曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版ppt课件

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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件——25production-growth

Production and Growth
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Why Productivity Is So Important • Productivity refers to the amount of goods and
services that a worker can produce from each hour of work.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined • The inputs used to produce goods and services
are called the factors of production. • The factors of production directly determine
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Production and Growth

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——26saving_investment

Some Important Identities • Assume a closed economy – one that does not engage in international trade: Y=C+I+G
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Some Important Identities • Now, subtract C and G from both sides of the equation: Y – C – G =I • The left side of the equation is the total income in the economy after paying for consumption and government purchases and is called national saving, or just saving (S).
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Financial Intermediaries • Banks
• Banks help create a medium of exchange by allowing people to write checks against their deposits.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Financial Intermediaries • Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers.

曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap_34

HOW MONETARY POLICY INFLUENCES AGGREGATE DEMAND 货币政策如何影响总需求
• For the U.S. economy, the most important
reason for the downward slope of the
aggregate-demand curve is the interest-rate
determine the economy’s interest rate.
• According to the theory, the interest rate
adjusts to balance the supply and demand for
money.
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effect.
对美国经济来讲，总需求曲线向右下方倾
斜的最重要原因是利率效应。
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Theory of Liquidity Preference • Keynes developed the theory of liquidity
preference in order to explain what factors
• Open-market operations • Changing the reserve requirements • Changing the discount rate
• Because it is fixed by the Fed, the quantity of money supplied does not depend on the interest rate. • The fixed money supply is represented by a vertical supply curve.

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件

© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).

曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语Chap25省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件

70/ 7 = 10
15/76
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70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
22/76
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生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
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Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产物品与劳务量。

曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——29monetary_system

Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Functions of Money • Unit of Account
• A unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Reserve System is made up of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C., and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks.
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Reserve Banks
• The New York Fed implements some of the Fed’s most important policy decisions.
pyright © 2004 South-Western
• That is $2,734 in currency per adult.
• Who is holding all this currency?
• Currency held abroad • Currency held by illegal entities
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is made up of the following voting members:

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版PPT课件28unemployment

How Is Unemployment Measured?
Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month. The survey is called the Current Population Survey.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories: Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
JOB SEARCH
Job search the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills. results from the fact that it takes time for qualified individuals to be matched with appropriate jobs.
Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?

曼昆《经济学原理第三》宏观分册原中英文双语Chap ppt课件

通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平上升的情况。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百分比。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每种物品与劳务的价格。

经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版课件29monetarysystem复习课程

The Fed’s OrganizationThe Boar
The Fed’s Organization
The Federal Reserve System is made up of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C., and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks.
The Fed’s OrganizationThe Fede
The Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve SystemCopy
The Fed’s Organization
The Federal Reserve BanksThe New York Fed implements some of the Fed’s most important policy decisions.
The Functions of Money
Money has three functions in the economy:Medium of exchangeUnit of accountStore of value
The Functions of MoneyMoney ha
The Functions of Money
The Fed’s OrganizationThe Fed
The Fed’s Organization
The Board of GovernorsSeven members Appointed by the president Confirmed by the SenateServe staggered 14-year terms so that one comes vacant every two years.President appoints a member as chairman to serve a four-year term.

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版PPT课件30moneyinflation

THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF INFLATION
Inflation: Historical Aspects In the 1970s prices rose by 7 percent per year. During the 1990s, prices rose at an average rate of 2 percent per year.
Money Supply, Money Demand, and Monetary Equilibrium
People hold money because it is the medium of exchange. The amount of money people choose to hold depends on the prices of goods and services.
The quantity equation shows that an increase in the quantity of money in an economy must be reflected in one of three other variables: the price level must rise, the quantity of output must rise, or the velocity of money must fall.
Money Supply, Money Demand, and Monetary Equilibrium
In the long run, the overall level of prices adjusts to the level at which the demand for money equals the supply.

曼昆_宏观经济学_原版PPT_英文版mankiw7echap07

2. L is no longer fixed: population growth causes it to grow
3. the consumption function is simpler
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I
9
How Solow model is different from Chapter 3’s model
its saving and population growth rates
▪ how to use the “Golden Rule” to find the
optimal saving rate and capital stock
Why growth matters
▪ Data on infant mortality rates:
CHAPTER 7 Economic Growth I
2
Income and poverty in the world
selected countries, 2000
% of population living on $2 per day or less
100 Madagascar
90
India
80
the fraction of income that is saved (s is an exogenous parameter)
Note: s is the only lowercase variable that is not equal to its uppercase version divided by L
▪ In aggregate terms: Y = F (K, L)
▪ Define: y = Y/L = output per worker

【精品PPT】曼昆--《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册第六版

P
Q
$2.00 $2.50 $3.00
1000 1100 1200
增加：
= $6,000 = $8,250
37.5%
= $10,800 30.9%
例：
年份
2005 2006 2007
皮萨
P
Q
$$1100
400
$11
500
$12
600
拿铁咖啡
P
Q
$2.00
1000
$2.50
1100
$3.00
1200
7
微观经济学与宏观经济学
• 微观经济学: 研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易
• 宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象
• 我们从国家的总收入和总支出开始学习宏观经济学
一国收入的衡量
8
23.1经济的收入与支出
• 国内生产总值 (GDP) • 衡量经济中所有人的总收入 • 衡量经济中物品与劳务生产的总支出
一国收入的衡量
10
循环流量图ຫໍສະໝຸດ 家庭: 拥有生产要素，出售或出租它们给
企业以换取收入购买并消费物品与劳务
企业
家庭
企业: 购买或租赁生产要素，用它们
来生产物品与劳务出售物品与劳务
一国收入的衡量
11
循环流量图
收入 (=GDP) 物品和劳务的销售
企业
生产投入
工资、租金和利润 (=GDP)
一国收入的衡量
25
主动学习 1
GDP及其组成部分
在下面的各种情形下，计算GDP及它受影响的组成部分的变化量
A. Debbie在波士顿最好的饭店花了$200请他丈夫吃晚饭

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– Productivity plays a key role in determining living standards for all nations in the world.
– To understand the large differences in living standards across countries, we must focus on the production of goods and services.
Production and Growth
• Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input.
• A nation’s standard of living is determined largely by the productivity of its workers.
term for the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience. • Like physical capital, human capital raises a nation’s ability to produce goods and services.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined • Human capital per worker is the economist’s
How Productivity Is Determined
• Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.
• Physical capital includes:
• Tools used to build or repair automobiles. • Tools used to build furniture. • Office buildings, schools, etc.
• Physical capital is a produced factor of production.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 1 The Variety of Growth Experiences
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• Living standards, as measured by real GDP per person, vary significantly among nations.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Production and Growth
• A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services.
• Within a country there are large changes in the standard of living over time.
• Physical capital • Human capital • Natural resources • Technological knowledge
• The factors of production directly determine productivity.
© 2007 Thomson Soutrn
How Productivity Is Determined
• The inputs used to produce goods and services are called the factors of production.
• The factors of production include:
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
• Compounding refers to the accumulation of a growth rate over a period of time.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Productivity: Its Role and Determinants
• Why Productivity Is So Important
• The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.
• Annual growth rates that seem small become large when compounded for many years.