Satan 撒旦人物分析
浅析撒旦在弥尔顿《失乐园》中的形象
龙源期刊网 浅析撒旦在弥尔顿《失乐园》中的形象作者：何其琪来源：《资治文摘》2017年第04期Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse written by British poet John Milton in the17thcentury。
John Milton first shapes a negative character Satan as a hero in the field of literature。
It subverts the conventional concept and integrates social ideals firmly。
Satan is not only an unyielding and rebellious hero but also a degenerate and cunning conspirator。
In this story，the formation of the double images of Satan makes the ideological content of the story sublimated。
Satan and his followers intend to fight against God。
They hold a meeting to discuss whether to have an adventure at the risk of life or not in order to rebuild their paradise。
Satan bravely volunteers to explore the new world race。
He insists on being against God on condition that his followers are begging for forgiveness。
简述失乐园中撒旦的形象外国文学
简述失乐园中撒旦的形象外国文学有人认为，撒旦是人类失去乐园的祸根，最终受到上帝的惩罚。
但作为一个魔鬼，撒旦不是一个击即溃、头脑简单的傻瓜，否则耶稣所受的考验就称不上奇迹了。
对付人类，撒旦一计不成又升一计，所以人类上了他的当。
在天堂，他也同样不甘寂寞，首次谋反被打入地狱仍不甘心，甚至更加疯狂地鼓动再次造反，向“独揽大权，肆虐天庭”的上帝“进行一场永不调和的战争”。
的确，撒旦的演说慷慨激昂，非常精彩，制造出一派不战不休的气势。
如果我们把它与其创作时的历史背景联系起来，上帝才是一个专制、施暴者的化身。
因此作者从撒旦的形象上隐藏着作者对革命势力的悲哀，以及对暴君者们的嘲笑和讽刺。
在诗歌中，塑造了撒旦这一叛逆者的革命形象，作者以撒旦为资产阶级革命的代言人，颂扬了反叛专制暴政的资产阶级革命思想，而最终撒旦在对上帝的对抗中失败，从而失去天堂的乐园，寓意着资产阶级革命的失败和封建势力的复辟。
作者在感情上对撒旦的失败和受到的惩罚表达了同情之心，因为撒旦的失败和受到的惩罚，很像资本主义受封建权威的压迫。
但是由于诗人是一个虔诚的教徒，在理智上并不允许他对撒旦持肯定态度，这就造就了撒旦矛盾形象的另一面，也就是撒旦本性里恶的一面的表现。
撒旦的英雄形象主要表现在前两部，那是叛逆者的英雄气概。
诗人的宗教信仰决定了撒旦最后的命运，凡是违抗上帝旨意者，最终都会受到惩罚的。
人类也是如此，亚当和夏娃受到撒旦的诱惑，违背了上帝的旨意，最终被赶出了伊甸园，但是人类的被驱逐和撒旦的被驱逐也是有区别的。
亚当和夏娃在走出伊甸园时，他们对于自己的行为怀着深深的忏悔之心，圣子给予了他们启示，天使为他们指点未来，只要他们诚心忏悔，最终是会得到上帝的原谅的，他们是满怀着希望地走向了另一个世界。
而撒旦的结局却是迥然不同的，那是他罪有应得的，这是因为撒旦选择了孤注一掷的卑劣的报复，并且没有为他的报复行为产生悔恨之意。
在成功地诱惑了人类，使无辜的人类受到上帝的惩罚时，撒旦欢呼自己的胜利，但是此时他却发现，他以及他的徒众都变成了令人厌恶的蛇，也使我们最终认清了撒旦的真实面目，他依旧是一个邪恶的魔鬼，这也是撒旦在《失乐园》中最后的形象。
《失乐园》中对撒旦人物形象的全面分析
A comprehensive analysis of Satan in Parasise Lost张煜婷西北师范大学外国语学院甘肃省安宁区西北师范大学蓝天公寓1号楼302室 730070AbstractIf ancient Greek mythology can be compared to the rich soil of western literature, the Bible can definitely be regarded as the rhizome of western literature, which has absolutely influenced the western literature extensively and profoundly.Literary outputs about the characters and their stories in the Bible also appeared in the English literature of the 17th century, among which John Milton's long verse-- Paradise Lost undoubtedly becomes the most holy name. The role of Satan has become a stylish symbol of complex connotation in the literature history after Milton’s recreation. This thesis aims to try to analyze the character comprehensively from the following several angles.Key words: Paradise Lost Milton Satan character AnalysisForeword:The political circle of England the in 17th centry was under a turbulent condition thus the comparatively tempestuous political status turns out to be nutrient-rich soil which suitably breeds the literature. We can safely draw the conclusion from certain perspective that litterateurs prefer to put their faith in the pursuit of the spiritual realm when they cannot make their ideal demands cannot be fulfilled in the real world. In a manner of speaking ,Milton can definitely be included in this category，which contains all these writers who have run their heads against a stone wall in the real world and then indulge themselves in the spiritual realm to get themselves satisfied and entertained. Milton is just such kind of persons,He exactly created and finished the work –Paradise Lost of his literary outputs when the Republic is bombed into oblivion because of Charles II’s vast and mighty restoration of dethroned monarch and he has to finish such a great work despite of his blindness. So to speak, Paradise Lost is not just the masterpiece among Milton’s literature work, but also the representative works of significanceof the English literature in the 17th centry. The rebellion of Adam and Eve and also the rebellion of Satan composed the two plot lines of the narration, but as the only man alive in the entire article, Satan has absolutely been regarded as the definite representative of Soul Man in English literature of this period. John Milton has shaped diversity of outstanding images in his long verse Paradise Lost , among which, the image of Satan has got the most praise from all around and has been regarded as the most controversial character at the same time.For different people tend to choose different ways to interpret and get various conclusions, this thesis will set forth the image interpretation in the following ways.First: the embodiment of evil natureThere used to be some kind of Erroneous zone when analyzing the image of Satan, these analyzers turned out to tend to magnify the heroism of Satan without limitation. They always hold the point that Satan is nothing but a definite hero without any disputes. Any interpretation of an image in literature should not be separated from the text itself and surmise wantonly, we should analyze the characters based on the original, only in this way can we get scientific and reasonable interpretation.At the beginning of the story in Paradise Lost, Satan has once said that: “Our task is definitely not doing good, and do you want to find the only way to get pleasure? Let us do evil! Even if it has to suffer, I am still sure that it is the only way.”It not difficult to get the perspective that John Milton had drew a final conclusion of Satan, he is no means a hero no matter what kind of heroic deeds he had done. Because Satan as himself, the embodiment of evil, all the starting points of all his behaviors are based on evil, and all the final objectives of his actual deeds are to achieve the evil goals. And also the figure of Satan, his embodiment of evil expression also can be found in what he does and how he behaves. In most parts of the paradise lost most description of Satan focus on how he takes advantage of human beings and then take revenge to the almighty God. Just like the image of Zeus in the Greek mythology whose daughter Athena was born from his head, Satan gave birth to his daughter from his head and named her Crime. It seems that his daughter Crime represents the word “evil”, she always appears together with the crime and evil, and was presented to all the human beings exactly before their eyes. Perhaps all these indicated that it is inevitable to become the crime as the daughter of Satan，theembodiment of the devil nature. Bad things usually cannot be stopped easily. Things happened much worse than what you can imagine. Satan committed incest with his charming daughter and gave birth to the one called Death. Milton by means of shape the character of Satan as the nature of guilty, tends to deliver such a message that if you cannot resist tempt of the evil, you are doom to suffer the death because of the crime that comes along.Second: The history of a hero’ corruptionThere used to be many significant comments from a lot of professionals in varety of disciplines.Among all these comments,the comment of the English wirter and reviewer,C. S. Lewis has commented in cassic words:from a hero to a general,then from the general to a politician,then from the politician to a nark,and then from the nark to a rascal ,who can only take a furtative glance from the bedroom or bathroom, and then becomes a toad and at last he turns to be the snake –that is the corruption process of Satan. Satan used to be an angel origrnally but he was endowed the complex emotions and eversating human desire. That exactly is what makes him possess intense human nature.He can put up with rosing the battle, but when he saw his companions were burned by the fire,his tels run like a bubbling spring .Even if he can not resist the weakness from his inner heart , he can not take control his own emotions at this moment and he can not help to letting the human nature which hides deep his tough body break out .He is bold and generous, but he sometimes can allso feers his regret and des peration. He hate the brilliant sun,because the bright and shining sun reminds him of his quondm glory.All these reflects his human sense.But at the same time he wanted to take the place of the god and build his own empire. He used to regard himself as benchmark of measuring all the things on the earth and treated himself as the core centre of the universe,and whatever he does and no matter he behaves, he should be forgiven obvilusly, the character of Satan is not a hero without faults.It is not difficult to get the meassage he is a contradictory image.The image of Satan, which was depicted John Milton was not only an outstanding and distinct character filled with rebellion spirit but also a trahic charater.Conceit brutallity and indulgence have made his life totally out of control. Satan himself has to live in tragedy.The corruption of Satan makes himeself suffer and he can never be forgiven. He can not turn to anybody to confess his guilty and he has no means to liberate himself and that is the destiny of the tragic image of Satan.In the end parts of the long verse, the image becomes more negilible ,insignificant and obscene,until he becomes a disgusting nuisance snake with his mouth chewong bitter ashes in his mouth. But what we have to point out is that ,Satan is a betrayer with nobel beauty. He is a typical representative who are unwilling to become a lacker, who are reluctant bowing to the authorites. He doed not want to comply with the God without any principles. He wants to be the God of himself and is filled with the spirit of rebellion. When he was driven out of th paradise and thrown into the fire of hell, he is still suffused with persevering spirit, he is still brimming with tough will, he is also full of resentment. And he has swore to continue to omnipoten with the almighty God who can never be challenged and suspected.Reading all his barve words and seeing his behaviors to conquer all these difficulties by taking advantage of his unbending volition, we can not help ourselves to come to realize that Satan maybe is the real leading character in this long verse and may have reflected the image with the freedom of will.Satan belongs to such kind of people, who has unswerving will and the fervent heart of revenge, who never give up struggle and rebellion. he is indomitable ,emulative and he is never discouraged. He is a rebellion hero who fight for equalty and liberty and a revolutionist who dares to set up with the unyieling and unbending fight towards the majesty paramountcy. and we also can not deny the fact that his a man who lusts for power, who is self-important and presumptuous and there is no doubt that he is a reprobate who has fallen dowm. He is the mixture of both rational principles concurrent ideology. He indeed was fighting for equalty and liberty and he is also gets his behaviors restrained by the truth.John Milton’s Paradise Lost can definitely be defined as profundity ,dignity, rectification and exquisiteness. The long verse was regarded as the greastest art work in the English literature, and it is the art work which is seldom can be encountered. And in the world literature history ,the Paradise Lost can compare favorably with Divine Comedy and Faust. This masterpiece bring the image of Satan to the eyes of all these people, vividly and integratedly. This image seems to haveheen paid more attention to and he is so mature, with flesh and blood. He was shining at first and started to dink down when he was evicted from the Garden of Eden. In a word, his image is so vivid and unforgettable.Under Milton’s writing,Satan at first was a real hero, that is what has nothing to be doubted. His heroism lies in the fact that he dares to challenge the majesty paramountcy and the struggling spirit that has left out. He lead these rebellion angels to do battle towards the God in order to overturn his dictatorial rule. Satan was the first person who have the minds to doubt the God’s authority. He do not want submit to someone blindly ,he is unwilling to submit ,he doed not throw in the sponge and what more he always keeps his chin up. He has a long head and has planned in advance ,aiming to get the best results.Satan was depicted as the embodiment of evil nature, we cannot overlook the quality of heroism shined on him, especially in the first two volumes in Paradise Lost, even when he was expelled out from the Garden of Eden after his failure of rebellion Satan still raised his arm and shouted to his followers:”Even if we are swallowed by the flames of hell, our will, our stubborn vengeance, our burning hatred which is rather hotter than the hell fire, they will continue to be our spear and shield, and make us all-conquering and invincible!”It is terribly hard for us to imagine such impassioned manifesto comes out from the mouth of Satan, the embodiment of evil. If we examine this paragraph of words vindicating himself separately, it much more seems like that a hero are still righteously indignant while speaking despite of his meeting with a misfortune. It is also strange that but it deliberately happens that the appropriate verse which was widely used to praise these heroes who fight for freedom and liberty and turns out to set themselvesin the adverse situation precisely comes out from the mouth of Satan who was the embodiment of evil nature. So we can safely draw the conclusion that there do exist some shining points on the character of Satan, which in deed has some effect in cheering us up. This image embodied not only heroic spirit but also lofty beauty. Satan has been shaped to the real hero. Some scholars think that Satan represents erotic feeling and imaginative soul. They hold the point that the writer portrayed Satan incisively and vividly when compared to the description of the angels and the God. Maybe this can be definitely regarded as the proof that the writer stand on the side of the devil while he was not aware of that himself. No matter how many comments on the image of Satan, and no matter how fierce these comments conflict, we have to admit that this character of Satan was shaped successfully as an artistic image. Especially when he was expelled out of the paradise and thrown into the hellish sea of fire, he was still suffused with persevering spirit and swore to continue to confront with the almighty God. But the image of evil hero exists only in the first two volumes in the Paradise Lost, with the plot development going on, when the key point of this poetry has been transferred to the Garden of Eden,all these shining points in Satan diminished without leaving even a track, because the head-on confrontation with the God has been changed to the indirect revenge to the God by attacking the human beings created by the God. Satan, he used to be tall and strong, pretty and handsome, he was the king among the angels. He has the illustrious status , only inferior to the God. Even he was expelled out of the Garden of Eden to the hell, his declaration of fighting against the God continuously still shocked the whole world.When he determines to change the Garden of Eden to the second battle ground, his image changed dramaticly, he becomes a toad, which was uglyand nasty, and at last he turned to be a disgusting snake. The previous image which was gallant and stalwart died away, leaving no evidence of his once existence. There is no doubt that definitely how a glittery hero transforms himself and come down in the world to a “coward” that everybody feels shamed to mention. In the same manner, the original praise of the rebellious spirit was taken place by the sad calls of the hero in his late life.And all these forms the best Portrayal of one hero’s corruption history. And all these make Satan a dominant one among all the representative individuals who were the most completed and detailed and that is also where the charm lies in.Conclusion:In a manner of speaking, hundreds of year later, the writer-Milton had passed way and he cannot speak any more , he cannot unscramble the character images any longer to the live people. Then the text becomes the only analysis foundation. The image of Satan comes into our eyes visually with the intrinsic quality of evil and also together with the corruption of a hero. That’s what we should regard as the principle and benchmark when we try to interpret the image comprehensively.参考文献：[1]弥尔顿.失乐园[M].上海:上海译文出版社.1984.[2]李进超.撒旦:丑恶的魔鬼与叛逆的英雄——从《圣经》到弥尔顿的《失乐园》[J].天津大学学报(社会科学版).2010(04)[3]郝春雨.约翰·弥尔顿《失乐园》撒旦的人物性格浅析[J].佳木斯教育学院学报.2011(05)[4]施密特. 基督教对文明的影响[M].北京: 北京大学出版社,2004.[5]哈罗德·布鲁姆.西方正典[M].江宁康译.南京: 译林出版社,2005.[6]弥尔顿.失乐园[M].长沙: 人民出版社,1987.[7]威廉·布莱克.布莱克诗集[M].上海: 上海三联书店,1999.[8]唐梅秀.布莱克对弥尔顿的误读[J].天津外国语学院学报, 2005(6).[9]常艳莉.浅析约翰·弥尔顿《失乐园》的创作目的和革命主题[J].东北农业大学学报,2007(5).[10]马克思恩格斯. 论文学与艺术[M].北京：人民出版社,1982。
路西法和撒旦
路西法和撒旦路西法（Lucifer）和撒旦（Satan）是基督教中两个知名的恶魔形象，经常被用来描述邪恶的力量和堕落的本质。
虽然这两个名字经常被混淆使用，但实际上它们代表着两个不同的实体，各自有着独特的特征和背景。
要理解这两个恶魔形象的真正含义，我们需要深入探讨它们的起源和历史。
首先，让我们了解一下路西法。
根据基督教经典《圣经》中的记载，路西法最初是一个由上帝造就的天使，居住在天堂中。
他的名字在希伯来语中意为“光明之子”，象征着他在天堂的光辉形象。
然而，他因为对上帝的傲慢和觊觎上帝的地位而被驱逐出天堂，从此成为了堕落天使的领袖。
路西法的堕落使他变成了恶魔，他在地狱中继续引诱人类堕入邪恶之中。
撒旦，又被称为魔鬼，是在基督教中被描绘为邪恶的神秘存在。
与路西法不同，撒旦没有起源于天堂，而是作为神创造的上古生物之一，在地狱中孕育而生。
《圣经》中描述撒旦是造成人类堕落的元凶，他背离了上帝的旨意，并诱惑了亚当和夏娃吃下禁果，从而犯下了原罪。
虽然路西法和撒旦在基督教教义中都被描述为邪恶的存在，但它们的角色和形象略有不同。
路西法通常被描绘为一个美丽而迷人的堕落天使，他具有智慧和诱惑力，能够引诱人类走上邪恶之路。
撒旦则被描绘为一个丑陋和恶毒的存在，以阴险和破坏为乐。
不同的形象反映了他们对人类的诱惑方式和目标的不同。
关于路西法和撒旦的形象，还有许多文化作品中的描绘和想象。
不少文学作品中，这两个恶魔形象被用来探讨人性的黑暗面和内心的恶意。
例如，弗兰克·贝尔（Frank Bealer）的畅销书《撒旦小姐：拯救西消失的孩子们》描绘了一场关于人类灵魂与恶魔之间战斗的故事，引人深思。
此外，路西法和撒旦的形象也经常在电影和电视剧中出现。
经典的电影《罗斯玛丽的婴孩》中，撒旦的形象被描绘为一个邪恶而有力量的存在，给主人公带来了巨大的痛苦和苦难。
而在电视剧《Supernatural》中，路西法则是一个让人们闻风丧胆的堕落天使，他被描绘得非常复杂而又有吸引力。
撒旦的文学原型与象征-2019年文档资料
撒旦的文学原型与象征众所周知, 古希腊文明深刻地影响了西方文艺的发生和发展而另一支文明――古希伯莱文明对西方文化的影响同样不容低估。
作为希伯莱文明的集大成作品一一《圣经》，它不仅仅是一部民族的宗教历史典籍, 它还是一部艺术性和思想性极强的文学名著。
《圣经》中塑造的神和人的形象成为各种原型, 不断地在日后的文艺作品中出现, 构成丰富的人物画廊。
其中有一个形象非常独特且影响深远, 甚至可以说在任何一部文学作品中都可以看到他的影子, 这个形象就是魔鬼撒旦(Satan) 。
据《圣经》记载, 撒旦曾经是上帝座前的六翼天使,负责在人间放置诱惑, 后来他堕落成为魔鬼, 被看作与光明力量相对的邪恶、黑暗之源。
撒旦作为恶的原型, 其形象和作为多次出现在《圣经》文本中: 旧约创世记第三章的蛇, 就是代表撒旦; 约伯记第二章第一节特别提到, 在神面前控告约伯的是撒旦; 历代志上第二十一章第一节也提到, 是撒旦令大卫数点以色列人的;撒迦利亚书第三章又说,撒旦在神面前与约书亚作对。
新约里也有不少经文都见证撒旦的存在:每一位新约作者都提到撒旦; 基督自己就提过撒旦二十多次。
新约旧约都提到不少撒旦的名字, 有时称为路西弗,有时称为基路伯, 有时称为蛇等等, 这些都是撒旦这个原型人物存在的证据。
撒旦不仅存在, 还有独特个性。
《圣经》中的人物形象塑造普遍简约, 撒旦的性格约有三方面比较突出: 曾经的智与美的化身――以西结书第二十八章第十二到十五节描写未堕落前撒旦在神面前拥有崇高的地位, 天上的美物环绕他, 他称为受膏遮掩约柜的” , 他在神面前拥有至高的尊荣。
以赛亚书第十四章第十二节提到, 他是至高的天使, 称他为“明亮之星、早晨之子” ; 强烈的贪欲――以赛亚书第十四章十四节写道: 第十三、你心里曾说“我要升到天上, 我要高举我的宝座在神众星以上我要坐在聚会的山上, 在北方的极处; 我要升到高云之上, 我要与至上者同等”。
[1] 五个“我要”极言其贪; 诡诈――他定意要打败基督做“至高者” , 在神的宝座上建立他的宝座, 超过其他天使, 所以挑拨离间人神关系, 诱惑人类。
弥尔顿失乐园中撒旦的形象分析
Th’ inferal serpent; he it was whose guile, Stirred up with envy and revenge, deceived The mother of mankind, what time his pride Had cast him out from Heaven, with all his host Of rebel Angels, by whose aid, aspiring To set himself in glory above his peers, He trusted to have equal’d the Most High, If he opposed, and with ambitious aim Against the throne and monarchy of God, Raised impious war in Heaven and battle proud With vain attempt.
论《失乐园》中satan的形象
论《失乐园》中satan的形象商业故事ＢＵＳＩＮＥＳＳＳＴＯＲＹ１３０企业文化?Ｃｏｍｐａｎｙｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ摘要：本文以《失乐园》作品中的satan 为研究对象，首先介绍了《失乐园》这部作品的主要内容；接着综合分析了satan 的人物形象；接着又展现出satan 的转变过程；最后揭露出satan 具有的隐喻意义，包括诗人自身的隐喻意义，社会背景下的隐喻意义。
希望可以为satan 的人物形象研究提供有价值的参考意见，为《失乐园》这部作品的阅读进行一定的点拨。
关键词：《失乐园》 satan 人物形象转变过程隐喻意义引言：文通过详实的论述，揭示了失乐园中不一样的撒旦形象。
作品《失乐园》中的撒旦形象具有太多争议，有人说他是自由主义的代表，有人说他终究改变不了是恶魔的本质，他的反抗与抗争，只是他权利与野心的外加战袍，他狂妄的言辞，虚假光辉的外表，哗众取宠的主张无一不说明他虚弱而又邪恶的本质，其的堕落与原罪，则体现的是内心深处的野心和欲望，是劣根性的外在表现。
作为读者，只有抓住人物形象的本质，才能更好地理解作品。
一、《失乐园》中主要内容《失乐园》是十七世纪著名诗人弥尔顿所著具有史诗级意义的长诗，与其其他两篇《复乐园》《力士参孙》并称为其代表作，而其中《失乐园》是世所公认的具有代表性的充满反抗意识追求自由主义的新时期作品。
其以《圣经》作为原型，借用其中的上帝、撒旦、亚当和夏娃作为原型，讲述了原为大天使的撒旦不满于上帝的统治，与上帝进行了长达三天三夜的斗争，在斗争失败被投入地狱之后决心复仇，引诱人类始祖亚当和夏娃偷食禁果从而被投入地狱的故事。
在《失乐园》中，弥尔顿在前六卷中具体详尽的描述了上帝与撒旦的矛盾与斗争，并在第六卷中描述了上帝与撒旦长达三天三夜的大战过程；而在后半部分中则讲述了上帝创造人类万物的过程以及撒旦决心报复的心理过程的产生，最后亚当和夏娃没有经受得住诱惑，无视上帝的警告偷食禁果被逐出乐园的全过程。
宗教词汇解析~关于魔鬼之名
撒旦(Satan)，圣经中的恶魔（或称魔鬼撒旦），反叛耶和华的堕落天使（Fallen Angels）。
他曾经是上帝座前的六翼天使,负责在人间放置诱惑,后来他堕落成为魔鬼,被看作与光明力量相对的邪恶、黑暗之源。
(1)“撒旦”，于西伯来文中，乃敌对者、剧毒的光辉使者……等之意。
(2)“撒旦”之名，并非一个实名，仅为号称。
(3)“撒旦”一词，意味著“最恶的”之意，乃形容词化身的名词。
魔鬼撒旦，是一个普及的错误观念，与基督教等的刻意误导。
整体说起来，“撒旦”一词从来都不是一个存在的名字，仅仅为一个“恶”的代名词与形容词，意味著“行恶事的人”、“背道而驰的敌人”等等。
当“撒旦”二字成了史诗中那有名的堕落者的代名词后，其实也只仅仅代表了他是“最恶的”、“恶极的”──从来都不是该者在堕落后的名字。
称作“撒旦”的人选一般被大家称为“撒旦”的人选有四：1.“晨星”路西法（Lucifer）2.“古蛇”萨麦尔（Samael）3.地狱六君王4.撒旦叶在谈路西法或萨麦尔之前，有必要在天界的历史线点出很重要的一点──那就是天堂中，出现过两次类似的叛变：第一次，是在神造世界之时，亚当和夏娃诞生于伊甸园。
第二次，则是神子耶稣于天上诞生前，大可说是约近代“西元”的零年。
Satan：撒旦，堕落之王。
圣经中没有明指撒旦就是路西法（LUCIFER）。
圣经上的记载是说撒旦原先为天使中最高位的大天使长，后来率领天界三分之一的天使叛变，“不幸”战败，被打入永劫的无底洞Abyss中，其他所有跟随他的天使则都蜕变成丑恶的形象。
据说只有Lucifer仍然保有天使光辉的六翼形象，但是圣经中并没有明显的记载指Satan就是Lucifer，在启示录第十二章(The Book of Revelation Chapter 12) 中叙述了Satan与天界的战争，但是并没有提及Lucifer这个名字。
后来种种纷争和混淆的说法，多半是与后代的文学创作者有关（如《失乐园》）。
《失乐园》中的撒旦形象对《圣经》原型的变异
《失乐园》中的撒旦形象对《圣经》原型的变异
英国文学巨匠弥尔顿的《失乐园》以《圣经》为题材，选取其中亚当、夏娃、撒旦等意象，重述了人类始祖的故事，其中撒旦是《失乐园》中争议性最强的人物。
针对撒旦形象的复杂性，本文将结合《圣经》中的撒旦原型，来探讨这一形象在《失乐园》中的变异。
撒旦变异的过程实际上是一个“人化”的过程，也是人类对恶的认识和对自我的认识经历的一个曲折的过程。
一、撒旦的变异
在《圣经》中，“撒旦”的原文是“Satan”,为“阻挡、阻挠”之义，即阻挠上帝耶和华的意志，亦即上帝的敌人。
是由堕落到人间与貌美如花的女子交合生子，给人类带来灾难的天使变异而成。
《失乐园》中的撒旦最初是上帝身边的大天使长，因为不满圣子受封即位，地位凌驾于他之上，出于嫉妒，他选择人类作为他报复上帝的武器，化身为蛇，成功引诱人类失去了伊甸园这片乐土。
除了简单的欲望催化剂外，弥氏营造出了更多使催化剂发生作用的环境。
上帝的态度，圣子的得意，撒旦的挣扎，撒旦的煽动性演说，撒旦的计谋……呈现出的是一个更立体的天使堕落的过程，更重要的是使这样一个堕落的天使具备了更多的凡人的七情六欲。
马克思在《1844年经济学——哲学手稿》中谈到，“人类本身就是属于自然的一个部分，人的审美感觉和审美能力、审美器官并不是天生的，也就是说，从‘原始的’、‘非人的’感觉变为具有审美意识，审美能力的社会的感觉是一个漫长的过程。
《失乐园》,撒旦,形象
在弥尔顿所有的著作中，《失乐园》是最复杂，最难理解的一部作品，并为其赢得了永久的荣誉。在《失乐园》中，弥尔顿通过对撒旦反抗,堕落过程的描写赋予了撒旦新的形象，也让我们重新认识了撒旦，并了解了当时的英国文化。撒旦作为《失乐园》中最具影响力人物，吸引了众多评论家的目光,引起了几个世纪的争论。撒旦是《失乐园》中颇具争议的人物，他既是一位为了平等和自由敢于向最高权威进行不屈不挠斗争的反叛英雄，又是一个利益熏心，娇矜狂妄的魔鬼；同时他还是弥尔顿关于自由意志与理性原则并存的思想观念的艺术载体，即人为了自由和理想而奋斗同时又受到真理的约束。本文除剖析撒旦的形象外，还将探究十七世纪社会背景及弥尔顿个人经历和信仰，揭开弥尔顿笔下撒旦多重形象的根本原因。
Bibliography18
1.Introduction
John Milton is one of the most famous writers during the whole English history. ForMilton’s heroic devotional practice, Zhu Weizhi praises“Miltonstands alone, shining in the generation who is not worthy of his shine.”[1:382]Of all his works,Paradise Lostis definitely a great success forMiltonwhichoccupiesaveryhigh positioninEnglishliterature.
Satan, as a major character introduced in the poem, has successfully caught agreat number of critics’ attention.The issues of whether Satan is a hero or a devil have been a lasting controversial dispute over hundreds of years. However, to analyze him in a more reasonable angle and from comprehensive factors, we can easily come to a conclusion that Satan is both a hero and a devil inParadise Lost. This thesis will be divided mainly into four parts to give a detail image of Satan and analyze the real reason for his multiple images. Part 2 and part 3 depict Satan both as a hero and a devil. Part 4 states the actual reason for Satan’s multiple images according to the background,Milton’s experiences and beliefs. The last part is conclusion which comprehensively analyzes the image of Satan discussed previously and gives constructive advices about how to make researches onliterary works.
撒旦在paradise lost里的英雄形象分析 英文
Satan’s rebel hero image in paradise lostIn the "Bible", the meaning of Satan is “to obstruct, oppose," meaning that obstruct the will of the Lord God, and he is also God's enemy. It is variation of angle and b brought mankind disaster. The symbol of Satan is dragon.And I saw an angel come down from heaven,having the key of the bottomless pit and a great cha in in his hand.And he laid hold on the dragon,that old serpent,which is the Devil,and Satan,an d bound him a thousand years,In Paradise Lost, Satan was originally a large archangel beside the god, because of his di ssatisfaction with the Son of God took the throne and has a higher status than him. Out of jealousy, he chose human as his weapon to revenge God, Satan in the guise of a serpe nt tempts Eve to pick the forbidden apple from the Tree of Life. Success lure mankind lost th e Garden of Eden this piece of paradise. In addition to the simple desire catalyst, Milton creating more circumstances which made catalysts work. God's attitude, the Son of god’s s atisfaction, Satan's struggle, Satan's provocative speech, Satan's trick ...... present a more th ree-dimensional process of an angel’s falling, more importantly, Milton make such a fallen angel with many mortal emotions of human beings.First of all, Satan in Milton’s book is considered to be a hero, there is no doubt that he represents Milton’s revolutionary ideas. He dared to fight against the highest authority and this kind of spirit show us his heroic. to fight for peace and freedom, to overthrow the dictatorship of God, he led the rebel angels to fight against with God. In the poem is Sat an who first suspects the absolute commands which are nonsense but people must blind ob ey that. So he led his troops to resist, and set wars with the God.In the first round, he failed; he did not throw in the towel and lose his spirit. He is far-s ighted and premeditated, he creates the salvo, the heaven armies are unprepared to cope wit h it in the clash, even God in heaven, also predicted that they may lose hill. After being dropped to hell, Satan knew it clearly that God is more powerful than him, but he did n ot want to lose the leadership. He got one idea that he will destroy God's plan, seeking a n indirect retaliationBut he was advocating freedom; he solicited the views of others in the hell Parliament. He struggled to find human ancestor in the Garden of Eden. He also promoted the theme of the poem. Satan thought: God and the angels were equal in the wisdom, what is the on ly difference between them is strength. God created all things was not out of kindness an d love, but for his selfish purpose ——obtain permanent sincerity and yield from everythi ng he created. Satan also believed: God is heaven tyrant, "should not hold infinite authorit y to the public”,Satan hated the kind of slavery.“…knowledge forbidden?Suspicious, reasonless. Why should their lordEnvy them that? Can do they only standBig ignorance, is that their happy state,The proof of their obedience and their faith?...”In Satan opinion, the reason that God forbid men and angels to acquire knowledge is to make mankind stay in ignorance forever, making them infinitely worship him. Moreover, t he glamorous words that Satan tempted Eve eating the forbidden fruit sounding rhetoric are a declaration of opposition to ignorance. Satan praise the wisdom tree which can make people distinguish good and evil!We also can see Satan's heroism that: at stake, he always be fearless and step forward. F or example: When the rebel leaders decided to send someone out of hell through the chao tic border to detect the actual situation of the New World, all of the rebel angels hesitate d, glanced questioningly at one another, because it will took big risk. Satan stand up with out hesitation.Satan was a hero, with courage, leadership and statesmanship. When Satan said to his frig htened companions in a powerful voice to wake them up, he reveals his heroic leader styl e. Satan is a hero, not only because he dared to resist and had the courage to pursue fre edom, but also because he show us his indomitable spirit and optimism. At the beginning of the poem, Satan lay in Fire Lake of hell and endured the torment of fire and destruct ion of suffering, but he did not lose his heart, his indomitable spirit will not be destroy. I n the famous poem, Satan expressed his feelings in this section:“…what thought the filed be lost?All is not lost; the unconquerable will,And study of revenge, immortal hate,And courage never to submit or yield,And what is else not to be overcome;That glory never shall his wrath or mightExtort from me.”From these verses we can see that Satan's spirit of optimism and determined attitude. Alth ough Satan finally failed, mentally he is a real winner.参考文献：（英）Müller U.B., Die Offenbarung des Johannes（约翰的启示录）, Güttersloh 1995（英）John Milton，Paradise lost [M] London 1667。
Satan --- Render Me More Equal撒旦人物形象分析
Satan --- Render Me More EqualParadise Lost tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven out of Eden, revealing the original sin and corruption of human through the epic majestic momentum.The poem opens with the description of a meeting among the angles. Led by the freedom-loving Satan, the mutinous angles rise against God himself, but in the battle with the hosts of angles that remained true to God they were finally defeated. Satan and his follow are banished from heavenly domains and sequestered into the nether world. But even in hell, Satan and his adherents are not discouraged. Satan chooses for his battle-ground the most perfect of spots ever created by God---The Garden of Eden, where there live in innocent bliss the first man and woman, Adam and Eve. Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and to make them instrumental in his struggle against God’s authority. So Satan sneaks into the park and uses the embodiment of snake close to human, enticing Eve and Adam to eat the forbidden fruit. Eve eats an apple from the forbidden tree and plunks another one for Adam. The poem ends in Adam’s and Eve’s banishment from Paradise. Satan and all his accomplices are condemned turning into snakes.The Paradise Lost, consisting of twelve books, is marked for its intricate and contradictory composition. Paradise Lost presents the author’s views in an allegoric religious form, and the readers will easily discern its basic idea---the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom. Satan is a successful model as an art image. In the first two volumes,he is driven out of heaven, and is thrown in the region of the flames. But he is still full of indomitable spirit,vowing to continue fight with omnipotent God.He overcomes all difficulties to achieve their plans with an unyielding will.Satan can get many readers and the Romantic poets’ praise, largely lying in the image reflects the freedom of will.The image of Satan in Paradise Lost has always been praised mostly, and regarded as the greatest controversy at the same time. Romantic poets Blake, Byron, Shelley, etc. reflected on the image of heroism and noble beauty is highly regarded. They believe that Satan is shaped as the real hero in the epic by the author--- John Milton.Before the eyes of Adam and Eve, pictures of various parts of the world are unfold, they view scenes from the history of the human race, pictures of wars, labor, people’s joys and sorrows. Although Milton is a Puritan, his Satan has the declaration of independence. Satan tell The Lord and the whole world---“Render me more equal, and perhaps /A thing not undesirable, sometime /Superior.”At last, Satan said, “The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven.”。
Paradise__Lost(失乐园中撒旦形象的分析)
Satan is comparable in many ways to the tragic heroes of classic Greek literature but, Satan's hubris far surpasses those of previous tragedies. 撒旦在许多方面相当经典的希腊文学的悲剧英雄,但撒旦的傲慢远远超过之前的悲剧。
Formerly the most beautiful of all angels in Heaven, he's a tragic figure曾经最美丽的天使在天堂,他是一个悲剧性人物The image of Satan in Paradise Lost is extremely complex and subtle. He seems to be almost heroic in the earlier portion of the poem, grand and majestic in appearance, fearless in character. 弥尔顿在《失乐园》中撒旦的形象是极其复杂和微妙。
他似乎几乎英雄在前面部分的诗,和雄伟的外观,无所畏惧的性格。
but when facing with the god`s cruel punishment, although it so heavy a burden for him to bear, he got through it, he was not scared to quivered. Instead, he made his mind to oppose god. He soon recovering from defeat and he called on all his followers to regain their courage. He told them to do good reparation to the future fight. 这会让人感觉绝望,痛苦将深化在这样的环境中。
《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性分析_英语毕业设计论文
南阳理工学院毕业设计（论文）题目：《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性分析An Analysis of the Dual Character ofSatan’s Image in Paradise Lost《失乐园》中撒旦形象的双重性分析[摘要]在约翰.弥尔顿所有的著作中，《失乐园》是最复杂，最难理解的一部作品，并为他赢得了永久的荣誉。
在《失乐园》中，撒旦的形象是最生动，逼真的，他的巨大影响力和矛盾的情感，以及其复杂性，掩盖了其他所有的形象包括上帝。
作为《失乐园》中最重要的形象，撒旦显然是令人钦佩的，而且有着巨大的影响，这种矛盾的情感吸引了众多批评家的目光，引起了几个世纪的争论。
这篇论文将要把撒旦的双重形象分成三种类型进行分析：第一种类型是把撒旦作为革命者的形象；第二类是把撒旦作为魔鬼的形象进行分析；第三类是以评论家的观点，保持中立，认为撒旦的形象，除了是由人们构想的，是抽象的以外，撒旦带给我们更多的是好与坏的混合体。
而且本论文还将要查明影响撒旦双重性格形象的因素，从分析正文看作者的写作意图；从十七世纪的社会背景看弥尔顿个人的经历和信仰。
更多的是那些潜在的读者的背景和他们独特的欣赏力，也被作者考虑在内。
所有的这些分析得出的观点是，撒旦是一个仅有的英雄和一个真正的恶魔，从他所有的看法和情感得到一个多方面的性格。
他的矛盾情感鲜明的遍及整个诗篇。
[关键词] 《失乐园》撒旦革命者魔鬼清教徒An Analysis of the Dual Character of Satan’s Image inParadise Lost[Abstract]All of John Milton’s great works. Paradise Lose is the most complicated and most profound one, which wins him endless honor. The image of Satan in Paradise Lost is supreme vivid, powerful, ambivalent and complex, overshadowing all the other characters including God.As the main character of Paradise Lost, Satan is obviously impressive and powerful, whose ambivalence catches all critics’ eyes and leads to centuries’ disputes. This dissertation will analyze the dual character of Satan’s image into three groups: The first group that the image of Satan as a revolutionist, the second group that the image of Satan as a devil, while the third group of critics, stand in the middle, seeing both sides of Satan. They identify Satan either as an abstract conception or else, more immediately, as someone who is an evil mixed with good. On the other hand, check the factors that influence his dual character of image, from the analysis of the text to the author’s intention, from the 17th century social background to Milton’s personal experiences and belief. What’s more, the potential readers’ background and individual taste will also be taken into consideration. And all these analysis lead to the point that it is too simple and arbitrary to say Satan is a mere hero or a pure devil, since he is a round character full of thoughts and emotions. His ambivalence is obviously throughout the whole poem.[Key Words]Paradise Lose Satan revolutionist devil puritanContentsIntroductionChapter 1 The Bual Character of Satan’s Image1.1 The Image of Satan as a Revolutionist1.1.1 Sadan owns the spirit of hero as a revolutionist1.1.2 Sadan’s wisdom and emotion1.2 The Image of Satan as a Devil1.2.1 Sadan is vicious and furious1.2.2 Sadan’s other wrong deedsChapter 2 Historical Factors Contributing to the Dual Character of Satan’s Image2.1 The Influence of the puritan movement2.2 The Influence of the restorationChapter 3Potential Readers’Influence on the Formation of the Dual Characterof Satan’s Image3.1 Puritans’ view of Satan3.2 Revolutionists’ idea of Satan3.3 Neutral modernists’ interpretation of SatanConclusionAcknowledgementReferencesAn Analysis of the Dual Character of Satan’s Image inParadise LostName：Li Yanyan Number：51406182 Class：065142IntroductionJohn Milton, one of the greatest poets of the English language, is a political commenter of the English Bourgeois Revolution, whose importance is acknowledged all over the world. His powerful, rhetoric prose and the eloquence of his poetry had an immense influence especially on the 18th century verse. He is the last rearguard of the Renaissance and the primary promoter of Enlightenment and he is the love of every form of human culture and the steadfast devotion to duty as the highest object in human life have shaped his entire career.Of all his great works, Paradise Lost is the most complicated and most profound one, which wins him endless honor. It is indeed the only generally recognized epic in English literature since Beowulf and a heroic poem in Renaissance style. It recounts the story of Satan's rebellion against God, and of the disobedience and fall of Adam and Eve. It deals with revolt from God, with sin and fall, and with the possible salvation. It presents the author’s views in an allegoric religious form, and readers will easily discern its basic idea—exposure of the ways of Satan and justification of the ways of God to men. It is a reflection of the reactionary forces of Milton’s time and the passionate appeal for freedom.As the main character of Paradise Lost, Satan is obviously impressive and powerful, whose ambivalence catches all critics’ eyes and leads to centuries’ disputes. Those critics can be classified into three groups. The first group mainly consists of revolutionists.They traditionally read this epic with strong political inclination,thinking Satan as the protagonist and considering him a symbol of revolution (Fowler 45). They are generally called pro-Satanists. They think Satan is infinitely superior to man, entirely different from the devil of the miracle plays, and completely overshadowing the hero both in interest and in manliness (Danielson 134). The second group is formed by the anti-Satanists. They follow the theme of sense and regard Satan’s hubris without sense as the cause of his own tragedy. They view Satan as an absolute devil, the root of our immense pain from generation to generation. Though his lingering traces of angelic nature and his assertion of implacable defiance at the beginning of the poem disguise him as a righteous liberator, it can’t change Satan’s evil nature (Huang Delin 52). He is doomed to destruction by the flaw of self-love and over-ambition. Both pro-Satanists and anti-Satanists have evidence to support their statements, but neither of them can prove their points of view with sufficient details. While the third group of critics, such as John Carey, stand in the middle, seeing both sides of Satan. They are apt to believe that Satan’s ambivalence is intended by Milton to achieve depth (Danielson 160). They identify Satan either as an abstract conception or else, more immediately, as someone who is an evil mixed with good.Based on the critics’points of view, this dissertation will analyze the dual character of Satan’s image and check the factors that influence his dual character of image, from the analysis of the text to the author’s intention, from the 17th century social background to Milton’s personal experiences and belief. What’s more, the potential readers’background and individual taste will also be taken into consideration. And all these analysis lead to the point that it is too simple and arbitrary to say Satan is a mere hero or a pure devil, since he is a round character full of thoughts and emotions. His ambivalence is obviously throughout the whole poem.Chapter 1 The dual character of Satan’s imageHistorically and traditionally, Satan is considered the symbol of evil, however, in John Milton’s epic—Paradise Lost, we can find a completely new image of him. Here he is no longer a simple-minded devil. He is a round character full of thoughts and emotions. Although in his spirit some evil genes still exist, he is gifted with more heroic characteristics. That is, Satan is a tragic villain hero driven by ambition.1.1 The image of Satan as a revolutionistRevolutionists are always courageous to fight against the uncoordinated factors of the society; they aren’t reconciled to being dictated to the mighty power. They make good use of their courage and wisdom to strike for the equality and freedom, which stand for a sound and positive society. They are confident that the victory belongs to them. In Paradise Lost, Satan demonstrates these personalities of a revolutionist in his strong desire for freedom, equality and his wisdom to fight against the tyranny of the God.1.1.1 Sadan owns the spirit of hero as a revolutionistSatan, originally called Lucifer，was one of the greatest angelic beings who serve God in Heaven. He is the most beautiful angels and God’s first-hand man, steadfast angel and the sublime grandeur of a graceful but tremendous spirit. Nevertheless, he is tired of flattering God and takes arms to fight for freedom. When being faced with God’s tyranny and mighty power, Satan doesn’t act as a coward. On the contrary, he appears even braver. He is not afraid of losing everything. Failure will only strengthen his will and his confidence.“All is not lost; the unconquerable will, /And study of revenge, immortal hate, /And courage never to submit or yield (Jin Fashen 10)” he declares, “Since through experience of this great event, /In arms not worse, in foresight much advanced, /We may with more successful hope resolve /To wage by force or guile eternal war /Irreconcilable to our grand Foe. (Jin Fashen 10)”There isundoubtedly something thrilling as he summons up his defeated powers, collects together the scatter legions of the lost angels, addresses them with words of defiance of God “Clashed on their sounding shields the din of war, /Hurling defiance towards the vault of heaven” (Zhang Boxiang 384). The sense of being lost, far from causing him to slump, propels him with furious energy. This is how fear and despair are turned into courage. Clearly, such a turning of hell to fortitude is admirable. It is no cheapening of the heroism to say that it consists in making energetic resistance out of despair. It is not that the heroism of Satan’s defiance is bogus. On the narrative level, we cannot but admire Satan’s courage in venturing into the unknown, which shows the transcendent glory by his superior courage and abilities.If we listen to Satan as he wishes to be heard, his speech asserts equality, freedom, and nobility of soul. He appears to demand a kind of heavenly democracy; hence, he sees that God disturbs freedom as the first step toward slavery. Compared with Satan, God’s feature seems much duller. He is the ruler of heaven but “holds the tyranny (Jin Fashen 12)”by saying “what I will is Fate (Jin Fashen 86)”. He has the mighty power but still doubts it while facing Satan’s defiance. He is the creator but prevents human beings from reaching the Tree of Knowledge. He is selfish. He wants to control all the creatures under fatuity and backwardness so that he could maintain his sole reign. He leaves the fallen angels to go on falling forever and has no mercy on his people. He hates everything that would challenge his power. Belial counsels acceptance of God’s will, but his acceptance is informed by fear and sloth, not by love. Their consciousness of worth and intolerance of servitude are seen when the fallen angels claim, “rather seek /Our own good from ourselves, and from our own /Live to ourselves, though in this vast recess, /Free, and to none accountable, preferring /Hard liberty before the easy yoke” (Jin Fashen 20).It is no exaggeration to say that everything in heaven has a hellish travesty. However, Satan is just the opposite there. He looks forward to equality, to freedom and to knowledge. He poses,“…Knowledge forbidden? /Suspicious, reasonless! /Why should their Lord Envy them that? /Can it be sin to know, can it be death? /And do they only stand /By ignorance? (Jin Fashen 52)” Thus, in some way, Satan has become a speaker of the human beings. What hedoes is to help people to gain wisdom and to find their true happiness. In this sense, Satan, under Milton’s description, is no longer the symbol of evil but stands for the justness, liberty and equality. He stands as republican and atheist in heaven, appealing to an aristocratic notion of established status and constitutional rights. It is the liberty for which Satan is contending and which the Father’s imposing of a new king threatens, not least by his implying that all dignities and titles are owed to the sovereign and so may be resumed or altered by him at will. From all these words, we can see the essence and virtue of a hero in Satan.1.1.2 Sadan’s wisdom and emotionAnother aspect worthy noting is Satan’s wisdom. A good example is his tempting Adam and Eve to eat fruit from the Tree of Knowledge against God’s instructions. Satan disguises himself in the shape of snake and approaches Eve (not Adam, who is more sensible) at the very time she works alone. He starts the conversation with praise for Eve’s beauty, which is woman’s favorite, then comes to the target topic, and makes the emotional Eve loss her last line of defense and cannot wait to eat the fruit and touch her bright future. Another evidence sparking is when the God announces, “Your head I him appoint; /And by myself have sworn to him shall bow /All knees in Heaven, and shall confess him Lord. (Jin Fashen 66)”, Satan’s brilliant feedback: “Who can in reason then or right assume /Monarchy over such as live by right /His equals, if in power and splendor less, /In freedom equal (Jin Fashen 68)? /our puissance is our own (Jin Fashen 70)”.This is not only a challenge to God, but also a summon for right and liberty, which is rather inspiring. What’s more, Satan is also emotional and human. For instance, when he sees Adam and Eve in love, he is moved first to admiration and love and then to pity. And at the sight of the suffering of his fellows, he bursts into “Tears such as angels weep (Danielson 168)”.Sympathy is aroused immediately by such kind of sensibility. Satan also has the determination to enjoy the happiness and share the tears together with his dear followers by promising, “Joined with me once, now misery hath joined (Jin Fashen 8)”. We do continue to admire him, not just for his bravura performance, but because we see ourselves in Satan. And rather than consider ourselves devils, we consider him human.1.2 The image of Satan as a devilAlthough Satan shows the positive character of his image, he still has some intrinsically evil genes. A leopard cannot change his spots. As the curtain rises, he is already literally and symbolically fallen: evil exists in opposition to good.“With ambitious aim”, he is “Against the throne and monarchy of God, /Raised impious war in /Heaven and battle proud with vain attempt. (Jin Fashen 4)”1.2.1 sadan is vicious and furiousPride, we are told, leads Lucifer to envy, envy to revolt, and revolt to expulsion from heaven. Looking into the following example, the motive for this slight of tongue is pride: “Our being ordain’d to govern, not to serve”, since if all are chiefs, who are the Indians (Miller 87)?If an ordination takes place, who, among equals, does the ordaining? It shows that Satan has violated the law by which he lives; his ensuing career is tragic study in the negative will bound in its own error. He tells us of feelings of pride and envy, which make Satan unable to bear the Son’s exaltation. Lifted up high, he wishes to take a higher step. However, trying to step higher from his bright eminence in heaven makes him lose his perch and the things he have had. “Lost of happiness and lasting pain torments him; /round he throws his baleful eyes, /that witnessed huge affliction and dismay mixed /with obdurate pride and steadfast hate. (Jin Fashen 6)” It is the case of self-suggested temptation and fall.The slogan of Satan’s rebellion is freedom and independence, but freedom and independence lie in obedience, not in self-assertive rebellion. We can no longer admire Satan, because he is a fool seeing his free will only in terms of self-assertion. In the unfallen world, the rule is that creation returns thanks to the creator, and this return is made freely by good will at once indebted and discharged, as Satan did before his rebellion. However, to bad will, debt becomes extortion, and the return of gratitude sticks in Satan’s throat, “in a moment quit / The debt immense of endless gratitude, /So burdensome still paying, /still to owe (Jin Fashen 42)”. In his loss, Satan speaks with a moral understanding of both the freedom of gratitude and the unfreedom of resentment. So Satan converts what is a source of gratitude and freedom into a source of resentment and constraint. In this circumstance, whatever we think ofheaven’s free love, through Satan’s eyes its goodness seems compelling; this attitude makes him more and more evil. So the study of Satan’s evil is the corruption of good. Satan has violated the conditions for true liberty. The rigid authoritarianism is Satan’s and freedom lies in faithful obedience to God. To be free is precisely the same thing as to be pious. Satan’s eagerness to justify his position as leader has ineptly undermined his stand as libertarian. Satan makes a false heroic idea. The idea of him destroys his innate goodness and makes his hero comes to seem childish.1.2.2sadan’s other wrong deedsHe is tragic, however, not just through the resonance of his anguish, but because he makes a choice that destroys him. As God is made up of all virtues, Satan is composed of contending fragments of evil. Those fragmented aspects of the devil are represented in medieval art by the seven deadly sins: wrath, pride, lust, envy, sloth, avarice, and gluttony. Correspondingly, in Paradise Lost, Belial symbolizes sloth; Mammon, avarice; Moloch, hated. The concluding episode of book2 compresses those many evils into three personalities: Satan, Sin, and Death. Respectively, they represent cause, act, and effect, and their chaotic family tree is an obvious perversion of God’s own begetting of the Son. Sin is Satan’s daughter-mistress and his act of disobedience, while Death is the outcome of their incest. The trinity—Satan, Sin, and Death—shown to the reader is the demonic one. Death sits within hell’s gate. When Satan first sees Sin and Death, he fails to recognize his daughter and to acknowledge his son. To Sin, he says he has never yet seen “Sight more detestable than him and thee” (Miller 97).Readers share his reaction as he recognizes the dim, primordial monsters as obscenities locked from the light of civilization. In recognizing Sin and Death, Satan admits to his own perverse deformity. When Satan leaps into chaos, he thinks that he has left Sin, Death, and hell behind. Only later does he realize that he himself is hell: Satan as cause contains both act (Sin) and result (Death) in his every fiber. Sin is the way to be damned, but also that a reprobate like Satan, who tries to avoid submission and punishment, can only do so through further sin, incurring further damnation and punishment, “for within him Hell /He brings, of worse deeds worse sufferings must ensue! (Jin Fashen 40)”and “Which way he fly is Hell (JinFashen 44)”. There is no room for sympathy since Satan has made the bed in which he lies.In short, Satan’s image is of dual character. By seeing from the textual level, Satan’s wickedness and heroism are crossed. On the one hand, he poses as a revolutionist fighting bravely for liberty and equality with his wisdom and emotion. On the other hand, he exposes his ambition and pride, holding a false idea of freedom and right, begetting Sin and Death, spreading evil and seducing human creatures. Satan is an archangelic being with perfect intelligence, but doomed to operate imperfectly.Chapter 2 Historical factors contributing to the dual characterof Satan’s imageA work cannot be interpreted correctly regardless of its related environment. Similarly, the vague image of Satan has its root in the turmoil of the time during which Paradise Lost was written. This part will check the factors that influence the image of Satan. It consists of examining the 17th century social background and the author’s experiences and belief for a better understanding of Satan’s image.2.1 The influence of the puritan movementThe Puritan movement, in its broadest sense, may be regarded as a second or greater Renaissance, a rebirth of the moral nature of man. The very Renaissance had been essentially pagan and sensuous, accompanied by a moral awakening especially in England, that greatest moral and political reform which ever swept over a nation in the short space of half a century. It had two chief objects: personal righteousness and civil and religious liberty, which is quite similar to the purposes of heavenly rebellion led by Satan.That was a transitional society, full of violence, revolution, tyranny and many unstable factors. People doubted about their future and their value. Some of them submitted and only lived for life’s sake, just like some angels yielding to God’s authority and flattering him to maintain their glories. But still many of them stood outand devoted all their life to the course of freedom and happiness, the same as Satan and his followers do. Milton was one of the revolutionists. He supports his motherland’s revolution against king’s tyranny for human liberty with his wisdom and sharpened pen. He works so hard against the European reactionaries in order to vindicate the action of beheading the king CharlesⅠthat he losses his sight, but even in such kind of condition, he still sticks to his struggle. He creates lots of great masterpieces to present the truth and reality with his imaginations, to encourage English people. This kind of perseverance can find its reflection in the image of Satan, since even when he has lost all the glories around him and been driven out of Heaven, he still holds on to his belief. According to the bigotry, bellicosity, obstinacy and radicalness reflected during the course of fighting for his personal pursuit, Satan is blind, but it is just in such defect where his lofty and self-respect lay (Ma Haijian). So was Milton. He is not only a pious puritan, but also a revolutionist eager to fight. He allows the revolutionary in himself to take root in Satan. The conflict between Satan and God is, in fact, the one that between the Parliaments which are on behalf of liberty---which Milton was advocating--- and the stubborn despotic royal force. The revolutionary spirit is quite obvious. Milton’s pursuance of freedom and equality is exactly that of Satan.At the beginning of the epic, Milton “assert Eternal Providence, /And justify the ways of God to man”(Jin Fashen 4), but the description of God and Heaven is totally different from the poet’s original intention. God is the symbol of authority while the angels are all obsequious without personality. Unsatisfied with God’s tyranny, Satan takes arms to challenge the authority and asserts civil right. That is quite in accordance with Milton’s attitude—people have their right either for the governor or against the governor, so long as they wish. Satan’s first challenge is to God. Though he know at the very beginning the margin between him and God, Satan is not afraid of performing the course he thought righteous. That makes his angelic image more glory and his deed more admirable. Even when Satan seduces our forefather, we do own thanks to him, for it is him who lets us become wit and experienced. The demanding of Adam “yet sinless, with desire to know /What nearer might concern him, how thisWorld /Of Heaven and Earth conspicuous first began (Jin Fashen 84)” makes us feel “wisdom at one entrance quite shut out. (Jin Fashen 30)” and doubt “is knowledge so despised? /Or envy, or what reserve forbids to taste? (Jin Fashen 58)” Satan’s great courage, rebellion spirit, perseverance and wisdom are highly praised here, which makes him the real central figure in this epic.But naturally, as a national movement, Puritan Movement had its extremes and excesses. And the intensity of the struggle against despotism made men narrow and hard. In the triumph of Puritanism under Cromwell, severe laws were passed, many simple pleasures were forbidden, and an austere standard of living was forced upon an unwilling people. Next, Cromwell conquered Ireland and Scottish, unifying the three counties. And the supreme authority was in his hands as his closest followers declared Parliament dismissed in December 1653. He thus assumed the title of Lord Protector. Another autarch had replaced the former one. The initial righteous rebellion turns to be an ambitious aggression. The Movement essentially failed, since no liberty and civil right are realized. Satan shares the same process with Cromwell. They are both preservers and destroyers. As he reins the Hell, Satan becomes more extreme and more destructive. The case is genuine heroism wrongly used in relation to himself and others. A leader of liberty is transformed to a ruler of despotism, and then is damned further.2.2 The influence of the restorationUnfortunately, in 1660, when CharlesⅡsuccessfully achieved the Restoration of the kingdom, all Milton’s labors and sacrifice for humanity were apparently wasted. He was immediately marked for persecution, and his books were burned by the public hangman. His daughter, upon whom he depended in his blindness, rebelled at the task of reading to him and recording his thoughts. All the policies that he had worked for so passionately had suddenly been abrogated. So he couldn’t help sighing with strong emotion: “If you beest he—but O how fallen! (Jin Fashen 8)” The Republic came to an end; the Restoration brought people another turbulence. The whole Britain suffered total reversal again. The failure urged Milton to soul-searching. And it was the time when God’s authority resumed, and Satan was transformed to a serpent.In literature, the Age was definitely the one of confusion. The spiritual gloom, which sooner or later fastened upon all the writers of the age, was due to the breaking up of accepted standards of government and religion. That led the literary men of the time to look backward for their golden age unconsciously. This could also be a clue to understand Satan, since Milton mixed reason in Puritanism with morality and constituted Puritan Humanism, and the thought was reflected in his Paradise Lost. As the last rearguard of the Renaissance and the primary promoter of Enlightenment, he endowed his introspection to humanism on his greatest image of Satan portrayed in this poem. Although Milton’s study of the will focused on the inner world of temptation, guilt and repentance, he treated these things not just as they borne on one’s relation to oneself or to God, but to others also. Satan’s fall corrupted others as well as himself, so no grace would be extended to him. Milton’s was a disciplined, rational, responsible moral freedom beyond the reach of most political activists. (Fowler 43)His individual emphasis is on the freedom of the disciplined life: obedience is freedom; independence is slavery. In heaven, political loyalty is religious loyalty, and Satan’s republicanism violates both. So Satan’s rebellion for freedom turns to be a path to slavery. Will is free, determined neither by divine predestination nor by subliminal psychodynamics. Satan has the free will to stand but he chooses to fall. And in Milton’s view, virtue is not cloistered innocence untroubled by passions, but rather the difficult experience of rationality, of perpetual rational choices between seductively deceptive alternatives (Fowler 37). So, no matter how just the excuses are, Satan does spread evils and bring torment to human beings. Satan’s formidable intellectual powers are engaged in what is self-deception before it turns to deception of others. The process of negation takes him from heroic denial of the order of heaven to a perverse and mean form of resistance, and ruses of concealment and self-deception re-enter in ignoble, self-corrupting forms. Here is a committed revolutionary, a supporter of regicide, who nevertheless makes his rebel angels devils.So far, Milton was lost into great ambivalence. On the one hand, instead of withdrawing from society, Milton remained social, no longer participating directly in politics, but continuing to host foreign visitors and work closely with friends andacquaintances as he produced some of his greatest writings. On the other hand, because of the force of the society, whatever he tried, he was doomed to receive more strikes and despair. He suspected of the meaning of his endeavor. So in this way we can realize why the feature of Satan is ambivalent. The author has infused his own spirits and passion into Satan’s character. Satan’s fights with God are just like Milton’s fights with the society. Satan becomes a prolocutor of the author. They both are eager for freedom and both can’t escape from the unavoidable failure. That’s the tragedy—a hero’s tragedy. To Milton, it is the reality that he hates. He has worked so hard and enthusiastically for the society. However, at the end, it was still full of hypocrisy, dishonesty and inequality. It is a great sarcasm against his efforts and his ideality. So he would miss the past glorious time and hesitate to divorce the society. That also caused the ambivalence of the author as well as that of Satan.Finally, since man is the product of the society, he is inevitably limited by it all the time. So in a society that is full of tyranny and blood-violent, the author’s good dreams are sure to be mercilessly murdered. While Satan is the embodiment of the author, he must incarnate human being’s character, which is confined to his environment. Then Satan’s evil thoughts and actions are somewhat in accordance with Milton’s psychological activities under that kind of circumstance. Neither Satan nor Milton should be damned for that, for it’s the time and ill society that caused the rebellion in man’s mind. Though Milton thought of himself as a Christian, his inner sympathies with rebellion, anger and revolution often color the poem. Milton is of the devil’s party without knowing it. Satan’s defiance of the Divine Will is indispensable to the continuance of his identity, a predicament that raises him to tragic status. All these aspects are the refraction of Milton, who is quite ambivalent both as a frustrated revolutionist and a puritan under such kind of circumstance.Chapter 3 Potential Readers’Influence on the Formation ofthe Dual Character of Satan’s Image When reading a literary work, people always read it from the study of。
论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象【优质】
An Analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost 论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象An analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost摘要约翰·弥尔顿是英语文化历史上非常有名的一位作家。
他的著作—《失乐园》是英语文化史上的一座里程碑。
在约翰·弥尔顿所有的著作中，《失乐园》是最复杂，最难理解的一部作品，并为他赢得了永久的荣誉。
他的史诗使得撒旦的形象更加生动，更加具有人性，并且使其在某些方面成为了一名特殊的英雄。
弥尔顿用了很多的语句来描写撒旦对他的追随者所做的雄辩。
撒旦追求自由，但是却不能用暴力手段得到他想要的。
这就是撒旦在弥尔顿的著作中具有一种矛盾性。
尽管弥尔顿用了一种积极的态度来描写撒旦，但是撒旦邪恶的本性却从未改变。
他的矛盾情感鲜明地遍及整个诗篇。
这种矛盾的情感吸引了众多批评家的目光，引起了几个世纪的争论。
本文通过分析撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象，使得人们获得一种不同的视角来重新审视邪恶的撒旦。
他的字句反映了他毕生所挚爱的自由，同时暗示通过暴力方式所进行的革命终将会失败，这也体现了弥尔顿自己的意志与精神。
关键词：撒旦；自由；英雄；失败AbstractJohn Milton was a very famous writer during the history of English literature. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was undoubtedly a milestone in the history of English literature. Among all of John Milton’s great works,Paradise Lost was the most complicated and most profound one, which won him endless honor. His epic made Satan more vivid more humanized and made him a special hero in some aspects. Milton wrote a lot of sentences to describe Satan’s defense for his followers. Satan sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by violence. That’s why Satan in Milton’s masterpiece had a kind of contradiction. Although Milton adopted a positive attitude to describe Satan, his evil characteristic didn’t change at all. His ambivalence was obviously throughout the whole poem. This kind of ambivalence caught all critics’ eyes and led to centuries’ disputes.By analyzing Satan in Paradise Lost,the author of this paper aims to make people obtain a different angle to revisit the evil one, Satan. His words showed his lifelong love for freedom, and implied that the revolution would be failed by violence, which also reflected Milton’s own idea and spirit.Key Words:Satan; freedom; hero; failure安阳师范学院人文管理学院本科毕业论文Contents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)1. Introduction (1)2. The Realistic Significance of Paradise Lost (1)2.1 The Presentation of Every Image of Different Classes (1)2.2 The Theme of the Whole Book (2)2.3 The Doomed Ending of Satan (2)3. The Changes of Satan (3)3.1 Satan in the Bible (3)3.1.1 The Congregation of All the Sins in Bible (3)3.1.2 Satan’s Wisdom and Emotion (3)3.2 Satan in Paradise Lost (4)3.2.1 Satan as an Independent Image (6)3.2.2 Satan’s Contradiction (7)3.2.3 The Eloquent Satan (7)4. The Reasons of Satan’s Heroic Image (8)4.1 The Heroic Image of Satan (8)4.2 The More Humanized Satan (9)5. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (11)Acknowledgements (12)1. IntroductionWhile Shakespeare was still writing his great plays, another excellent English poet was born in London. He was John Milton. John Milton, one of the greatest poets of the English language, was a political commentator of the English Bourgeois Revolution, whose importance was acknowledged around the world. Although Milton’s father was a puritan, he was a music and book lover. Puritans refer to the people who assert themselves the most rigid believers of God. What’s more he taught little Milton to enjoy music and books. Milton has received humanistic thoughts from 16th century and accepted the great science achievements of the 17th century, at the same time he had a critical attitude towards his life. He thought that science was not everything. Without justice and science, people couldn’t get peace and real happiness. Milton’s literary ambition was to write an epic and he wanted his epic to be read by people in different countries. It took Milton seven years to finish the great epic Paradise Lost. Among all of John Milton’s great works, paradise Lost was the most complex and most impressive one, which won him everlasting honor. This book told the story of how Satan fought against God and how Adam and Eve were banished from the Eden. Satan was the major character in Paradise Lost. His images were impressive and powerful. The main character of this book was intricate and contradictory. After finishing his famous poem, John Milton wrote Paradise Regained and a play telling the story of Samson.2. The Realistic Significance of Paradise Lost2.1 The Presentation of Every Image of Different ClassesIn this epic, Milton gave detailed description of every image, and as we know, the epic reflected the society Milton lived, so each image had its own presentation.Milton was a puritan, who was very loyal to his beliefs. From this book, we can sense the strong will of freedom from Milton. Obviously, God was on behalf of the authority, and he was another best description of Milton’s personalities. Some peopleagreed with Satan and regarded God as a tyrant and egoist. While other people who condemned Satan, took God as a merciful, just and lenient authority. The author also told us something from Abdiel’s mouth that the compliance with God was not servility, but the only way of getting freedom. These people who defied their superiors and stirred up a new rebellion were not servile and inferior. And as to Adam and Eve, they were tempted by Satan and punished by God, like all the common people, all the civilian class, they didn’t have the power or courage to fight against the authority, so they chose to adapt themselves to it. Because of the prominent background, the story in Paradise Lost and the Bible had a lot in common. That’s a very important reason why Paradise Lost became so popular.2.2 The Theme of the Whole BookIf you have known Milton very well, you may find out that before he wrote this epic his life was not that positive. When he lived in this world, he loved freedom very much and tried his best to get freedom. Freedom as a topic is throughout the whole masterpiece.The book has something to do with Milton’s own life experience. He was a tough guy, who never gave up his own belief and would stick to his will forever. Milton didn’t agree with the old way of teaching, which reflected his disobedience to feudalistic force, just as Satan’s rebellion against God and the conflict from heaven. “We may with more successful hope resolve to wage by force or guide eternal war, irreconcilable to our grand foe, who now triumphs, and in the excess of joy. Sole reigning holds the tyranny of heaven.”(Milton, 1667:1608)Instead of withdrawing from society, Milton still played an active role in political affairs. Although he was not going to take part in politics directly, he continued to work with friends and colleagues closely. Satan’s rebellious and heroic images were presented in Milton’s thoughts. He always sought for freedom, like Satan always took some measures to get rid of God’s control.2.3 The Doomed Ending of SatanMilton was a loyal puritan and he knew that freedom was the only way to gethappiness. And revolution was a good way to get freedom. But at last, Milton realized that the revolution at that time couldn’t get real freedom. So, to some degree, the revolution must be a failure in his opinion. What’s more, from this book we can see that Satan was the typical representative of the revolutionary class, so we can say that failure was the doomed ending of Satan. By studying English history, we knew that the puritan revolution was a failure just like Milton implied in Paradise Lost. Violence is not a good way to solve problems. Milton was a puritan. Although he was not satisfied with the Crown, he didn’t agree to use the violence way to solve the conflict, either.Maybe this point of view was not that right in reader’s eyes, but in fact, we all know that war will never bring happiness.3. The Changes of Satan3.1 Satan in the Bible3.1.1 The Congregation of All the Sins in the BibleThere were two major reasons which made Satan a complete monster in Bible. The first reason was that he seduced good people into doing evil things. The second one was his betrayal of God. If we didn’t know something about Satan and his forces, we would not have a clear understanding of basic spiritual realities of the universe. The reason why Satan became the biggest enemy of God was that he was against the foundation of the earth. His main purpose was to get the worship that only belonged to the originator, God. To most people, Satan’s major work was to be against human beings. He would try his best to destroy the mankind. What’s more, he would do it for good and without specific reasons. Fear and pride were the major motivations in Satan’s kingdom. That’s why Bible directed people to regard Satan as a devil in this universe.3.1.2 Satan’s Wisdom and EmotionSatan’s wisdom as an important aspect was worthy to be mentioned. To temptAdam and Eve to eat apple from the tree of knowledge, which was forbidden by god, Satan disguised himself as a snake. He waited silently for a good time. Once Eve worked by herself and Adam wasn’t around her, Satan would come out and approach her. Satan knew what women prefer to hear, so he normally started the conversation with praise for Eve’s beauty. Then he could get what he wanted and made the emotional Eve lose her last line of protection and couldn’t wait to eat the fruit. What’s more, Satan was also emotional. For example, when he found out Adam and Eve were in love, he was moved by their pure feelings. And he would burst into tears at the sight of the suffering of his followers. After reading this epic, we could also sense that Satan had the dream to share happiness and tears together with his beloved followers.3.2 Satan in Paradise LostJohn Milton was a great poet, thinker and political commentator of Englandin the 17th century. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was a long epic with 12 books, written in blank verse. These stories were taken from the Old Testament, such as the making of the earth, the love stories between Adam and Eve, the fallen angelsin hell plotting against God, Satan’s temptation of Eve, and the leasing of Adam and Eve from Eden. Although Satan and his adherents were driven out of heaven into hell, Satan and his followers were not discouraged. The miserable punishment, instead of rubbing off their will, makes them much angrier. The purpose of this poem was to tell people to justify the manner of God towards people. This outstanding work was the product of Puritanism, which has shown Milton’s own will and beliefs of freedom. Satan in his masterpiece was not the same as the one in the Bible and other books.In Paradise Lost, Satan was an independent image which can be studied and be discussed from a different perspective. I think the unique image of Satan was the reflection of the writer, who loved freedom and at the same time, expressed a kind of contradiction, and also the representation of the society at that time. This kind of idea has appeared in lots of articles written by Chen Weihong and professor XiaoMinghan’s two articles. (1999&2011) They both think that:1. The Satan in Paradise Lost was full of heroism, because of his defiant personality and the pursuit of freedom.2. These characteristics made Satan an eclectic image, and made God a little bit pessimistic.Xiao’s two articles showed that the unique image didn’t come from the Bible, but came from Milton himself. The words and actions Satan did in the hell and the main reason of his betrayal were the distinctive characteristics which helped Milton to describe Satan into a personalized image. The most important point in Satan’s characteristic was his strong will. No matter what kind of situation he was in, he had never changed his nature.Another writer’s composition also expressed this kind of idea, which showed that the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was vivid and impressive. Satan’s betrayal, in other words, was the indomitable will to seek for freedom, and rejection of God’s slavery. And the contradiction was also shown by him. His image was the mixture of optimism and pessimism. We all thought that the most evil person in the Bible was Satan or we can say that Satan was the aggregate of all the sins. In the Bible, Satan’s name meant obstruction and separation. He was the public enemy number one of God and he was a pervert in God’s eyes. Something like this has mentioned in Paradise Lost. According to this epic, we knew that Satan wasn’t born with sins. His sins and his resentment were coming from his free choice.Adam and Eve’s betrayal was the result of the wish for knowledge. After the punishment, they realized how to distinguish right from wrong, and started to beg the forgiveness of God. It was after the baptism of evil that the good would be more valuable. The last part was about Milton’s own idea, which has combined with Satan. Every image he had created was a reflection of different classes in the society of that time. In the paper of Huang Delin (2004), he has pointed out that Satan was Milton’s own presentation, and also, in Chen Jinxi’s article (2008), he said that the epic was thereflection of the People’s spiritual condition. Milton combined his epic with thepuritan revolution. God presented the Cromwell government or the dictatorship of England; Satan presented the force of revolution. It was Milton, who was a loyal puritan and had realized that freedom must be the basis to get the freedom, but the revolution couldn’t get the real freedom. From Milton’s point of view, the revolution must be a failure. That’s why Satan had a kind of contradiction, he loved and sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by the means of violence. These opinions have appeared at the beginning of a translation version which was translated by Jin Fashen.Lots of researches have been conducted on the images of Satan in Paradise Lost. It has left a profound and impressive influence on literature history. The author of this thesis will do a lot of stuff to do an analysis on this famous epic.3.2.1 Satan as an Independent ImageIn this masterpiece, the image of Satan was the most controversial image. The disputation about the image of Satan in Paradise Lost related to the inner nature of Satan was whether he was the hero in the epic or not. During all the literature history, tons of people thought Satan in Paradise Lost was a different image. In the first two volumes of Paradise Lost, some of Satan’s words showed he was a hero from time to time. John Milton’s Paradise Lost had a vivid description of a defiant Satan. He was banished from heaven and driven into the hell. Later, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost had been popular among people. The reason Satan could be an independent image in the epic, mostly due to his courage to show his indomitable will. After reading this masterpiece, we felt that Satan was like a hero in the earlier part of the epic. We could sense that through majesty in Satan’s appearance and fearless in his personality. However, with the story developed Satan’s image changed greatly. The most impressive nature of Satan was his contradiction. This element made the image of Satan glitter from the whole book, and became an actual part which is worth being studied.3.2.2 Satan’s ContradictionThere was a very interesting point in the whole personality of Satan, which washis contradiction, combined with wickedness and the strong will of freedom. Although Satan showed the positive character of his image, he still had some intrinsically evil genes. A leopard cannot change his spots. In this epic, although Milton was in favor of some traits of Satan, he had never tried to change Satan from a monster into a real hero: a monster is a monster.To readers, after reading the first several books of Paradise Lost, they could sense that the writer tried to describe Satan into a sympathy and friendly charac ter. On the content of this epic, besides the analysis of God’s and Satan’s personalities, there were also two points from the content of this book, which may reflect the aspects of disagreement in reader’s opinion. In the first two books of Paradise Lost, although Satan has made a good impression of hero on readers, he was still a monster as the initial story had told us. Adam and Eve made a mistake under the seduction Satan, and they suffered a lot from their mistake. The reason made Satan become such a kind of evil angle was his indomitable courage of chasing freedom.3.2.3 The Eloquent SatanIn Paradise Lost, Satan was written as a hero who insisted on his own belief and he had the courage to seek for his beloved freedom. These pro-Satanists admired Satan’s high superior nature and regarded him as the actual hero of this masterpiece.At the beginning of Paradise Lost, Satan made a wonderful speech which attracted many readers for a very long time. “That glory never shall his wrath or might. Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace with supplicant knee, and deify his power who, from the terror of his arm. Doubled his empire: that were low indeed. That was an ignominy and shame beneath. This downfall, since, by fate, the strength of God. And this substance cannot fail.”(Milton, 1667:1608)These words were powerful and clear which made Satan’s ambition became so apparent, and also reflected his fighting spirit and independent personality.Puritanism and the English Revolution were the distinguishing features of the seventeenth century. Milton realized it and he cleverly put political ideas to his pieces of art and also the images he created. Milton’s own life experiences and his pursuit of freedom caused him to endow Satan more or less with revolutionary spirit. Milton’s passion and feelings for revolution were reflected in the description of Satan and his rebellion.4. The Reasons of Satan’s Heroic ImageThe reason why people thought Satan in Paradise Lost as sort of a hero was due to his fearless. What’s more, he dared to fight against God. He always stuck to his own will, just like Milton himself. John Milton was born in a puritan family. What’s more, his childhood and the society that time gave him energy and resistance in his character, which was also easy to find from the words of Satan: “Princes, potentates, the flower of heaven, once yours, now lost. If such astonishment as this can seize eternal spirits! Awake, arise, or be forever fallen.”Though failed, Satan never gave up his unconquerable will. Here, Satan was more than just a leader in military accepting the rebel angles from angelic state, but also a smart politician using the powerful language of resistance as his weapon to fight against God.4.1 The Heroic Image of SatanPeople normally thought Satan in Paradise Lost has given a heroic impression to them. But it was a little bit of misunderstanding because of the words that Satan said in the following epic. “In The Odyssey, Homer lets Odysseus give a speech that would convince anyone they could survive the journey to the strait of Messina. Then we die with our eyes open, if we are going to die, or know what death we baffle if we can.” (Paradise Lost: 1243-1245)“Odysseus again lifts their spirits with this speech, Garcia 2 friends, have we ever been in danger before this? More fearsome, is it now, than when the Cyclops penned us in his cave? What power he had! Did I not keep my nerve, and use my witsto find a way out for us? We must now obey orders as I give them.”( Milton, 1667:1294-1302 ) Here Odysseus expressed the real capability of a hero to lead in the face of adversity.Satan as any other leaders would do, quickly reduced his partners’fear with much more powerful speeches. During the speeches, Satan talked his doubts about God’s supremacy and daringly stated they were better off where they were. “Here at least we shall be free. Here we may reign secure. Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven.’’ (Milton, 1667: 258-263)These were the most powerful nature points of Satan in the whole masterpiece. What’s more he always insisted on his personalities, such as tough bosom, independent spirit, intelligence, and the power of his own. These four points all took effectiveness on Satan, which made Satan look like a hero.4.2 The More Humanized SatanIn Bible, and from most people’s points of view, Satan was the aggregate of all the sins, but in Paradise lost, Satan became a vivid image. What he said or did touched the readers profoundly. Milton wrote Paradise Lost to show people the source of misfortune. He thought the reason why Adam and Eve made a huge mistake and lost their beautiful home was that they were not strong enough to withstand the temptation of strangers. At the end of the story, we could know that, since Adam and Eve were lured into breaking the rules of Eden by Satan and they were all published by God and were driven out of Eden, Satan began to think about what he had done to the people, and he felt so sorry about what he had done. He blamed himself for a very long time. This kind of description made Satan look not that bad, but more humanized than the Bible said.From what we have read or learned in Paradise Lost, Satan may be a devil. But he had ambitious and dreams, even sometimes he was a hero. He was a person with strong will and he delivered some powerful speeches to his followers from time to time. Undoubtedly, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was more vivid than ever before. To sum up, the image of Satan was of dual personality. By learning from thismasterpiece, Satan’s evil behaviors and heroism were crossed. On the one hand, he tried his best to fight bravely for freedom and liberty with his wisdom and passion. On the other hand, he had a wrong opinion of freedom and power even though he expressed his ambition and satisfaction.5. ConclusionThe words in Milton’s Paradise Lost reflected the Bible not only as a source of literature in western countries, but also influenced Milton greatly. we can learn something through the words of Milton. As a matter of fact, the Bible was often used to back up points of view on controversial things by poets. Since the Bible was studied by most of the people. And they used it as an authoritative source. Milton quoted a lot of things from the Bible and put them into his pamphlets.Through the history, John Milton’s Paradise Lost, particularly his description of the image of Satan has been studied by lots of people and understood in many different ways. Until now, it has been developed into all kinds of new interpretations. On the one hand, some people say that Satan was the true hero of the epic and Milton was on the monster’s side secretly. On the other hand, there are those who said Satan was a monster and Milton showed deep sympathy for God and the angels. There are also some people who interweave the two interpretations.But from the analysis of the above chapters, the changes of Satan’s character were obvious to see. And these changes make us get a much more different and much clearer picture of Milton’s own attitudes toward Satan. Milton spent all his life putting his political purpose into action.From my point of view, although Satan was a heroic image, he was not a hero. The spirit he expressed through the everlasting fighting against God made him a real fighter. And the love for freedom was the main theme which I have learned from this book. It is more than just a passage or a kind of study, but in the end, a sympathetic chord appeared during the reading. To sum up, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was vivid, ambivalent and complex, overshadowing all the other characters.Bibliography[1] Grant, N. History of literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2004.[2] John, Milton. Paradise Lost. England: Penguin Classics Press, 1667.[3]陈敬玺.论失乐园对西方史诗传统的继承与发展[J].世界文学评论，2008,21(5):58-60.[4]陈薇红.失乐园中撒旦性格的探析[J].北京科技大学学报,1997,5(4):18-23.[5]黄德林.失乐园中撒旦形象的重新审视[J].上海大学外国语学院学报，2004,6(9):33-35.[6]李颖.雄辩与双重撒旦[M].云南:云南师范大学出版社,2006:31-34.[7]刘雯.失乐园中的撒旦形象对圣经原型的变异[J].文学评析，2008,3(12):22-23.[8]陶丹玉.失乐园中的撒旦形象浅析[J].高等函授学报,1997,6(2):52-55.[9]王朝杰.浅析失乐园中撒旦的英雄气概[J].外国文学研究,1999,11(9):13-15.[10] 肖明翰.失乐园中的自由意志与人的堕落与再生[J].外国文学评论1999,5(1):13-15.[11] 朱维之.失乐园译本[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1984:57-59.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, XXX, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the teachers in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.I would finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting me without a word of complaint.以下是附加文档，不需要的朋友下载后删除，谢谢班主任工作总结专题8篇第一篇:班主任工作总结小学班主任特别是一年级的班主任，是一个复合性角色。
《失乐园》中的撒旦形象。
《失乐园》中的撒旦形象。
《失乐园》是英国文学家约翰·米尔顿创作的史诗作品，以创世纪中亚当和夏娃被驱逐出伊甸园的故事为背景。
在这部作品中，撒旦是一个重要的角色，他的形象凸显了米尔顿的独特创意和观点。
在《失乐园》中，撒旦被描绘为墮落天使，本是光明天使，却因对上帝的反抗而被逐出天堂，并成为人类的敌对者。
撒旦有着强大的智慧和魅力，他的思想和词汇使他成为引导动作的角色。
他带领其他堕落天使推翻神权统治，并利用自己的权谋和欺骗来引诱亚当和夏娃犯罪，导致他们被驱逐出伊甸园。
撒旦的形象在《失乐园》中体现了米尔顿的创新和复杂性。
与传统的宗教观念不同，撒旦在作品中成为了一个具有复杂内心和动机的角色。
米尔顿刻画了他的决心和不屈不挠的意志，以及对自由意志的坚定追求。
尽管撒旦注定要失败，但他仍然具有一定的魅力和吸引力，使人们对他的角色产生共鸣。
虽然《失乐园》中撒旦是一个堕落的角色，但米尔顿并未将他简单地描绘成邪恶的象征。
相反，米尔顿通过撒旦的形象反映了对专制统治的反抗和对自由意志的追求的思想。
这使得撒旦成为一个复杂而有趣的角色，引发了关于道德、人性和罪恶的思考和讨论。
总而言之，在《失乐园》中，撒旦的形象是一个复杂的和令人着迷的角色，他体现了米尔顿对自由、人性和道德的深刻
思考。
他的角色不仅仅是一个纯粹的反派，而是一个具有矛盾和内心动机的角色，使读者在思想和情感上都产生共鸣。
【撒旦形象下的艺术：谈《失乐园》】 失乐园撒旦形象分析
17世纪英国伟大的诗人约翰·弥尔顿的代表作《失乐园》经常被人们拿来与鸿篇巨制《荷马史诗》相提并论。
在《失乐园》这部作品中，有一个饱受人们关注与争议的人物形象——撒旦。
很多人都觉得撒旦形象是反抗专制强权与追求自由独立的化身，但不少人也认为作者结合了圣经中的一些形象——堕落和高贵这两种贯穿了整部作品的情感，塑造出了撒旦复杂的性格。
本文探讨的主要话题是撒旦形象艺术之下的艺术——《失乐园》。
一、撒旦形象的复杂性产生的历史背景《失乐园》是作者弥尔顿借用了圣经里面的故事，利用史诗一般的形式将人类最初的演变以及历史上出现的各种变革斗争刻画得淋漓尽致，相当精彩。
作者弥尔顿是一个虔诚的基督教徒，基督教所信仰的就是上帝的绝对权威，因此在弥尔顿的意识里是不会允许有任何亵渎上帝的语言和行为的，他们始终认为上帝是公平而且正义的。
可是，与此同时弥尔顿又是一个主张民主自由的革命者，他倡导民主共和，最终等来的却是王政复辟，这对他内心是很大的打击。
他需要用文字的形式去寄托自己对现实的愤怒，去宣泄内心的愤慨。
可在17世纪的英国，由于长期受到基督教文化的熏陶与渲染，人们是不能很好地接受将撒旦纯粹地刻画成一个反对上帝的英雄这样一个社会现实。
因而，在一定程度上这也为撒旦这样一个形象的悲剧结尾埋下了伏笔。
与此同时，对于中国的不少读者而言，由于受到传统文化的影响，我们一般都会把撒旦这样一个形象比喻成反对专制独裁的英雄。
虽然撒旦这样一个形象有太多的不确定性与争议性，但是拨开层层迷雾，弥尔顿刻画的这样一个形象始终是魔鬼的化身。
二、结合《失乐园》浅谈撒旦形象之下的艺术（一）撒旦艺术形象的本质上文已经有所涉及，尽管世界各国对撒旦这样一个形象存在着不同的理解，而这各种各样的观点也间接导致了其形象的复杂性。
但是，从本质上讲，撒旦这样一个形象依旧是魔鬼。
《失乐园》作品开篇不久，作者就描述了撒旦向所有的魔鬼宣布不管是做事还是受苦，但有一条我们是相当明确的，那就是行善绝对不是我们的任务，作恶才是我们唯一的乐事。
论《失乐园》中satan的形象
园》中，弥尔顿在前六卷中具体详尽的描述了上帝与撒旦的 不一样的生机与活力，所以说其笔下撒旦所具有的这种斗争精
矛盾与斗争，并在第六卷中描述了上帝与撒旦长达三天三夜 神正是弥尔顿希望自己在生活中所具有的，并且能够通过这种
的大战过程 ；而在后半部分中则讲述了上帝创造人类万物的 精神来对社会做出真正的改变。所以与其说撒旦是邪恶的象征，
的邪恶的代表，大部分的读者对其理解一直禁锢于邪恶与黑 集团的打击，但无疑这种行为是极度卑鄙和值得批判的，在失
暗，所以其负面形象一直大于正面形象。而在《失乐园》中， 败之后不能积极面对结果，并对这样的结果采取了不理智与不
撒旦的形象则不完全局限于邪恶的一面，相反的，其拥有着 光明的解决办法，这是撒旦在《失乐园》中所具有的阴暗一面，
则是故事叙述的必然，也是人物设定的需要。所以在文中的后
二、对撒旦的人物形象的分析
半部分，撒旦在斗争失败之后，由于不能接受失败的打击渐渐
（一）撒旦其人
在地狱之中萌生了报复上帝的想法，所以把目标投向了上帝所
首先，撒旦是所有人眼中的恶魔与魔鬼，是世俗所公认 创造的产物——人类。撒旦想通过这种方法来实现对上帝统治
旦作为具有反抗精神的代表，其不但拥有着自由主义的斗争
（三）撒旦的负面影响
精神也具有着人性中的阴暗面，而作者对这一角色的态度也
虽说失乐园中的撒旦据有着与其他文学形象中撒旦不一样
具有着矛盾性，一方面在前半部分体现着撒旦所具有的积极 的形象和意义，但是不可避免的，撒旦仍旧是整部失乐园中较
精神，这体现着作者的不屈奋斗意识 ；而在后半部分又对撒 为负面的形象。作为虔诚的基督教徒，诗人弥尔顿不能够将上
作品《失乐园》中的撒旦形象具有太多争议，有人说他是自由 活，撒旦的形象被诗人刻画的十分精彩，下面将就此做出详
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WHILE FAILED, HE STILL PREPARES FOR RESISTING
THE GOD.
❖Line 70-73
❖In arms not worse , in foresight much advanced,
❖We may with more successful hope resolve
FULL OF THE SPIRIT OF RESISTANCE
❖ During a meeting among the angels, Satan ,a freedom-loving deity, leads the mutinous angels rise against God .
❖ Freedom vs Dictatorship
ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTER
Satan
DUAL CHARACTER OF SATAN
❖ Historically and traditionally , Satan is considered the symbol of evil, however , in John Milton’s epic—Paradise Lost, we can find a completely new image of him. Here he is no longer a simple –minded devil. He is a round character full of thoughts and emotions. Although in his spirit some evil genes still exist, he is gifted with more heroic characteristics .
LINE 1-3
❖Nine times the space that measures day and night. ❖To moral men, he with his horrid crew, ❖Lay vanquished ,rolling in the fiery gulf.
Line 6-7 Both of lost happiness and lasting pain Torments him; round he throws his baleful eyes.
❖ Satan in the guise of serpent tempts Eve to pick the forbidden apple from the Tree of Life. And he succeeds. ❖ HOWEVER , He become a serpent after him back to hell.
❖parliament of the United Kingdom vs throne
❖ He is the only deity who has the courage and encourage angels to resist.
ANGRY
❖Angry for the punishment ❖In the battle ,with the hosts of angels that remain true to God, Satan and his followers are finally defeated. And they are banished from heavenly domains and sequestered into the nether world.
ANXIOUS
❖In hell ,amidst flames and poisonous fumes torment them. Rest can never dwell, hope never comes. ❖Facing such misery , he felt anxious.
Remorseless and proud
STAN IS A TRAGIC VILLAIN HERO DRIVEN BY AMBITION
DUAL CHARACTER
❖ Full of the spirit of resistance ❖ Angry ❖ Anxious ❖ Remorseless and proud ❖ Revengeful
❖To wconcilable to our grand Foe.
QUESTIONS
❖ Is Satan an evil or a hero ? You have your own opinions ❖ What are Satan’s main character ? Remorseless and resistance.
THANK YOU
❖ He chooses for his battleground the most perfect of spots ever created by God – the Garden of Eden. Where live in innocent bliss the first man and woman, Adam and Eve , who are allowed by God to revel in the supreme beauties of Paradise, provided they do not eat the fruit that grows on the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
❖ On the other hand , Satan and his adherents are not discouraged. His proud spirit is also not subdued. He is conspiring for the revenge .
REVENGEFUL