词语翻译技巧的灵活性

Descriptions of my translation materialsOne of my translation materials is an excerpt of a news report about getting Bin Laden from New York. It is the largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States. Nicknamed the "Gray Lady" for its staid appearance and style, it is often regarded as a newspaper of record in the United States, meaning that it is frequently relied upon as the official and authoritative reference for modern events. The name is often abbreviated to The Times, but should not be confused with The Times, which is published in the United Kingdom. The report is written in the sequence of time, which includes setting cause development climax result of the activity.When referring to people, the report uses courtesy titles, rather than unadorned last names. Its headlines tend to be thin, and, for major stories, come with subheadings giving further details, although it is moving away from this style. The report is a piece of typical news about current affairs of the paper, which is interesting all-sided and good-structured. Another material is an article about a theory of enterprise ability and enterprise strategy alliance. The article is a thesis of a learner in Business Management field. The author introduces a new theory on enterprise ability and enterprise strategy alliance in the whole thesis. At first, he explains what enterprise ability is and the situation of enterprise ability defects. Then he continues to tell us three choices when faced with enterprise ability defects.The first choice: enterprise can makeup for the gap between the ability system and the goal of activity by accumulation.The second choice: enterprise can make up for disabilities through the merger or acquisition for external ability. The last: develop enterprise ability and improve enterprise ability structure by alliance and corporation. Then the writer narrates the key ability of an enterprise and the enterprise strategy alliance. Finally, he ends up with the development of enterprise dynamical ability and enterprise strategy alliance. The article focuses on the enterprise ability and strategy alliance. The author applies a lot of economy theory and the proper noun. So it is hard to understand totally. But the materials are update and practical. In one word, my translation materials are appropriate to exercise my translation skills.词语翻译技巧的灵活性摘要英国翻译理论学家纽马克（Peter Newmark）在其A Textbook of Translation 中写道：What is translation? Often, thought not by any means always, it is rending the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. [1] 不难看出，纽马克是从原作者的意义视角来定义的。

美国翻译理论学家尤金.奈达（Eugene Nida）在其The Theory and Practice of Translation 中这样定义，他说：Translating consists in producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of thesource language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style. [2] 很明显，奈达的定义强调信息对等，风格相似。

中国学者张培基认为“翻译就是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容准确而完整地从新的表达出来的活动。

”可见这里的翻译被看成是一种语言的转换活动。

翻译其实质是一种语言的翻译活动或行为。

其学习和研究的重点是：（1）翻译的运作过程；（2）翻译的方法和技巧；（3）翻译的评价标准；（4）翻译实践。

[3]由于语言建构上的差别，从一种语言转化成另一种语言时，原语的意义可能会被删减或改变，所以翻译是一件十分困难的事情。

那么翻译到底有没有一种理论呢?对此翻译的科学派和艺术派持有不同的意见。

我认为翻译既是科学又是艺术，之所以说它是艺术，是因为翻译是一门十分讲究技巧的实践性很强的科学。

艺术的本质是技巧，只有通过反复实践练习，才可以达到“炉火纯青”的熟练程度。

之所以说翻译是科学，是因为它有一定的规律和特殊法可以遵循。

而这种规律需要学习和研究。

现在，中国与西方英语区国家的经济政治文化交流交往日益密切，对翻译人才极其稀缺。

国际形势风云变化，对信息的及时掌握对国家的命运至关重要，时事新闻的翻译和经济领域的研究成果显得尤为重要。

我们应当给予重视。

本文是笔者在翻译学习的过程中总结的经验。

关键词：语言差异；词义；灵活性；策略AbstractPeter writes in his Textbook of Translation “What is translation? Often, thought not by any means always, it is rending the meaning of atext into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”[1] Newmarka pays attention to the meaning of original author. But Eugene Nida claims his view in The Theory and Practice of Translation that translating consists in producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style. [2]Nida thinks accuracy of article is extremely important. They are right despite they defines the translation differently .A Chinese learner argues translation is the activity express perfectly an accurate and complete content of a certain language with another kind of language .According to my viewpoints, translation practice is an difficulty work in essence. The study and research focus is: (1) the translation process; (2) translation methods and skills; (3) translation evaluation standards; (4) translation practice.[3] Due to the differences in language construction between languages, translating form one language into another language, the meaning of the source language may be cut or change, so the translation is a very difficult thing. So is three a kind of translation theory? When asked translation is a science or art, people have different opinions. I think the translation is both science and art; the reason is that because translation is a very exquisite skill of practical science. The essence of art is a skill that only through repeated practice exercises, we can achieve proficiency. The translation is science, because it has a certain law. And this law, you must learn and studythrough practice exercises.Recently, political cultural and economical exchanges become boosting. Translators in these fields are badly needed. The international situation changes quickly. Master of timely information is very important to the fate of the country, translation of current news and economic research is particularly important. We should pay much attention to this field. In this paper the author draw a conclusion with experience summary obtained in the course of learning translations.As the development of internet and various kinds of wireless communication tools, we can get any information we needed. It is just a click of the keyboard. The earth becomes an earth village political and economical exchange are boosting. Therefore, difficulties caused by language difference are becoming more and more obviously .there is few excellent translators in labor market because translation needs long periods of training and practices. In the translation, I apply to a few of methods concluded by excellent and translate expert. According to the means of them, I successfully complete my translation.一. Difference between Chinese and English(一)Synthetic vs. Analytic(1)English has form change but the Chinese do not strictly change.1. Formation of wordsThat is to say, the affixation acting as the formation of the word changes, including a large number of prefix and suffix word-formation form. Suchas there are many compound words in translation material: preparatory refueling planeload and upscale. The word-formation form is common in this report.2. Configuration formWords express the significance of the grammar change. English verb have several forms, including present, past, past—past tense.The report mainly used the past tense to describe the process of getting Bin Laden. But when talk about the response to the event, the reporter uses the present tense. The form of word is change with tense.The economy thesis use the present tense to emphases the fact and timeliness. The author adopts this way to make his article more persuading and practical.(2)Word order of English is more flexible, Chinese word order is relatively fixedChange of shape has closet relationships with word order. The more changeable of the language shape is, the more flexible word order, and vice versa.Chinese is the typical analytic language. The words haven’t form marks, location and the relationship between the words are mainly expressed through arrangement word order and use of function words. The comprehensive-special English, word order hasn’t the same flexibility as Latin, but it is not fixed like Chinese. English grammarsignificance can through the word order or function to express, in many cases can also use form marks.(二)Compact vs. DiffusiveEnglish sentences have rigid primary and secondary, clear administrative levels, correspondence of text, strict standard. English sentence is of high compactness. Such as this sentence in the report, Robert Gates, the Secretary of Defense, was one of most outspoken opponents of a helicopter assault. The sentence is a long sentence, which has a parenthesis and possessive construction. Chinese grammatical structure has a lot of diversity and complexity and flexibility, and thus is a sentences type. Diffusiveness of Chinese sentence also reveals in terms of the variety of sentence, such as the whole and short sentence.(三)Complex vs. SimplexSubordination is one of the most important features of modern English.F. Crews say “Subordination，the placing of certain elements in modifying roles，is a fundamental principle of writing.”Brain, James, Mark selected a team of two dozen SEALS from RED Squadron and told them to report to a densely forested site in North Carolina for a training exercise on April 10th. This sentence is complex and complicated. Chinese commonly use words, short sentences, and scattered sentences, running water sentences or composite sentences, in short, with the majority, the best length for 7 to 12 words.(四) Passive vs. ActiveThe passive in English is a common grammatical phenomenon. British and U.S. language scholars advocate multi-purpose active tense, don't abuse the passive voice. The assault plan was now honed is a passive sentences. However, in Chinese passive sentences is rare. Chinese is accustomed to using person as the subject. Such as: it is generally believed that……is a common passive sentences.二.Strategy of choosing the mean of word(一) Formation of the wordThree are many methods to form word, which suggest the mean of the word .Namely, prefix suffix acronym and so on. Planeload upended and Vice-President are compounding words. When we come up with these words, we can easily guess meaning of the word. Take another example, replica descended and refueling is typical of prefix. Re-- is the meaning of again. Mindful also prove the advantage of knowing the ways of forming words. C.I.A is an acronym. This says the capital words have special meaning.(二) collection of words and phasesUnderstanding collection of words and phrases is important to a translator. In this report we will find a sentence “this obviously wasn’t a training exercise .The lieutenant commander was promptly “read in”. Read in is a fixed collection which have the meaning of getting accustomed to the situation. We know three are many collections in(一)。