南开大学2008年考博英语真题整理阅读及改错试题-育明考博

南开大学2008年考博英语真题整理阅读及改错试题阅读理解Passage 1To many web-building spiders, most of whom are nearly blind, the web is their essential window on theworld: their means of communicating, capturing prey（猎物）, meeting mates and protecting themselves. A web-building spider without its web is like a men cast away on an island of solid rock，totally out of touch anddestined to starve to death. by controlpanel So important is the web to an orb-web spider's survival that the animal will continue to construct new webs daily even if it is being starved. For 16 days the starving spider builds completely normal webs. Then, as the animal gets scrawnier（憔悴的）， it constructs a wider-meshed web using fewer strands（线）. Such webs would only trap larger prey, which is more economical from the perspective of a starving spider. by controlpanel The spider stores energy by recycling web protein. It simply eats its own web each evening and reuses it to produce new silk. In studies with radioactively，labeled materials, it was found that 95 percent of web protein reappears in the next day' web. Most of the energy needed for web-building is used in walking over the strands as they are laid down．by controlpanel（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547.063 .862 TEL：四零零六六八六九七八 有售各院校真题）Scientists are impressed by the adaptability of the spider's highly preprogrammed brain, which is larger for its size than the brain of any other invertebrate（无脊推动物）．If web-building is interrupted, or if some of the existing strands are destroyed，the spider simply goes back to see where the web is left off and then finishes building a normal web. One spider will finish building the incomplete web of another. by controlpanel1. A title that would best express the main idea of the passage would be .A. Secrets of Spiders.B. Secrets of the WebC. Secrets of NatureD. A New Discovery of Scientists2. According to the passage which of the following statements is trueA. All web-building spiders are blindB. Most spiders are blindC. Only a small part of web-building spiders can see.D. All spiders can weave webs.3. Without its web a web-building spider would NOT be able to .A. walk quicklyB. see the prey clearlyC. conserve its energyD. survive4. A spider conserves its energy .A. because it constructs new webs dailyB. as it walks over the strands it laysC. by eating its own web protein and then re-using it in the new webD. by eating only in the evening5. That a spider is able to finish an incomplete web of another proves that .A. a spider re-uses its web energy to reproduce new silkB. spiders have a highly preprogrammed brainC. the web is everything to a spiderD. a spider is able to remedy a destroyed web.Passage 2Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun’s rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperaturesas high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day. by controlpanel Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight.An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst. by controlpanel6. What is the main topic of the passage?(A) Weather variations in the desert(B) Adaptations of desert animals(C) Diseased of desert animals(D) Human use of desert animals.7. According to the passage, why is light coloring an advantage to large desert animals?(A) It helps them hide from predators.(B) It does not absorb sunlight as much as dark colors.(C) It helps them see their young at night(D) It keeps them cool at night.8. The author uses of Grant’s gazelle as an example of(A) an animal with a low average temperature(B) an animal that is not as well adapted as the camel(C) a desert animal that can withstand high body temperatures(D) a desert animal with a constant body temperature9. What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?(A) They do not need to eat much food.(B) They can eat large quantities quickly(C) They easily lose their appetites.(D) They can travel long distances looking for food.10. Why does the author mention humans in the second paragraph?(A) To show how they use camels.(B) To contrast them to desert mammals.(C) To give instructions about desert survival.(D) To show how they have adapted to desert life.Passage 3Proper arrangement of classroom space is important to encouraging interaction. Most of us have noticedhow important physical setting is to efficiency and comfort in our work. College classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking. by controlpanelWe may be approaching the twenty-first century, but step into almost any college classroom and you step back in time at least a hundred years. Desks arenormally in straight row, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates. The assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious. Everything of importance comes from the teacher. by controlpanelWith a little imagination and effort, unless desks are fixed to floor, the teacher can correct this situation and create space that encourage interchange among students. In small or standard-size classes, chairs, desks, and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways. The primary goal should be for everyone to be able to see everyone else. Larger classes, particularly those held in lecture halls, unfortunately, allow much less flexibility.Arrangement of the classroom should also make it easy to divide students into small groups for discussion or problem-solving exercises. Small classes with movable desks and tables present no problem. Even in large lecture halls, it is possible for students to turn around and form groups of four to six.Breaking a class into small groups provides more opportunities for students to interact with each other, think out loud, and see how other students’thinking processes operate all essential elements in developing new modes of critical thinking.In courses that regularly use a small group format, students might be asked to stay in the small groups throughout the course. A colleague of mine, John, allows students to move aroundduring the first two weeks, until they find a group they are comfortable with. John then asks them to stay in the same seat, with the same group, from that time on. This not only creates a comfortable setting for interaction but helps him learn students’ names and faces. by controlpanel11. The primary purpose of desk rearrangement is_______.A. For the teacher to divide students into small groups.B. To make it possible for students to interact with each other.C. For the teacher to find out how students think.D. To give students more opportunities to practice speaking.12. The expression “step back in time at least a hundred years” (in Para.1) isintended to convey the idea that_______.A. College classrooms often reminded people of their college life.B. Critical thinking was encouraged even a century ago.C. A hundred years ago, desk arrangement in a classroom was quite different.D. There is not much change in educational idea over the past hundred years.13. The greatest advantage in allowing each student to find his own groupmight be that________A. The teacher saves the trouble in doing that.B. Learning is made comfortable in this way.C. The teacher can easily remember students’ names and faces.D. Brighter students can help slower ones.14. All the following statements are true according to the passage except that _________.A. New kinds of desks and chairs should be made.B. It is feasible for teacher to let students turn around and form groups of four to six even in large lecture halls.C. Classroom interaction between students is essential to the training of critical thinking.D. A comfortable environment leads to higher working efficiency.15. The author mentioned John in Para.5 in order to ________A. Create a comfortable setting for interaction.B. Give an example that students stay in the same seat throughout the course.C. Describe a good seat-arrangement mode in courses with small group format.D. Introduce an approach if learning students’ names and faces easily.Passage 4The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that，its own economic prosperity．Thus，children were valued in terms of their productivity and they assumed the role of producer quite early．Until they fulfilled this role，their position，in the structure of the family was one of subordination，and their psychological need and capacities received little consideration．As the society became more complex，the status（地位）of children in the family and in the society becamemore important．In the complex technological society that the United States has become，each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members．Consequently，viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted（多方面的）member of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian（功利的）organisms ．This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively totheir well-being．This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques．People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring onthe proper way to bring up children．It is now possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person's child by spreading the gospel（原则、信条）of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing． by controlpanelThe socialization of the contemporary child in the United States is a two-waytransaction between parent and child rather than a one-way parent-to-child training program．As a consequence， socializing children and living with them over a long period of time is for parents a mixture of pleasure，satisfaction，and problem．16．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？A）The Place of Children in United States SocietyB）The Children of Colonial North AmericaC）The Development of Cultural ValuesD）The Child as a Utilitarian Organism17．According to the author，children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their ．A）academic achievementsB）survival instinctsC）physical characteristicsD）productive roles18．What can be inferred from the passage about formal schooling in colonial North America？A）Children were taught to learn from other children's success．B）Children were taught to be more productive．C）Schooling at that time was very undeveloped．D）Teachers and parents would pay much attention to the children's psychological needs．19．Which of the following does the author mention as a cause of changes in the role of the child in theUnited States？ by controlpanelA）An increase in technology．B）The growing complexity of the child's psychological needs．C）A decrease in the child's intellectual capacities．D）The growing number of single parent families．20．According to the passage parents have become increasingly interested in ____ ．A）their children's future occupationsB）having smaller familiesC）adoptions programs for childless couplesD）child-rearing techniques(F)关于American paradox（原文没找到）改错题The second most important constituent of the biosphere isliquid water. This can only exist in a very narrow range of temperatures, since water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C. This isonly a tiny range compared with the low temperatures of someother planets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperature __1__ of the sun. by controlpanelAs we know, life would only be possible on the face of a __2__planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. __3__The earth’s supply of water probably remains quite fairly constant __4__in quantity. A certain number of hydrogen atoms, whichare one of the main constituents of water, are lost by escapingfrom the atmosphere to out space, but they are probably just __5__about to be replaced by new water rising away from the depths of the __6__ earth during volcanic action. The total quantity of water is notknown, and it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe __7__to a depth of about two and three-quarter kms. Most of it—97%is in the form of the salt waters of the oceans. The rest isfresh, but three quarter of this is in the form of ice at the Poles __8__ and on mountains, and cannot be used by living systems when __9__melted. Of the remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer __10__than 1%of the whole, there is 10-20 times as much stored as underground water as is actually on the surface. There is also a minor,but extremely important, fraction of the water supply by controlpanelwhich is present as water vapour in the atmosphere.答案：1.Let ^the 加入alone. Let alone 意为“更不用说”， 表示一种让步关系。