石墨烯材料应用前景

ʧ石墨烯ʨ

Ŷ ŷХ ΰ

附一、充分利用石墨烯及量子点，新一代器件纷纷发布(㄀23义)

附二、 2010年诺贝尔物理学奖授予石墨烯发明者，广泛应用于半导体及透明电极(㄀28义)

附三、石墨烯诺贝尔奖获得者访问日本，“双层石墨烯其载流子迁移率也可超过100万”(㄀29义)附四、碳电子学时代是否会因石墨烯而到来(㄀30义)

附五、如何发挥石墨烯的潜力？东京大学解析载流子迁移率的劣化原理(㄀33义)

附六、在石墨烯开发上也领先一步的三星(㄀35义)

一、 进入实用化竞争阶段，应用例不断出现

2010 ⱘ䇎䋱 ⠽⧚ ⬅ ⾏⷇ ⛃ⱘⷨおҎ 㦋 DŽ⷇ ⛃ 䍙䍞 ⷇ ⱘ⡍⅞ 䋼DŽ ⫼⷇ ⛃ⱘⷨ Ӯг ⧗㣗 DŽ⷇ ⛃ Ў ⦄催䗳 ԧㅵǃ催♉ Ӵ ǃ▔ ǃ㾺 䴶 ǃ㪘⬉∴ 催 䰇㛑⬉∴ㄝ ⾡ ϔҷ ӊⱘḌ DŽ

˄✻⠛˖˄a˅LBNLˈ˄b˅ 䗮ˈ˄c˅ѻ㓐ⷨˈ˄dˈe˅ ⡍ ˅

“⼲ҭ 䗴ⱘ ”DŽ ӕϮⱘϔ Ҏ ℸ ⷇ ⺇ “⷇ ⛃”DŽ䖭 Ў⷇ ⛃ 䴶 䍙䍞⦄ ⱘ⡍ ˄ 1˅DŽ⷇ ⛃ⱘ ⦄ˈ Ң 䗴 ⫼Ѣ⬉ ӊⱘ 㛑 ㄝ ⊯乚 䴽 DŽ

1˖“⼲ ”⷇ ⛃ⱘ⡍⚍

⷇ ⛃ ⱘ“ 䋼”˄a˅ˈҹ Ҫ ϡ ⱘ“⣀⡍ 䋼”˄b˅DŽ

㛑 䕑≑䔺ⱘ

⷇ ⛃ⱘ 䴲 㭘ˈ ϔϾ⺇ ˈ㑺Ў0.34nmDŽԚ Ϣ䞥 ⷇Ⳍ ˈ䴲 ⹀DŽ⨲ ⱛ ⾥ 䰶˄Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences˅ 㸼2010 ⠽⧚ 䖭ḋ↨ ˈ“ ⫼ ⷇ ⛃ ԰ⱘ ҹ 䕑ϔ 4kgⱘ ”DŽ䖬 Ԅㅫ ⼎ˈ 䞡 ⷇ ⛃㭘⠛ˈՓ Ϣ亳 剰㝰Ⳍ ⱘ䆱ˈ 䕑2 䞡ⱘ≑䔺DŽ

⷇ ⛃⫼԰⬉ ӊ Ӯ DŽ ⷇ ⛃Ёⱘ⬉ Ϣぎえ˄Hole˅䕑⌕ 䖕⿏⥛ ⏽ϟ 䖒 ⸙˄Si˅ⱘ100 20ϛcm2/VsDŽ䖭ϔ 䖰䖰䍙䖛ҹ 㹿䅸Ў䕑⌕ 䖕⿏⥛ Ў7.7ϛcm2/Vsⱘ䫥 䪳˄InSb˅DŽ㗠⷇ ⛃ ⏽ϟⱘ⬉䰏 䪰˄Cu˅ⱘ2/3DŽҎӀ䖬 ⦄ˈ⷇ ⛃ 㗤 1ғ̚2ғA/cm2ⱘ⬉⌕ ˈ䖭 䪰㗤 䞣ⱘ100 DŽ䕑⌕ 䖕⿏䗳 ˈ 䖒 ⱘ1/300DŽӴ⛁⥛Ϣ䞥 ⷇Ⳍ ˈ Ϟ 㭘⠛ ⢊ˈ ҹ⷇ ⛃԰Ў ҷⱘ ⛁ DŽ

⦄䍙催䗳FET ▔

䆌 ⷨお ҹ 乍こ䗣⡍ ⱘ ⷇ ⛃Ў 䈵ˈⷨ ϔҷ ӊⱘ ⫼ ˄ 2˅DŽЏ㽕 䈵Пϔ ⫼⷇ ⛃ⱘ催䕑⌕ 䖕⿏⥛ 催䖕⿏䗳 ԰ⱘTHz乥⥛ⱘ ԧㅵDŽ⧚䆎ϞԄ䅵 ԰乥⥛ 䖒 10THzDŽ

2˖ ⫼乚 Ң

⷇ ⛃ⱘ⫼䗨 Ў⡍⅞ ⫼䗨ˈ⬉ ӊ⫼䗨 䗴ԧ⫼䗨DŽ䚼 ⫼䗨ϢCNT䞡 DŽ㕢 IBMϢ䶽 ϝ ッ ⷨお ˄SAIT˅ 2010 12 В㸠ⱘ ԧ 䗴 Ⳍ 䰙Ӯ䆂“2010 IEEE International ElectronDevices Meeting˄IEDM 2010˅”Ϟ њ䗮䘧 Փ⫼⷇ ⛃ⱘ催䗳 ԰ RF⬉䏃⫼FET ˄⬉ ԧㅵ˅DŽIBMⱘ⷇ ⛃FETⱘ ℶ乥⥛催䖒240GHzDŽ ˈ㕢 ⋯ ⷊ ˄UCLA˅ Ѣ2010 9 ℶ乥⥛䖒 300GHzⱘ⷇ ⛃FETDŽ

㽕䍙䍞 ℶ乥⥛䖒 600GHzҹϞⱘ ⠽ ԧHEMT˄催⬉ 䖕⿏⥛ ԧㅵ˅ˈϸ ⱘ⷇ ⛃FET ⱘ 㛑䖬 ⊩ ⒵䎇㽕∖DŽϡ䖛ˈIBMⱘ⷇ ⛃FETⱘ ℶ乥⥛ 催 ˈ2008 12 26GHzˈ2009 6 䖒 50GHzˈ2010 2 催㟇100GHzˈℸ⃵ 䖒 њ240GHzDŽ ϡЙⱘ ˈ⷇ ⛃FETⱘ 㛑 㛑Ӯ䖒 ⫮㟇䍙䖛HEMTⱘ ㄝ∈ DŽ

⷇ ⛃䖬㛑⫼ 䗴▔ ӊDŽ ϰ ⬉⇨䗮 ⷨお 䖏⋄ϔⱘⷨお 㒘ˈⳂ ℷҹ ⫼⷇ ⛃ 䍙催䕧 ⥛ⱘ䍙ⷁ㛝 ▔ ӊЎⳂ 䖯Ⳍ ⷨおDŽ 䆹 ҟ㒡ˈ ⊼⚍ ˈ⷇ ⛃䞛⫼⬉ Ϣℷ ⿄ⱘ㛑 䗴ˈ㗠Ϩ ⦄䕗 䕑⌕ ⱘ 䋼DŽ

Ӭ 䖯 㒚

ϡ䖛ˈⳂ ⫼ ⱘ㒱 䚼 ⷇ ⛃FETЎ 催♉ ⇨ԧӴ ӊㄝRF⬉䏃⫼FETDŽ䘏䕥⬉䏃⫼FET 䴶ϪDŽ䖭 Ў ⷇ ⛃≵ 䱭˄Band Gap˅DŽ≵ 䱭ⱘ䆱ˈ ⊩ ⦄䘏䕥⬉䏃 乏ⱘ ԧㅵ“ ˄Switch Off˅” 㛑DŽԚ 䖥㾷 䖭ϔ䯂乬ⱘ㒓㋶ ⍂ ∈䴶DŽ

⠽䋼 ⷨお 䰙㒇㉇㒧 ⷨお Џӏⷨお 䍞ϔҕˈЎњ ⷇ ⛃FET⫼԰䘏䕥⬉䏃ˈⳂ ℷ ⷨお 䱭ⱘ ӊDŽ 䍞㸼⼎ˈ“ ⸙г㛑䖯ϔℹ 㒚 ˈ䙷М䗮䘧 㒜Ӯ ⦄ Ͼ ⱘ DŽ ㅵ䖬ϡ⏙Ἦ ҔМ ˈԚ 㭘⠛——⷇ ⛃ⱘⷨお Ӯ Ў䞡㽕ⱘ 㗗ձ ”DŽ

㾺 䴶 䆩 ϡ 䴶Ϫ

䰸њ催䗳催♉ ӊП ˈ䗣 ⬉㝰г 䖥 ⫼ ⱘⱘ ⫼՟DŽ䆒 ԰ЎⳂ 䘡Փ⫼ⱘITOⱘ ҷ ˈ⫼Ѣ㾺 䴶 ǃ ⎆ 䴶 ǃ 䰇㛑⬉∴ EL✻ ㄝDŽ䆩 г Ѡ䖲ϝ 䴶ϪDŽ

䗣 ⬉㝰䖭ϔ⫼䗨 ⱘ Ѣˈ⷇ ⛃ 䕗催ⱘ䕑⌕ 䖕⿏⥛Ϩ 䕗㭘DŽϔ㠀 䇈ˈ催䗣 Ϣ催 ⬉ ѦЎⳌ ⱘ 䋼DŽҢ䖭ϔ⚍ ⳟˈITOℷ 䗣 Ϣ ⬉ ⱘℸ⍜ 䭓˄Trade-off˅ ㋏ⱘ䖍㓬㒓Ϟ˄ 3˅DŽ䖭г 䍙䍞ITOⱘ ҷ 䖳䖳≵ ⦄ⱘ DŽ

3˖ 㛑䗣䖛 㒓г㛑䗮䖛⬉⌕

⧚ ⱘ⷇ ⛃Ϣ⦄ 䗣 ⬉ ⬉ 䖯㸠њ↨䕗DŽ⷇ ⛃ 䴶 Ϟ ⱘ䕑⌕ 䖕⿏⥛ˈ⊩㒓 ϞҙЎ ˈ ℸ 䗣 DŽ

⷇ ⛃ ⧚䆎Ϟ 䙓 䖭⾡ℸ⍜ 䭓ⱘ ㋏ Ў⧚ ⱘ䗣 ⬉㝰DŽ ˈ⬅Ѣ䕑⌕ 䖕⿏⥛䴲 催ˈ Փ䕑⌕ 䕗Ԣˈ ⬉ гϡ ϟ䰡DŽ㗠䕑⌕ 䕗Ԣⱘ䆱ˈӮ↨䕗 こ䖛 ⊶䭓㣗 ⱘ DŽⳌ Ѣ Ͼ ⱘ䍙㭘 ḋ Ѣ 催䗣 DŽϡҙ 㾕 ˈ⷇ ⛃䖬 䗣䖛 䚼 㑶 㒓ˈ䖭ϔ 䋼Ⳃ ЎҎ ⶹDŽ

ℸˈ Ѣ䖬 ⫼㑶 㒓 ⬉ⱘ 䰇㛑⬉∴㗠㿔ˈ⷇ ⛃ Ў ҷⱘ䗣 ⬉㝰DŽϢϡ䗖Ѣ ⱘITOⳌ↨ˈ䖬 䕗催ⱘӬ DŽ

ϡ䖛ˈ䗣 ⬉㝰Ⳃ 䖬 䯂乬DŽ⬅Ѣ ԰ 䴶⿃⷇ ⛃ Ӯ⏋ 䋼 㔎䱋ˈ ℸ 䆩 ⱘ ⬉ 䗣 䛑 䖒 ITOⱘ∈ ˄ 4˅DŽ ℸˈ⷇ ⛃ҡ ⫼ ԰㾺 䴶 DŽ

4˖ Ͼ䗣 ⬉㝰䆩 ՟

˄a˅Ўѻ㓐ⷨҹ⷇ ⛃Ў䗣 ⬉㝰 ԰ⱘ㾺 䴶 DŽ˄b˅ЎՓ⫼CNTⱘ՟ DŽ˄c˅㸼⼎䆩 ՟ⱘ 㛑 ⫼䗨DŽ˄a˅⬅ѻ㓐ⷨ կDŽ

二、 或将引发布线革命

Ӯ 㒓䴽

⷇ ⛃䖬 Ҫ↨䕗 䈵 㔎Уⱘ 乍⣀⡍ 䋼DŽҹ ⷇ ⛃Ў՟ˈ ⬉ ㄝ䕑⌕ ⱘ 䋼䞣*Ў䳊ˈ㗠Ϩ ⏽ϟ ⼎ 䞣 䳡 *DŽ䖬Ӯ ⫳⬉䰏 ϡӮ䱣䎱⾏ ⱘ“ Ӵ䕧”*⦄䈵DŽ* 䋼䞣˖ 䖲 䖤 䞣Ϣ㛑䞣ⱘ ⿟ 2䰊 ⱘ㋏ DŽ 䋼䞣Ў䳊 ˈ䕑⌕ Ӯ “ ”ϔḋ 䗳䖤 DŽ Ѣ 催 ⬉ ⱘ 䗳 DŽ㗠Ⳍ Ѣ⺕ ⱘ“ ˄Cyclotron)䞡䞣” ϡӮЎ䳊DŽ*䞣 䳡 ˖ ⬉ Ѡ㓈 ⱘ ˄Ѡ㓈⬉ ㋏㒳˅ ⺕ ˈ⬉ 䔼䘧 㛑䞣∈ ⱘ ϡⳌ ˄䞣 ˅ⱘ⦄䈵DŽϔ㠀 㛑 Ԣ⏽ ⦃ ϟ㾖⌟ 䖭⾡⦄䈵DŽ 㹿⫼԰ ԧ 䋼䕗催ⱘ䆕 DŽ* Ӵ䕧˖ ⿄ 䘧Ӵ䕧˄ballistic transport˅DŽӮ Ёⱘ䕑⌕ 㞾⬅㸠⿟䭓 Ѣ ⱘ ˈ㗠Ϩ䕑⌕ ѢⳌ ⢊ ⫳DŽӮ 䑿ⱘ⬉䰏ˈ Ӯ ⫼ ⬉ ⱘ⬉ 㛑 䗴㗠ѻ⫳⬉䰏˄䞣 ⬉䰏˅DŽϢ䍙⬉ Ўϡ ⱘ ˈϡӮ ⫳䰏 䚼⺕ ⱘ⦄䈵˄䖜 㒇 ˅DŽ

Ӵ䕧⡍ 㛑 ⫼ ˈ⷇ ⛃ 䍙䍞 䗮䖛 ⬉⌕ⱘ 㒃⡍ 㗠 Ў䴽 ⱘ 㒓 ˈ IBMǃ㕢 㣅⡍ 䗮 ⱘ ԧ ⷨお Ⳃ 䛑 䖯䖭 䴶ⱘⷨおDŽ䖭 Ў⬉䰏 ϔ㠀Ӯ䱣ⴔ 㒓䭓 ↨՟ ˈ㗠 Ӵ䕧 㒓 㒓䍞䭓ˈ ԡ䭓 ⱘ⬉䰏 䍞ԢDŽ䖭 Ѣ㾷 LSI ԧ 㒓Ё ⱘϔ 䇒乬——Ӵ䕧 䖳䯂乬DŽ ˈ Ӵ䕧⡍ 䖬 䋼䴲 ˈ ℸ Ѣ ⦄㛑 ⱘ䍙催♉ Ӵ DŽ

䗮 ԧㄝгӮ ⫳ Ӵ䕧⦄䈵DŽԚ㒱 ҹ Kⱘ Ԣ⏽ Ў 㽕 ӊˈ㗠Ϩ ⫳䖭ϔ⦄䈵ⱘ䭓 䴲 ⷁˈҙЎ nm̚ ⱒnmDŽ㗠⷇ ⛃ ⏽ϟ ⦄䭓䖒 mm̚ cmⱘ Ӵ䕧⊼1˅DŽ

⊼1˅Ⳃ ⹂䅸⷇ ⛃ Ԣ⏽⦃ ϟ ⦄ mmⱘ Ӵ䕧DŽ ⏽ϟ 㛑Ӵ䕧200nmҹϞDŽ

䖯㸠⷇ ⛃⧚䆎ⷨおⱘ⠽䋼 ⷨお 䰙㒇㉇㒧 ⷨお ⱘ⣀ゟⷨお 㢹 ⊩ ˈ⷇ ⛃ ⫳ⱘ Ў“ 㦅 こ䱻˄Klein Tunneling˅”*ⱘ䗮䘧 Փ䖭⾡ ↨ Ҫ ⫳ Ӵ䕧⦄䈵DŽ ㅵѻ⫳ 㦅 こ䱻 ˈ ⬉ ㄝ ЁӮ 㛑䞣Ϟⱘ䱰⹡ˈԚ䕑⌕ ✊ϡӮ 㹄 ⱘ ϟ䍞䖛㛑䞣䱰⹡˄ 5˅⊼2˅DŽ

* 㦅 こ䱻˄Klein Tunneling˅˖䙉 Dirac ⿟ 䖤 ⱘ⬉ ⾡ ӊϟ䍞䖛㛑䱰ⱘ⦄䈵DŽ1929 ⬅ · 㦅 ˄Oskar Klein˅ ⦄DŽ ⿄Ў 㦅 Ճ䈀˄Klein Paradox˅DŽ

⊼2˅П ҹӮ ⫳䖭⾡⦄䈵ˈ Ў⷇ ⛃ⱘ⊶ Ϣ㛑䞣ⱘ㡆 ㋏Ў 䋼䞣 ㄝѢ䳊ˈ㗠ϨӋ⬉ ϢӴ䕧 Ⳍ ⱘ“Dirac⚍” “䋱 Ⳍԡ”㞾⬅ ЎȺⱘ DŽ