倒装句“四兄弟”
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英语倒装句
倒装句“四兄弟”
英语句子的基本结构是主语在前,谓语在后,但是出于修辞上的需要,我们常使用倒装结构。
谓语都放在主语的前面称为全部倒装;只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词或系动词be)放在主语前面称为部分倒装。
倒装句内容繁杂,难以把握,但按照下列法则归类,便可达到事半功倍的效果。
一、结构倒装
1. there be句型。
用全部倒装。
如:
There are two books on the desk.
桌子上有两本书。
There lived an old couple in that house.
有一对老夫妇住在那栋房子里。
2. 疑问句。
用部分倒装。
如:
What are you going to do today?
你今天要做什么?
Do you often get up at 6:00 in the morning?
你每天经常6点起床吗?
注意:疑问词作主语的句子不倒装。
3. 表示祝愿或感叹的句子。
用部分倒装。
如:
May you succeed! 祝你成功!
Isn”t it wonderful! 这多好呀!
How blue the sky is! 天空多蓝呀!
4. 直接引语位于句首的陈述句,主语是名词时用全部倒装。
如:
“We will put off the meeting” said the headmaster.
校长说:“我们将推迟这次会议。
”
二、强调倒装
1. 副词there, here, up, down, now, then, in, out, away, over, on, off, soon, thus 等位于句首,且主语是名词时谓语常用be或表示位移的动词,用全部倒装。
如:
Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
The door opened and in came a strange man.
门开了,闯进一个陌生人。
注意:代词作主语时不倒装。
如:
Away they all went.
他们一下子都走了。
2. 介词短语、形容词、分词等位于句首时用全部倒装。
如:
In front of the village is a small river.
村子前面有一条小河。
Present at the meeting were all the teachers and students in our school.
全校师生都出席了会议。
Lying on the floor was an old woman.
躺在地板上的是位老太太。
Seated on the grass are some students singing and laughing.
一些学生坐在草地上,唱着、笑着。
3. 有些含否定意义的副词或短语seldom, hardly, scarcely, barely, never, little, not, nowhere, at no time, no sooner… than…, not until, not only… but also…, by no means, hardly (scarcely)… when…等,或表示时间的副词或短语always, often, once, then, many a time, now and then, every three hours等位于句首时用部分倒装。
如:
Seldom have I met him recently.
最近我很少碰到他。
No sooner had they reached home than it began to rain.
他们刚到家,天就下雨了。
Nowhere was the boy to be found.
哪儿都找不到这个孩子。
Not until the sun had set did they stop working.
直到太阳落山他们才停止工作。
Often did we persuade him not to smoke.
我们经常劝他不要吸烟。
Many a time have I seen him sitting there thinking deeply.
我多次看见他坐在那里沉思。
4. “only+状语”位于句首时后面的句子用部分到装。
如:
Only by working hard can you make great progress.
只有努力,你才能取得更大的进步。
Only when the war was over in 1945 was he able to get back to his motherland.
直到1945年战争结束后,他才能够回到他的祖国。
5. “so (such)… that…”结构中的so或such位于句首时前半句用部分倒装。
如:
So wonderful was the film that everyone was deeply moved.
这部电影如此精彩,每个人都被深深打动了。
Such a good student is she that our teachers all love her.
她是那么好的一个学生,我们的老师都喜欢她。
三、省略倒装
1. 省略了if的虚拟条件句,把had, were, should, would, could或did提到句首时,构成部分倒装。
如:
Had we left a little earlier, we could have caught the train.
我们要是早点动身就赶上火车了。
Should Albert start tomorrow morning, I would get everything ready now.
要是阿尔伯特明天出发,我今天就得把一切准备好。
Did time permit, we might finish the task.
如果时间允许,我们也许能完成这项任务。
2. neither/ nor(否定)或so(肯定)位于句首,表示前面所说的情况也适用于另外一个人或物时用部分倒装。
如:
He can not speak English, neither can his sister.
他不会讲英语,他的妹妹也不会。
Tom is a good student, so is Mary.
汤姆是个好学生,玛丽也是个好学生。
四、让步倒装
1. as或though引导的让步状语从句,把形容词、副词、动词或名词(不加冠词)放在句首时常用部分倒装。
如:
Hard as he worked, he still failed in the exam.
尽管他很用功,但他考试还是不及格。
Child though he is, he knows a lot of things.
尽管他还是个孩子,他却懂得很多事情。
2. however之类的词,位于句首时用部分倒装。
如:
However hard the work may be, we must do it well.
无论工作有多难,我们都必须把它做好。
Whoever you may be, I will not let you in.
不管你是谁,我都不会让你进来。
3. 动词前置
be动词用原形,用部分倒装。
如:
Say what you will, I won”t change my mind.
无论你说什么,我都不会改变主意。
Be he poor or rich, she will marry him.
无论他是穷还是富,她都会嫁给他。
1. 完全倒装
1) 完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词,而非助动词)。
例如:In came the teacher and the class began. (老师走了进来,然后开始上课。
)
2) there引出的完全倒装句:除了最常见的there be句型以外,there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等,一般都译成"有"的含义,构成完全倒装句。
例如:There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.(远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。
)
3) 由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句:以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then 开头,后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等,而主语又是名词时,构成完全倒装句。
例:Under that tree sits a beautiful girl.(那棵树下坐着一位美丽的姑娘。
)例: Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.
注意:
1) 在here, there引出的倒装句中,当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句,但当主语是代词时,就要用部分倒装句。
例:Here comes the postman!(邮递员终于来了!注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。
)
Here we are.(我们到了。
注意系动词位于主语代词之后。
)
2) 注意正语序和倒装语序的语气、意义是区别:
例:Here is the picture I love.(这正是我所喜爱的画。
)
The picture I love is here.(我所喜爱的画在这里。
)
3) 当主语是代词,谓语是系动词,表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时,可以使用完全倒装句,起强调作用。
例:Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.(他真幸运,被一所名牌大学录取了。
)
2. 部分倒装
1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前,或把句子的强调成分提前。
例: were she to leave right now, she would get there on Sunday. 如果她立刻就走,她就能在星期天到达那里
2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。
注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法:
例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。
)
例:In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.
3) 以否定副词开头并加状语的句子要求部分倒装。
这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, sca rcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, nor nearly, not only等以及only。
例:Only under special circumstances are freshmen permitted to take make-up tests. 一年级学生只有在特殊的情况下才可以允许补考。
如用自然语序,句子就应该改写为:Freshmen are permitted to take make-up tests only under special circumstances.这两句话的差别是,前者将only under special circumstances放到句首,表示对状语的强调。
注意:在部分倒装句中,只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前,其它部分都要置于主语之后。
注意:
a) 如果含有从句时,只要求主句倒装:
例:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。
)
b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分,不用倒装:
例: It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。
)
c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时,意义类似almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不),则无须倒装。
例:Hardly any people having been invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。
)
4) 由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装,因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面,然后才是主语和谓语,形成形式上的部分倒装句:
例:I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一点也不了解这条河,不知道它有多长,多宽或多深。
)
由as引导的部分倒装句:
a) 当as作为比较意义时,即用于as + adj./ adv. + as结构中时,如果把第一个as省略掉,就形成部分倒装句。
例:Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心,她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。
)
She ran down the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).(她跑下楼去,跑得象兔子那么快!)
b) 当as引导让步状语时,和although, though一样,当用作“尽管”之义时,可以用于部分倒装句。
例:_______, there was no hope of her being able to sleep.
A) As she was exhausted B) If she was exhausted
C) Exhausted though she was D) Now that she was exhausted
答案是C) Exhausted though she was。
从属连词as, though可以用于让步状语从句中。
这种从句必须以形容词(或形容词化的分词)、名词或动词原形开头,主语必须位于从句之后。
D) Now that she was exhausted里的引导词Now that 表示“既然”;B) If she was exhausted表示条件“如果”; A) As she was exhausted表示“由于”(因为使用的是正语序),都与后面句子的意思不通顺。
c) 表示原因时,为了强调起见,也可以倒装。
例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了,我们决定不打扰他。
)
d) 等于so时,意义是“也,也是”
例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. (她工作很努力,她的丈夫工作也很努力。
)
3. 其它情况的倒装句
1) so, neither, nor除了构成上述倒装句以外,还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话,构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。
但这两种倒装的意义不同。
a) 当so表示“也,相同,那样”时,通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容,要求使用完全倒装句:
例:I asked him to complete the experiment before five, so he did (=and he did that).
(我让他在5点以前完成实验,他做到了。
)
b) so /such ……that句型可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that 之间的部分:
例:So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.(他的要价如此之高,令每个人都瞠目结舌。
)
To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. (她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于两个演员都走出去了。
)
c) neither和nor共有4种倒装形式,其含义分别为:
完全倒装时:表示"也不",和上文a)用法正好相反,表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。
例:You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .(你不知道现在该做什么,我也不知道。
)
和其它否定副词连用,表示"也(不)",也要求用完全倒装句:
例:The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither could they retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。
)
注意:若把这句话改成:"The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。
)"就不必倒装。
例:She never laughed, ______ lose her temper.
A) or she ever did B) nor did she ever C) or did she ever D) nor she ever did
本题的句子是一个并列句,全句意思是:“她从来不大声笑,也没有发过脾气”。
当前面的分句含否定意义而且后面的分句也含否定的意思时,后面的反句通常用含否定意义的nor(或neither)连接。
此外,nor(或neither)连接的分句应当用倒装句,及其谓语中的情态动词、连系动词或助动词应放主语之前。
所以
B) nor did she ever是答案。
本句相当于:"…, and she never lost her temper, either"。
1) 用在肯定句里,构成一般否定倒装:
例:All that is true, nor must we forget it.(那全都是真的,我们可不能忘记。
)
2) 部分倒装,有承上启下作用,表示同意和赞同:
例:A: I couldn't do anything for her.(我帮不了她。
)
B: Nor you could, but you might have got somebody to help her.(你是不能帮她,但你本可以找人帮她的。
)
2) 在进行比较的句子里,如果主语不是代词时,可以倒装:
例:America consumes more energy than did our country.(美国消耗的能源比我们国家多。
)
Her face is rather pale and even paler are her hands.(她的脸色苍白,她的手更白。
)
浅谈英语倒装句
广东省梅州市嘉应中学罗淑芬
英语句子使用的目的,可分为四大类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
这四大类型句子都有可能出现倒装句。
倒装句分为全倒装和部分倒装两
种类型。
浅析如下:
一、疑问句中出现的倒装句
1.特殊疑问句中
(1) What is this?(全倒装)
(2) Which do you want?(部分倒装)
(3) When did you get up yesterday?
2. 一般疑问句
(1)Do you study English every day?(部分倒装)
(2)May I come in?
(3)Are you going to be a teacher?
特殊疑问句中,如果疑问词做主语或疑问词修饰主语时,句子不用倒装,即用陈述语序。
例如:Who did it yesterday? Which comrade can do this
work?
一般疑问句中,常把助动词或情态动词放在句首,即位于主语前,而构成部分倒装。
二、感叹句中出现倒装句
1.What 引导的感叹句
(1) What a happy life we have had!(宾语在主语前面)
(2) What a fine day it is!(表语在主语前面)
(3) What a shining example Comrade Lei Feng has set us!
2.How 引导的感叹句
(1)How happy we are!(表语在前面)
(2)How hard they are working!(状语在前面)
(3)How nice a day it is!
3.副词引导词引导的感叹句
(1)There comes the bus!
(2)In come the students!
(3)Off goes the worker!
What 或 how 引导的句子,主谓也有不倒装的。
What 所强调的重点是名词,这一名词一般是表语或宾语,有时所强调的名词可能是主语。
例如:What enormous crowd came! (《当代英语语法》中册 P87)。
What 也可单独使用。
例句:What she suffered in the old days!(《英语分类句型》 P90)
How 修饰形容词、副词或动词。
有时 how many 的搭配也可修饰名词。
For how many years have I waited! 该短语作状语。
(《当代英语语法》)
副词引导词位于句首,一方面为了强调,另一方面使情景生动。
主语是名词时,主谓倒装;如果主语是人称代词,主谓不倒装。
例如:Away he went to the station!
三、祈使句中出现的倒装
(1)Long live the king!(《最新实用英汉辞典》P769)
(2)Long live the People's Republic of China!
(3)May you succeed! 祝你成功!Long may he live! 愿他长命百岁!(《英华大辞典》 P780)
(4)Don't you open the door. Don't anyone open the door.(《当代英语语法》中册 P85)
祈使句一般无主语,有时也有主语出现。
祈使句的主语要重读,代词也要重读(陈述句的主语一般不重读)。
祈使句常用句号。
表示一种强烈感情时,句子用感叹号。
四、陈述句中出现的几种倒装句
1. 主谓倒装
(1)Long,long ago there was a war between the birds and the beasts.
(2)Once upon a time there were six blind men in India .
(3)“Come along ,then.”said the bird.
(4)... but toward the end there came the terrible storm...
2.表语倒装
(1)Such was Albert Einstein,a simple man of great achievments (全倒装句)
(2)Inside the pyramids are the rooms for the bodies of kings and queens.
(3)A very reliable person he is.(主语是人称代词时,主谓不倒装)(《英语分类句型》 P400)
3.宾语倒装
(1)Many happy hours she had spent planning for something nice for him.
(2)Twenty-one dollars they took for it.
(3)Not a single mistake did he make.
(4)Only a dictionary he never forgets to bring here.
宾语在前时,多数属于强调部分,句子一般不加助动词,偶尔也有助动词出现,如例句(3)。
4.复合句中的倒装
(1)I take back what I said .
(2)...and the ship would have sunk with all board had it not been for the captain. 要是没有那位船长,就会连船带人都沉没了。
(3)Were I you,I would go with him.
(4)Proud as these nobles are,he is afraid to see me.
(5)Not only was everything that he had taken away from him,but also his German citizenship.
(6)Hardly (Scarcely)had he sat down when the telephone rang.
(7)The harder you work, the greater will be your achievement.
5.其他倒装
陈述句中为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语、宾语、状语等成分,或使上下文紧密衔接时,使用倒装句。
(1)On the wall is a blackboard on which were written some words,“It is no use sitting here without listening to me.”(定语从句中,主语的同位语太长)
(2)They entered the classroom,in front of which sat a naughty boy.(使上下文紧密衔接)
(3)Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people were looked down upon by the foreigners.(主语加上定语后太长而表语短,所以表语在前面,强调句子平衡)。