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策;科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈;国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱与状态，企业为实现产品得竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进得管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本得生产资源及引进外资;2、什么就是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系与区别？国际市场营销就是指在一国以上把企业生产得商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去得经营活动;一)国际营销与国内营销得联系1．基础得共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学得基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科得内容，既可以指导国内营销活动,又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念得一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上就是一致得,都以“市场观念"作为指导原则，以满足消费者与用户得需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一就是指满足消费者与用户对商品或服务在使用价值上得需求；二就是指满足消费者与用户得心理需求。
由于观念得一致性，企业得国内外营销活动也具有一致性,即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1)企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己得目标市场,即要有特定得用户作为自己得买主;（２)企业提供得产品与服务,不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场得需求；(３)企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面,都必须便于顾客购买；(4）及时为顾客提供信息与满意得售后服务,以满足现实顾客与潜在顾客对商品与服务得多种需要。
3。
经营得延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定得联系.就其经营发生得过程来瞧，国际营销就是国内营销得延伸。
粗略说来,企业先从事国内营销,再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就就是说，企业发展国际营销,一般都有一个渐进得过程。
《国际市场营销学》第八章习题参考答案
1.解释下列概念：国际市场营销调研：国际市场营销调研是指企业运用科学的方法，有目的地、系统地搜集、记录一切与国际市场营销活动相关的信息，对所收集到的信息进行整理和分析，从而把握目标市场的变化规律，为国际市场上的营销决策提供可靠的依据。
文案调研：文案调研方式是指从各种文书档案中检索出有用的信息资料，再加以分析判断确定国际市场营销策略的一种以收集第二手资料为主的调研方式。
实地调研：实地调研是指市场调研信息资料直接来源于国际市场，从而取得第一手资料的调研方式。
问卷调查：问卷调查是将设计好的问卷寄给被调查者，请其回答后寄回以获取信息资料。
抽样调查：这是从调查对象的总体中按随机原则抽取一部分单位作为样本，对样本进行观测和调查，并以所观测和调查的样本指标推断或推算总体指标的一种非全面调查方法。
二手信息资料：第二手资料包括联合国、各国（地区）政府、贸易协会及其他组织公布的资料，企业内部记录和报告以及从各种渠道得到的间接资料。
第一手信息资料：是市场营销人员直接从顾客、中间商、推销员和竞争者等方面收集得来的第一手资料。
询问法：指采取询问方式向具有代表性的被调查者了解情况，从而获取原始信息资料的一种方法。
观察法：观察法：指由调研人员直接到现场，指由调研人员直接到现场，指由调研人员直接到现场，通过工具、机器或直观方法，通过工具、机器或直观方法，通过工具、机器或直观方法，观察被调查者观察被调查者的行动和表情，收集原始资料。
实验法：实验法：指在一定的小范围市场指在一定的小范围市场指在一定的小范围市场（样本空间）（样本空间）（样本空间）内，对某一购买行为进行实验性的内，对某一购买行为进行实验性的统计性观察，从而了解其因果关系的一种重要方法。
2.国际市场营销调研主要包括哪些内容？答：国际市场营销环境调研：国际自然环境；人口资源；国民收入；各国社会和文化；国际政治环境；国际经济环境。
国际市场的消费者调研：消费者调研；消费量调研。
(完整版)《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈；国际市场的吸引力；政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策；科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈；国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱和状态，企业为实现产品的竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资；2.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系和区别？国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动；一)国际营销与国内营销的联系1．基础的共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以指导国内营销活动，又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念的一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上是一致的，都以“市场观念”作为指导原则，以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一是指满足消费者和用户对商品或服务在使用价值上的需求；二是指满足消费者和用户的心理需求。
由于观念的一致性，企业的国内外营销活动也具有一致性，即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1）企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己的目标市场，即要有特定的用户作为自己的买主；（2）企业提供的产品和服务，不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场的需求；（3）企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面，都必须便于顾客购买；（4）及时为顾客提供信息和满意的售后服务，以满足现实顾客和潜在顾客对商品和服务的多种需要。
3．经营的延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定的联系。
就其经营发生的过程来看，国际营销是国内营销的延伸。
粗略说来，企业先从事国内营销，再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就是说，企业发展国际营销，一般都有一个渐进的过程。
国际市场营销课后习题答案.
《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国营销。
国营销是指国市场为企业唯一的经营围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国消费者、国供应商、国竞争者。
其公司在国从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时，国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场，使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
李爽《国际市场营销》(第2版)-课后习题答案[33页]
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课后习题答案第一章导论一、单选二、判断三、多选四、简答1．国际市场营销的含义是什么？答：国际市场营销是指企业根据市场国消费者的消费习惯与需求，将产品和服务提供给国外的消费者的跨越国界的营销行为。
国际市场营销的本质是企业通过为国际市场上的消费者提供满足其需要的产品和服务从而获得利润的经营活动。
国际市场营销相对于国内市场营销更具有复杂性、风险性、困难性等。
2．国际市场营销的基本理论有哪些？答：国际市场营销与市场营销一样，是以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础，融合现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以应用于国内的市场营销活动，又广泛运用于国际市场营销之中。
以消费者的需求为中心，经历了一个由生产观念到市场观念，从以生产者为中心到以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心的发展过程。
国际市场营销是国内市场营销的延伸。
3．如何理解国际市场营销的概念？答：国际市场营销的本质是企业通过为国际市场上的消费者提供满足其需要的产品和服务从而获得利润的经营活动。
国际市场营销相对于国内市场营销更具有复杂性、风险性、困难性等。
因为国际市场营销是企业在国际市场进行的，由于各国的经济、政治、文化等方面都存在一定的差异，因此市场需求千差万别。
企业在进行国际市场营销活动时，必须充分调研各国的商业政策和市场特点，营销决策应因地制宜，尊重各国的文化特点。
4．市场营销学与国际市场营销学的区别。
答：国际市场营销与国内市场营销所面临的环境大不相同，因此，从事国际市场营销和从事国内市场营销时也存在较大的区别，具体表现在以下几个方面。
1．国际市场营销面临的环境更复杂。
国内市场营销在本国范围内进行，面临的是一种比较单纯的市场环境结构，它是由企业营销人员比较熟悉的所在国的政治、经济、法律、文化等市场环境构成。
国际市场营销所面临的市场环境则是多层次的复杂结构。
2．国际市场营销面临的不确定因素更多。
由于国际营销面临的营销环境具有复杂性和多变性，使得国际市场比国内市场有更多的不确定因素。
《国际市场营销》课后习题参考答案
《国际市场营销》课后习题参考答案学习情境一走进国际市场营销一、简述题１．试区分国内市场营销、国际贸易与国际市场营销。
答：（1）国际市场营销与国际贸易的主要区别是：角度不同，范围不同，流向不同，对象不同。
（2）国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比，除了跨国性、异国性、多国性以外，更有复杂性、风险性、激烈性的特征。
２．试讨论国际市场营销学发展的不同阶段。
答：企业国际市场营销的发展同世界经济一体化及本国市场经济的发展是紧密相连的，其发展演变经历了一个过程，即国内市场营销→出口营销→国际市场营销→多国营销→全球营销。
从现实看，众多国家的企业仍处于国际市场营销阶段，少数发达国家的跨国公司已进入全球营销阶段。
３．试述几种国际市场营销观念的区别。
答：在西方国家企业的营销活动中，先后出现了五种营销观念，即生产观念、产品观念、推销观念、市场营销观念和社会市场营销观念。
在市场国际化、全球化、竞争激烈化的发展形势下，国际市场营销新观念也应运而生。
（1）生产观念：生产观念是以产品生产为中心的观念。
（2）产品观念：产品观念也是以产品生产为中心，但它认为：消费者并不是仅关注买得到和买得起的产品，更欢迎那些质量高、性能好、有特色、价格合理的产品。
（3）销售观念。
销售观念是一种以产品销售为中心的观念。
它认为：只要企业努力做好产品推销，消费者就会购买。
（4）市场营销观念。
市场营销观念是一种以消费者的需求为中心的经营思想。
它认为企业的一切活动都应以消费者中心，满足消费者的需求是企业的责任。
（5）社会营销观念。
社会营销观念是一种以社会利益为中心的市场营销观念。
它认为：企业不仅要考虑消费者的现实需求，更要考虑潜在需求；要善于引导消费，在获取效益的同时，还要考虑生态效益和社会效益。
４．你认为中国５００强企业应如何开展跨国营销活动？答：我国企业在国际营销中存在的问题是体制上、观念上等多方面复杂因素相互作用的结果，要解决这些问题，需要政府和企业共同努力采取相应的对策。
国际市场营销学课后习题答案
国际市场营销学课后习题答案1、国际市场营销学：是一门研究以国外顾客需求为中心、从事国际市场营销活动的国际企业经营管理的科学。
2、国际市场营销学与市场营销学、国际贸易学的区别与联系是什么？答：国际市场营销学与市场营销学的关系与区别联系：①理论基础相同②经营理念相同③市场边界的扩大区别：①国际市场环境更加复杂②国际市场营销面对更多不确定因素③国际市场营销方案更多样化④国际市场营销的难度更大国际市场营销与国际贸易的联系与区别联系：①国际贸易是国际市场营销的先导。
②企业的国际市场营销是国际贸易的一部分。
区别：①经营主体不同②商品的流通形态不同③经营动力或行为动机不同④评价经济效益的信息来源不同⑤国际市场营销活动的作业流程比国际贸易更加复杂3、企业开展国际市场营销的动因是什么？答：⑴国内市场竞争激烈，利润微薄促使企业走向国际市场⑵企业走向国际市场以延长其产品的生命周期⑶国际市场需求潜力大、机会多⑷对低成本的追求⑸对东道国丰富和廉价资源的吸引⑹本国政府的支持和鼓励⑺东道国市场环境和基础设施条件的吸引4、国际市场营销的发展过程是什么？答：⑴国内营销阶段⑵出口营销阶段⑶国际市场营销阶段5、国际市场的研究内容有哪些？答：研究对象：国际市场需求、国际市场营销活动、国际市场营销规律研究内容：国际市场营销环境、国际市场的选择、国际市场的调研、国际市场营销规划与组织、国际市场营销信息系、国际市场营销策略、国际市场竞争战略。
第二章1、国际政治环境：是指东道国直接或间接影响和制约国际市场营销的各种政治因素的集合，其内容主要涉及政府与政党体制、政府政策和政治风险。
2、国际法律环境：影响国际企业开展国际市场营销活动的法律主要有国内法律国际法律和东道国法律构成了国际法律环境。
3、如何评估国际政治环境？答：⑴专家调查法⑵实地考察法⑶利用驻外专家调查法⑷利用国际咨询机构法⑸政治体制稳定指数（PSSI）法4、采取什么措施以防范国际政治风险？答：⑴回避策略⑵保险策略⑶当地化策略⑷建立合资企业策略⑸树立良好的企业形象策略⑹积极参与东道国经济建设策略5、国际商务争端的解决途径有哪些？答：（1）协商：是指在发生商务争端之后，各方当事人约定在自愿互谅互让、相互妥协的基础上，依据相关法律和合同条款的规定，达成各方都能接受的解决方案。
国际市场营销课后习题答案.doc
《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国内营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国内营销。
国内营销是指国内市场为企业唯一的经营范围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国内消费者、国内供应商、国内竞争者。
其公司在国内从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时，国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场，使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案讲课稿
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案1.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈；国际市场的吸引力；政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策；科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈；国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱和状态，企业为实现产品的竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资；2.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系和区别？国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动；一)国际营销与国内营销的联系1．基础的共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以指导国内营销活动，又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念的一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上是一致的，都以“市场观念”作为指导原则，以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一是指满足消费者和用户对商品或服务在使用价值上的需求；二是指满足消费者和用户的心理需求。
由于观念的一致性，企业的国内外营销活动也具有一致性，即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1）企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己的目标市场，即要有特定的用户作为自己的买主；（2）企业提供的产品和服务，不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场的需求；（3）企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面，都必须便于顾客购买；（4）及时为顾客提供信息和满意的售后服务，以满足现实顾客和潜在顾客对商品和服务的多种需要。
3．经营的延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定的联系。
就其经营发生的过程来看，国际营销是国内营销的延伸。
粗略说来，企业先从事国内营销，再逐渐发展到国际营销。
国际市场营销学课后答案chapter 1 outline
CHAPTER 1Scope, Concepts, and Drivers of International Marketing1.Please Give the overview of Chapter 12.Please describe the Levels of International Marketing Involvement3. What are the Drivers in the Business Environmen t?4. Please mention some Obstacles to Internationalization5. Please complete the following terms:a. Domestic Marketing:b. Global Marketing:c Polycentric Orientation:d Geocentric Orientation:e Regiocentric Orientation:Levels of International Marketing Involvementpanies have different degrees of commitment to international involvement; thefour levels of commitment are:a.Domestic marketing: The firm has the least commitment to internationalmarketing, with a focus solely on domestic consumers and on the home-country environment. Yet, even the local company cannot avoid the impactof the international environment on its operations: The home-countryenvironment is affected by events in the international environment and byinternational competition.b.Export marketing: The firm is indirectly or directly involved in exporting.While the firm seeks international clients, it considers the international marketto be a simple extension of the domestic market.c.International marketing: The firm has substantial focus on internationalconsumers in one or more countries. The firm has sales offices orsubsidiaries in different countries or is an active partner in alliances with localcompanies. However, the firm’s international activities ar e not coordinatedacross different countries. An international company has on of twophilosophies toward internationalization: polycentric (decentralized, nocoordination with firms in other countries) or regiocentric (with a region-widemarketing approach).d.Global marketing: The firm coordinates its marketing activities acrossdifferent countries without focusing primarily on national or regionalsegmentation. The strategy is possible due to the emergence of uniformglobal consumer segments and it entails an efficient global allocation ofcompany resources.Drivers in the Business Environment:petition: Competitive pressure from international companies will force thecompany to expand to new markets, even less profitable ones. (Example: McCannErickson advertising agency followed, until recently, its client Coca-Cola around theworld).2.Regional Economic and Political Integration: Involves lowering or eliminating barriersbetween neighboring countries and promoting trade within each regional market.Integration facilitates international trade for companies in member countries, and forcompanies from countries outside of the area.3.Technology: Media development exposes consumers worldwide to foreignprogramming. The Internet offers small and medium enterprises in both high- andlow-income countries unlimited international exposure. Technology offers a broadreach to these businesses whose advertising budget cannot cover the high cost ofinternational broadcast and print advertising.4.Improvements in the Transportation and Telecommunication Infrastructure:Improvements in telecommunications have lowered costs and allowed faster andmore efficient methods of communicating across borders. Outsourcing of customerservice to other countries has become more popular due to improvements intelecommunications. Efficient and fast travel allows for frequent interaction betweensubsidiaries in foreign countries and the headquarters. The introduction of containersin intermodal transportation and electronic communication between suppliers andcustomers greatly facilitates the transportation of physical goods.5.Economic Growth: Attributed to the emergence of a strong middle class in largemarkets. Economic growth created markets of high potential for international brands,while also opening previously closed markets.6.Transition to a Market Economy: The opening of previously closed markets inCentral and Eastern Europe and in China, and the subsequent deregulation andprivatization of former government monopolies created important new marketopportunities for international brands.7.Converging Consumer Needs: Consumers’ exposure to global brands createddemand for global products and worldwide loyalty to international brands. Theemergence of uniform consumer segments facilitates marketing strategies worldwide.Consumers, in their travels, learn of new product offerings and request them fromhome-country retailers, thus generating pull demand.Obstacles to Internationalization - Companies attempting to establish international presence are likely to encounter obstacles both from within the company and from the outside environment. Among the barriers to internationalization that companies face are the self-reference criterion, government barriers, and international competition.Domestic Marketing: Marketing that is focused solely on domestic consumers and on the home environment.Global Marketing: International marketing activities that do not have a country or a region focus and that are possibly due to the emergence of global consumer segments and efficient global allocation of company talent and resources.Polycentric Orientation: Company strategies predicated on the assumption that each country’s market in unique and should be addressed individually, with a country-specific marketing mix. Geocentric Orientation:Regiocentric Orientation: Company strategies that view world regions as distinct markets that share economic, political, and cultural traits that will respond to a region-wide marketing approach.REVIEW QUESTIONS:True/False1.True2.True3.True4.False5.FalseMultiple Choice1. C2. C3. A4. C5. B。
国际市场营销学(顾春梅)习题与参考答案(新)
第一章国际市场营销学导论1、名词解释1.答：国际营销是指企业向一国以上的市场提供产品或劳务，在满足市场需求的基础上实现更大的经济利益的跨越国界的经济活动。
2.答：多国营销是指企业开始将国外市场作为目标市场，有计划地、系统地运用国际营销手段开拓国外市场。
3.答：全球营销是指企业将全球市场作为整体，从世界范围来筹划企业的营销行为，以求得企业的综合竞争优势，实现全球利益最大化。
4.答：跨国经营是国际营销的高级阶段，它是指企业向国外市场直接输出资本，通过在当地设立子公司或分支机构等形式，在国外直接从事产品的生产经营活动。
2、简答题2.答：国际营销活动的发展经历了出口营销→多国营销→全球营销等阶段。
出口营销、多国营销、全球营销是国际营销在不同发展阶段的活动，它们既有区别，又有联系。
4.答：国际营销与国内营销的基本原理相同，但由于国际营销活动需要跨越国界在一个完全陌生的环境下进行，使国际营销要比国内营销更为复杂和困难。
国际营销与国内营销的差别主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）营销环境的差异性。
由于企业的营销活动从国内市场延伸到国外市场，市场环境发生了很大变化。
（2）营销系统的复杂性。
构成国际营销系统的主要参与者，有的来自本国，有的来自东道国，还有的来自第三国。
而在国内市场上，这些参与者大多来自本国，因此营销系统较为简单。
(3)营销过程的不确定性。
由于环境差异，使各国的消费需求存在显著差异，从而使国际营销人员无法确切地把握国外市场的需求水平、需求构成、需求心理等，难以为之提供合适的产品、制定合理的价格、构建通畅的分销网络，也难以取得理想的促销效果。
(4)营销管理的困难性。
国际营销管理的任务不仅在于把每一个国家的市场营销活动搞好，还需要对其在各国营销业务进行统一规划、控制与协调，使母公司和分散在世界各地的子公司的营销活动成为一个整体，实现总体利益最大化。
6.答：(1)进入国外市场。
企业通过技术转让和对外直接投资等方式，将产品生产转移至市场国或不受贸易壁垒限制的第三国，以避开关税和非关税壁垒，使产品顺利进入该国市场。
《国际市场营销学》第一章习题参考答案
1.解释下列概念：答：市场营销：市场营销是创造、传播、传递和交换对顾客、客户、合作伙伴乃至整个社会有价值的产品和服务的一系列活动、机制和过程。
国际市场营销：国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动。
国际贸易：国际贸易是指国家之间进行的有形商品、无形商品及服务的交换活动。
多国营销：当企业进入国际市场营销后，为了适应各国市场不同的需求而实行多国市场营销战略，即企业为每一个国家制定一种营销战略，以适应每个不同条件的国家的需要。
全球营销：企业营销在全球范围全面展开—利用全球资源，包括资本、技术、管理、人力资源，为全球顾客服务。
出口营销：目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
营销战略观念：指导企业开展国际营销活动的观念、态度、思维方式和商业哲学。
即研究某企业以何种观念和态度来处理国际营销活动中所涉及的国外顾客、企业本身及社会各方面的利益问题。
2.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？答：一、国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈。
二、国际市场的吸引力。
三、政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策。
四、科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提。
我国企业走向国际市场的动因是：一、国内市场竞争激烈。
二、获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术。
三、利用两种资源与两个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资。
四、在国际市场营销活动中，我国具有一些优势行业和产业。
3.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系与区别？答：国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动。
国际市场营销和国内营销的联系在于：国际市场营销学的基本原理和方法同基础市场营销学无多大差异。
许多指导国内企业营销的原理和方法，诸如市场营销调研、消费者行为分析、选择目标市场、营销组合策略、营销战略计划、营销管理等，均可以用来指导国际市场营销活动。
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《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国内营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国内营销。
国内营销是指国内市场为企业唯一的经营范围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国内消费者、国内供应商、国内竞争者。
其公司在国内从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时，国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场，使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
（3）国际营销。
这是企业进入国际市场的第二阶段，国际营销把国内营销策略和计划扩大到世界范围。
在国际营销阶段，企业往往将重点集中于国内市场，实行种族中心主义或本国导向，即公司不自觉的把本国的方法、途径、人员、实践和价值采用于国际市场；此时，国内营销始终是第一位的，产品出口只是国内剩余产品向国外的延伸，大多数的营销计划制定权集中于国内总公司。
国外经营所采取的政策与国内相同。
随着企业从事国际营销的经验日益丰富，国际营销者日益重视研究国际市场，实行产品从国内发展到国外的战略。
（4）多国营销。
多国营销是指同时在很多国家或地区开展营销活动。
这是企业进入国际市场的第三阶段，也是企业国外营销逐渐成熟时进行的营销活动。
在这一阶段，企业的导向是多中心主义。
多中心主义是假设世界市场是非常不同和独特的市场，企业要获得营销的成功，必须对差异化和独特化市场实行适应的战略。
这一阶段产品的战略是适应各国市场的战略。
（5）全球营销。
全球营销是把整个世界市场作为一个单一的市场，制定单一的营销策略与计划开展营销的活动。
全球营销一般指20世纪80年代以后。
这一时期，科技革命使产业结构发生深刻变化。
这是企业跨国经营的最高阶段。
它以全球为目标市场，将公司的资产、经验及产品集中于全球市场。
全球营销是以全球文化的共同性及差异性为前提的，主要侧重于文化的共同性，实行统一的营销战略，同时也主义各国需求的差异性而实行地方化营销策略。
全球营销实行以地理为中心导向，其产品战略是扩展、适应及创新的混合体。
三、案例分析题1.从海尔的发展历程可知，海尔国际化的三个步骤分别是国内营销即首先着力于打造国内知名品牌，其次是进行多国营销，最后是实现全球营销。
2.通过阅读海尔集团国际化的过程，给我们的启示有：要注重进行国际化营销，开拓市场，不断提高自己产品的市场竞争力。
在国际化的过程中，最为重要的是企业内部应该具有一套完善的管理理念和体系。
同时，还要不断进行创新。
3.国际市场营销企业发展的一个高级阶段，是国内市场营销的延伸和扩展。
4.国际市场营销与市场营销的区别（1）市场营销环境和背景不同。
这是国际市场营销同国内市场营销的最主要差异。
国际市场营销环境和背景与国内市场营销不同主要体现在文化背景的差异上，不同国家的社会文化背景不同，风俗习惯、教育水平、语言文字、宗教信仰、价值观念差异也很大，各种社会力量的影响程度也有差别，不同国家的法律、政策也有很大的区别。
由于环境的影响而形成了不同国家的消费者的消费方式和需求的侧重点不同，因此，对同一产品或信息的理解也就不同，这就直接影响到产品的设计、产品被接受的程度、信息传递的方法、分销和推广的措施等。
（2）市场营销组合策略有区别。
国内市场营销只面对国内不可控的环境因素，市场营销组合策略相对要简单些、容易些。
国际市场营销活动受双重环境，尤其是各国环境的影响，使营销组合策略复杂得多，难度也大得多。
（3）国际营销战略及营销管理过程更复杂。
由于各国营销环境差异大，各国消费者需求又存在着巨大差别，国际营销战略计划要多种，营销管理过程更加复杂和困难。
如制订国际营销战略计划及进行营销管理，既要考虑国际市场需求，又要考虑市场竞争状况，还要考虑本公司的情况。
如果是多国公司，需要考虑企业的决策中心对计划和控制承担的责任应当达到什么程度，其分支机构对计划和控制承担的责任又应达到什么程度等等。
（4）利用资源，获得比较优势的程度不同。
企业从事国内市场营销通常是利用本国资源，在本国生产，并在国内市场销售。
国际市场营销一般是在国内市场营销的基础上发展起来的，国内市场营销往往是国际市场营销的先导。
在国际市场营销中，由于资本、资源、技术服务的广泛流动性，生产一种产品可以是第一国的资源，第二国的资本，第三国的技术，第四国的劳动力等等。
国际市场营销使资源在二个或二个以上的国家进行配置，强调发挥不同国家的特长，组合成一个有竞争力的综合产品。
这种国际上各种要素的组合可以提高效益、降低成本，获得比国内市场营销中更大的比较优势。
（5）市场营销过程的风险性程度不同。
环境的差异性和系统的复杂性，必然给国际市场营销过程带来许多不确定因素，使之比国内营销更具风险性。
国际市场营销的不确定性几乎在每一个步骤中都明显地表现出来，如环境的差异是各国消费者的需求有很大的差异；系统的复杂性也可能改变企业市场营销活动对目标市场国的影响力，此外，国际市场营销中的产品设计、汇率变化等导致产品设计的弹性空间加大、影响价格的的因素增加，不确定性加大。
因此，国际市场营销的风险程度远远超过国内市场营销的风险程度。
5.海尔国际营销战略分析（1）海尔的总体战略。
海尔开拓国际市场采取的是三个三分之一的战略。
三分之一的产品内销；三分之一的产品国内生产海外销售；三分之一的产品海外生产,海外销售。
海尔进入国际市场没有采取在海外设立派出机构的做法,而是积极建立国际市场网络,利用当地经销商现有的网络。
（2）海尔的进入战略。
海尔自称其国际化战略采用的是“先难后易”战略,即先进入国外最讲究、最挑剔的市场,占领制高点,然后居高临下进入其他国家市场。
（3）海尔的当地化战略。
海尔在美国市场上的竞争目前采用的基本上是当地化战略。
它在洛杉矶建立了“海尔设计中心”, 在纽约建立了“海尔美国贸易公司”、在南卡罗莱纳建立“海尔生产中心”, 在美国形成了设计、生产、销售三位一体的经营格局。
这样做的主要目的是为了更好地了解美国市场, 更快地针对市场变化做出反应。
（4）海尔的品牌战略。
海尔要做的是有国际竞争力的国际品牌运营商, 创国际名牌是海尔的主要目标。
因此宣传海尔品牌是海尔在美国的一项重要任务。
第二章国际市场营销环境一、单项选择题A B二、多项选择题ABD ABCD ABCD ABCD三、判断题√×××四、简答题1.试述国际市场营销的分析思路与方法。
在营销实践中，营销人员可以使用表2.1所示的营销环境分析思路表进行分析判断（可以根据个人理解增加或减少有关因素）。
具体做法为：对表中所列内容由大类到小类，有小类到因素逐个分析，并对相关重要的因素进行深入分析。
随着经济、社会、科技等诸多方面的迅速发展，特别是世界经济全球化、一体化过程的加快，全球信息网络的建立和消费需求的多样化，企业所处的环境更为开放和动荡。
这种变化几乎对所有企业都产生了深刻的影响。
正因为如此，环境分析成为一种日益重要的企业职能。
下面介绍一个常用的环境分析方法——SWOT分析法。
SWOT英文字母代表：Strength（优势），Weakness（劣势），Opportunity（机会），Threat（威胁）。
SWOT分析企业（单位）的优势、劣势、机会和威胁。
从整体上看，SWOT可以分为两部分：第一部分为SW，主要用来分析内部条件；第二部分为OT，主要用来分析外部条件。
因此，SWOT分析实际上是将对企业内外部条件各方面内容进行综合和概括，进而分析组织的优劣势、面临的机会和威胁的一种方法。
其中，优劣势分析主要是着眼于企业自身的实力及其与竞争对手的比较，而机会和威胁分析将注意力放在外部环境的变化及对企业的可能影响上；但同时，外部环境的同一变化给具有不同资源和能力的企业带来的机会与威胁却可能完全不同，因此，两者之间又有紧密的联系。
2.经济的发展经历了哪几个阶段？美国学者罗斯顿(W.W.Rostow)根据他的“经济成长阶段”理论，将世界各国的经济发展归纳为6种类型：第一阶段：传统社会。
处于该阶段的国家，生产力水平低，未能采用现代科技方法从事生产，识字率低，无能力进行建设。
第二阶段：起飞前夕。
该阶段是经济起飞阶段的过渡时期。
在此阶段，现代科学技术知识开始运用于工农业生产。
运输、通讯、电力、教育、保健等公共事业已开始发展，只是规模还小，不能普遍实行。
第三阶段：起飞阶段。
这一阶段大致已形成了经济成长的雏形，各种社会设施及人力资源的运用已能维持经济的稳定发展，农业及各项产业逐渐现代化。
第四阶段：趋于成熟。
处于该阶段的国家，不但能维持经济的长足发展，将更现代化的科技应用于各种活动中，而且能多方面参加国际营销活动。
第五阶段：高度消费阶段。
在这一阶段，主要经济部门开始转向生产耐用消费品和服务。
实际人均收入达到较高水平，大量居民拥有相当规模的可自由支配的收入。
第六阶段：追求生活质量阶段。
从高消费阶段向追求生活质量过渡是人类社会发展中，继起飞后又一重大的突变，其意义在于这是人类历史上第一次不再以有形产品的数量多少来衡量社会成就，而以劳务形式反映“生活质量”的程度作为衡量社会成就的新标准。
3.影响国际市场营销的社会文化环境因素有哪些？（1）语言文化及其影响①语言文化影响国际营销谈判②语言文化对国际营销策略的影响③语言文化对商务沟通的影响（2）宗教信仰①宗教节日影响企业的营销活动。