现代操作系统Modern Opera System -3e-01

Server Operating Systems
• Run on servers Servers: Large PC workstation Mainframe Server OS serve multiple users at once over a network and allow the users to share hardware and software. Servers provide print service, file service, Web service Internet providers run server machines to support their customers and Websites use servers to store the Web pages and handle the incoming requests. Eg: Solaris, FreeBSD, Linux, Windows server 200X
•
Mainframe Operating Systems(2)
Batch system A batch system is one that processes routine jobs without any interactive user present. Eg: processing in an assurance company Sales reporting for a chain of stores Transaction processing system A transaction processing system is one that handles large numbers of small requests. Each unit of work is small, but the system must handle hundreds or thousands per second. Eg: Check processing in a bank Airline reservations
Transistors and Batch Systems (1)
Figure 1-3. An early batch system. (a) Programmers bring cards to 1401. (b)1401 reads batch of jobs onto tape.
Transistors and Batch Systems (2)
Figure 1-4. Structure of a typical FMS job.
ICs and Multiprogramming
•Multiprogramming is the rapid switching of the CPU between multiple processes in memory. It is commonly used to keep the CPU busy while one or more processes are doing I/O.
Figure 1-6. Some of the components of a simple personal computer.
CPU Pipelining
Figure 1-7. (a) A three-stage pipeline. (b) A superscalar CPU.
Multithreaded and Multicore Chips
The Operating System as an Extended Machine
Figure 1-2. Operating systems turn ugly hardware into beautiful abstractions.
The Operating System as a Resource Manager
Managing all these components requires a layer of software – the operating system
What Is An Operating System (2)
Figure 1-1. Where the operating system fits in.
Mainframe Operating Systems(3)
Timeshareing Timesharing systems allow multiple remote users to run jobs on the computer at once. Eg: Querying a big database
MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS
Third Edition ANDREW S. TANENBAUM
Chapter 1 Introduction
What Is An Operating System (1)
A modern computer consists of:
• • • • • One or more processors Main memory Disks Printers Various input/output devices
History of Operating Systems
Generations: • • • • (1945–55) Vacuum Tubes (1955–65) Transistors and Batch Systems (1965–1980) ICs and Multiprogramming (1980–Present) Personal Computers
• •
•
Allow multiple programs to run at the same time Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and other resources Includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two different ways: • In time • In space
Figure 1-8. (a) A quad-core chip with a shared L2 cache. (b) A quad-core chip with separate L2 caches.
Memory (1)
Figure 1-9. A typical memory hierarchy. The numbers are very rough approximations.
•Windows Me(Millennium edition)(another version of Win98 ,2000.9)
•Windows XP (upgraded version of Windows 2000)(2001) •Vista (2007.1)
Computer Hardware Review
Figure 1-3. (c) Operator carries input tape to 7094. (d) 7094 does computing. (e) Operator carries output tape to 1401. (f) 1401 prints output.
Transistors and Batch Systems (4)
The Operating System Zoo
• • • • • • • • • Mainframe operating systems Server operating systems Multiprocessor operating systems Personal computer operating systems Handheld operating systems Embedded operating systems Sensor node operating systems Real-time operating systems Smart card operating systems
Memory (2)
Questions when dealing with cache:
• • • When to put a new item into the cache. Which cache line to put the new item in. Which item to remove from the cache when a slot is needed. Where to put a newly evicted item in the larger memory.
Figure 1-5. A multiprogramming system with three jobs in memory.
ICs and Multiprogramming(cont.)
•Spooling( Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line) Input spooling is the technique of reading in jobs, for example, from cards,onto the disk, so that when the currently executing processes are finished,there will be work waiting for the CPU. Output spooling consists of first copying printable files to disk before printing them, rather than printing directly as the output is generated. •Timesharing A kind of OS •Typical OS UNIX Linux
•
Disks
Figure 1-10. Structure of a disk drive.
I/O Devices
Figure 1-11. (a) The steps in starting an I/O device and getting an interrupt.
Baidu Nhomakorabea
Buses
Figure 1-12. The structure of a large Pentium system
Mainframe Operating Systems(1)
• • • • Used for the mainframe operating systems Differring from personal computer is their high I/O capacity Processing many jobs at once Most of them need prodigious amounts of I/O Offerring three kinds of services: Batch Transaction processing Timeshareing Eg. OS/390
Personal Computers
•CP/M (Control program for Microcomputer)(1974-1982)
•DOS(Disk Operating System)->MSDOS(1982-1995)
•Windows95 (16 bit system)(1995.8) •Windows98 (16 bit system)(1998.6) •Windows NT (32 bit system)(1993-1998 V3.1-V5.0Beta2) •Windows2000 (Windows NT5.0)(2000.2)