软件工程本科毕业外文文献翻译资料
软件工程(外文翻译文献)
外文文献资料1、Software EngineeringSoftware is the sequences of instructions in one or more programming languages that comprise a computer application to automate some business function. Engineering is the use of tools and techniques in problem solving. Putting the two words together, software engineering is the systemtic application of tools and techniques in the development of computer-based applications.The software engineering process describes the steps it takes to deelop the system. We begin a development project with the notion that there is a problem to be solved via automation. The process is how you get from problem recognition to a working solution. A quality process is desirable because it is more likely to lead to a quality product. The process followed by a project team during the development life cycle of an application should be orderly, goal-oriented, enjoyable, and a learning experience.Object-oriented methodology is an approach to system lifecycle development that takes a top-down view of data objects, their allowable actions, and the underlying communication requirement to define a system architecture. The data and action components are encapsulated, that is , they are combined together, to form abstract data types Encapsulation means that if I know what data I want ,I also know the allowable processes against that data. Data are designed as lattice hierarchies of relationships to ensure that top-down, hierarchic inheritance and side ways relationships are accommodated. Encapsulated objects are constrained only to communicate via messages. At a minimum, messages indicate the receiver and action requested. Messages may be more elaborate, including the sender and data to be acted upon.That we try to apply engineering discipline to software development does not mean that we have all the answers about how to build applications. On the contrary, we still build systems that are not useful and thus are not used. Part of the reason for continuing problems in application development, is that we are constantly trying to hita moving target. Both the technology and the type of applications needed by businesses are constantly changing and becoming more complex. Our ability to develop and disseminate knowledge about how to successfully build systems for new technologies and new application types seriously lags behind technological and business changes.Another reason for continuing problems in application development is that we aren’t always free to do what we like and it is hard to change habits and cultures from the old way of doing things, as well as get users to agree with a new sequence of events or an unfamiliar format for documentation.You might ask then, if many organizations don’t use good software engineering practices, why should I bother learning them? There are two good answers to this question. First, if you never know the right thing to do, you have no chance of ever using it. Second, organizations will frequently accept evolutionary, small steps of change instead of revolutionary, massive change. You can learn individual techniques that can be applied without complete devotion to one way of developing systems. In this way, software engineering can speed changee in their organizations by demonstrating how the tools and techniques enhance th quality of both the product and the process of building a system.2、Data Base System1、IntroductionThe development of corporate databases will be one of the most important data-processing activities for the rest of the 1970s. Date will be increasingly regarded as a vital corporate resource, which must be organized so as to maximize their value. In addition to the databases within an organization, a vast new demand is growing for database services, which will collect, organize, and sell data.The files of data which computers can use are growing at a staggering rate. The growth rate in the size of computer storage is greater than the growth in the size or power of any other component in the exploding data processing industry. The more data the computers have access to, the greater is their potential power. In all walks of life and in all areas of industry, data banks will change the areas of what it is possiblefor man to do. In the end of this century, historians will look back to the coming of computer data banks and their associated facilities as a step which changed the nature of the evolution of society, perhaps eventually having a greater effect on the human condition than even the invention of the printing press.Some most impressive corporate growth stories of the generation are largely attributable to the explosive growth in the need of information.The vast majority of this information is not yet computerized. However, the cost of data storage hardware is dropping more rapidly than other costs in data processing. It will become cheaper to store data on computer files than to store them on paper. Not only printed information will be stored. The computer industry is improving its capability to store line drawing, data in facsimile form, photo-graphs, human speech, etc. In fact, any form of information other than the most intimate communications between humans can be transmitted and stored digitally.There are two main technology developments likely to become available in the near future. First, there are electromagnetic devices that will hold much more data than disks but have much longer access time. Second, there are solid-state technologies that will give microsecond access time but capacities are smaller than disks.Disks themselves may be increased in capacity somewhat. For the longer term future there are a number of new technologies which are currently working in research labs which may replace disks and may provide very large microsecond-access-time devices. A steady stream of new storage devices is thus likely to reach the marketplace over the next 5 years, rapidly lowering the cost of storing data.Given the available technologies, it is likely that on-line data bases will use two or three levels of storage. One solid-state with microsecond access time, one electromagnetic with access time of a fraction of a second. If two ,three ,or four levels of storage are used, physical storage organization will become more complex ,probably with paging mechanisms to move data between the levels; solid-state storage offers the possibility of parallel search operation and associativememory.Both the quantity of data stored and the complexity of their organization are going up by leaps and bounds. The first trillion bit on-line stores are now in use . in a few year’s time ,stores of this size may be common.A particularly important consideration in data base design is to store the data so that the can be used for a wide variety of applications and so that the way they can be changed quickly and easily. On computer installation prior to the data base era it has been remarkably difficult to change the way data are used. Different programmers view the data in different ways and constantly want to modify them as new needs arise modification , however ,can set off a chain reaction of changes to existing programs and hence can be exceedingly expensive to accomplish .Consequently , data processing has tended to become frozen into its old data structures .To achieve flexibility of data usage that is essential in most commercial situations . Two aspects of data base design are important. First, it should be possible to interrogate and search the data base without the lengthy operation of writing programs in conventional programming languages. Second ,the data should be independent of the programs which use them so that they can be added to or restructured without the programs being changed .The work of designing a data base is becoming increasing difficult , especially if it is to perform in an optimal fashion . There are many different ways in which data can be structured ,and they have different types of data need to be organized in different ways. Different data have different characteristics , which ought to effect the data organization ,and different users have fundamentally different requirements. So we need a kind of data base management system(DBMS)to manage data.Data base design using the entity-relationship model begins with a list of the entity types involved and the relationships among them. The philosophy of assuming that the designer knows what the entity types are at the outset is significantly different from the philosophy behind the normalization-based approach.The entity-relationship(E-R)approach uses entity-relationship diagrams. The E-Rapproach requires several steps to produre a structure that is acceptable by the particular DBMS. These steps are:(1) Data analysis(2) Producing and optimizing the entity model.(3) Logical schema development(4) Physical data base design process.Developing a data base structure from user requirements is called data bases design. Most practitioners agree that there are two separate phases to the data base design process. The design of a logical database structure that is processable by the data base management system(DBMS)d escribes the user’s view of data, and is the selection of a physical structure such as the indexed sequential or direct access method of the intended DBMS.Current data base design technology shows many residual effects of its outgrowth from single-record file design methods. File design is primarily application program dependent since the data has been defined and structured in terms of individual applications to use them. The advent of DBMS revised the emphasis in data and program design approaches.There are many interlocking questions in the design of data-base systems and many types of technique that one can use is answer to the question so many; in fact, that one often sees valuable approaches being overlooked in the design and vital questions not being asked.There will soon be new storage devices, new software techniques, and new types of data bases. The details will change, but most of the principles will remain. Therefore, the reader should concentrate on the principles.2、Data base systemThe conception used for describing files and data bases has varied substantially in the same organization.A data base may be defined as a collection of interrelated data stored together with as little redundancy as possible to serve on or more applications in an optimal fashion; the data are stored so that they are independent of programs which use thedata; a common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data within the data base. One system is said to contain a collection of data bases if they are entirely separate in structure.A data base may be designed for batch processing, real-time processing, or in-line processing. A data base system involve application program, DBMS, and data base.One of the most important characteristics of most data bases is that they will constantly need to change and grow. Easy restructuring of the data base must be possible as new data types and new applications are added. The restructuring should be possible without having to rewrite the application program and in general should cause as little upheaval as possible. The ease with which a data base can be changed will have a major effect on the rate at which data-processing application can be developed in a corporation.The term data independence is often quoted as being one of the main attributes of a data base. It implies that the data and the application programs which use them are independent so that either may be changed without changing the other. When a single set of data items serves a variety of applications, different application programs perceive different relationships between the data items. To a large extent, data-base organization is concerned with the representation of relationship between data items and records as well as how and where the data are stored. A data base used for many applications can have multiple interconnections between the data item about which we may wish to record. It can describes the real world. The data item represents an attribute, and the attribute must be associated with the relevant entity. We design values to the attributes, one attribute has a special significance in that it identifies the entity.An attribute or set of attribute which the computer uses to identify a record or tuple is referred to as a key. The primary key is defined as that key used to uniquely identify one record or tuple. The primary key is of great importance because it is used by the computer in locating the record or tuple by means of an index or addressing algorithm.If the function of a data base were merely to store data, its organization would be simple. Most of the complexities arise from the fact that is must also show the relationships between the various items of data that are stored. It is different to describe the data in logical or physical.The logical data base description is referred to as a schema .A schema is a chart of the types of data that one used. It gives the names of the entities and attributes, and specifics the relations between them. It is a framework into which the values of the data-items can be fitted.We must distinguish between a record type and a instance of the record. When we talk about a “personnel record”,this is really a record type.There are no data values associated with it.The term schema is used to mean an overall chart of all of the dataitem types and record types stored in a data he uses. Many different subschema can be derived from one schema.The schema and the subschema are both used by the data-base management system, the primary function of which is to serve the application programs by executing their data operations.A DBMS will usually be handing multiple data calls concurrently. It must organize its system buffers so that different data operations can be in process together. It provides a data definition language to specify the conceptual schema and most likely, some of the details regarding the implementation of the conceptual schema by the physical schema. The data definition language is a high-level language, enabling one to describe the conceptual schema in terms of a “data model” .The choice of a data model is a difficult one, since it must be rich enough in structure to describe significant aspects of the real world, yet it must be possible to determine fairly automatically an efficient implementation of the conceptual schema by a physical schema. It should be emphasized that while a DBMS might be used to build small data bases, many data bases involve millions of bytes, and an inefficient implementation can be disastrous.We will discuss the data model in the following.3、Three Data ModelsLogical schemas are defined as data models with the underlying structure of particular database management systems superimposed on them. At the present time, there are three main underlying structures for database management systems. These are :RelationalHierarchicalNetworkThe hierarchical and network structures have been used for DBMS since the 1960s. The relational structure was introduced in the early 1970s.In the relational model, the entities and their relationships are represented by two-dimensional tables. Every table represents an entity and is made up of rows and columns. Relationships between entities are represented by common columns containing identical values from a domain or range of possible values.The last user is presented with a simple data model. His and her request are formulated in terms of the information content and do not reflect any complexities due to system-oriented aspects. A relational data model is what the user sees, but it is not necessarily what will be implemented physically.The relational data model removes the details of storage structure and access strategy from the user interface. The model provides a relatively higher degree of data. To be able to make use of this property of the relational data model however, the design of the relations must be complete and accurate.Although some DBMS based on the relational data model are commercially available today, it is difficult to provide a complete set of operational capabilities with required efficiency on a large scale. It appears today that technological improvements in providing faster and more reliable hardware may answer the question positively.The hierarchical data model is based on a tree-like structure made up of nodes and branches. A node is a collection of data attributes describing the entity at that point.The highest node of the hierarchical tree structure is called a root. The nodes at succeeding lower levels are called children .A hierarchical data model always starts with a root node. Every node consists of one or more attributes describing the entity at that node. Dependent nodes can follow the succeeding levels. The node in the preceding level becomes the parent node of the new dependent nodes. A parent node can have one child node as a dependent or many children nodes. The major advantage of the hierarchical data model is the existence of proven database management systems that use the hierarchical data model as the basic structure. There is a reduction of data dependency but any child node is accessible only through its parent node, the many-to –many relationship can be implemented only in a clumsy way. This often results in a redundancy in stored data.The network data model interconnects the entities of an enterprise into a network. In the network data model a data base consists of a number of areas. An area contains records. In turn, a record may consist of fields. A set which is a grouping of records, may reside in an area or span a number of areas. A set type is based on the owner record type and the member record type. The many-to many relation-ship, which occurs quite frequently in real life can be implemented easily. The network data model is very complex, the application programmer must be familiar with the logical structure of the data base.4、Logical Design and Physical DesignLogical design of databases is mainly concerned with superimposing the constructs of the data base management system on the logical data model. There are three mainly models: hierarchical, relational, network we have mentioned above.The physical model is a framework of the database to be stored on physical devices. The model must be constructed with every regard given to the performance of the resulting database. One should carry out an analysis of the physical model with average frequencies of occurrences of the grou pings of the data elements, with expected space estimates, and with respect to time estimates for retrieving and maintaining the data.The database designer may find it necessary to have multiple entry points into a database, or to access a particular segment type with more than one key. To provide this type of access; it may be necessary to invert the segment on the keys. Thephysical designer must have expertise in knowledge of the DBMS functions and understanding of the characteristics of direct access devices and knowledge of the applications.Many data bases have links between one record and another, called pointers. A pointer is a field in one record which indicates where a second record is located on the storage devices.Records that exist on storage devices is a given physical sequence. This sequencing may be employed for some purpose. The most common pupose is that records are needed in a given sequence by certain data-processing operations and so they are stored in that sequences.Different applications may need records in different sequences.The most common method of ordering records is to have them in sequence by a key —that key which is most commonly used for addressing them. An index is required to find any record without a lengthy search of the file.If the data records are laid out sequentially by key, the index for that key can be much smaller than they are nonsequential.Hashing has been used for addressing random-access storages since they first came into existence in the mid-1950s. But nobody had the temerity to use the word hashing until 1968.Many systems analysis has avoided the use of hashing in the suspicion that it is complicated. In fact, it is simple to use and has two important advantages over indexing. First, it finds most records with only one seek and second, insertion and deletions can be handled without added complexity. Indexing, however, can be used with a file which is sequential by prime key and this is an overriding advantage, for some batch-pro-cessing applications.Many data-base systems use chains to interconnect records also. A chain refers to a group of records scatters within the files and interconnected by a sequence of pointers. The software that is used to retrive the chained records will make them appear to the application programmer as a contiguous logical file.The primary disadvantage of chained records is that many read operations areneeded in order to follow lengthy chains. Sometimes this does not matter because the records have to be read anyway. In most search operations, however, the chains have to be followed through records which would not otherwise to read. In some file organizations the chains can be contained within blocked physical records so that excessive reads do not occur.Rings have been used in many file organizations. They are used to eliminate redundancy. When a ring or a chain is entered at a point some distance from its head, it may be desirable to obtain the information at the head quickly without stepping through all the intervening links.5、Data Description LanguagesIt is necessary for both the programmers and the data administrator to be able to describe their data precisely; they do so by means of data description languages. A data description language is the means of declaring to data-base management system what data structures will be used.A data description languages giving a logical data description should perform the folloeing functions:It should give a unique name to each data-item type, file type, data base and other data subdivision.It should identify the types of data subdivision such as data item segment , record and base file.It may define the type of encoding the program uses in the data items (binary , character ,bit string , etc.)It may define the length of the data items and the range of the values that a data item can assume .It may specify the sequence of records in a file or the sequence of groups of record in the data base .It may specify means of checking for errors in the data .It may specify privacy locks for preventing unauthorized reading or modification of the data .These may operate at the data-item ,segment ,record, file or data-base level and if necessary may be extended to the contents(value) of individual data items .The authorization may , on the other hand, be separate defined .It is more subject to change than the data structures, and changes in authorization proceduresshould not force changes in application programs.A logical data description should not specify addressing ,indexing ,or searching techniques or specify the placement of data on the storage units ,because these topics are in the domain of physical ,not logical organization .It may give an indication of how the data will be used or of searching requirement .So that the physical technique can be selected optimally but such indications should not be logically limiting.Most DBMS have their own languages for defining the schemas that are used . In most cases these data description languages are different to other programmer language, because other programmer do not have the capability to define to variety of relationship that may exit in the schemas.附录 B 外文译文1、软件工程软件是指令的序列，该指令序列由一种或者多种程序语言编写，它能使计算机应用于某些事物的运用自动化。
计算机 软件工程 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 VB的数据库编程分析 数据库的发展、应用和基本原理
ANALYSIS OF DATABASE PROGRAMMING IN VBVB (Visual Basic) is a visualization programming environment that Microsoft Corporation promotes based on the Basic language.It is simple and easy to study.It has formidable function so that many computer amateurs really like it.A lot of application softwares all use VB as the software development platform.When we use VB to develop the application software,how to use the database and carry on the management of the database is concerned by all exploiters.VB has provided many tools and methods for database programming.What method is used to visit the database depends on users’different demands,a simple analysis of the VB database programming is explained as followings.1.DAO TechnologyBy using Microsoft company’s Jet Database Engine (Jet database engine),DAO (Data Access Object) the technology mainly provides visit to ISAM (smooth index search method) type database,such as the realization of the visit to database like FoxPro,Access, Dbase.1.1 Use Data ControlsData controls are produced by using “Data” button in the toolbox.It has 3 basic attributes:Connect,Database Name and RecordSource.Connect attribute specifys the database type that data controls visit,the default database is the Access database.The value of the Database Name attribute is the database filename which contains the complete path.The Record Source attribute is the recordset that we visit,also can be tables or SQL sentences.If we will visit table stud of database file teacher mdb of TEMP folder under D plate,then Data controls’s Connect attribute is null,and the Database Name attribute is “D: \temp \ teacher mdb”,the value of the Record Source attribute is “stud”.This can accomplish the binding between Data controls and database records. Through the methods of Data controls like Add new,Update,Delete, Move last,we can visit the database as every request.When we browse the content in database,Data controlls is used frequently with DBGrid,it provides data inquiry in grid way.1.2 Use DAO Object StorehouseThe model of the DAO object storehouse is mainly using hierarchical structure, Dentine is the object in the topmost story,below it are two object sets,Errors and workspace, under the workspace object,is the Databases set.When the application procedure quotes the DAO object storehouse,it produces only a Dentine object,and produces a default automatical working space object named workspace.When not mentioned,all database operations are all work in workspace(0),which is a default work area.But we must pay attention:The Jet engine will not starts automatically after VB has been loaded. Only when we choose References in the menu of Project can we select Microsoft DAO 3.5 Object Library to use.We create databases with the method “Create Database”in DAO,use“CreateTable” method to bulid tables,use the “Open Database ” to open the database ,use “Open recordset”method to open recordset,use Add new,Update,Delete,Move first,Edit methods to realize each kind of operations about tables.2.RDO TechnologyRDO provides a connection to related ODBC data pool.When we need to visit other databases like SQL Server,Oracle,especially to establish the customer/server application procedure,we may use the long range data controls RDC (Remote Data Control) and long range data objects RDO (Remote Data Control) to realize the visit to the database through the ODBC driver.By using ODBC to visit some database we must first install the corresponding drivers,like establish a data pool,through assigned data pool to visit corresponding database.To establish the ODBC data pool is open the window of “the control panel”, double-clicks the icon of ODBC executive program,single-click “Add” butt on to create the data pool of the opening ODBC data pool supervisor dialog box,and choose corresponding database.2.1 Use RDC ControlsSimilar to the use of DATA Controls, we use Data source name attributes to assign the data source name that controls bind,and we use SQL attributes to assign the recordset, The difference is that,we have to use the SQL sentences to assign the SQL attribute in RDC Controls . When we browse the database we may find it is used with DBGrid frequently.2.2 Use RDO Object StorehouseBefore we use RDO object,we should choose References in the menu of Project, click”Microsoft Remote Data Object 2.0”,then we can continue.The step we use RDO to visit the ODBC data pool is:(1) Set a RDO environment object.(2) Open an ODBC data pool with the method of Open connection.(3) Establish a result object with the method of Open Result set.(4) Use assigned method to operate the records of resultset.After founds the as this result collection object,is similar with the DAO object storehouse use,may through transfer method realizations and so on its Add new,Update, Delete visit to assign the data pool each kind of request.3.ADO TechnologyADO (ActiveX Data Objects) is the latest data access technology of Microsoft,It uses data accessing connection UDA (Universal Data Access),to standard all datas as a kind of data pool,through the filtration of OLEDB connection,transforms as a kind of general data format in the same way,enables the application procedure to visit this kind of datas.OLEDB is an underlying level of the data accessing connection,with it we may visit kinds of data pools,including traditional related databases,as well as electronic mail systemand self-definition commercial object.3.1 Use ADO ControlsSingle-click the Components command in the menu of the Project,select “Microsoft ADO Data Control in the Components dialog box 6.0 (OLE DB)”,we may add ADO controls to the box of controls.We set the OLEDB Provider and assigned database file by setting the Connection string attribute of ADO,and we set the Record Source attribute as record source that ADO connected.Similar to DAO and RDO, with it, we are able to visit all kinds of database fastly.3.2 Use The ADO Object StorehouseSingle click the References orders in the Project menu, select “Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects 2.0 Library” in the References dialog box, you may add ADO object.Old object models, like DAO and RDO, are look like levels,a lower data object like Recordset is the sub-object of higher level objects like Environment and the Queried. But ADO is actually different, it defined a group of plane top object, the most important ADO objects are Connection, Recordset and Command.The Connection object is used to establish the connection of application procedure and the data pool.The Command object is used in defining a SQL sentence, a memory process or other commands that operates the datas.Recordset object preserves recordsets after executions.By using alternative means of the recordset object, we can modify,delete and inquire the recordset.4 ConclusionsVB provides many methods to accomplish the operation to the database, in which DAO mainly finish the visit to ISAM database, RDO provides connection to the ODBC data pool, both RDO and DAO have developed as matured technology.Before VB 6.0 ,the main technology is about database visit, however,the Active Data Objects(ADO) ,as new generation of database interface which is promoted by Microsoft, is designed to work with new data accessing level OLEDB, so that it provides general data accessing (Universal Data Access), it provides quite a lot advantages to the programmers, including easy use, the familiar contact surface, high velocity ,as well as the lower memory. As a result of above reasons, ADO will gradually replace other data accessing connections, and will becomes the fundamental mode of the VB of visit database.VB的数据库编程分析VB（Visual Basic）是微软公司推出的基于Basic语言的可视化编程环境，以其简单易学、功能强大而倍受广大电脑爱好者的青睐。
软件工程毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照
软件工程毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照学生毕业设计(论文)外文译文学生姓名: 学号专业名称:软件工程译文标题(中英文):Qt Creator白皮书(Qt Creator Whitepaper)译文出处:Qt network 指导教师审阅签名: 外文译文正文:Qt Creator白皮书Qt Creator是一个完整的集成开发环境(IDE)，用于创建Qt应用程序框架的应用。
Qt是专为应用程序和用户界面，一次开发和部署跨多个桌面和移动操作系统。
本文提供了一个推出的Qt Creator和提供Qt开发人员在应用开发生命周期的特点。
Qt Creator的简介Qt Creator的主要优点之一是它允许一个开发团队共享一个项目不同的开发平台(微软Windows?的Mac OS X?和Linux?)共同为开发和调试工具。
Qt Creator的主要目标是满足Qt开发人员正在寻找简单，易用性，生产力，可扩展性和开放的发展需要，而旨在降低进入新来乍到Qt的屏障。
Qt Creator 的主要功能，让开发商完成以下任务: , 快速，轻松地开始使用Qt应用开发项目向导，快速访问最近的项目和会议。
, 设计Qt物件为基础的应用与集成的编辑器的用户界面，Qt Designer中。
, 开发与应用的先进的C + +代码编辑器，提供新的强大的功能完成的代码片段，重构代码，查看文件的轮廓(即，象征着一个文件层次)。
, 建立，运行和部署Qt项目，目标多个桌面和移动平台，如微软Windows，Mac OS X中，Linux的，诺基亚的MeeGo，和Maemo。
, GNU和CDB使用Qt类结构的认识，增加了图形用户界面的调试器的调试。
, 使用代码分析工具，以检查你的应用程序中的内存管理问题。
, 应用程序部署到移动设备的MeeGo，为Symbian和Maemo设备创建应用程序安装包，可以在Ovi商店和其他渠道发布的。
, 轻松地访问信息集成的上下文敏感的Qt帮助系统。
软件工程英文参考文献(优秀范文105个)
软件工程英文参考文献(优秀范文105个)软件工程英文参考文献一：[1]Carine Khalil,Sabine Khalil. Exploring knowledge management in agile software developmentorganizations[J]. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,2020,16(4).[2]Kevin A. Gary,Ruben Acuna,Alexandra Mehlhase,Robert Heinrichs,Sohum Sohoni. SCALING TO MEET THE ONLINE DEMAND IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING[J]. International Journal on Innovations in Online Education,2020,4(1).[3]Hosseini Hadi,Zirakjou Abbas,GoodarziVahabodin,Mousavi Seyyed Mohammad,Khonakdar Hossein Ali,Zamanlui Soheila. Lightweight aerogels based on bacterial cellulose/silver nanoparticles/polyaniline with tuning morphology of polyaniline and application in soft tissue engineering.[J]. International journal of biological macromolecules,2020,152.[4]Dylan G. Kelly,Patrick Seeling. Introducing underrepresented high school students to software engineering: Using the micro:bit microcontroller to program connected autonomous cars[J]. Computer Applications in Engineering Education,2020,28(3).[5]. Soft Computing; Research Conducted at School of Computing Science and Engineering Has Updated OurKnowledge about Soft Computing (Indeterminate Likert scale: feedback based on neutrosophy, its distance measures and clustering algorithm)[J]. News of Science,2020.[6]. Engineering; New Engineering Findings from Hanyang University Outlined (Can-based Aging Monitoring Technique for Automotive Asics With Efficient Soft Error Resilience)[J]. Journal of Transportation,2020.[7]. Engineering - Software Engineering; New Findings from University of Michigan in the Area of Software Engineering Reported (Multi-criteria Test Cases Selection for Model Transformations)[J]. Journal of Transportation,2020.[8]Tamas Galli,Francisco Chiclana,Francois Siewe. Software Product Quality Models, Developments, Trends, and Evaluation[J]. SN Computer Science,2020,1(2).[9]. Infotech; Infotech Joins BIM for Bridges and Structures Transportation Pooled Fund Project as an Official Software Advisor[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[10]. Engineering; Study Findings from Beijing Jiaotong University Provide New Insights into Engineering (Analyzing Software Rejuvenation Techniques In a Virtualized System: Service Provider and User Views)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[11]. Soft Computing; Data on Soft Computing Reported by Researchers at Sakarya University (An exponential jerk system, its fractional-order form with dynamical analysis and engineering application)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[12]. Engineering; Studies from Henan University Yield New Data on Engineering (Extracting Phrases As Software Features From Overlapping Sentence Clusters In Product Descriptions)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[13]. Engineering; Data from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provide New Insights into Engineering (A Systematic Study to Improve the Requirements Engineering Process in the Domain of Global Software Development)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[14]. Soft Computing; Investigators at Air Force Engineering University Report Findings in Soft Computing (Evidential model for intuitionistic fuzzy multi-attribute group decision making)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[15]. Engineering; Researchers from COMSATS University Islamabad Describe Findings in Engineering (A Deep CNN Ensemble Framework for Efficient DDoS Attack Detection in Software Defined Networks)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[16]Pedro Delgado-Pérez,Francisco Chicano. An Experimental and Practical Study on the EquivalentMutant Connection: An Evolutionary Approach[J]. Information and Software Technology,2020.[17]Koehler Leman Julia,Weitzner Brian D,Renfrew P Douglas,Lewis Steven M,Moretti Rocco,Watkins Andrew M,Mulligan Vikram Khipple,Lyskov Sergey,Adolf-Bryfogle Jared,Labonte Jason W,Krys Justyna,Bystroff Christopher,Schief William,Gront Dominik,Schueler-Furman Ora,Baker David,Bradley Philip,Dunbrack Roland,Kortemme Tanja,Leaver-Fay Andrew,StraussCharlie E M,Meiler Jens,Kuhlman Brian,Gray JeffreyJ,Bonneau Richard. Better together: Elements of successful scientific software development in a distributed collaborative munity.[J]. PLoS putational biology,2020,16(5).[18]. Mathematics; Data on Mathematics Reported by Researchers at Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (Algorithms Based on COPRAS and Aggregation Operators with New Information Measures forPossibility Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Decision-Making)[J]. Journal of Mathematics,2020.[19]. Engineering - Medical and Biological Engineering; Reports from Heriot-Watt University Describe Recent Advances in Medical and Biological Engineering (ANovel Palpation-based Method for Tumor Nodule Quantification In Soft Tissue-putational Framework and Experimental Validation)[J]. Journal ofEngineering,2020.[20]. Engineering - Industrial Engineering; Studies from Xi'an Jiaotong University Have Provided New Data on Industrial Engineering (Dc Voltage Control Strategy of Three-terminal Medium-voltage Power Electronic Transformer-based Soft Normally Open Points)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[21]. Engineering; Reports from Hohai University Add New Data to Findings in Engineering (Soft Error Resilience of Deep Residual Networks for Object Recognition)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[22]. Engineering - Mechanical Engineering; Study Data from K.N. Toosi University of Technology Update Understanding of Mechanical Engineering (Coupled Directional Dilation-Damage Approach to Model the Cyclic-Undrained Response of Soft Clay under Pure Principal Stress Axes Rotation)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[23]. Soft Computing; Researchers from Abes Engineering College Report Details of New Studies and Findings in the Area of Soft Computing (An intelligent personalized web blog searching technique using fuzzy-based feedback recurrent neural network)[J]. Network Weekly News,2020.[24]. Engineering; Studies from University of Alexandria in the Area of Engineering Reported (Software Defined Network-Based Management for Enhanced 5G Network Services)[J]. Network Weekly News,2020.[25]. Soft Computing; Data on Soft Computing Discussed by Researchers at Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering [A metaheuristicoptimization model for spectral allocation incognitive networks based on ant colony algorithm (M-ACO)][J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[26]. Engineering - Software Engineering; Complutense University Madrid Reports Findings in Software Engineering (Recolibry Suite: a Set of Intelligent Tools for the Development of Remender Systems)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[27]. Engineering - Software Engineering; Data on Software Engineering Reported by Researchers at Gautam Buddha University (A novel quality prediction modelfor ponent based software system using ACO-NM optimized extreme learning machine)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[28]. Soft Computing; New Soft Computing Study Findings Recently Were Reported by Researchers at University College of Engineering (A novel QIM-DCT based fusion approach for classification of remote sensing images via PSO and SVM models)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[29]Morshedloo Fatemeh,Khoshfetrat Ali Baradar,Kazemi Davoud,Ahmadian Mehri. Gelatin improves peroxidase-mediated alginate hydrogel characteristics as a potential injectable hydrogel for soft tissueengineering applications.[J]. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials,2020.[30]Jung-Chieh Lee,Chung-Yang Chen. Exploring the team dynamic learning process in software process tailoring performance[J]. Journal of Enterprise Information Management,2020,33(3).[31]. Soft Computing; Study Results from Velammal Engineering College in the Area of Soft Computing Reported (Efficient routing in UASN during the thermohaline environment condition to improve the propagation delay and throughput)[J]. Mathematics Week,2020.[32]. Soft Matter; Findings from School of Materials Science and Engineering Provide New Insights into Soft Matter (A practical guide to active colloids: choosing synthetic model systems for soft matter physics research)[J]. Physics Week,2020.[33]Julio César Puche-Regaliza,Alfredo Jiménez,Pablo Arranz-Val. Diagnosis of Software Projects Based on the Viable System Model[J]. Systemic Practice and Action Research,2020,33(1).[34]Meinert Edward,Milne-Ives Madison,Surodina Svitlana,Lam Ching. Agile requirements engineering and software planning for a digital health platform to engage the effects of isolation caused by social distancing: A case study and feasibility study protocol.[J]. JMIR public health and surveillance,2020.[35]. Engineering - Civil Engineering; Studies Conducted at Shandong Jianzhu University on Civil Engineering Recently Published (Seismic Response Analysis and Control of Frame Structures with Soft First Storey under Near-Fault Ground Motions)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.软件工程英文参考文献二：[36]Chao-ze Lu,Guo-sun Zeng,Ying-jie Xie. Bigraph specification of software architecture and evolution analysis in mobile puting environment[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems,2020,108.[37]Ompal Singh, Saurabh Panwar, P. K. Kapur.. Determining Software Time-to-Market and Testing Stop Time when Release Time is a Change-Point[J]. International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences,2020,5(2).[38]Ayushi Verma,Neetu Sardana,Sangeeta Lal. Developer Remendation for Stack Exchange Software EngineeringQ&A Website based on K-Means clustering and Developer Social Network Metric[J]. Procedia ComputerScience,2020,167.[39]Jagdeep Singh,Sachin Bagga,Ranjodh Kaur. Software-based Prediction of Liver Disease with Feature Selection and Classification Techniques[J]. Procedia Computer Science,2020,167.[40]. Engineering - Software Engineering; Studies from Concordia University Update Current Data on SoftwareEngineering (On the impact of using trivial packages: an empirical case study on npm and PyPI)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[41]. Engineering - Software Engineering; Study Findings from University of Alberta Broaden Understanding of Software Engineering (Building the perfect game - an empirical study of game modifications)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[42]. Engineering - Software Engineering; Investigators at National Research Council (CNR) Detail Findings in Software Engineering [A Framework for Quantitative Modeling and Analysis of Highly (Re)Configurable Systems][J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[43]. Engineering - Knowledge Engineering; Data from University of Paris Saclay Provide New Insights into Knowledge Engineering (Dynamic monitoring of software use with recurrent neural networks)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[44]. Engineering - Circuits Research; Findings from Federal University Santa Maria Yields New Data on Circuits Research (A New Cpfsk Demodulation Approach for Software Defined Radio)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[45]. Soft Computing; Investigators from Lovely Professional University Release New Data on Soft Computing (An intensify Harris Hawks optimizer fornumerical and engineering optimization problems)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[46]. GlobalLogic Inc.; GlobalLogic Acquires Meelogic Consulting AG, a European Healthcare and Automotive-Focused Software Engineering Services Firm[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[47]. Engineering - Circuits and Systems Research; Data on Circuits and Systems Research Described by Researchers at Northeastern University (Softcharge: Software Defined Multi-device Wireless Charging Over Large Surfaces)[J]. Telemunications Weekly,2020.[48]. Soft Computing; Researchers from Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering Report on Findings in Soft Computing (Dynamic Histogram Equalization for contrast enhancement for digital images)[J]. Technology News Focus,2020.[49]Mohamed Ellithey Barghoth,Akram Salah,Manal A. Ismail. A Comprehensive Software Project Management Framework[J]. Journal of Computer and Communications,2020,08(03).[50]. Soft Computing; Researchers from Air Force Engineering University Describe Findings in Soft Computing (Random orthocenter strategy in interior search algorithm and its engineering application)[J]. Journal of Mathematics,2020.[51]. Soft Computing; Study Findings on Soft Computing Are Outlined in Reports from Department of MechanicalEngineering (Constrained design optimization of selected mechanical system ponents using Rao algorithms)[J]. Mathematics Week,2020.[52]Iqbal Javed,Ahmad Rodina B,Khan Muzafar,Fazal-E-Amin,Alyahya Sultan,Nizam Nasir Mohd Hairul,Akhunzada Adnan,Shoaib Muhammad. Requirements engineering issues causing software development outsourcing failure.[J]. PloS one,2020,15(4).[53]Raymond C.Z. Cohen,Simon M. Harrison,Paul W. Cleary. Dive Mechanic: Bringing 3D virtual experimentation using biomechanical modelling to elite level diving with the Workspace workflow engine[J]. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation,2020,175.[54]Emelie Engstr?m,Margaret-Anne Storey,Per Runeson,Martin H?st,Maria Teresa Baldassarre. How software engineering research aligns with design science: a review[J]. Empirical SoftwareEngineering,2020(prepublish).[55]Christian Lettner,Michael Moser,Josef Pichler. An integrated approach for power transformer modeling and manufacturing[J]. Procedia Manufacturing,2020,42.[56]. Engineering - Mechanical Engineering; New Findings from Leibniz University Hannover Update Understanding of Mechanical Engineering (A finite element for soft tissue deformation based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[57]. Science - Social Science; Studies fromUniversity of Burgos Yield New Information about Social Science (Diagnosis of Software Projects Based on the Viable System Model)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[58]. Technology - Powder Technology; Investigators at Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH Discuss Findings in Powder Technology [Extended Validation and Verification of Xps/avl-fire (Tm), a Computational Cfd-dem Software Platform][J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[59]Guadalupe-Isaura Trujillo-Tzanahua,Ulises Juárez-Martínez,Alberto-Alfonso Aguilar-Lasserre,María-Karen Cortés-Verdín,Catherine Azzaro-Pantel.Multiple software product lines to configure applications of internet of things[J]. IETSoftware,2020,14(2).[60]Eduardo Juárez,Rocio Aldeco-Pérez,Jose.Manuel Velázquez. Academic approach to transform organisations: one engineer at a time[J]. IET Software,2020,14(2).[61]Dennys García-López,Marco Segura-Morales,Edson Loza-Aguirre. Improving the quality and quantity of functional and non-functional requirements obtained during requirements elicitation stage for the development of e-merce mobile applications: an alternative reference process model[J]. IETSoftware,2020,14(2).[62]. Guest Editorial: Software Engineering Applications to Solve Organisations Issues[J]. IET Software,2020,14(2).[63]?,?. Engine ControlUnit ? ? ?[J]. ,2020,47(4).[64]. Engineering - Software Engineering; Study Data from Nanjing University Update Understanding of Software Engineering (Identifying Failure-causing Schemas In the Presence of Multiple Faults)[J]. Mathematics Week,2020.[65]. Energy - Renewable Energy; Researchers from Institute of Electrical Engineering Detail New Studies and Findings in the Area of Renewable Energy (A Local Control Strategy for Distributed Energy Fluctuation Suppression Based on Soft Open Point)[J]. Journal of Mathematics,2020.[66]Ahmed Zeraoui,Mahfoud Benzerzour,WalidMaherzi,Raid Mansi,Nor-Edine Abriak. New software for the optimization of the formulation and the treatment of dredged sediments for utilization in civil engineering[J]. Journal of Soils andSediments,2020(prepublish).[67]. Engineering - Concurrent Engineering; Reports from Delhi Technological University Add New Data to Findings in Concurrent Engineering (Systematic literature review of sentiment analysis on Twitter using soft puting techniques)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[68]. Engineering; New Findings from Future University in Egypt in the Area of Engineering Reported (Decision support system for optimum soft clay improvement technique for highway construction projects)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[69]Erica Mour?o,Jo?o Felipe Pimentel,LeonardoMurta,Marcos Kalinowski,Emilia Mendes,Claes Wohlin. On the performance of hybrid search strategies for systematic literature reviews in softwareengineering[J]. Information and SoftwareTechnology,2020,123.[70]. Soft Computing; Researchers from Anna University Discuss Findings in Soft Computing (A novel fuzzy mechanism for risk assessment in software projects)[J]. News of Science,2020.软件工程英文参考文献三：[71]. Software and Systems Research; New Software and Systems Research Study Results from ChalmersUniversity of Technology Described (Why and How To Balance Alignment and Diversity of Requirements Engineering Practices In Automotive)[J]. Journal of Transportation,2020.[72]Anupama Kaushik,Devendra Kr. Tayal,Kalpana Yadav.A Comparative Analysis on Effort Estimation for Agile and Non-agile Software Projects Using DBN-ALO[J]. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering,2020,45(6).[73]Subhrata Das,Adarsh Anand,Mohini Agarwal,Mangey Ram. Release Time Problem Incorporating the Effect of Imperfect Debugging and Fault Generation: An Analysis for Multi-Upgraded Software System[J]. International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering,2020,27(02).[74]Saerom Lee,Hyunmi Baek,Sehwan Oh. The role of openness in open collaboration: A focus onopen‐source software development projects[J]. ETRI Journal,2020,42(2).[75]. Soft Computing; Study Results from Computer Science and Engineering Broaden Understanding of Soft Computing (Efficient attribute selection technique for leukaemia prediction using microarray gene data)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[76]. Engineering - Computational Engineering; Findings from University of Cincinnati in the Area of Computational Engineering Described (Exploratory Metamorphic Testing for Scientific Software)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[77]. Organizational and End User Computing; Data from Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology Advance Knowledge in Organizational and End User Computing (A Contingent Approach to Facilitating Conflict Resolution in Software Development Outsourcing Projects)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[78]. Soft Computing; Findings from Department of Industrial Engineering in the Area of Soft Computing Reported (Analysis of fuzzy supply chain performance based on different buyback contract configurations)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[79]Hana M kaouar,Bechir Zalila,Jér?me Hugues,Mohamed Jmaiel. A formal approach to AADL model-based software engineering[J]. International Journal on SoftwareTools for Technology Transfer,2020,22(5).[80]Riesch Michael,Nguyen Tien Dat,Jirauschek Christian. bertha: Project skeleton for scientific software.[J]. PloS one,2020,15(3).[81]. Computers; Findings from Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering Reveals New Findings on Computers (An assessment of software definednetworking approach in surveillance using sparse optimization algorithm)[J]. TelemunicationsWeekly,2020.[82]Luigi Ranghetti,Mirco Boschetti,FrancescoNutini,Lorenzo Busetto. “sen2r”: An R toolbox for automatically downloading and preprocessing Sentinel-2 satellite data[J]. Computers and Geosciences,2020,139.[83]Mathie Najberg,Muhammad Haji Mansor,ThéodoreT aillé,Céline Bouré,Rodolfo Molina-Pe?a,Frank Boury,José Luis Cenis,Emmanuel Garcion,CarmenAlvarez-Lorenzo. Aerogel sponges of silk fibroin, hyaluronic acid and heparin for soft tissueengineering: Composition-properties relationship[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2020,237.[84]Isonkobong Udousoro. Effective Requirement Engineering Process Model in Software Engineering[J]. Software Engineering,2020,8(1).[85]. Soft Computing; Research Conducted at Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering Has Updated Our Knowledge about Soft Computing [Hyperparameter tuning in convolutional neural networks for domain adaptation in sentiment classification (HTCNN-DASC)][J]. Network Weekly News,2020.[86]. Engineering - Software Engineering; Data on Software Engineering Discussed by Researchers at Universita della Svizzera italiana (Investigating Types and Survivability of Performance Bugs In Mobile Apps)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[87]. Engineering - Software Engineering; Findings from Nanjing University Broaden Understanding of Software Engineering (Boosting Crash-inducing Change Localization With Rank-performance-based Feature Subset Selection)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[88]. Engineering - Software Engineering; Study Data from Queen's University Belfast Update Knowledge of Software Engineering (Practical relevance of software engineering research: synthesizing the munity's voice)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[89]. Engineering - Software Engineering; Researchers from Concordia University Detail New Studies and Findings in the Area of Software Engineering (MSRBot: Using bots to answer questions from software repositories)[J]. Computer Technology Journal,2020.[90]Anonymous. DBTA LIVE[J]. Database Trends and Applications,2020,34(2).[91]Tachanun KANGWANTRAKOOL,Kobkrit VIRIYAYUDHAKORN,Thanaruk THEERAMUNKONG. Software Development Effort Estimation from Unstructured Software Project Description by Sequence Models[J]. IEICE Transactions on Information andSystems,2020,E103.D(4).[92]Reza Mohammadi,Reza Javidan,NegarRikhtegar,Manijeh Keshtgari. An intelligent multicast traffic engineering method over software defined networks[J]. Journal of High Speed Networks,2020,26(1).[93]. Engineering - Civil Engineering; HohaiUniversity Researchers Detail New Studies and Findings in the Area of Civil Engineering (An Experimental Study on Settlement due to the Mutual Embedding of Miscellaneous Fill and Soft Soil)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[94]. Engineering - Biomechanical Engineering; Researchers from Washington University St. LouisDetail New Studies and Findings in the Area of Biomechanical Engineering (Estimation of Anisotropic Material Properties of Soft Tissue By Mri ofUltrasound-induced Shear Waves)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[95]. Engineering - Rock Engineering; Reports from University of Alicante Add New Data to Findings in Rock Engineering (Evaluation of Strength and Deformability of Soft Sedimentary Rocks In Dry and Saturated Conditions Through Needle Penetration and Point Load Tests: a Comparative ...)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2020.[96]. Computers; Study Findings from Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering Broaden Understanding of Computers [Improved energy efficient design in software defined wireless electroencephalography sensor networks (WESN) using distributed ...][J]. Network Weekly News,2020.[97]Mouro Erica,Pimentel Joo Felipe,MurtaLeonardo,Kalinowski Marcos,Mendes Emilia,Wohlin Claes. On the Performance of Hybrid Search Strategies for Systematic Literature Reviews in SoftwareEngineering[J]. Information and SoftwareTechnology,2020(prepublish).[98]Osuna Enrique,Rodrguez Luis-Felipe,Gutierrez-Garcia J. Octavio,Castro Luis A.. Development of putational models of emotions: A software engineering perspective[J]. Cognitive Systems Research,2020,60(C).[99]Sharifzadeh Bahador,Kalbasi Rasool,Jahangiri Mehdi,Toghraie Davood,Karimipour Arash. Computer modeling of pulsatile blood flow in elastic arteryusing a software program for application in biomedical engineering[J]. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine,2020.[100]Shen Xiaoning,Guo Yinan,Li Aimin. Cooperative coevolution with an improved resource allocation for large-scale multi-objective software projectscheduling[J]. Applied Soft Computing,2020,88(C).[101]Jung Jaesoon,Kook Junghwan,Goo Seongyeol,Wang Semyung. Corrigendum to Sound transmission analysis of plate structures using the finite element method and elementary radiator approach with radiator error index [Advances in Engineering Software 112 (2017 115][J]. Advances in Engineering Software,2020,140(C).[102]Zhang Chenyi,Pang Jun. Preface for the special issue of the 12th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Software Engineering (TASE2018[J]. Science of Computer Programming,2020,187(C).[103]Karras Oliver,Schneider Kurt,Fricker Samuel A.. Representing software project vision by means of video: A quality model for vision videos[J]. Journal of Systems and Software,2020,162(C).[104]Sutanto Juliana,Jiang Qiqi,Tan Chuan-Hoo. The contingent role of interproject connectedness in cultivating open source software projects[J]. The Journal of Strategic InformationSystems,2020(prepublish).[105]Weiner Iddo,Feldman Yael,Shahar Noam,Yacoby Iftach,Tuller Tamir. CSO A sequence optimization software for engineering chloroplast expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii[J]. AlgalResearch,2020,46(C).。
软件工程外文文献翻译
西安邮电学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译院系：计算机学院专业：软件工程班级：软件0601学生姓名：导师姓名：职称：副教授起止时间：2010年3月8日至2010年6月11日ClassesOne of the most compelling features about Java is code reuse. But to be revolutionary, you’ve got to be able to do a lot more than copy code and change it.That’s the approach used in procedural languages like C, and it hasn’t worked very well. Like everything in Java, the solution revolves around the class. You reuse code by creating new classes, but instead of creating them from scratch, you use existing classes that someone has already built and debugged.The trick is to use the classes without soiling the existing code.➢Initializing the base classSince there are now two classes involved—the base class and the derived class—instead of just one, it can be a bit confusing to try to imagine the resulting object produced by a derived class. From the outside, it looks like the new class has the same interface as the base class and maybe some additional methods and fields. But inheritance doesn’t just copy the interface of the base class. When you create an object of the derived class, it contains within it a subobject of the base class. This subobject is the same as if you had created an object of the base class by itself. It’s just that from the outside, the subobject of the base class is wrapped within the derived-class object.Of course, it’s essential that th e base-class subobject be initialized correctly, and there’s only one way to guarantee this: perform the initialization in the constructor by calling the base-class constructor, which has all the appropriate knowledge and privileges to perform the base-class initialization. Java automatically inserts calls to the base-class constructor in the derived-class constructor.➢Guaranteeing proper cleanupJava doesn’t have the C++ concept of a destructor, a method that is automatically called when an object is destroyed. The reason is probably that in Java, the practice is simply to forget about objects rather than to destroy them, allowing the garbage collector to reclaim the memory as necessary.Often this is fine, but there are times when your class might perform some activities during its lifetime that require cleanup. As mentioned in Chapter 4, you can’t know when the garbage collector will be called, or if it will be called. So if you want something cleaned up for a class, you must explicitly write a special method to do it, and make sure that the client programmer knows that they must call this method.Note that in your cleanup method, you must also pay attention to the calling order for the base-class and member-object cleanup methods in case one subobject depends on another. In general, you should follow the same form that is imposed by a C++ compiler on its destructors: first perform all of the cleanup work specific to your class, in the reverse order of creation. (In general, this requires that base-class elements still be viable.) Then call the base-class cleanup method, as demonstrated here➢Name hidingIf a Java base class has a method name that’s overloaded several times, redefining that method name in the derived class will not hide any of the base-class versions (unlike C++). Thus overloading works regardless of whether the method was defined at this level or in a base class，it’s far more common to override methods of the same name, using exactly the same signature and return type as in the base class. It can be confusing otherwise (which is why C++ disallows it—to prevent you from making what is probably a mistake).➢Choosing composition vs. inheritanceBoth composition and inheritance allow you to place subobjects inside your new class (composition explicitly does this—with inheritance it’s implicit). You might wonder about the difference between the two, and when to choose one over the other.Composition is generally used when you want the features of an existing class inside your new class, but not its interface. That is, you embed an object so that you can use it to implement functionality in your new class, but the user of your new class sees the interface you’ve defined for the new class rather than the interface from theembedded object. For this effect, you embed private objects of existing classes inside your new class.Sometimes it makes sense to allow the class user to directly access the composition of your new class; that is, to make the member objects public. The member objects use implementation hiding themselves, so this is a safe thing to do. When the user knows you’re assembling a bunch of parts, it makes the interface easier to understand.When you inherit, you take an existing class and make a special version of it. In general, this mea ns that you’re taking a general-purpose class and specializing it for a particular need➢The final keywordJava’s final keyword has slightly different meanings depending on the context, but in general it says “This cannot be changed.” You might want to prev ent changes for two reasons: design or efficiency. Because these two reasons are quite different, it’s possible to misuse the final keywordThe following sections discuss the three places where final can be used: for data, methods, and classes.➢Final dataMany programming languages have a way to tell the compiler that a piece of data is “constant.” A constant is useful for two reasons:It can be a compile-time constant that won’t ever change.It can be a value initialized at run time that you don’t want ch anged.In the case of a compile-time constant, the compiler is allowed to “fold” the constant value into any calculations in which it’s used; that is, the calculation can be performed at compile time, eliminating some run-time overhead. In Java, these sorts of constants must be primitives and are expressed with the final keyword. A value must be given at the time of definition of such a constant.A field that is both static and final has only one piece of storage that cannot be changed.When using final with object references rather than primitives, the meaning gets a bit confusing. With a primitive, final makes the value a constant, but with an object reference, final makes the reference a constant. Once the reference is initialized to an object, it can never be changed to point to another object. However, the object itself can be modified; Java does not provide a way to make any arbitrary object a constant. (You can, however, write your class so that objects have the effect of being constant.) This restriction includes arrays, which are also objects.➢Final methodsThere are two reasons for final methods. The first is to put a “lock” on the method to prevent any inheriting class from changing its meaning. This is done for design reasons when you want to mak e sure that a method’s behavior is retained during inheritance and cannot be overridden.The second reason for final methods is efficiency. If you make a method final, you are allowing the compiler to turn any calls to that method into inline calls. When the compiler sees a final method call, it can (at its discretion) skip the normal approach of inserting code to perform the method call mechanism (push arguments on the stack, hop over to the method code and execute it, hop back and clean off the stack arguments, and deal with the return value) and instead replace the method call with a copy of the actual code in the method body. This eliminates the overhead of the method call. Of course, if a method is big, then your code begins to bloat, and you probably won’t see any performance gains from inlining, since any improvements will be dwarfed by the amount of time spent inside the method. It is implied that the Java compiler is able to detect these situations and choose wisely whether to inline a final method. However, it’s best to let the compiler and JVM handle efficiency issues and make a method final only if you want to explicitly prevent overriding➢Final classesWhen you say that an entire class is final (by preceding its definition with the final keyword), you state that you don’t want to inherit from this class or allow anyone else to do so. In other words, for some reason the design of your class is suchthat there is never a need to make any changes, or for safety or security reasons you don’t want subc lassingNote that the fields of a final class can be final or not, as you choose. The same rules apply to final for fields regardless of whet However, because it prevents inheritance, all methods in a final class are implicitly final, since there’s no way to override them. You can add the final specifier to a method in a final class, but it doesn’t add any meaning.her the class is defined as final.➢SummaryBoth inheritance and composition allow you to create a new type from existing types. Typically, however, composition reuses existing types as part of the underlying implementation of the new type, and inheritance reuses the interface. Since the derived class has the base-class interface, it can be upcast to the base, which is critical for polymorphism, as you’ll see in the next chapter.Despite the strong emphasis on inheritance in object-oriented programming, when you start a design you should generally prefer composition during the first cut and use inheritance only when it is clearly necessary. Composition tends to be more flexible. In addition, by using the added artifice of inheritance with your member type, you can change the exact type, and thus the behavior, of those member objects at run time. Therefore, you can change the behavior of the composed object at run time.When designing a system, your goal is to find or create a set of classes in which each class has a specific use and is neither too big (encompassing so much functionality that it’s unwieldy to reuse) nor annoyingly small (you can’t use it by itself or without adding functionality).类“Java引人注目的一项特性是代码的重复使用或者再生。
(完整版)软件工程专业_毕业设计外文文献翻译_
（二〇一三年六月A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEFrom the earliest days of computers, storing and manipulating data a major application focus. The first general-purpose DBMS was designed by Charles Bachman at General Electric in the early 1960s and was called the Integrated Data Store. It formed the basis for the network data model, which was standardized by the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) and strongly influenced database systems through the 1960s. Bachman was the fi rst recipient of ACM’s Turing Award (the computer science equivalent of a Nobel prize) for work in the database area; 1973. In the late 1960s, IBM developed the Information Management System (IMS) DBMS, used even today in many major installations. IMS formed the basis for an alternative data representation framework called the Airlines and IBM around the same time, and it allowed several people to access the same data through computer network. Interestingly, today the same SABRE system is used to power popular Web-based travel services such as Travelocity!In 1970, Edgar Codd, at IBM’s San Jose Research Laboratory, proposed a new data representation framework called the relational data model. This proved to be a watershed in the development of database systems: it sparked rapid development of several DBMSs based on the relational model, along with a rich body of theoretical results that placed the field on a firm foundation. Codd won the 1981 Turing Award for academic discipline, and the popularity of relational DBMSs changed thecommercial landscape. Their benefits were widely recognized, and the use of DBMSs for managing corporate data became standard practice.In the 1980s, the relational model consolidated its position as the dominant DBMS paradigm, and database systems continued to gain widespread use. The SQL query language for relational databases, developed as part of IBM’s System R project, is now the standard query language. SQL was standardized in the late 1980s, and the current standard, SQL-92, was adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and International Standards Organization (ISO). Arguably, the most widely used form of concurrent programming is the concurrent execution of database programs (called transactions). Users write programs as if they are to be run by themselves, and the responsibility for running them concurrently is given to the DBMS. James Gray won the 1999 Turing award for management in a DBMS.In the late 1980s and the 1990s, advances made in many areas of database systems. Considerable research carried out into more powerful query languages and richer data models, and there a big emphasis on supporting complex analysis of data from all parts of an enterprise. Several vendors (e.g., IBM’s DB2, Oracle 8, Informix UDS) developed by numerous vendors for creating data warehouses, consolidating data from several databases, and for carrying out specialized analysis.An interesting phenomenon is the emergence of several enterprise resource planning(ERP) and management resource planning (MRP) packages, which add a substantial layer of application-oriented features on top of a DBMS. Widely used packages include systems from Baan, Oracle,PeopleSoft, SAP, and Siebel. These packages identify a set of common tasks (e.g., inventory management, resources planning, financial analysis) encountered by a large number of organizations and provide a general application layer to carry out these tasks. The data is stored in a relational DBMS, and the application layer can be customized to different companies, leading to lower Introduction to Database Systems overall costs for the companies, compared to the cost of building the application layer from scratch. Most significantly, perhaps, DBMSs of Web sites stored their data exclusively in operating systems files, the use of a DBMS to store data that is accessed through a Web browser is becoming widespread. Queries are generated through Web-accessible forms and answers are formatted using a markup language such as HTML, in order to be easily displayed in a browser. All the database vendors are adding features to their DBMS aimed at making it more suitable for deployment over the Internet. Database management continues to gain importance as more and more data is brought on-line, and made ever more accessible through computer networking. Today the field is being driven by exciting visions such as multimedia databases, interactive video, digital libraries, a genome mapping effort and NASA’s Earth Observation System project,and the desire of companies to consolidate their decision-making processes and mine their data repositories for useful information about their businesses. Commercially, database manage- ment systems represent one of the largest and most vigorous market segments. Thusthes- tudy of database systems could prove to be richly rewarding in more ways than one!INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL DATABASEDESIGNLike all other aspects of database design, physical design must be guided by the nature of the data and its intended use. In particular, it is important to understand the typical workload that the database must support; the workload consists of a mix of queries and updates. Users also requirements about queries or updates must run or and users’ performance requirements are the basis on which a number of decisions .To create a good physical database design and to tune the system for performance in response to evolving user requirements, the designer needs to understand the workings of a DBMS, especially the indexing and query processing techniques supported by the DBMS. If the database is expected to be accessed concurrently by many users, or is a distributed database, the task becomes more complicated, and other features of a DBMS come into play.DATABASE WORKLOADSThe key to good physical design is arriving at an accurate description of the expected workload. A workload description includes the following elements:1. A list of queries and their frequencies, as a fraction of all queries and updates.2. A list of updates and their frequencies.3. Performance goals for each type of query and update.For each query in the workload, we must identify:Which relations are accessed.Which attributes are retained (in the SELECT clause).Which attributes or join conditions expressed on them (in the WHERE clause) and the workload, we must identify:Which attributes or join conditions expressed on them (in the WHERE clause) and .For UPDATE commands, the fields that are modified by the update.Remember that queries and updates typically involves a particular account number. The values of these parameters determine selectivity of selection and join conditions.Updates benefit from a good physical design and the presence of indexes. On the other indexes on the attributes that they modify. Thus, while queries can only benefit from the presence of an index, an index may either speed up or slow down a given update. Designers should keep this trade-offer in mind when creating indexes.NEED FOR DATABASE TUNINGAccurate, detailed workload information may be of the system. Consequently, tuning a database after it designed and deployed is important—we must refine the initial design in the light of actual usage patterns to obtain the best possible performance.The distinction between database design and database tuning is somewhat arbitrary.We could consider the design process to be over once an initial conceptual schema is designed and a set of indexing and clustering decisions is made. Any subsequent changes to the conceptual schema or the indexes, say, would then be regarded as a tuning activity. Alternatively, we could consider some refinement of the conceptual schema (and physical design decisions affected by this refinement) to be part of the physical design process.Where we draw the line between design and tuning is not very important.OVERVIEW OF DATABASE TUNINGAfter the initial phase of database design, actual use of the database provides a valuable source of detailed information that can be used to refine the initial design. Many of the original assumptions about the expected workload can be replaced by observed usage patterns; in general, some of the initial workload specification will be validated, and some of it will turn out to be wrong. Initial guesses about the size of data can be replaced with actual statistics from the system catalogs (although this information will keep changing as the system evolves). Careful monitoring of queries can reveal unexpected problems; for example, the optimizer may not be using some indexes as intended to produce good plans.Continued database tuning is important to get the best possibleperformance.TUNING THE CONCEPTUAL SCHEMAIn the course of database design, we may realize that our current choice of relation schemas does not enable us meet our performance objectives for the given workload with any (feasible) set of physical design choices. If so, we may our conceptual schema (and re-examine physical design decisions that are affected by the changes that we make).We may realize that a redesign is necessary during the initial design process or later, after the system in use for a while. Once a database designed and populated with data, changing the conceptual schema requires a significant effort in terms of mapping the contents of relations that are affected. Nonetheless, it may sometimes be necessary to revise the conceptual schema in light of experience with the system. We now consider the issues involved in conceptual schema (re)design from the point of view of performance.Several options must be considered while tuning the conceptual schema:We may decide to settle for a 3NF design instead of a BCNF design.If there are two ways to decompose a given schema into 3NF or BCNF, our choice should be guided by the workload.Sometimes we might decide to further decompose a relation that is already in BCNF.In other situations we might denormalize. That is, we might choose toreplace a collection of relations obtained by a decomposition from a larger relation with the original (larger) relation, even though it suffers from some redundancy problems. Alternatively, we might choose to add some fields to certain relations to speed up some important queries, even if this leads to a redundant storage of some information (and consequently, a schema that is in neither 3NF nor BCNF).This discussion of normalization the technique of decomposition, which amounts to vertical partitioning of a relation. Another technique to consider is , which would lead to our ; rather, we want to create two distinct relations (possibly with different constraints and indexes on each).Incidentally, when we redesign the conceptual schema, especially if we are tuning an existing database schema, it is worth considering whether we should create views to mask these changes from users for whom the original schema is more natural.TUNING QUERIES AND VIEWSIf we notice that a query is running much slower than we expected, we conjunction with some index tuning, can often ?x the problem. Similar tuning may be called for if queries on some view run slower than expected.When tuning a query, the first thing to verify is that the system is using the plan that you expect it to use. It may be that the system is not finding the best plan for a variety of reasons. Some common situations that are not condition involving null values.Selection conditions involving arithmetic or string expressions orconditions using the or connective. For example, if we E.age = 2*D.age in the WHERE clause, the optimizer may correctly utilize an available index on E.age but fail to utilize an available index on D.age. Replacing the condition by E.age2=D.age would reverse the situation.Inability to recognize a sophisticated plan such as an index-only scan for an aggregation query involving a GROUP BY clause.If the optimizer is not smart enough to and the best plan (using access methods and evaluation strategies supported by the DBMS), some systems allow users to guide the choice of a plan by providing order and join method. A user who wishes to guide optimization in this manner should and the capabilities of the given DBMS.(8)OTHER TOPICSMOBILE DATABASESThe availability of portable computers and wireless communications many components of a DBMS, including the query engine, transaction manager, and recovery manager.Users are connected through a wireless link whose bandwidth is ten times less than Ethernet and 100 times less than ATM networks. Communication costs are therefore significantly proportion to IO and CPU costs.Users’ locati ons are constantly changing, and mobile computers costs is connection time and battery usage in addition to bytes transferred, and change constantly depending on location. Data is frequently replicated to minimize the cost of accessing it from different locations.As a user moves around, data could be accessed from multipledatabase servers within a single transaction. The likelihood of losing connections is also much greater than in a traditional network. Centralized transaction management may therefore be impractical, especially if some data is resident at the mobile computers. We may in fact ACID transactions and develop alternative notions of consistency for user programs.MAIN MEMORY DATABASESThe price of main memory is now low enough that we can buy enough main memory to CPUs also memory. This shift prompts a reexamination of some basic DBMS design decisions, since disk accesses no longer dominate processing time for a memory-resident database: Main memory does not survive system crashes, and so we still atomicity and durability. Log records must be written to stable storage at commit time, and this process could become a bottleneck. To minimize this problem, rather than commit each transaction as it completes, we can collect completed transactions and commit them in batches; this is called group commit. Recovery algorithms can also be optimized since pages rarely out to make room for other pages.The implementation of in-memory operations must be considered while optimizing queries, namely the amount of space required to execute a plan. It is important to minimize the space overhead because exceeding available physical memory would lead to swapping pages to disk (through the operating system’s virtual memory mechanisms), greatly slowing down execution.Page-oriented data structures become less important (since pages areno longer the unit of data retrieval), and clustering is not important (since the cost of accessing any region of main memory is uniform).（一）从历史的角度回顾从数据库的早期开始，存储和操纵数据就一直是主要的应用焦点。
软件工程外文翻译文献
软件工程外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Software engineeringSoftware engineering is the study of the use of engineering methods to build and maintain effective, practical and high-quality software disciplines. It involves the programming language, database, software development tools, system platform, standards, design patterns and so on.In modern society, the software used in many ways. Typical software such as email, embedded systems, human-machine interface, office packages, operating systems, compilers, databases, games. Meanwhile, almost all the various sectors of computer software applications, such as industry, agriculture, banking, aviation and government departments. These applications facilitate the economic and social development,improve people's working efficiency, while improving the quality of life. Software engineers is to create software applications of people collectively, according to which software engineers can be divided into different areas of system analysts, software designers, system architects, programmers, testers and so on. It is also often used to refer to a variety of software engineers, programmers.OriginIn view of difficulties encountered in software development, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1968 organized the first Conference on Software Engineering, and will be presented at the "software engineering" to define the knowledge required for software development, and suggested that "software development the activities of similar projects should be. " Software Engineering has formally proposed since 1968, this time to accumulate a large number of research results, widely lot of technical practice, academia and industry through the joint efforts of software engineering is gradually developing into a professional discipline.Definitioncreation and use of sound engineering principles in order to obtain reliable and economically efficient software.application of systematic, follow the principle can be measured approach to development, operation and maintenance of software; that is to beapplied to software engineering.The development, management and updating software products related to theories, methods and tools.A knowledge or discipline (discipline), aims to produce good quality, punctual delivery, within budget and meet users need software.the practical application of scientific knowledge in the design, build computer programs, and the accompanying documents produced, and the subsequent operation and maintenance.Use systematic production and maintenance of software products related to technology and management expertise to enable software development and changes in the limited time and under cost.Construction team of engineers developed the knowledge of large software systems disciplines.the software analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of a systematic method.the systematic application of tools and techniques in the development of computer-based applications.Software Engineering and Computer ScienceSoftware development in the end is a science or an engineering, this is a question to be debated for a long time. In fact, both the two characteristics of software development. But this does not mean that they can be confused with each other. Many people think that softwareengineering, computer science and information science-based as in the traditional sense of the physical and chemical engineering as. In the U.S., about 40% of software engineers with a degree in computer science. Elsewhere in the world, this ratio is also similar. They will not necessarily use every day knowledge of computer science, but every day they use the software engineering knowledge.For example, Peter McBreen that software "engineering" means higher degree of rigor and proven processes, not suitable for all types of software development stage. Peter McBreen in the book "Software Craftsmanship: The New Imperative" put forward the so-called "craftsmanship" of the argument, consider that a key factor in the success of software development, is to develop the skills, not "manufacturing" software process.Software engineering and computer programmingSoftware engineering exists in a variety of applications exist in all aspects of software development. The program design typically include program design and coding of the iterative process, it is a stage of software development.Software engineering, software project seeks to provide guidance in all aspects, from feasibility analysis software until the software after completion of maintenance work. Software engineering that software development and marketing activities are closely related. Such assoftware sales, user training, hardware and software associated with installation. Software engineering methodology that should not be an independent programmer from the team and to develop, and the program of preparation can not be divorced from the software requirements, design, and customer interests.Software engineering design of industrial development is the embodiment of a computer program.Software crisisSoftware engineering, rooted in the 20th century to the rise of 60,70 and 80 years of software crisis. At that time, many of the software have been a tragic final outcome. Many of the software development time significantly beyond the planned schedule. Some projects led to the loss of property, and even some of the software led to casualties. While software developers have found it increasingly difficult for software development.OS 360 operating system is considered to be a typical case. Until now, it is still used in the IBM360 series host. This experience for decades, even extremely complex software projects do not have a set of programs included in the original design of work systems. OS 360 is the first large software project, which uses about 1,000 programmers. Fred Brooks in his subsequent masterpiece, "The Mythical Man Month" (The Mythical Man-Month) in the once admitted that in his management of theproject, he made a million dollar mistake.Property losses: software error may result in significant property damage. European Ariane rocket explosion is one of the most painful lesson.Casualties: As computer software is widely used, including hospitals and other industries closely related to life. Therefore, the software error might also result in personal injury or death.Was used extensively in software engineering is the Therac-25 case of accidents. In 1985 between June and January 1987, six known medical errors from the Therac-25 to exceed the dose leads to death or severe radiation burns.In industry, some embedded systems do not lead to the normal operation of the machine, which will push some people into the woods. MethodologyThere are many ways software engineering aspects of meaning. Including project management, analysis, design, program preparation, testing and quality control.Software design methods can be distinguished as the heavyweight and lightweight methods. Heavyweight methods produce large amounts of official documentation.Heavyweight development methodologies, including the famous ISO 9000, CMM, and the Unified Process (RUP).Lightweight development process is not an official document of the large number of requirements. Lightweight methods, including well-known Extreme Programming (XP) and agile process (Agile Processes).According to the "new methodology" in this article, heavyweight method presented is a "defensive" posture. In the application of the "heavyweight methods" software organizations, due to a software project manager with little or no involvement in program design, can not grasp the item from the details of the progress of the project which will have a "fear", constantly had to ask the programmer to write a lot of "software development documentation." The lightweight methods are presented "aggressive" attitude, which is from the XP method is particularly emphasized four criteria - "communication, simplicity, feedback and courage" to be reflected on. There are some people that the "heavyweight method" is suitable for large software team (dozens or more) use, and "lightweight methods" for small software team (a few people, a dozen people) to use. Of course, on the heavyweight and lightweight method of approach has many advantages and disadvantages of debate, and various methods are constantly evolving.Some methodologists think that people should be strictly followed in the development and implementation of these methods. But some people do not have the conditions to implement these methods. In fact, themethod by which software development depends on many factors, but subject to environmental constraints.Software development processSoftware development process, with the subsequent development of technology evolution and improvement. From the early waterfall (Waterfall) development model to the subsequent emergence of the spiral iterative (Spiral) development, which recently began the rise of agile development methodologies (Agile), they showed a different era in the development process for software industry different awareness and understanding of different types of projects for the method.Note distinction between software development process and software process improvement important difference between. Such as ISO 15504, ISO 9000, CMM, CMMI such terms are elaborated in the framework of software process improvement, they provide a series of standards and policies to guide software organizations how to improve the quality of the software development process, the ability of software organizations, and not give a specific definition of the development process.Development of software engineering"Agile Development" (Agile Development) is considered an important software engineering development. It stressed that software development should be able to possible future changes and uncertaintiesof a comprehensive response.Agile development is considered a "lightweight" approach. In the lightweight approach should be the most prestigious "Extreme Programming" (Extreme Programming, referred to as XP).Correspond with the lightweight approach is the "heavyweight method" exists. Heavyweight approach emphasizes the development process as the center, rather than people-centered. Examples of methods such as heavyweight CMM / PSP / TSP.Aspect-oriented programming (Aspect Oriented Programming, referred to as the AOP) is considered to software engineering in recent years, another important development. This aspect refers to the completion of a function of a collection of objects and functions. In this regard the contents related to generic programming (Generic Programming) and templates.软件工程软件工程是一门研究用工程化方法构建和维护有效的、实用的和高质量的软件的学科。
软件工程外文文献翻译
软件工程外文文献翻译大连交通大学2012届本科生毕业设计 (论文) 外文翻译原文:New Competencies for HRWhat does it take to make it big in HR? What skills and expertise do you need? Since 1988, Dave Ulrich, professor of business administration at the University of Michigan, and his associates have been on a quest to provide the answers. This year, they?ve released an all-new 2007 Human Resource Competency Study (HRCS). Thefindings and interpretations lay out professional guidance for HRfor at least the next few years.“People want to know what set of skills high-achieving HR people need toperform even better,” says Ulrich, co-director of the project along with WayneBrockbank, also a professor of business at the University of Michigan.Conducted under the auspices of the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan and The RBL Group in Salt Lake City, with regional partners including the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) in North America and other institutions in Latin America, Europe, China and Australia, HRCS is the longest-running, most extensive global HR competency study in existence. “Inreaching our conclusions, we?ve looked across more than 400 companies and are able to report with statistical accuracy what HR executives say and do,” Ulrich says.“The re search continues to demonstrate the dynamic nature of the humanresource management profession,” says SHRM President and CEO Susan R. Meisinger, SPHR. “The findings also highlight what an exciting time it is to be in the profession. We continue to have the ability to really add value to an organization.”“HRCS is foundational work that is really important to HR as a profession,” says Cynthia McCague, senior vice president of the Coca-Cola Co., who participated in the study. “They have created and continue to enhance a framework for thinking about how HR drives organizational performance.”What’s NewResearchers identified six core competencies that high-performing HR professionals embody. These supersede the five competencies outlined in the 2002 HRCS—the last study published—reflecting the continuing evolution of the HRprofession. Each competency is broken out into performance elements.“This is the fifth round, so we can look at past models and compare where the profession is going,” says Evren Esen, survey program manager at SHRM, which provided the sample of HR professionals surveyed in NorthAmerica. “We can actually see the profession changing. Some core areas remain the same, but others,大连交通大学2012届本科生毕业设计 (论文) 外文翻译based on how the raters asse ss and perceive HR, are new.” (For more information, see “The Competencies and Their Elements,” at right.) To some degree, the new competencies reflect a change in nomenclature or a shuffling of the competency deck. However, there are some key differences.Five years ago, HR?s role in managing culture was embedded within a broadercompetency. Now its importance merits a competency of its own. Knowledge of technology, a stand-alone competency in 2002, now appears within Business Ally. In other instances, the new competencies carry expectations that promise to change the way HR views its role. For example, the Credible Activist calls for HR to eschew neutrality and to take a stand—to practice the craft “with an attitude.”To put the competencies in perspective, it?s helpful to view them as a three-tierpyramid with Credible Activist at the pinnacle.Credible Activist. This competency is the top indicator inpredicting overall outstanding performance, suggesting that mastering it should be a priority. “You?ve got to be good at all of them, but, no question, [this competency] is key,” Ulrich says.“But you can?t be a Credible Activist without having all the other competencies. In a sense, it?s the whole package.”“It?s a deal breaker,” agrees Dani Johnson, project manager of the Human Resource Competency Study at The RBL Group in Salt Lake City. “If you don?t cometo the table with it, you?re done. It permeates everything you do.”The Credible Activist is at the heart of what it takes to be an effective H R leader. “The best HR people do not hold back; they step forward and advocate for theirposition,” says Susan Harmansky, SPHR, senior director of domestic restaurant operations for HR at Papa John?s International in Louisville, Ky., and former chair of the Human Resource Certification Institute. “CEOs are not waiting for HR to come in with options—they want your recommendations; they want you to speak from your position as an expert, similar to what you see from legal or finance executives.”“You don?t w ant to be credible without being an activist, because essentially you?re worthless to the business,” Johnson says. “People like you, but you have no impact. On the other hand, you don?t want to be an activist without being credible. You can be dangerous in a situation like that.”Below Credible Activist on the pyramid is a cluster of three competencies: Cultural Steward, Talent Manager/Organizational Designer and Strategy Architect.Cultural Steward. HR has always owned culture. But with Sarbanes-Oxley and other regulatory pressures, and CEOs relying more on HR to manage culture, this is the first time it has emerged as an independent competency. Of the six competencies,大连交通大学2012届本科生毕业设计 (论文) 外文翻译Cultural Steward is the second highest predictor of performance of both HR professionals and HR departments.Talent Manager/Organizational Designer. Talent management focuses on howindividuals enter, move up, across or out of the organization. Organizational design centers on the policies, practices and structure that shape how the organization works. Their linking reflects Ulrich?s belief that HR may be placing too much emphasis ontalent acquisition at the expense of organizational design. Talent management will not succeed in the long run without an organizational structure that supports it.Strategy Architect. Strategy Architects are able to recognize business trends and their impact on the business, and to identify potential roadblocks and opportunities. Harmansky, who recently joined Papa John?s, demonstrates how the Strategy Architect competency helps HR contribute to the overall business strategy. “In my first months here, I?m spending a lot of time traveling, going to see stores all over the country. Every time I go to a store, while my counterparts of the management team are talking about [operational aspects], I?m talking tothe people who work there. I?m trying to find out what the issues are surrounding people. How do I develop them? I?m looking for my business differentiator on the people side s o I can contribute to the strategy.”When Charlease Deathridge, SPHR, HR manager of McKee Foods inStuarts Draft, Va., identified a potential roadblock to implementing a new management philosophy, she used the Strategy Architect competency. “When we were rolling out …lean manufacturing? principles at our location, we administered an employee satisfaction survey to assess how the workers viewed the new system. The satisfaction scores were lower than ideal. I showed [management] how a negative could become a positive, how we could use the data and follow-up surveys as a strategic tool to demonstrate progress.”Anchoring the pyramid at its base are two competencies that Ulrich describes as “table stakes—necessary but not sufficient.” Except in China, where HR is at an earlier stage in professional development and there is great emphasis on transactional activities, these competencies are looked upon as basic skills that everyone must have. There is some disappointing news here. In the United States, respondents rated significantly lower on these competencies than the respondents surveyedin other countries.Business Ally. HR contributes to the success of a business byknowing how it makes money, who the customers are, and why they buy the company?s products and services. For HR professionals to be BusinessAllies (and Credible Activists and Strategy Architects as well), they should be what Ulrich describes as “businessliterate.” The mantra about understanding the business—how it works, the financialsand strategic issues—remains as important today as it did in every iteration of the survey the past 20 years. Yet progress in this area continues to lag.大连交通大学2012届本科生毕业设计 (论文) 外文翻译“Even these high performers don?t know the business as well as they should,” U lrich says. In his travels, he gives HR audiences 10 questions to test their business literacy.Operational Executor. These skills tend to fall into the range of HR activities characterized as transactional or “legacy.” Policies need to be drafted, adapted and implemented. Employees need to be paid, relocated, hired, trained and more. Every function here is essential, but—as with the Business Allycompetency—high-performing HR managers seem to view them as less important and score higher on the other competencies. Even some highly effective HR people may be running a risk in paying too little attention to these nuts-and-bolts activities, Ulrich observes.Practical ToolIn conducting debriefings for people who participated in the HRCS, Ulrich observes how delighted they are at the prescriptive nature of theexercise. The individual feedback reports they receive (see “How the Study Was Done”) offer thema road map, and they are highly motivated to follow it.Anyone who has been through a 360-degree appraisal knows that criticism can be jarring. It?s risky to open yourself up to others? opinions when you don?t have to. Add the prospect of sharing the results with your boss and colleagues who will be rating you, and you may decide to pass. Still, it?s not surprising that highly motivated people like Deathridge jumped at the chance for the free feedback.“All of it is not good,” says Deathridge. “You have to be willing to face up to it. You go home, work it out and say, …Why am I getting this bad feedback?? ”But for Deathridge, the results mostly confirmed what she already knew. “Ibelieve most people know where they?re weak or strong. For me, it was most helpful to look at how close others? ratings of me matched with my own assessments. ... There?s so much to learn about what it takes to be a genuine leader, and this studyhelped a lot.”Deathridge says the individual feedback report she received helped her realize the importance of taking a stand and developing her Credible Activist competency. “There wa s a situation where I had a line manager who wanted to disciplinesomeone,” she recalls. “In the past, I wouldn?t have been able to stand up as strongly as I did. I was able to be very clear about how I felt. I told him that he had not done enough to document the performance issue, and that if he wanted to institute discipline it would have to be at the lowest level. In the past, I would have been more deferential and said, …Let?s compromise and do it at step two or three.? But I didn?t do it; I spoke out strongly and held my ground.”大连交通大学2012届本科生毕业设计 (论文) 外文翻译This was the second study for Shane Smith, director of HR at Coca-Cola. “I didit for the first time in 2002. Now I?m seeing some traction in the things I?ve been working on. I?m pleased to see the consistency with my evaluations of my performance when compared to my raters.”What It All MeansUlrich believes that HR professionals who would have succeeded 30, 20, even 10 years ago, are not as likely to succeed today. They are expected to play new roles. To do so, they will need the new competencies.Ulrich urges HR to reflect on the new competencies and what they reveal about the future of the HR profession. His message is direct and unforgiving. “Legacy HR work is going, and HR people who don?t change with it will be gone.” Still, he remains optimistic that many in HR are heeding his call. “Twenty percent of HRpeople will never get it; 20 percent are really top performing. The middle 60 percent are moving in the right direction,” says Ulrich.“Within that 60 percent there are HR professionals who may be at the table but are not contributing fully,” he adds. “That?s the group I want to talk to. ... I want to show them what they need to do to have an impact.”As a start, Ulrich recommends HR professionals consider initiating three conversations. “One is with your business leaders. Review the competencies withthem and ask them if you?re doing them. Next, pose the same questions to your HR team. Then, ask yourself whether you really know the bu siness or if you?re glossing on the surface.” Finally, set your priorities. “Our data say: …Get working on thatCredible Activist!? ”Robert J. Grossman, a contributing editor of HR Magazine, is a lawyer and aprofessor of management studies at Marist College in Poughkeepsie, N.Y. from:HR Magazine, 2007,06 Robert J. Grossman ,大连交通大学2012届本科生毕业设计 (论文) 外文翻译译文:人力资源管理的新型胜任力如何在人力资源管理领域取得更大成功,需要怎样的专业知识和技能, 从1988年开始，密歇根大学的商业管理教授Dave Ulrich先生和他的助手们就开始研究这个课题。
软件工程毕业论文外文文献—信息管理系统简介
外文原文The information management system brief introductionA．output background of the management information systemThe information is a kind of resources, in pass by of 30 years, the every trade usually all had not a few managers and administrations the mastermind treated the data processing and calculators isolatedly.Result in the reason of this kind of viewpoint is, the data processing( DP) and the information service( IS) the personnel does not wish to use easily drive the language that customer( namely the personnel of" usage" calculator) comprehend and customer carries on the exchanges.The manager lacks the interest and inabilities as dint to this kind of exchanges, cause defer the development of the calculator system, thus fostering to live in isolation in many other aspects and the phenomenon of the redundancy labor.Communicate with the information attendant in the customer aspect, there is no an unit hope can make perfect, but, have some units indeed to have already obtained the more very successful experience.The customer thinks with some units of the information attendant match tacit understanding:This kind of successful reason lie in, the customer has already controled basic knowledge of the calculator and the information resources management.It is thus clear that, customer the manager controls the knowledge of this aspect is very necessary.Perfectly right, the information serve what professional personnel is to have this aspect knowledge, but to use a manager to acquire these knowledges, must pass the regular study, reading and fulfillments.Together between the information attendant relation of appropriate processing customer, can strengthen the both parties to work in coordination.For building up and supporting an information system of high quantity, the everyone must respect the will of the other party.The good and bad of the system quantity is direct to become the direct proportion with customer and a quality for work in coordination of the information attendant.Every those customer managers who would not like to control the basic knowledge of relevant calculator and the information resources management aspects and administration mastermind, will become the behind the time necessarily, participate the development trends that the information system develops the process directly in current this kind of encouragementcustomer especially under.Recommend in the past, customer manager to a large extent is depend on the information attendant, the information system that development and realizations need of.Owing to the information service needs the continuous development variety, leaving the responsibility that discriminates and raises the system now to customer- this is also a reason should of.The customer participates the development of the information system morely, this kind of trend as early as 70's the middle started, and, from that time hereafter develop constantly, have already entered the information attendant now together ages of the customer cooperation.Because only have the customer to even understand that they want to get from the information system by themselves what.The customer participates the typical model case performance of the information resources management( IRM) in the distribute type data processing( DDP) aspect.In this aspect, the customer not only need to attend the development of the system, and but also need to be responsible for the hardware equipments that manage the system movement's demand and personnel.People did not know until most in the last few years:The information is a kind of resources, must take into the exploitation to this kind of worthy resources, don't make it the white white run to waste.In compete the environment of the vehemence, manager and administration the mastermind must make use of the information availably, otherwise hard have a foothold in the invincible position.In the past, manager only the calculator see is a saving money of tool, but now, the calculator is see is a tool that created the profits.Each companies have a great deal of of, didn't°yet discover of, can make use of the potential of the calculator and the information resources.Discover this kind of potential the knowledge level of the calculator and the information processing that demand have, is most managers and the administration mastermind's what lies in one's powers of.B．basic type of the information systemThe information system can be artificial or according to calculator of, independent or comprehensive of, become to criticize processing of or machine of.The usual information system is the combination of above-mentioned various type.Certainly it can't be independent again comprehensive,1.The independent system is for satisfying a certain and particular applied realm( such as, personal management) but design.The independent system contain itsown document, these documents take to have the certain redundancy by all means.2.The comprehensive information system passes the data that they use but drive comprehensive together.The system makes use of a database with commonly shared resources to attain the comprehensive purpose.For example, the wages system requests to find out the data from the human resource system and accountancy's systems in go order.3.Taking the artificial system as the foundation has already developped a calculator information system of various each kind.So far, while carry on the artificial" the calculator turn", still lack to design the experience and( or) the want for information attendants and exchanges between customers.Also is to say, drew lessons from the workflow of the artificial system directly according to the workflow of the system of the ually these systems are independent, and used to only the calculator to handle the machine for the data.While design these systems, few in consideration of end want intention that they synthesize.4.The information system also can press criticize processing, the machine processing or two combinationses to categorize.In become criticize handle system, divide business and datas to criticize a ground of processing or the creation statement.For example, the bank code a great deal of check, then at a day end, criticize the place check separately, row preface and carry on the processing.Again such as, for prevent°froming the airline pulling in the tower a sell the ticket to order with in Atlanta of another sell the last ticket that the ticket orders to sell some one service gone to San Francisco from Los Angeles at the same time, the airline system book the ticket to must be the machine of , with the current appearance of the reflection database.Most s machine information system also has results to show the request of criticize the processing.Even appeared the information resources management( IRM) system, and after the potential of the calculator information system got extensive acknowledgement, most systems are still independent criticize to handle the system.Now these system in the most has already lost the use value, and is re- designed comprehensive of, the system of the machine .Pass the definition can know,"ing comprehensive" to request the business realm manager and company the leadership cooperates closely.The information serve the professional personnel and can be the adviser, but relevant comprehensive information system and the business realm of conflict and difference then should be solve by the customer group.Environment that solves these differences to synthesizewith the real realization is the information attendant to customer the manager put forward of challenge.C．social influence of the information systemThe social influence of various company information system is the responsibility that the information serves the manager and professional realm managers.Should check all plans in of and existing information system, to distinguish whether these systems will bring the harmful society influence or not.Should check the existing system with regularity specially.The society influence may be internal, be also likely to be exterior or two and but have it.The serious degree of affect will involve from the officers and workers not like this kind of short date of a certain new method to affect because the calculator turns but makes some officers and workerses reduce such long-term influence.These circumstances explained the information system harmful internal society influence.If know that the particular and applied system that a certain calculator of realization( under the condition of some, only is design) turn will bring the harmful society influence in advance, so customer the manager should serve the manager and company management section with information to cooperate, responding this kind of influence to contract to minimum extent.The exterior society influence involves with those person who the company has the friendly intercourse.( customer, client, attendant, creditor etc.)The change of a certain procedure is also possible to bring important influence to the image of the companies, thus also affecting the profits of the company.For example, a very and greatly the nationwide public enterprise company decision repeal is in 12 service organizations of small town, then request the residents of these towns and will pay to mail the company originally department, that company did not estimate the influence that this kind of change on the policy bring.The residents are angry with can't directly hand over style give native organization.Unique result is the organization that the public enterprise company must re- set up those places, and examine from the beginning lately- install accept the debt system.D．the function and the responsibility of the customer and the information service departmentA quantity of information system and a benefits with future company, on the very big degree dependence hence denied to rule the function and the responsibility of the customer andthe information service department clearly.The function and responsibilities of the underneath are in keeping with to most units, however for ising suitable for own circumstance and shoulding still make a little amount of modification.The function and the responsibility of the customer:1.The information system policy committee( ISPC).The information serves the deluxe coordination commission, usually being leader by the high class of the customer to constitute.Therefore, the responsibility of that committee is the responsibility of the customer.ISPC approval to some gravenesses request that information serve, build up having the initiative the class system, solve the difference between each section and build up the first- degree information service counterplan of company.2.Accept the reform.The calculator turn, in regard to its essence, mean the reform.But the person does not wish to accept the reform essentially.The whole section brush-off of the some business realm carries out the circumstance of an information system not seldom seen.Even if to the personnel assurance of that section and they also believe that the end product will raise the rate of production that they work and make under personal satisfied circumstance, also still such.The manager of the customer has the responsibility creation the appropriate environment to accept the ineluctable reform- carry out a calculator information system in that company.Perform is one of the best paths that encouragement accepts to reform probably.Perform a successful information system( is the company inner part in spite of of or exterior of) needs to cost some time properly.Should encourage the people to carry on the exchanges with those persons who turns the aspect to be subjected to" frustrate" in the calculator.3.The system service claim.The plait writes the service claim and hands over is the responsibility of the end customer for the information service department.4.To the support of the information service item.Isn't the member of an item set even if, customer the manager still should participate the activity of the item, because the end product of the item set is end will to the method, work of the section and succeed to produce the important influence.Should request the customer manager is after each important stage complete" the signing approve".Some customer managers exist a kind of innocent viewpoint,they think that the normal progress of the item is a naturally of, but system will completely according to hope to was so complete, the procedure that signing approve is the responsibility of the customer, and for the success of the item is to go to pass important.This kind of signing not only mean the satisfied approval that designs to the basic system, and but also mean the approbation toward the detailed function manual.Manager and their employees of customers should meet the relevant item to constitute the member, comprehending and agreeing with the system suggest for them every way to carry on the pit actually.At the stage of Ⅱend can't still over-emphasize the importance of the signing approbation, because the that time system function a manual still" is freeze of".At the system of the modification ratio that stage of Ⅱdo realization after do the manpower that same modification need to want to be little and have to have another.For example, may need a person only to the modification of some document design to can complete no longer than a day in stage of Ⅱ , but after system carry out, do the same modification and may request several individuals to do a few months.The customer should find out the blemish as early as possible, and before understanding the system thoroughly, before use the section satisfaction, do not sign the approbation.cate.The manager of the customer and customer the personnel is responsible for the training that provides the business to the information attendant.( for example, stock method, the open account principle...etc.)According to the size of the item set, this kind of training can summit the form to carry on with the personal form or group.If customer the manager can recommend some informations sources( such as book, magazine, regular course...etc.) that can make use of also helpful to training.The customer also may need to be some to have something to do with training of calculator and the information system of knowledge.The information service department will be responsible for this kind of training.The customer just attends the training.The contents of this kind of training includes to be like how to use the calculator hardware, according to the work principle of the calculator system and involve the training of not deeply general calculator knowledge etc. topic.6.The data records to go into.According to the scope that the traditional information service working talent distribute, the customer group may participate almost all aspects of theinformation service.( include to record to go into the program design from the data)At least, the customer section wants to be responsible for the importation of the system.In the machine system, the data importation still include to is a readable form of machine the original data conversion that comes from the video frequency manifestation equipments.In become criticize handle system, the customer is responsible for completing accurate and legal original data.Then record these original datas criticize separately erupt the data of send to the information service into the section.This kind of a serious problem that becomes to criticize to turn to record the processing is many character lists are" illegal" in the original data, this will cause to usually make a phone call for the customer section or seek to come or saved into in the database bad or the data of the mistake.The manager of the customer should know the legitimacy and the accuracy equal importance of the character list.Should encourage the importance that clerk's personnel knows accurate and clean and neat twos.7.For provide of information service hand over the fee.According to the dissimilarity of each company policy, the service that the customer section may provide to the information service department pay all or parts of expenses or not pay, have already adopted a typical model to charge those companies of system and will consult with, analyze the member and program designs service, use the hardware machine and use to save the machine and materials to the inner part, charge to the customer open account. 8.The periodical evaluation information system.An information system( its ownership) from the customer section own, not from the information service department own.Therefore, carry on to their information system the regular commentary with regularity is the customer manager's responsibility.These comment on, will rise a kind of aggressive function for the improvement system.The function and the responsibility of the information service department:1.Keep advanced sex on the technique.Because the technique of the modern is in the variety everyday, the company can't neglect to decline low cost and suggest the opportunity of the high performance.For making use of the existing technique, the information attendant must be join force to keep advanced sex on the technique with one mind.The information service department and customers manage the technique invention that the section should notice to those to raise the rate of production and efficiency probably.2.Rise to promote the function.In the aspects of discovering the new information system and raising the existing information system, the information attendant should rise to promote the function.Any improvement data processing or management make policy the opportunities of the process and should cause concerning the business realm manager's attention.3.Provide to suggest the source.The information attendant is to provide the suggestion and advisory headsprings toward the customer group.The information service department should provide an organization( for example, customer contact section), for the purpose of customer can pass that organization request suggestion of the relevant calculator and the information processing.4.Help the customer in system develop process.The system development process press half to half of comparisons, from the expert of the business realm with( the information system aspect) technique the expert combine together, developping together a take calculator as the basal information system.By 1980, it is the responsibility of the information service department that popular viewpoint is the system development in customer and the information attendants.Today, the information system is own by customer, therefore, the system development is the responsibility of the customer.The responsibility of the information service department is an information system item that"s help" the customer to carry out them.5.Provide the movement ability for the information system.The information service department is responsible for a part that produces the system to have something to do with hardware.Certainly, this is is not suitable for in to distribute the data processing environment also.So-called have something to do with hardware the part includes the engine room, control, output's to send out to record to go into with data.( only rightness become criticize to handle the environment)The responsibility concerning database, sometimes will produce to confuse.The company database is saving saving equipments at the big capacity that be control by the information attendant and operate up.The managing person of the database is responsible for the physics and logical maintenances of the database.However, to any change of the database is to is carried on the push by the customer importation, therefore, the accuracy of the database is from the customer be responsible for, not database managing person is responsible of.6.Support the data of the information system.To the whichever and existing informationsystem, the complete set data includes the " circulate the order", the database data( may support one or several information systemses) and user's manuals of the system and program design data, the calculator operator.Must reflect to any improvement of the system in above- mentioned data, these datas are distribute by the information attendant and support.7.For the company whole turn to provide the help.The data becomes comprehensive( combination) tool of company.Each company, the education section and the government agency all exist the redundancy in the data and procedureses.The information service department contain responsibility provide the ability( hardware and expert) on the technique to remove this kind of phenomenon.8.Provide to educate the project( outline) toward the customer.Nowadays widespread viewpoint is, the customer handle the education of the aspect in the calculator and information, having the important influence successfully for an unit.The manager of the customer and deluxe administration leadership is making use of the professional public lecturer and facing to the book and the inner part colloquium of the customer well.The information service department be responsible for organize the customer manager of internal public lecturer.Handle the knowledge in the calculator and information, exist thus a kind of request, educate the reasonable charges to the customer namely, even in the small companyalso such.外文翻译信息管理系统简介一．管理信息系统产生的背景信息是一种资源,在过去的 30 年中，各行各业往往都有不少管理人员和行政首脑孤立地看待数据处理和计算机。
软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译
软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译1000字本文将就软件工程专业毕业设计的外文文献进行翻译，能够为相关考生提供一定的参考。
外文文献1: Software Engineering Practices in Industry: A Case StudyAbstractThis paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process, practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The software engineering practices were identified through a survey questionnaire and a series of interviews with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.IntroductionSoftware engineering is the discipline of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software products. There are a number of software engineering practices that are used in industry to ensure that software products are of high quality, reliable, and maintainable. These practices include software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management. Software engineeringpractices have evolved over the years as a result of the growth of the software industry and the increasing demands for high-quality software products. The software industry has developed a number of software development models, such as the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), which provides a framework for software development organizations to improve their software development processes and practices.This paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The objective of the study was to identify the software engineering practices used by the company and to investigate how these practices contribute to the production of quality software.Research MethodologyThe case study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study was conducted over a period of six months, during which a survey questionnaire was administered to the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. In addition, a series of interviews were conducted with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers to gain a deeper understanding of the software engineering practices used by the company. The survey questionnaire and the interview questions were designed to investigate the software engineering practices used by the company in relation to software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management.FindingsThe research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company’s software development process consists of five levels of maturity, starting with an ad hoc process (Level 1) and progressing to a fully defined and optimized process (Level 5). The company has achieved Level 3 maturity in its software development process. The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The software engineering practices used by the company include:Software Configuration Management (SCM): The company uses SCM tools to manage software code, documentation, and other artifacts. The company follows a branching and merging strategy to manage changes to the software code.Software Testing: The company has adopted a formal testing approach that includes unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The testing process is automated where possible, and the company uses a range of testing tools.Requirements Engineering: The company has a well-defined requirements engineering process, which includes requirements capture, analysis, specification, and validation. The company uses a range of tools, including use case modeling, to capture and analyze requirements.Project Management: The company has a well-defined project management process that includes project planning, scheduling, monitoring, and control. The company uses a range of tools to support project management, including project management software, which is used to track project progress.ConclusionThis paper has reported a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process,practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company uses a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.外文文献2: Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns, and PracticesAbstractAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. The Agile Manifesto represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. This paper presents an overview of agile software development, including its principles, patterns, and practices. The paper also discusses the benefits and challenges of agile software development.IntroductionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases.Agile Software Development PrinciplesAgile software development is based on a set of principles. These principles are:Customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software.Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage.Deliver working software frequently, with a preference for the shorter timescale.Collaboration between the business stakeholders and developers throughout the project.Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need, and trust them to get the job done.The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation.Working software is the primary measure of progress.Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace indefinitely.Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility.Simplicity – the art of maximizing the amount of work not done – is essential.The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams.Agile Software Development PatternsAgile software development patterns are reusable solutions to common software development problems. The following are some typical agile software development patterns:The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)The Open/Closed Principle (OCP)The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)The Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)The Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)The Model-View-Controller (MVC) PatternThe Observer PatternThe Strategy PatternThe Factory Method PatternAgile Software Development PracticesAgile software development practices are a set ofactivities and techniques used in agile software development. The following are some typical agile software development practices:Iterative DevelopmentTest-Driven Development (TDD)Continuous IntegrationRefactoringPair ProgrammingAgile Software Development Benefits and ChallengesAgile software development has many benefits, including:Increased customer satisfactionIncreased qualityIncreased productivityIncreased flexibilityIncreased visibilityReduced riskAgile software development also has some challenges, including:Requires discipline and trainingRequires an experienced teamRequires good communicationRequires a supportive management cultureConclusionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. Agile software development has many benefits, including increased customer satisfaction, increased quality, increased productivity, increased flexibility, increased visibility, and reduced risk. Agile software development also has some challenges, including the requirement for discipline and training, the requirement for an experienced team, the requirement for good communication, and the requirement for a supportive management culture.。
软件工程英文文献原文及翻译
英文文献原文及译文学生姓名：赵凡学号：1021010639学院：软件学院专业：软件工程指导教师：武敏顾晨昕2014年 6月英文文献原文The use of skinWhat is a skin? In the role of setting, the preparations made for the animation in the final process is skinning. The so-called skinning skinning tool is to use role-model role do with our skeletal system to help set the course together. After this procedure, fine role model can be rendered on real numbers can be made into animation. Bones in skinning process, in which the position is called Bind Pose. After the skin, bone deformation of the skin caused by the Games. However, sometimes inappropriate distortion, which requires bone or skin to make the appropriate changes, then you can make use of relevant command to restore the bone binding position, and then disconnect the association between bone and skin. In Maya, you can always put the bones and skin disconnected or reconnected. There is a direct way to skin the skin (skin flexible rigid skinning) and indirect skin (or wrap the lattice deformation of flexible or rigid skinning skinning joint use).In recent years, more and more 3D animation software, a great competition in the market, software companies are constantly developing and updating the relevant software only more humane, but in three-dimensional animation maya mainstream animation software. Able to create bone, meat, God's role is that each CG digital artists dream. Whether the digital characters charm, the test is the animator of life, understanding of life. Digital character to have bone and meat producers are required for the role of the body and has a full grasp of motor function. In addition, the roles of whether there is realism, the key lies in the design and production of the skin, which is skinning animation software for skilled technical and creative mastery is essential. Skin is ready to work in animation final steps, after this procedure, you can do the movements designed, if the skin did not do the work, after the animation trouble, so the skin is very important.As the three-dimensional animation with accuracy and authenticity, the current three-dimensional animation is rapidly developing country, nowadays the use ofthree-dimensional animation everywhere, the field of architecture, planning areas, landscape areas, product demonstrations, simulated animation, film animation, advertising, animation, character animation, virtual reality and other aspects of three-dimensional animation fully reflects the current importance. If compared to the three-dimensional animation puppet animation in real life, then the doll puppet animation equivalent of Maya modeling, puppet performers equivalent Maya animators and puppet steel joints in the body is the skeletal system. Bones in the animation will not be the final rendering, its role is only equivalent to a bracket that can simulate real bones set of major joints to move, rotate, etc.. When the bones are set, we will be bound to the skeleton model, this step is like a robot mounted to a variety of external parts, like hanging, and then through the various settings, add a keyframe animation on bone, and then drive to be bound by the bones corresponding to the model on the joints. Thus, in the final animation, you can see the stiffness of a stationary model with vitality. The whole process from the rigging point of view, may not compare more tedious keyframe animation, rigging, but it is the core of the whole three-dimensional animation, and soul.Rigging plays a vital role in a three-dimensional animation. Good rigging easy animation production, faster and more convenient allows designers to adjust the action figures. Each step are bound to affect the skeleton final animation, binding is based on the premise of doing animation, animators animate convenient, good binding can make animation more fluid, allowing the characters to life even more performance sex. In addition to rigging as well as expression of the binding character, but also to let people be able to speak or behave different facial expressions. Everything is done in order to bind the animation is set, it is bound to set a good animation is mainly based on the entire set of styles and processes. Rigging is an indispensable part in the three-dimensional animation.Three-dimensional animation production process: model, texture, binding, animation, rendering, special effects, synthesis. Each link is associated. Model and material determines the style of animation, binding, and animation determine fluency animation, rendering, animation effects, and synthetic colors and determine the finalresult.Three-dimensional animation, also known as 3D animation, is an emerging technology. Three-dimensional animation gives a three-dimensional realism, even subtle animal hair, this effect has been widely applied to the production of film and television in many areas, education, and medicine. Movie Crash, deformed or fantasy scenes are all three-dimensional animation in real life. Designers in the first three-dimensional animation software to create a virtual scene, and then create the model according to the proportion, according to the requirements set trajectory models, sports, and other parameters of the virtual camera animation, and finally as a model assigned a specific material, and marked the lights , the final output rendering, generating the final screen. DreamWorks' "Shrek" and Pixar's "Finding Nemo" is so accomplished visual impact than the two-dimensional animation has.Animated film "Finding Nemo" extensive use of maya scene technology. Produced 77,000 jellyfish animation regardless of the technical staff or artist is one of the most formidable challenge. This pink translucent jellyfish is most needed is patience and skill, you can say, jellyfish appeared animated sea creatures taken a big step. His skin technology can be very good. The use of film roles skinning techniques is very good, so that each character is vivid, is not related to expression, or action is so smooth, these underwater underwater world is so beautiful. Maya maya technology for the creation of the first to have a full understanding and knowledge. He first thought of creative freedom virtual capacity, but the use of technology has limitations. When the flexible skinning animation technique many roles in the smooth bound for editing, re-allocation tools needed to adjust the skeletal model for the control of the weight through the right point, every detail clownfish are very realistic soft. In the joint on the affected area should smear, let joints from other effects, this movement was not wearing a tie. Used less rigid, rigid lattice bound objects must be created in a position to help the bones of the joint motion. Animated film "Finding Nemo," the whole movie a lot of facial animation, facial skin but also a good technique to make facial expressions, the facial animation is also animated, and now more and more animated facial animationtechnology increasingly possible, these should be good early skin behind it will not affect the expression, there is therefore the creation of the film how maya digital technology, play his video works styling advantages and industrial processes are needed to explore creative personnel, all and three-dimensional figures on the production of content, from maya part. Two-dimensional hand-painted parts, post-synthesis of several parts, from a technical production, artistic pursuit. Several angles to capture the entire production cycle of creation. Maya techniques used in the animated film "Finding Nemo", the flexible skinning performance of many, clown face on with a lot of smooth binding, so more people-oriented, maya application of technical advantages in certain limited extent. Realistic three-dimensional imaging technology in the animation depth spatial density, the sense of space, mysterious underwater world to play the most. Because lifelike action, it also brings the inevitable footage and outdoor sports realistic density, but also to explore this movie maya main goal of the three-dimensional animation.英文文献译文蒙皮的运用什么是蒙皮？在角色设定中，为动画所作的准备工作里的最后一道工序就是蒙皮。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
毕业论文外文文献及翻译
毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班姓学专级：名：院：业：10210A02 1021010633梁卓越软件学院软件工程（软件开发与测试）指导教师：韩涛常旭青2014 年 6月学号：英文文献出自《IBM System Journal,2006,44(2):33-37》作者：Malcolm DavisS truts——An Open-source MVC Implementation This article introduces Struts, a Model-View-Controller implementation that uses servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology.Struts can help you control change in your Web project and promote specialization. Even if you never implement a system with Struts, you may get some ideas for your future servlets and JSP page implementationIntroductionKids in grade school put HTML pages on the Internet. However,there is a monumental difference between a grade school page and a professionally developed Web site. The page designer(or HTML developer)must understand colors, the customer,product flow, page layout, browser compatibility, image creation, JavaScript, and more. Putting a great looking site together takes a lot of work, and most Java developers are more interested in creating a great looking object interface than a user interface. JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology provides the glue between the page designer and the Java developer.If you have worked on a large-scale Web application, you understand the term change.Model-View-Controller(MVC) is a design pattern put together to help control change.MVC decouples interface from business logic and data. Struts is an MVC implementation that uses Servlets 2.2 and JSP 1.1 tags, from the J2EE specifications, as part of the implementation.You may never implement a system with Struts, but looking at Struts may give you some ideas on your future Servlets and JSP implementations.Model-View-Controller(MVC)JSP tags solved only part of our problem.We still have issues with validation, flow control, and updating the state of the application. This is where MVC comes to the rescue. MVC helps resolve some of the issues with the single module approach by dividing the problem into three categories:ModelThe model contains the core of the application's functionality.The modelencapsulates the state of the application. Sometimes the only functionality itcontains is state. It knows nothing about the view or controller.ViewThe view provides the presentation of the model. It is the look of theapplication.The view can access the model getters,but it has no knowledge ofthe setters.In addition,it knows nothing about the controller.The view shouldbe notified when changes to the model occur.ControllerThe controller reacts to the user input. It creates and sets the model.MVC Model 2The Web brought some unique challenges to software developers,mostnotably the stateless connection between the client and the server.Thisstateless behavior made it difficult for the model to notify the view of changes.On the Web, the browser has to re-query the server to discover modification to the state of the application.Another noticeable change is that the view uses different technology forimplementation than the model or controller.Of course,we could use Java(or PERL,C/C++or what ever) code to generate HTML. There are severaldisadvantages to that approach:Java programmers should develop services,not HTML.Changes to layout would require changes to code.Customers of the service should be able to create pages to meet their specificneeds.The page designer isn't able to have direct involvement in page development.HTML embedded into code is ugly.For the Web, the classical form of MVC needed to change. Figure4displaysthe Web adaptation of MVC,also commonly known as MVC Model 2 orMVC2.Struts detailsDisplayed in Figure 6 is a stripped-down UML diagram of theorg.apache.struts.action package.Figure6 shows the minimal relationshipsamong ActionServlet(Controller),ActionForm (Form State),and Action(Model Wrapper).The ActionServlet classDo you remember the days of function mappings? You would map some input event to a pointer to a function.If you where slick, you would place the configuration information into a file and load the file at run time.Function pointer arrays were the good old days of structured programming in C.Life is better now that we have Java technology,XML,J2EE,and all that.The Struts Controller is a servlet that maps events(an event generally being anHTTP post)to classes.And guess what -- the Controller uses a configurationfile so you don_t have to hard-code the values.Life changes, but stays thesame.ActionServlet is the Command part of the MVC implementation and is thecore of the Framework.ActionServlet (Command) creates and uses Action,an ActionForm, and ActionForward. As mentioned earlier, the struts-config.xmlfile configures the Command.During the creation of the Web project, Actionand ActionForm are extended to solve the specific problem space. The filestruts-config.xml instructs ActionServlet on how to use the extended classes.There are several advantages to this approach:The entire logical flow of the application is in a hierarchical text file. Thismakes it easier to view and understand, especially with large applications.The page designer does not have to wade through Java code to understand the flow of the application.The Java developer does not need to recompile code when making flowchanges.Command functionality can be added by extending ActionServlet.The ActionForm classActionForm maintains the session state for the Web application.ActionForm is an abstract class that is sub-classed for each input form model. When I sayinput form model, I am saying ActionForm represents a general concept ofdata that is set or updated by a HTML form.For instance,you may have aUserActionForm that is set by an HTML Form.The Struts framework will:Check to see if a UserActionForm exists;if not, it will create an instance ofthe class.Struts will set the state of the UserActionForm using corresponding fieldsfrom the HttpServletRequest.No more dreadful request.getParameter()calls.For instance,the Struts framework will take fname from request stream andcall UserActionForm.setFname().The Struts framework updates the state of the UserActionForm before passing it to the business wrapper UserAction.Before passing it to the Action class,Struts will also conduct form statevalidation by calling the validation()method on UserActionForm.Note: This is not always wise to do. There might be ways of using UserActionForm inother pages or business objects, where the validation might be different.Validation of the state might be better in the UserAction class.The UserActionForm can be maintained at a session level.Notes:The struts-config.xml file controls which HTML form request maps to whichActionForm.Multiple requests can be mapped UserActionForm.UserActionForm can be mapped over multiple pages for things such aswizards.The Action classThe Action class is a wrapper around the business logic.The purpose of Action class is to translate the HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use Action, subclass and overwrite the process()method.The ActionServlet(Command)passes the parameterized classes to ActionForm using the perform()method.Again, no more dreadful request.getParameter()calls.By thetime the event gets here,the input form data (or HTML form data)has already been translated out of the request stream and into an ActionForm class.Struts,an MVC2 implementationStruts is a set of cooperating classes, servlets,and JSP tags that make up a reusable MVC2design.This definition implies that Struts is a framework, rather than a library, but Struts also contains an extensive tag library and utility classes that work independently of the framework. Figure5 displays an overview of Struts.Struts overviewClient browserAn HTTP request from the client browser creates an event.The Web container will respond with an HTTP response.ControllerThe Controller receives the request from the browser,and makes the decisionwhere to send the request.With Struts,the Controller is a command designpattern implemented as a servlet.The struts-config.xml file configures theController.Business logicThe business logic updates the state of the model and helps control the flow of the application.With Struts this is done with an Action class as a thin wrapper to the actual business logic.Model stateThe model represents the state of the application.The business objects updatethe application state. ActionForm bean represents the Model state at a sessionor request level,and not at a persistent level. The JSP file reads informationfrom the ActionForm bean using JSP tags.ViewThe view is simply a JSP file. There is no flow logic,no business logic, and no model information-- just tags. Tags are one of the things that make Strutsunique compared to other frameworks like Velocity.Note:"Think thin"when extending the Action class. The Action class should control the flow and not the logic of the application.By placing the business logic in a separate package or EJB,we allow flexibility and reuse.Another way of thinking about Action class is as the Adapter design pattern. The purpose of the Action is to "Convert the interface of a class into another interface the clients expect.Adapter lets classes work together that couldn_t otherwise because of incompatibility interface"(from Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable OO Software by Gof).The client in this instance is the ActionServlet that knows nothing about our specific business class interface. Therefore, Struts provides a business interface it does understand,Action. By extending the Action, we make our business interface compatible with Struts business interface. (An interesting observation is that Action isa class and not an interface.Action started as an interface and changed into a class over time.Nothing's perfect.)The Error classesThe UML diagram (Figure6)also included ActionError and ActionErrors. ActionError encapsulates an individual error message.ActionErrors is a container of ActionError classes that the View can access using tags.ActionErrors is Struts way of keeping up with a list of errors.The ActionMapping classAn incoming event is normally in the form of an HTTP request, which the servlet Container turns into an HttpServletRequest.The Controller looks at the incoming event and dispatches the request to an Action class. The struts-config.xml determines what Action class the Controller calls. The struts-config.xml configuration information is translated into a set of ActionMapping, which are put into container of ActionMappings. (If you have not noticed it,classes that end with s are containers) The ActionMapping contains the knowledge of how a specific event maps to specific Actions.The ActionServlet(Command) passes the ActionMapping to the Action class via the perform()method. This allows Action to access the information to control flow. ActionMappingsActionMappings is a collection of ActionMapping objects.Struts prosUse of JSP tag mechanismThe tag feature promotes reusable code and abstracts Java code from the JSPfile.This feature allows nice integration into JSP-based development tools that allow authoring with tags.Tag libraryWhy re-invent the wheel,or a tag library?If you cannot find something youneed in the library, contribute.In addition,Struts provides a starting point ifyou are learning JSP tag technology.Open sourceYou have all the advantages of open source,such as being able to see the codeand having everyone else using the library reviewing the code. Many eyesmake for great code review.Sample MVC implementationStruts offers some insight if you want to create your own MVCimplementation.Manage the problem spaceDivide and conquer is a nice way of solving the problem and making theproblem manageable. Of course,the sword cuts both ways. The problem ismore complex and needs more management.Struts consYouthStruts development is still in preliminary form. They are working towardreleasing a version 1.0,but as with any 1.0version,it does not provide all thebells and whistles.ChangeThe framework is undergoing a rapid amount of change.A great deal ofchange has occurred between Struts0.5 and1.0. You may want to downloadthe most current Struts nightly distributions,to avoid deprecated methods.Inthe last 6 months,I have seen the Struts library grow from90K to over270K.I had to modify my examples several times because of changes in Struts,and Iam not going to guarantee my examples will work with the version of Strutsyou download.C orrect level of abstractionDoes Struts provide the correct level of abstraction? What is the proper level of abstraction for the page designer?That is the $64K question.Should we allowa page designer access to Java code in page development? Some frameworkslike Velocity say no, and provide yet another language to learn for Webdevelopment. There is some validity to limiting Java code access in UIdevelopment.Most importantly,give a page designer a little bit of Java,andhe will use a lot of Java.I saw this happen all the time in Microsoft ASPdevelopment.In ASP development,you were supposed to create COM objectsand then write a little ASP script to glue it all together. Instead,the ASPdevelopers would go crazy with ASP script.I would hear"Why wait for aCOM developer to create it when I can program it directly with VBScript?"Struts helps limit the amount of Java code required in a JSP file via taglibraries.One such library is the Logic Tag,which manages conditionalgeneration of output,but this does not prevent the UI developer from goingnuts with Java code.Whatever type of framework you decide to use, youshould understand the environment in which you are deploying andmaintaining the framework.Of course,this task is easier said than done.Limited scopeStruts is a Web-based MVC solution that is meant be implemented withHTML, JSP files, and servlets.J2EE application supportStruts requires a servlet container that supports JSP1.1 and Servlet 2.2specifications.This alone will not solve all your install issues,unless you areusing Tomcat3.2.I have had a great deal of problems installing the librarywith Netscape iPlanet 6.0, which is supposedly the first J2EE-compliantapplication server. I recommend visiting the Struts User Mailing List archive(see Resources) when you run into problems.ComplexitySeparating the problem into parts introduces complexity.There is no questionthat some education will have to go on to understand Struts. With the constantchanges occurring, this can be frustrating at times.Welcome to the Web.Where is...I could point out other issues,for instance, where are the client side validations,adaptable workflow, and dynamic strategy pattern for the controller? However,at this point, it is too easy to be a critic, and some of the issues are insignificant, or are reasonable for a1.0release.The way the Struts team goes at it, Strutsmight have these features by the time you read this article, or soon after. Future of StrutsThings change rapidly in this new age of software development.In less than 5 years, I have seen things go from cgi/perl, to ISAPI/NSAPI, to ASP with VB, and now Java and J2EE. Sun is working hard to adapt changes to the JSP/servlet architecture, just as they have in the past with the Java language and API. You can obtain drafts of the new JSP 1.2 and Servlet 2.3 specifications from the Sun Web site. Additionally,a standard tag library for JSP files is appearing.中文翻译Struts——一种开源MVC的实现这篇文章介绍 Struts，一个使用servlet 和JavaServer Pages 技术的一种 Model-View-Controller 的实现。
软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译
考虑翻译工具的易用性和 价格
引用文献：确保引用的外文文献来源可靠、准确 翻译准确：保持原文意思不变，语言流畅自然 格式规范：遵循学术论文的格式要求，包括标题、作者、摘要、关键词等 文献整理：对外文文献进行分类整理，方便查阅
校对：检查语法、拼写和标点错误 修改：调整句子结构、替换用词，提高表达准确性和流畅性 对照原文：确保准确传达原文意思 团队协作：多人合作，互相校对和修改
软件工程外文文献 翻译的技巧
掌握专业术语和常用表达方式 理解原文的语境和语义 注意原文的语气和修辞 结合上下文理解原文的含义
掌握专业术语：熟 悉软件工程领域相 关术语，确保翻译 准确。
句式结构清晰：合 理安排句子结构， 使译文流畅易懂。
语义连贯：保持译 文语义连贯，避免 出现歧义或理解困 难。
智能编辑：对 机器翻译结果 进行智能优化， 减少人工干预
跨语言信息检 索：利用人工 智能技术快速 查找和获取外
文文献资源
全球化推动跨文化交流的发展
人工智能技术在跨文化交流中的应 用与前景
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
软件工程外文文献翻译在跨文化交 流中的作用
跨文化交流中语言翻译的挑战与机 遇
人工智能与机器学 习在软件工程中的 应用
语境理解：外文文献中的语境和中文 可能存在差异，需要准确理解原文的 语境和含义，并进行适当的翻译。
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
文化背景：不同国家和地区的文化背 景、历史传统、价值观念等可能存在 差异，需要对外文文献中的文化元素 进行适当的解释和调整。
专业知识：软件工程领域涉及的专业 知识较多，需要对外文文献中的相关 内容进行深入理解和翻译，以确保准 确性和专业性。
计算机 软件工程 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
一、外文资料译文：Java开发2.0：使用Hibernate Shards 进行切分横向扩展的关系数据库Andrew Glover，作者兼开发人员，Beacon50摘要：Sharding并不适合所有网站，但它是一种能够满足大数据的需求方法。
对于一些商店来说，切分意味着可以保持一个受信任的RDBMS，同时不牺牲数据可伸缩性和系统性能。
在Java 开发 2.0系列的这一部分中，您可以了解到切分何时起作用，以及何时不起作用，然后开始着手对一个可以处理数TB 数据的简单应用程序进行切分。
日期：2010年8月31日级别：中级PDF格式：A4和信（64KB的15页）取得Adobe®Reader®软件当关系数据库试图在一个单一表中存储数TB 的数据时，总体性能通常会降低。
索引所有的数据读取，显然是很耗时的，而且其中有可能是写入，也可能是读出。
因为NoSQL 数据商店尤其适合存储大型数据，但是NoSQL 是一种非关系数据库方法。
对于倾向于使用ACID-ity 和实体结构关系数据库的开发人员及需要这种结构的项目来说，切分是一个令人振奋的选方法。
切分一个数据库分区的分支，不是在本机上的数据库技术，它发生在应用场面上。
在各种切分实现，Hibernate Shards 可能是Java™ 技术世界中最流行的。
这个漂亮的项目可以让您使用映射至逻辑数据库的POJO 对切分数据集进行几乎无缝操作。
当你使用Hibernate Shards 时，您不需要将你的POJO 特别映射至切分。
您可以像使用Hibernate 方法对任何常见关系数据库进行映射时一样对其进行映射。
Hibernate Shards 可以为您管理低级别的切分任务。
迄今为止，在这个系列，我用一个比赛和参赛者类推关系的简单域表现出不同的数据存储技术比喻为基础。
这个月，我将使用这个熟悉的例子，介绍一个实际的切分策略，然后在Hibernate实现它的碎片。
软件工程本科毕业外文文献翻译资料
学校代码： 10128学号：本科毕业设计外文文献翻译二〇一五年一月The Test Library Management System ofFramework Based on SSHThe application system features in small or medium-sized enterprise lie in the gre ater flexibility and safety high performance-price ratio. Traditional J2EE framework c an not adapt to these needs, but the system application based on SSH(Struts+Spring+ Hibernate) technology can better satisfy such needs. This paper analyses some integra tion theory and key technologies about SSH, and according to the integration construc ts a lightweight WEB framework, which has integrated the three kinds of technology , forming the lightweight WEB framework based on SSH and gaining good effects in p ractical applications.IntroductionGenerally the J2EE platform[27] used in large enterprise applications, can well s olve the application of reliability, safety and stability, but its weakness is the price hig h and the constructing cycle is long. Corresponding to the small or medium enterprise applications, the replace approach is the system framework of lightweight WEB, inclu ding the more commonly used methods which are based on the Struts and Hibernate. With the wide application of Spring, the three technology combination may be a bette r choice as a lightweight WEB framework. It uses layered structure and provides a go od integrated framework for Web applications at all levels in minimizing the Interlaye r coupling and increasing the efficiency of development. This framework can solve a l ot of problems, with good maintainability and scalability. It can solve the separation o f user interface and business logic separation, the separation of business logic and data base operation and the correct procedure control logic, etc. This paper studies the tech nology and principle of Struts and Spring and Hibernate, presenting a proved lightwei ght WEB application framework for enterprise.Hierarchical Web MechanismHierarchical Web framework including the user presentation layer, business logic layer, data persistence layer ,expansion layer etc, each layer for different function, res pectively to finish the whole application. The whole system are divided into different logic module with relatively independent and mutual, and each module can be implem ented according to different design. It can realize the system parallel development, rap id integration, good maintainability, scalability.Struts MVC FrameworkTo ensure the reuse and efficiency of development process, adopting J2EE techn ology to build the Web application must select a system framework which has a good performance . Only in this way can we ensure not wasting lots of time because of adju sting configuration and achieve application development efficiently and quickly. So, p rogrammers in the course of practice got some successful development pattern which proved practical, such as MVC and O/R mapping, etc; many technologies, including S truts and Hibernate frameworks, realized these pattern. However, Struts framework on ly settled the separation problem between view layer and business logic layer, control layer, did not provide a flexible support for complex data saving process. On the contr ary, Hibernate framework offered the powerful and flexible support for complex data saving process. Therefore, how to integrate two frameworks and get a flexible, low-co upling solutions project which is easy to maintain for information system, is a researc h task which the engineering staff is studying constantly.Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a popular design pattern. It divides the interact ive system in three components and each of them specializes in one task. The model c ontains the application data and manages the core functionality. The visual display of t he model and the feedback to the users are managed by the view. The controller not o nly interprets the inputs from the user, but also dominates the model and the view to c hange appropriately. MVC separates the system functionality from the system interfac e so as to enhance the system scalability and maintainability. Struts is a typical MV C frame[32], and it also contains the three aforementioned components. The model le vel is composed of JavaBean and EJB components. The controller is realized by actio n and ActionServlet, and the view layer consists of JSP files. The central controller co ntrols the action execution that receives a request and redirects this request to the appr opriate module controller. Subsequently, the module controller processes the request a nd returns results to the central controller using a JavaBean object, which stores any object to be presented in the view layer by including an indication to module views that must be presented. The central controller redirects the returned JavaBean object to th e main view that displays its information.Spring Framework technologySpring is a lightweight J2EE application development framework, which uses the model of Inversion of Control(IoC) to separate the actual application from the Config uration and dependent regulations of the application. Committed to J2EE application a t all levels of the solution, Spring is not attempting to replace the existing framework, but rather “welding” the object of J2EE application at all levels together through the P OJO management. In addition, developers are free to choose Spring framework for so me or all, since Spring modules are not totally dependent.As a major business-level detail, Spring employs the idea of delay injection to as semble code for the sake of improving the scalability and flexibility of built systems. Thus, the systems achieve a centralized business processing and reduction of code reu se through the Spring AOP module.Hibernate Persistent FrameworkHibernate is a kind of open source framework with DAO design patterns to achie ve mapping(O/R Mapping) between object and relational database.During the Web system development, the tradition approach directly interacts wit h the database by JDBC .However, this method has not only heavy workload but also complex SQL codes of JDBC which need to revise because the business logic sli ghtly changes. So, whatever development or maintain system are inconvenient. Consi dering the large difference between the object-oriented relation of java and the structu re of relational database, it is necessary to introduce a direct mapping mechanism bet ween the object and database, which this kind of mapping should use configuration fil es as soon as possibility, so that mapping files will need modifying rather than java so urce codes when the business logic changes in the future. Therefore, O/R mapping pat tern emerges, which hibernate is one of the most outstanding realization of architectur e.It encapsulates JDBC with lightweight , making Java programmer operate a relati onal database with the object oriented programming thinking. It is a a implementation technology in the lasting layer. Compared to other lasting layer technology such as JD BC, EJB, JDO, Hibernate is easy to grasp and more in line with the object-oriented pr ogramming thinking. Hibernate own a query language (HQL), which is fully object-or iented. The basic structure in its application as shown in figure6.1.Hibernate is a data persistence framework, and the core technology is the object / relational database mapping(ORM). Hibernate is generally considered as a bridge bet ween Java applications and the relational database, owing to providing durable data se rvices for applications and allowing developers to use an object-oriented approach to t he management and manipulation of relational database. Furthermore, it furnishes an object-oriented query language-HQL.Responsible for the mapping between the major categories of Java and the relatio nal database, Hibernate is essentially a middle ware providing database services. It su pplies durable data services for applications by utilizing databases and several profiles , such as hibernate properties and XML Mapping etc..Web services technologiesThe introduction of annotations into Java EE 5 makes it simple to create sophisticated Web service endpoints and clients with less code and a shorter learning curve than was possible with earlier Java EE versions. Annotations — first introduced in Java SE 5 — are modifiers you can add to your code as metadata. They don't affect program semantics directly, but the compiler, development tools, and runtime libraries can process them to produce additional Java language source files, XML documents, or other artifacts and behavior that augment the code containing the annotations (see Resources). Later in the article, you'll see how you can easily turn a regular Java class into a Web service by adding simple annotations.Web application technologiesJava EE 5 welcomes two major pieces of front-end technology — JSF and JSTL —into the specification to join the existing JavaServer Pages and Servletspecifications. JSF is a set of APIs that enable a component-based approach to user-interface development. JSTL is a set of tag libraries that support embedding procedural logic, access to JavaBeans, SQL commands, localized formatting instructions, and XML processing in JSPs. The most recent releases of JSF, JSTL, and JSP support a unified expression language (EL) that allows these technologies to integrate more easily (see Resources).The cornerstone of Web services support in Java EE 5 is JAX-WS 2.0, which is a follow-on to JAX-RPC 1.1. Both of these technologies let you create RESTful and SOAP-based Web services without dealing directly with the tedium of XML processing and data binding inherent to Web services. Developers are free to continue using JAX-RPC (which is still required of Java EE 5 containers), but migrating to JAX-WS is strongly recommended. Newcomers to Java Web services might as well skip JAX-RPC and head right for JAX-WS. That said, it's good to know that both of them support SOAP 1.1 over HTTP 1.1 and so are fully compatible: a JAX-WS Web services client can access a JAX-RPC Web services endpoint, and vice versa.The advantages of JAX-WS over JAX-RPC are compelling. JAX-WS:•Supports the SOAP 1.2 standard (in addition to SOAP 1.1).•Supports XML over HTTP. You can bypass SOAP if you wish. (See the article "Use XML directly over HTTP for Web services (where appropriate)" for more information.)•Uses the Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB) for its data-mapping model. JAXB has complete support for XML schema and better performance (more on that in a moment).•Introduces a dynamic programming model for both server and client.The client model supports both a message-oriented and an asynchronous approach.•Supports Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism (MTOM), a W3C recommendation for optimizing the transmission and format of a SOAPmessage.•Upgrades Web services interoperability (WS-I) support. (It supports Basic Profile 1.1; JAX-WS supports only Basic Profile 1.0.)•Upgrades SOAP attachment support. (It uses the SOAP with Attachments API for Java [SAAJ] 1.3; JAX-WS supports only SAAJ 1.2.)•You can learn more about the differences by reading the article "JAX-RPC versus JAX-WS."The wsimport tool in JAX-WS automatically handles many of the mundane details of Web service development and integrates easily into a build processes in a cross-platform manner, freeing you to focus on the application logic that implements or uses a service. It generates artifacts such as services, service endpoint interfaces (SEIs), asynchronous response code, exceptions based on WSDL faults, and Java classes bound to schema types by JAXB.JAX-WS also enables high-performing Web services. See Resources for a link to an article ("Implementing High Performance Web Services Using JAX-WS 2.0") presenting a benchmark study of equivalent Web service implementations based on the new JAX-WS stack (which uses two other Web services features in Java EE 5 —JAXB and StAX) and a JAX-RPC stack available in J2EE 1.4. The study found 40% to 1000% performance increases with JAX-WS in various functional areas under different loads.ConclusionEach framework has its advantages and disadvantages .Lightweight J2EE struc ture integrates Struts and Hibernate and Spring technology, making full use the power ful data processing function of Struts and the management flexible of Spring and the mature of Hibernate. According to the practice, putting forward anopen-source solutions suitable for small or medium-sized enterprise application of. Th e application system based on this architecture technology development has interlayer loose coupling ,structure distinctly, short development cycle, maintainability. In addition, combined with commercial project development, the solution has achieved good effect. The lightweight framework makes the parallel development and maintenance f or commercial system convenience, and can push forward become other industry busi ness system development.Through research and practice, we can easily find that Struts / Spring / Hiberna te framework utilizes Struts maturity in the presentation layer, flexibility of Spring bu siness management and convenience of Hibernate in the serialization layer, three kind s of framework integrated into a whole so that the development and maintenance beca me more convenient and handy. This kind of approach also will play a key role if appl ying other business system. Of course ,how to optimize system performance, enhance the user's access speed, improve security ability of system framework ,all of these wor ks, are need to do for author in the further.基于SSH框架实现的试题库管理系统小型或者中型企业的应用系统具有非常好的灵活性、安全性以及高性价比，传统的J2EE架构满足不了这些需求，但是基于SSH框架实现的应用系统更好的满足了这样的需求，这篇文章分析了关于SSH的一体化理论和关键技术，通过这些集成形成了轻量级Web框架，在已经集成三种技术的基础上，伴随形成了基于SSH的轻量级Web 框架，并且在实际应用中有着重要作用。
软件工程专业毕业论文英文翻译
咋一篇文章连个题目也没有啊？？？This text analysis the mechanism of Hibernate and Struts, put forward 1 kind EE according to the J2 of the Hibernate and the Struts application development strategy.In this kind of strategy, the model layer use a Hibernate realization and see diagram and controller to then use a Struts frame a realization.So can consumedly lower the development efficiency that the Ou of code match sex and exaltation system. The key word Hibernate, Struts, the MVC, hold out for long time a layer one preface along with the Java technique of gradual mature and perfect, Be establishment business enterprise class application of standard terrace, the J2 EE terrace got substantial of development.Several technique asked for help from to include in the J2 EE norm:Enterprise JavaBean(EJB), Java Servlets(Servlet), Java Server Pages(JSP), Java Message Service(JMS)...etc., development many application system.But, also appeared some problem in the tradition J2 the EE the application of the development the process:1)the antinomy of of data model and logic model.Currently the database of usage basically and all is relation type database, but the Java be essentially a kind of the language which face to object, object at saving with read usage SQL and JDBC carry on a database operation and lowered plait distance of efficiency and system of can maintenance;2)tradition of J2 EE application much the adoption is according to the EJB heavy weight frame, this kind of frame suitable for develop a large business enterprise application, but usage the EJB container carry on development and adjust to try to need to be waste a great deal of time.For lowering the Ou of code to match sex, exaltation system of development efficiency, this text put forward 1 kind EE according to the J2 of the Struts frame and the Hibernate frame application development strategy. 2 datas' holding out for long time layer and Hibernate is one piece according to hold out for long time layer frame, is a kind of realization object and relationof the tool which reflect to shoot(O/R Mapping), it carried on the object of the lightweight to pack to the JDBC and make procedure member can usage object plait distance thought to operation database.It not only provided to shoot from Java to reflect of data form, but also provided a data a search and instauration mechanism.Opposite in usage JDBC and SQL to operation database, use a Hibernate ability consumedly of exaltation realization of efficiency.The Hibernate frame use allocation document of the form come to the reflect of the definition Java object and data form to shoot relation, in the meantime at more deep of level of data form of relation explanation for the relations such as inherit of and containment etc. of Java object.Pass the usage HQL language sentence complications of relation the calculate way use the way of object description, to a large extent simplification logarithms according to of search, speed development of efficiency.Have in the Hibernate a simple but keep the API of view, used for to the database mean of object performance search.Want to establish or the modification be these objects, need in the procedure carry on with them to hand over with each other, then tell Hibernate to keep.So, a great deal of pack hold out for long time turn operation of business logic no longer demand write a trivial JDBC language sentence, make data last long thus the layer got biggest of simplification.3 use the Struts realization MVC structure MVC(Model-View-Controller) is put forward by the Trygve Reenskaug, first drive application in the environment SmallTalk-80, is many to hand over with each other with interface system of constitute foundation.According to the need of variable of the interface design, MVC hand over with each other constitute of system to resolve into model and see diagram, controller three part. Model(Model) is software processing problem logic at independence in outside manifestation undercontents and form circumstance of inside abstract, packed the core data, logic of problem and function of calculation relation, independence in concrete of interface expression and I/O operation.See diagram(View) mean information and particular form demonstration of model data and logic relation and appearance to the customer.It acquire a manifestation information from the model, there can be many for homology of information dissimilarity of manifestation form or see diagram.Thecontroller(Controller) is a processing the customer hand over with software with each other operation of, its job is control provide model in any variety of dissemination, insure a customer interface among the model of rightness should contact;It accept a customer of importation, give° the importation feedback model, then realization compute model control, is make model and see diagram to moderate work of ually 1 see a diagram rightness should a controller.Model, see separate of diagram and controller, make a model be able to have many manifestation to see diagram.If the customer pass a certain see the controller of diagram change the data of model, all other dependence in these see of data diagram all should reflection arrive these variety.When therefore and regardless occurrence what data variety, controller all would variety notice allly see diagram, cause manifestation of renewal.This is actually a kind of variety of model-dissemination mechanism.The Struts frame is to be the item of Apache Jakarta to constitute part to publish luck to do at the earliest stage, it inheritted MVC of each item characteristic, and did according to the characteristics of J2 EE correspond of variety with expand.The Struts frame was good to combine Jsp, Java Servlet, Java Bean, Taglib etc. technique.In the Struts, what to undertake the controller role in the MVC be an ActionServlet.The ActionServlet is an in general use control module.This control module provided a processing all HTTPclaim which send out Struts of entrance point.Its interception with distribute these claim to arrive correspond of action type.(these action all of type is Action son type)Moreover the control module is also responsible for using to correspond of claim the parameter fill Action Form(FromBean), and pass action type(ActionBean).Action type the business logic of the interview core, then interview Java Bean or adjust to use EJB.End action type control the power pass follow-up of JSP document, from JSP document born see diagram.All these control logic make use of Struts-config.xml the document come to allocation.See diagram in the Struts frame main from JSP born page completion, the Struts provide abundant of JSP label database, this is advantageous to separating performance logic and procedure logic.The model is with 1 or the form existence of several Java Bean.In the Struts, main existence three kinds of Bean, respectively BE:Action, ActionForm, EJB perhaps Java Bean. The Struts frame have no concrete definition model layer of realization, in actually the development, model layer usually is close with business logic connect with each other, and want to carry on operation to the first floor data.The underneath's introduction is a kind of development strategy, lead the Hibernate into the model layer of Struts frame, usage it to carry on a data to pack with reflect to shoot, provide hold out for long time turn of support. 4 usage Hibernate and the Struts development J2 EE application 4.1 system structure diagram 3 manifestation according to Hibernate and Struts development strategy of system structure diagram.4.2 Development practice underneath combine a development practice, with in the J2 the EE the application very widespread customer register process for example, elucidation above-mentioned system structure is how concrete usage.The process of register is very clear:Customer from register page login.jsp importation register information, system to register theinformation carry on verification, if exactitude success register, otherwise hint correspond mistake information. In the development process, the usage Eclipse be used as development environment and added to carry to provide to the Struts and the Hibernate in the meantime better control and support of three square plug-in MyEclipse, Web server usage Tomcat, the database chose to use Mysql. Carry on an allocation to the Hibernate first, need to the system auto the born hibernate.cfg.xml carry on modification, allocation good database conjunction of various parameter and definition the data reflect to shoot a document.Because the Hibernate take of conjunction pond main used for test, the function isn't very good, can pass JNDI will it modification is usage Tomcat of conjunction pond.本文分析了Hibernate和Struts的机制，提出了一种基于Hibernate和Struts的J2EE 应用开发策略。
毕业设计-软件工程-外文翻译
大连理工大学本科外文翻译为客户服务支持进行的数据挖掘Data mining for customer service support学院（系）：软件学院专业：软件工程学生姓名：XXX学号：xxx指导教师：XXX完成日期：2010-3-20大连理工大学Dalian University of Technology为客户服务支持进行的数据挖掘摘要在生产环境的传统客户服务支持系统中，一个客户服务数据库通常包括两种形式的服务信息：（1）无结构的客户服务报表用来记录机器故障和维修方法。
（2）为日常管理操作而产生的销售、雇员和客户方面的数据结构。
这次研究怎样将数据挖掘技术应用于将有用的数据从数据库中提取出来以支持两种客户服务活动：决策支持和机器故障分析。
一个数据挖掘过程是基于数据挖掘工具DBMiner，是为了给决策支持提供结构化的管理数据而调查的。
另外，用于将中性网络、基本事件推理和基本规则推理结合起来的数据挖掘技术正在被提出。
它将可能会为机器故障分析探询到无结构的客户服务记录。
这个被提出的技术已经履行用来支持全球范围内WEB的高级错误的分析。
关键字：数据挖掘，数据中的知识发现，客户服务支持，决策支持，机器故障诊断1 介绍客户服务支持正在成为大多数国内外制造公司生产贵重机器和电子设备的一块整体部分。
许多公司都有一个为世界范围内的客户提供安装、检查、维修的服务部门。
虽然大部分的公司都有工程师来处理日常维护和小范围内的故障，但是为了更复杂的维护和维修工作，专家的意见也常常要从制造公司那里得到。
为了使消费者满意，要对他们的要求进行立即回复。
因此，热线要建立服务中心来帮助回答消费者所遇到的普遍问题。
这个服务中心是用于接收关于错误机器的报告或者是通过电话从客户得到的咨询。
当有问题出现时，服务工程师就会通过热线咨询系统为客户建议一系列检查点，这些建议都是基于过去的经验而提出的。
这是从客户服务数据库中提取出来的，它包括那些与现行的问题相近或相似的服务记录。
计算机 软件工程 外文文献 外文翻译 英文文献 数据库开发过程
英文原文版出处： A.Ghatak,K.Thyagaraian,Comtemperary Optic,Plenum Press,1978译文：数据库开发过程基于信息工程的信息系统规划是数据库开发项目的一个来源。
这些开发新数据库的项目通常是为了满足组织的战略需求，例如改善客户支持、提高产品和库存管理或进行更精确的销售预测。
然而许多数据库开发项目更多的是以自底向上的方式出现的，例如信息系统的用户需要特定的信息来完成他们的工作，从而请求开始一个项目，又如其他信息系统的专家发现组织需要改进数据管理而开始新的项目。
即使在自底向上的情况下，建立企业数据模型也是必须的，以便理解现有的数据库是否可以提供所需的数据，否则，新的数据库、数据实体和属性都应该加到当前的组织数据资源中去。
无论是战略需求还是操作信息的需求，每个数据库开发项目通常集中在一个数据库上。
一些数据库项目仅仅集中在定义、设计和实现一个数据库，以作为后续信息系统开发的基础。
然而在大多数情况下，数据库及其相关信息处理功能是作为一个完整的信息系统开发项目的一部分而被开发的。
一. 系统开发生命周期指导管理信息系统开发项目的传统过程是系统开发生命周期(SDLC)。
系统开发生命周期是指一个组织中由数据库设计人员和程序员组成的信息系统专家小组详细说明、开发、维护和替换信息系统的全部步骤。
这个过程比作瀑布是因为每一步都流到相邻的下一步，即信息系统的规格说明是一块一块地开发出来的，每一块的输出是下一块的输入。
然而如图所示，这些步骤并不是纯线性的，每个步骤在时间上有所重叠（因此可以并行地管理步骤），而且当需要重新考虑先前的决策时，还可以回滚到前面某些步骤。
（因而水可以在瀑布中倒流！）系统开发生命周期的每一阶段都包括与数据库开发相关的活动，所以，数据库管理的问题遍布整个系统开发过程。
请注意，系统开发生命周期的阶段和数据库开发步骤之间不存在一一对应的关系，概念数据建模发生在两个系统开发生命周期阶段之间。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
软件工程本科毕业外文文献翻译学校代码：10128本科毕业设计外文文献翻译二〇一五年一月The Test Library Management System ofFramework Based on SSHThe application system features in small or medium-sized enterprise lie in the greater flexibility and safety high performance-price ratio. Traditional J2EE framework can not adapt to these needs, but the system a pplication based on SSH(Struts+Spring+Hibernate) technology can better satisfy such needs. This paper analyses some integration theory and key technologies about SSH, and according to the integration constructs a lightweight WEB framework, which has integrated the three kinds of technology ,forming the lightweight WEB framework bas ed on SSH and gaining good effects in practical applications.IntroductionGenerally the J2EE platform[27] used in large enterprise applications, can well s olve the application of reliability, safety and stability, but its weakness is the price hig h and the constructing cycle is long. Corresponding to the small or medium enterprise applications, the replace approach is the system framework of lightweight WEB, inclu ding the more commonly used methods which are based on the Struts and Hibernate. With the wide application of Spring, the three technology combination may be a bette r choice as a lightweight WEB framework. It uses layered structure and provides a go od integrated framework for Web applications at all levels in minimizing the Interlaye r coupling and increasing the efficiency of development. This framework can solve a l ot of problems, with good maintainability and scalability. It can solve the separation o f user interface and business logic separation, the separation of business logic and data base operation and the correct procedure control logic, etc. This paper studies the tech nology and principle of Struts and Spring and Hibernate, presenting a proved lightwei ght WEB application framework for enterprise.Hierarchical Web MechanismHierarchical Web framework including the user presentation layer, business logi clayer, data persistence layer ,expansion layer etc, each layer for different function, re spectively to finish the whole application. The whole system are divided into differentlogic module with relatively independent and mutual, and each module can be imple mented according to different design. It can realize the system parallel development, r apid integration, good maintainability, scalability.Struts MVC FrameworkTo ensure the reuse and efficiency of development process, adopting J2EE techn ology to build the Web application must select a system framework which has a good performance . Only in this way can we ensure not wasting lots of time because of adju sting configuration and achieve application development efficiently and quickly. So, p rogrammers in the course of practice got some successful development pattern which proved practical, such as MVC and O/R mapping, etc; many technologies, including S truts and Hibernate frameworks, realized these pattern. However, Struts framework on ly settled the separation problem between view layer and business logic layer, control layer, did not provide a flexible support for complex data saving process. On the contr ary, Hibernate framework offered the powerful and flexible support for complex data saving process. Therefore, how to integrate two frameworks and get a flexible, low-coupling solutions project which is easy to maintain for information system, is a resea rch task which the engineering staff is studying constantly.Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a popular design pattern. It divides the interactive system in three components and each of them specializes in one task. The model contains the applica tion data and manages the core functionality. The visual display of the model and the f eedback to the users are managed by the view. The controller not only interprets the in puts from the user, but also dominates the model and the view to change appropriately . MVC separates the system functionality from the system interface so as to enhance t he system scalability and maintainability. Struts is a typical MVC frame[32], and it also contains the three aforementioned components. The model level is composed of J avaBean and EJB components. The controller is realized by action and ActionServlet, and the view layer consists of JSP files. The central controller controls the action exec ution that receives a request and redirects this request to the appropriate module contr oller. Subsequently, the module controller processes the request and returns results tothe central controller using a JavaBean object, which stores any object to be presented in the view layer by including an indication to module views that must be presented. The central controller redirects the returned JavaBean object to the main view that dis plays its information.Spring Framework technologySpring is a lightweight J2EE application development framework, which uses the model of Inversion of Control(IoC) to separate the actual application from the Config uration and dependent regulations of the application. Committed to J2EE application a t all levels of the solution, Spring is not attempting to replace the existing framework, but rather “welding” the object of J2EE application at all levels together through the P OJO management. In addition, developers are free to choose Spring framework for so me or all, since Spring modules are not totally dependent.As a major business-level detail, Spring employs the idea of delay injection to assemble code for the sake o f improving the scalability and flexibility of built systems. Thus, the systems achieve a centralized business processing and reduction of code reuse through the Spring AOP module.Hibernate Persistent FrameworkHibernate is a kind of open source framework with DAO design patterns to achie ve mapping(O/R Mapping) between object and relational database.During the Web system development, the tradition approach directly interacts wi th the database by JDBC .However, this method has not only heavy workload but also complex SQL codes of JDBC which need to revise because the business logic sli ghtly changes. So, whatever development or maintain system are inconvenient. Consi dering the large difference between the object-oriented relation of java and the structure of relational database, it is necessary to intro duce a direct mapping mechanism between the object and database, which this kind of mapping should use configuration files as soon as possibility, so that mapping files w ill need modifying rather than java source codes when the business logic changes in the future. Therefore, O/R mapping pattern emerges, which hibernate is one of the most outstanding realization of architecture.It encapsulates JDBC with lightweight , making Java programmer operate a relati onal database with the object oriented programming thinking. It is a a implementation technology in the lasting layer. Compared to other lasting layer technology such as JD BC, EJB, JDO, Hibernate is easy to grasp and more in line with the object-oriented programming thinking. Hibernate own a query language (HQL), which is full y object-oriented. The basic structure in its application as shown in figure6.1.Hibernate is a data persistence framework, and the core technology is the object / relational database mapping(ORM). Hibernate is generally considered as a bridge bet ween Java applications and the relational database, owing to providing durable data se rvices for applications and allowing developers to use an object-oriented approach to the management and manipulation of relational database. Further more, it furnishes an object-oriented query language-HQL.Responsible for the mapping between the major categories of Java and the relatio nal database, Hibernate is essentially a middle ware providing database services. It su pplies durable data services for applications by utilizing databases and several profiles , such as hibernate properties and XML Mapping etc..Web services technologiesThe introduction of annotations into Java EE 5 makes it simple to create sophisticated Web service endpoints and clients with less code and a shorter learning curve than was possible with earlier Java EE versions. Annotations — first introduced in Java SE 5 — are modifiers you can add to your code as metadata. They don't affect program semantics directly, but the compiler, development tools, and runtime libraries can process them to produce additional Java language source files, XML documents, or other artifacts and behavior that augment the code containing the annotations (see Resources). Later in the article, you'll see how you can easily turn a regular Java class into a Web service by adding simple annotations.Web application technologiesJava EE 5 welcomes two major pieces of front-end technology — JSF and JSTL — into the specification to join the existing JavaServer Pages and Servlet specifications. JSF is a set of APIs that enable a component-based approach to user-interface development. JSTL is a set of tag libraries that support embedding procedural logic, access to JavaBeans, SQL commands, localized formatting instructions, and XML processing in JSPs. The most recent releases of JSF, JSTL, and JSP support a unified expression language (EL) that allows these technologies to integrate more easily (see Resources).The cornerstone of Web services support in Java EE 5 is JAX-WS 2.0, which is a follow-on to JAX-RPC 1.1. Both of these technologies let you create RESTful and SOAP-based Web services without dealing directly with the tedium of XML processing and data binding inherent to Web services. Developers are free to continue using JAX-RPC (which is still required of Java EE 5 containers), but migrating to JAX-WS is strongly recommended. Newcomers to Java Web services might as well skip JAX-RPC and head right for JAX-WS. That said, it's good to know that both of them support SOAP 1.1 over HTTP 1.1 and so are fully compatible: a JAX-WS Web services client can access a JAX-RPC Web services endpoint, and vice versa.The advantages of JAX-WS over JAX-RPC are compelling. JAX-WS:•Supports the SOAP 1.2 standard (in addition to SOAP 1.1).•Supports XML over HTTP. You can bypass SOAP if you wish. (See the article "Use XML directly over HTTP for Web services (where appropriate)"for more information.)•Uses the Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB) for its data-mapping model. JAXB has complete support for XML schema and betterperformance (more on that in a moment).•Introduces a dynamic programming model for both server and client.The client model supports both a message-oriented and an asynchronous approach.•Supports Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism (MTOM), a W3C recommendation for optimizing the transmission and format of a SOAP message.•Upgrades Web services interoperability (WS-I) support. (It supports Basic Profile 1.1; JAX-WS supports only Basic Profile 1.0.)•Upgrades SOAP attachment support. (It uses the SOAP with Attachments API for Java [SAAJ] 1.3; JAX-WS supports only SAAJ 1.2.)•You can learn more about the differences by reading the article "JAX-RPC versus JAX-WS."The wsimport tool in JAX-WS automatically handles many of the mundane details of Web service development and integrates easily into a build processes in a cross-platform manner, freeing you to focus on the application logic that implements or uses a service. It generates artifacts such as services, service endpoint interfaces (SEIs), asynchronous response code, exceptions based on WSDL faults, and Java classes bound to schema types by JAXB.JAX-WS also enables high-performing Web services. See Resources for a link to an article ("Implementing High Performance Web Services Using JAX-WS 2.0") presenting a benchmark study of equivalent Web service implementations based on the new JAX-WS stack (which uses two other Web services features in Java EE 5 —JAXB and StAX) and a JAX-RPC stack available in J2EE 1.4. The study found 40% to 1000% performance increases with JAX-WS in various functional areas under different loads.ConclusionEach framework has its advantages and disadvantages .Lightweight J2EE struct ure integrates Struts and Hibernate and Spring technology, making full use the powerf ul data processing function of Struts and the management flexible of Spring and the m ature of Hibernate. According to the practice, putting forward an open-source solutions suitable for small or medium-sized enterprise application of. The application system based on this architecture tech nology development has interlayer loose coupling ,structure distinctly, short develop ment cycle, maintainability. In addition, combined with commercial project developm ent, the solution has achieved good effect. The lightweight framework makes the paral lel development and maintenance for commercial system convenience, and can push f orward become other industry business system development.Through research and practice, we can easily find that Struts / Spring / Hiberna te framework utilizes Struts maturity in the presentation layer, flexibility of Spring bu siness management and convenience of Hibernate in the serialization layer, three kind s of framework integrated into a whole so that the development and maintenance beca me more convenient and handy. This kind of approach also will play a key role if appl ying other business system. Of course ,how to optimize system performance, enhance the user's access speed, improve security ability of system framework ,all of these wor ks, are need to do for author in the further.基于SSH框架实现的试题库管理系统小型或者中型企业的应用系统具有非常好的灵活性、安全性以及高性价比，传统的J2EE架构满足不了这些需求，但是基于SSH框架实现的应用系统更好的满足了这样的需求，这篇文章分析了关于SSH的一体化理论和关键技术，通过这些集成形成了轻量级Web框架，在已经集成三种技术的基础上，伴随形成了基于SSH的轻量级Web 框架，并且在实际应用中有着重要作用。