巴以冲突【英文】
巴以冲突的根源
cynical adj. believing the worst of human nature and motives; having a sneering disbelief in e.g. selflessness of others eg: The footballer brought down his opponent with a cynical foul. precede v. be earlier in time; go back further
onerous: not easily borne; wearing eg: I've always led an onerous timetable but I like it.
At any point in this process, and in scores of different ways, Israel could have demonstrated its willingness to move toward the principled compromise envisaged by Resolutions 242 and 338, and could have avoided violence, loss of life, and destruction of the last three months.
Throughout a peace process the Palestinians expect to bring about the historic compromise articulated in United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, Israel has taken concrete steps to consolidate its control over the territory, economy, and resources of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip.
表达对巴以冲突小孩的关爱英文作文
表达对巴以冲突小孩的关爱英文作文回答例子1:Title: Expressing Compassion for Children Affected by the Israeli-Palestinian ConflictIn the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict lies a deeply distressing reality - the innocent children caught in the crossfire. Their lives are marred by fear, loss, and uncertainty, yet amidst the chaos, there's an undying hope for a better tomorrow. As we witness their plight, it becomes imperative to extend our compassion and support to these young souls who deserve a childhood free from violence and fear.First and foremost, it's crucial to acknowledge the profound impact of conflict on children's lives. From the sound of sirens piercing the air to the sight of rubble where their homes once stood, the trauma experienced by these children is incomprehensible. Many have lost loved ones, witnessed atrocities, and endured displacement, leaving scars that may never fully heal. The emotional toll is immense, often leading to feelings of helplessness, anger, and profound sadness.Despite the adversity they face, these resilient children continue to dream of a brighter future. Their aspirations may be simple - to play in safety, to attend school without fear, to live in peace - but they are no less valid. It's imperative that we amplify their voices, ensuring that the world hears their hopes and dreams amidst the chaos of conflict. By doing so, we reaffirm their humanity and validate their right to a childhood filled with joy and possibility.As global citizens, we have a moral obligation to stand in solidarity with these children and advocate for their rights. This involves not only providing immediate humanitarian aid, such as food, shelter, and medical assistance but also addressing the root causes of the conflict to pave the way for a sustainable peace. Education plays a pivotal role in this regard, empowering children with the knowledge and skills to become agents of change in their communities. By investing in education initiatives and promoting dialogue and reconciliation, we sow the seeds of peace for future generations.Moreover, it's essential to foster empathy and understanding among children worldwide. Through educational programs, cultural exchanges, and storytelling, we can bridge the divide between different communities and foster mutual respect and compassion. By cultivating a culture of peace and tolerance from a young age, we equip children with the tools to break the cycle of violence and build a more harmonious world.In our pursuit of peace, we must never underestimate the power of individual acts of kindness and solidarity. Whether it's writing letters of support, sending aid packages, or simply lending a listening ear, every gesture of compassion makes a difference in the lives of these children. By standing together as a global community, we send a powerful message of hope - that no child should ever have to endure the horrors of war, and that a brighter future is possible if we choose empathy over indifference.In conclusion, expressing compassion for children affected by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is not just a moral imperative but a collective responsibility. By recognizing their suffering,amplifying their voices, and taking concrete action to support their well-being, we affirm our commitment to building a world where every child can thrive in peace and security. Let us be guided by empathy, solidarity, and a shared vision of a better tomorrow for all.回答例子2:Title: Expressing Compassion for Children Affected by the Israeli-Palestinian ConflictIn the midst of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict, it is crucial to remember the innocent victims who are often overlooked—the children. Regardless of nationality or ethnicity, children caught in conflict zones endure unimaginable hardships that leave lasting scars on their lives. As global citizens, it is our responsibility to express unwavering compassion and support for these vulnerable individuals, irrespective of the political complexities surrounding the conflict.First and foremost, it is imperative to acknowledge the profound impact of conflict on the lives of children. The daily realities of violence, displacement, and loss deprive them oftheir basic rights to safety, education, and emotionalwell-being. Many children witness the destruction of their homes, the injury or death of loved ones, and the disruption of their schooling. These experiences not only traumatize them in the short term but also hinder their long-term development and prospects for a better future.In light of these harsh realities, expressing genuine care and concern for the well-being of these children becomes paramount. One way to demonstrate this compassion is through humanitarian aid and assistance. Organizations such as UNICEF, Save the Children, and various local NGOs work tirelessly to provide essential services, including food, shelter, healthcare, and psychosocial support, to children affected by the conflict. By supporting these organizations financially or through volunteer work, individuals can directly contribute to alleviating the suffering of these vulnerable children.Furthermore, advocating for the protection of children's rights in conflict zones is crucial for ensuring their safety and well-being. International humanitarian law provides clear guidelines regarding the protection of civilians, includingchildren, during armed conflict. Governments, humanitarian organizations, and civil society must collectively pressure parties to the conflict to adhere to these principles and respect the rights of children. This may involve lobbying policymakers, raising awareness through media campaigns, or participating in peaceful protests to demand an end to violence against children.Additionally, fostering empathy and understanding towards children affected by the conflict is essential for building a culture of compassion and solidarity. Educators, parents, and community leaders can play a pivotal role in teaching children about the human impact of war and instilling values of empathy, tolerance, and respect for diversity. Through age-appropriate discussions, storytelling, and experiential learning activities, children can develop a deeper appreciation for the shared humanity that transcends borders and identities.Moreover, promoting reconciliation and dialogue between Israeli and Palestinian communities is fundamental for addressing the root causes of the conflict and creating asustainable peace that benefits all children. By fostering mutual understanding, trust, and cooperation, efforts towards peacebuilding can create a conducive environment where children can grow up without fear and animosity towards others. Initiatives that bring together children from different backgrounds through sports, arts, or cultural exchange programs can foster friendships and break down stereotypes, paving the way for a more peaceful future.In conclusion, expressing compassion for children affected by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict requires both individual and collective action. By providing humanitarian assistance, advocating for their rights, fostering empathy, and promoting peacebuilding efforts, we can make a tangible difference in the lives of these vulnerable children. As global citizens, let us stand in solidarity with them and work towards a future where every child can thrive in a world free from violence and conflict.。
中国社会文化生活新词语【最新】
简析社会文化生活新词语的四种形式——外来词、模仿词、多音节词、缩略语提要:随着社会的不断进步,人们使用的语言也不断向前发展,政治、经济、军事、科技等社会文化生活的各个领域都产生了“新词语”,很好的丰富了人类的语言宝库。
新词语大量的出现在报纸、网络、电视等媒体中,在本文中我总结了较富代表意义的四种主要形式的新词语,它们是外来词、模仿语、多音节词和缩略语。
这些词语在形成时也有它的一定的格式与规律。
关键词:外来词模仿词多音节词缩略语政治、经济、军事、科技、教育、娱乐、体育等各社会领域的发展丰富了我们的社会文化生活,从而产生了具有鲜明时代特点的“新词语”。
新词语的产生有一定的来源与路径,所有新词都不是人们凭空臆造出来的,它的形成有一定的规律。
我国社会文化生活尤其丰富多姿,新词语也是层出不穷——新词语主要有四个方面:外来词、模仿词、多音节词和缩略语。
一、外来词吸收外来语对各国语言来说都不是什么新鲜事,中国早在近代就吸收了不少外来词汇,主要是英语的一些基本词汇。
比如说沙发、摩托、摩登、拜拜、幽默等,这样的词早在上个世纪就普及了,它们有的在汉语语言系统中固定下来成为汉语的一部分(如沙发、摩托),有的随着社会的发展逐渐被淘汰出去(如摩登),成为历史的一个缩影。
英语作为我国的第一外语,是汉语外来语的主要来源。
不少新出现的英语名词用汉语难以解释,因此“音译”就成为英语新词加入汉语的主要方式。
名词音译实际上就是用汉语音节模仿英文名词的发音过程,至于哪个词用哪个汉字表示并没有什么具体规定。
但是音译在汉语中是一个“约定俗成”的过程,一旦确定后就不要随便更改,否则就会“一词多译”,引起不必要的麻烦。
近几年来英文的新名词主要是一些新事物名称或商品品牌,在加入汉语的过程中当然也是新词语,如:比基尼(bikini),迪斯尼(disney),卡通(cartoon),欧佩克(OPEC),雅思(IELTS),佳能(Canon),奥斯卡(Oskars),等。
巴以冲突
Jerusalem
• The control of Jerusalem is a particularly delicate reason, with each side asserting claims over this city. The three largest Abraham religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam— hold Jerusalem as an important setting for their religious and historical narratives. Jerusalem is the holiest city in the world for Judaism, being the former location of the Jewish temples on the Temple Mount and the capital of the ancient Israelite kingdom. For Muslims, Jerusalem is the site of Mohammad's Night Journey to heaven. For Christians, Jerusalem is the site of Jesus' crucifixion and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Water resources
• In the Middle East, water resources are of great political concern. Since Israel receives much of its water from two large underground aquifers which continue under the Green Line, the use of this water has been contentious in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Israel‘s possession and consumption of water is about 80% of all the water resources, but Palestinian only enjoy the remaining 20%, so attitudes towards control of water resources leads to their conflicts.
新闻英语词汇-巴以冲突
Israeli-Palestinian conflict 巴以冲突Israel 以色列Israelite 以色列人的Jew 犹太人Jewish 犹太人的Judaism 犹太教Judaist / Hebraist 犹太教徒Palestine 巴勒斯坦Palestinian 巴勒坦人the Arab world 阿拉伯国家Arabic 阿拉伯的Middle East 中东Islam / Islamism 伊斯兰教Mohammedan / Moslem 伊斯兰教的Islamite / Mahometan / Moslem 伊斯兰教徒Tel Aviv 特拉维夫Jerusalem 耶路撒冷Mosque 清真寺Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 巴勒斯坦解放组织Palestine National Authority 巴勒斯坦民族权力机构settlements 定居点the refugee camp 难民营road map 中东和平路线图spiritual leader 精神领袖MOSSAD 摩萨德targeted assassination 定点暗杀targeted elimination 定点清除cordon off 布置警戒线戒严crackdown 取缔、制裁、镇压deadlock 僵局Go-it-alone policy 单边行动计划hardliner (主张)强硬路线者,强硬派respond to 对…作出的回应veto否决uncompromising 不妥协的,强硬的compromise 妥协pave the way to 为…铺平道路,为…创造条件peace process 和平进程to chant the support 高呼支持的口号cease-fire 停火,停火协议truce 休战。
英语学习TheconflictsoftheIsraeliPalestinian巴以冲突
Review the progress of these wars.(BY *******)
the situation of Israel and Palestinian and the harm that conflicts cause.(BY *******)
The first one by *******
minister and minister of
foreign affairs
The attitude of Rabin before 1992
When he was Israeli defense minister .\
Bought a large supply of weapons from America.
The project about the conflicts of the Middle East is divided into four parts.
The origin of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict BY *******)
Four famous politicians in Middle East Region(BY*******)
Since the 7th century, this area has become part of the Arab empire. The Arab people moved here constantly and assimilated local residents, gradually,so all of them formed modern Palestinian Arab.
巴以冲突英文版
-
Thank You
感谢你的观看
XXXXXX
THANK YOU
International Efforts to Resolve the Conflict
Over the years, a number of international efforts have been made to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. These include
Security measures taken by the Israeli government
Radicalization and terrorist attacks by Palestinian groups
And more
Conflict Impact
The conflict has had a profound impact on both
The Israeli–Palestinian peace process
The Israeli occupation of Palestinian land
Internal Palestinian politics
The Palestinian refugee issue
Foreign meddling and intervention
The peace process brokered by the United States in the 1990s :known as the Oslo Accords. This process was meant to lead to the creation of an independent Palestinian state, but it has stalled and failed to bring about a resolution
表达对巴以冲突小孩的关爱作文
表达对巴以冲突小孩的关爱作文英文回答:As a human being, I feel deeply saddened by the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine, especially when innocent children are caught in the crossfire. It breaks my heart to see kids being affected by the violence, losing their homes, schools, and even their loved ones. I believe that every child deserves to grow up in a safe andnurturing environment, free from the fear of war and conflict.I remember a news report about a young Palestinian girl who lost her entire family in an airstrike. It's devastating to think about the trauma and loss she must be experiencing. It's moments like these that remind me of the importance of showing love and support to these children who are suffering through no fault of their own.中文回答:作为一个人,我对以色列和巴勒斯坦之间持续的冲突感到深深的悲伤,特别是当无辜的孩子们被卷入其中。
看到孩子们受到暴力的影响,失去家园、学校,甚至亲人,我心碎了。
巴以冲突的争论作文600字
巴以冲突的争论作文600字The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has long been a contentious issue that has divided people around the world. This ongoing conflict has its roots in the late 19th century, when Jewish and Arab populations began to grow in the region.以色列和巴勒斯坦冲突是一个长期存在的争议问题,分裂了世界各地的人们。
这场持续的冲突起源于19世纪末,当时犹太人和阿拉伯人在这个地区开始增长。
The conflict escalated in the mid-20th century, leading to several major wars between Israel and its Arab neighbors. The Six-Day Warin 1967 and the Yom Kippur War in 1973 are just two examples ofthe violence and bloodshed that have characterized this conflict.冲突在20世纪中期加剧,导致以色列与其阿拉伯邻国之间爆发了几场重大战争。
1967年的六日战争和1973年的赎回日战争只是这场冲突中暴力和流血的两个例子。
The main issues at the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict are borders, the status of Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, and security. Both sides have strong historical and religious ties to the land, which has made finding a lasting solution difficult.以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的核心问题是边界、耶路撒冷的地位、难民、定居点和安全。
巴以冲突
背景(Background):宗教文化冲突(Conflict of Cultural and Religious)
影响因素(Influencing Factor)
巴勒斯坦问题:根据1947年11月联合国关于巴勒斯坦分治的第181号决议规 定,在巴勒斯坦地区建立阿拉伯国和犹太国。犹太人同意决议并建立“以色 列国”,阿拉伯国家反对该决议未在规定地区内建立阿拉伯国。此后阿拉伯 联盟国家与以色列之间便发生了多次战争。 耶路撒冷问题:耶路撒冷包括新旧两个城区,犹太教,基督教,伊斯兰教都 将旧城尊称为“圣城”。 被占领土问题:以色列在中东战争中先后占领了约旦河西岸,耶路撒冷和埃 及,叙利亚等国领土,并在水源充足,土壤肥沃的地方兴建定居点。 水源问题:以色列境内无大河,北部雨量较多,南部为大片沙漠。随着人口 增长和经济迅速发展,缺水问题日益突出。为解决水荒,以色列通过戈兰高 地和约旦河西岸拦截约旦河及其直流河水,并在被占领土地上大量抽取地下 水。
五次战争
第一次中东战争(1948—1949):又称巴勒斯坦战争,以色列称“独立战争”。 1948年5月14日,以色列宣布建国。次日凌晨,外约旦、伊拉克、叙利亚、埃及等 阿拉伯国家出兵进攻以色列。 第二次中东战争(1956—1957):又称苏伊士运河战争,以色列称“西奈战役”。 1956年10月,,当时埃及与英国、法国和以色列的军队爆发战争。英、法、以三国 的结盟是一种利益的接合:英法两国对苏伊士运河有着贸易利益,而以色列则需要 打开运河,以让以色列船只得以通航。到战争结束后,巴以地图只有以色列获得了 巨大的利益。 第三次中东战争(1967):又称“六五战争”,阿拉伯国家称“六月战争”,以色 列称“六天战争”。1967年,以色列因埃及封锁亚喀巴湾以及储蓄大规模军队,于 6月5日晨,对埃及、叙利亚、约旦发动袭击。是20世纪军事史上最具有压倒性结局 的战争之一。以色列在此次战争中占领西奈半岛和戈兰高地。 第四次中东战争(1973年10月6日至10月26日)又称赎罪日战争、斋月战争、十月 战争。起源于埃及与叙利亚分别打算收复六年前被以色列占领的西奈半岛和戈兰高 地。战争的头一至两日埃叙联盟明显占了上风,但此后战况逆转。至第二周,叙军 退出戈兰高地。在西奈,以军在两军之间攻击,越过了苏伊士运河 (原来的停火 线)。此次战争双方损失惨重。《大卫营合约》令以埃关系正常化,埃及成为首个 承认以色列的阿拉伯国家,同时埃及几乎完全脱离苏联的势力范围。 第五次中东战争(1982年6月—9月):又称黎巴嫩战争。1982年6月6日。以色列 因为其驻英国大使被巴勒斯坦武装暗杀,出动陆海空军10万多部队,对黎巴嫩境内 的巴勒斯坦解放组织和叙利亚军队发动了大规模的进攻,几天时间就占领了黎巴嫩 的南半部。
巴以冲突感受英语作文
巴以冲突感受英语作文I remember the first time I heard about the conflict between Israel and Palestine. It was hard to wrap my head around the complexity of the situation. How could two groups of people have such deep-rooted animosity towards each other? It's a conflict that has been going on for generations, with no end in sight. The suffering and loss on both sides are immense, and it's heartbreaking to see the cycle of violence continue.As I delved deeper into the history of the conflict, I realized that there is no easy solution. The issues at the heart of the conflict are deeply entrenched, with both sides feeling like they have legitimate grievances. It's a tangled web of politics, religion, and identity that seems impossible to unravel. How can peace ever be achieved in such a volatile environment?The stories of individuals caught in the crossfire of the conflict are particularly gut-wrenching. Families torn apart, homes destroyed, lives shattered. The human cost of the conflict is immeasurable. It's hard to imagine the fear and pain that must be constantly present for those livingin the midst of such violence. How can anyone find peace in such circumstances?And yet, amidst all the despair and destruction, there are glimmers of hope. The resilience of the human spirit is truly remarkable. People on both sides of the conflict continue to work towards peace, despite the odds stacked against them. It's a testament to the power of hope and perseverance in the face of overwhelming adversity. Can peace ever be achieved in such a divided land?As I reflect on the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine, I can't help but feel a sense of urgency. The longer the conflict continues, the more lives will be lost, the more suffering will be endured. It's a sobering reminder of the fragility of peace and the importance offinding common ground. How can we break the cycle of violence and build a future of peace for all?In the end, the conflict between Israel and Palestineis not just a political issue, but a deeply human one. It's about the hopes and fears, the dreams and struggles of millions of people who just want to live in peace. As the world watches on, we must remember that behind the headlines and the statistics are real people with reallives at stake. Can we find a way to bridge the divide and create a future where all can live in peace and security? Only time will tell.。
语文作文素材之历史故事_巴以冲突
巴以冲突(初、高中)巴以(巴勒斯坦和以色列)冲突(The Israeli Palestinian Conflict)是中东地区冲突的热点之一,冲突的背后隐藏着深刻的历史根源,既有宗教的、文化的、民族的因素,更重要的是大国干预等外部因素,各种因素互相影响、激化,使得巴以冲突的复杂性非同一般。
其中,两个民族对同一块土地提出了排他性的主权要求是根本原因。
犹太移民定居点问题和耶路撒冷地位问题则是巴以和平之路上的严重障碍。
这些问题若不解决,巴以冲突就不会停止,中东也难以实现真正的和平。
巴以冲突之源——圣殿山犹太教古经典这样记载:“世界可以比做人的眼睛,眼白是围填世界的海洋;黑眼珠是住人的大地;瞳孔就是耶路撒冷;瞳孔中的人脸就是圣殿。
”因此而得名的耶路撒冷圣殿山,历经沧桑,已成为伊斯兰教第三大圣地。
巴以半个多世纪的流血冲突,最大的症结就在于圣城耶路撒冷的地位;而耶城争夺的根源和焦点,则集中在圣殿山的归属。
2000年就是因为当时的利库德领导人沙龙闯入这里,引燃了延续至今的巴以冲突。
虽然名为圣殿山,但踏步其中,已找不到任何山头的影子,极目之处,只见一片矩形石建筑群和蓊郁的树木。
事实上,圣殿山还是古犹太人流传下来的称呼。
在基督教传说中,这块石头也被视为上帝用泥土捏成人类始祖亚当的地方。
公元前10世纪,雄才大略的希伯来国王所罗门在这里建了第一圣殿,圣殿内存放圣物“约柜”。
公元前586年耶路撒冷被被巴比伦所灭,之后圣殿被毁,公元前520年又重建圣殿,但最终于公元2世纪被彻底毁灭,犹太人也被驱逐出故土,浪迹天涯。
圣殿山的巴勒斯坦人,称此地为“圣地”。
因为在这个当年的犹太圣殿遗址上矗立着有千百年历史的阿克萨清真寺和金顶清真寺。
而耶路撒冷也成为伊斯兰教继麦加和麦地那后的第三大圣地。
踏步圣殿山,几乎每一个砖瓦都有一个故事、一段历史,或神妙,或凄婉。
对于犹太人和穆斯林来说,圣殿山已沉入他们的心灵。
但这种圣迹的重叠,也随即转化为宗教的纷争和历史的积怨,由此使这块方圆不足0.135平方公里的地方,承载着太多的仇杀与血泪;在某种程度上,主导着巴以人民的对立情绪,直至2000年激化为流血冲突。
巴以冲突简介
巴以冲突简介巴以冲突是指自20世纪初以来以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的长期争端与冲突,涉及领土争端、难民问题、宗教纷争等多方面因素。
争端的核心包括对耶路撒冷地位的争夺、对约旦河西岸和加沙地带的控制,以及针对难民权利和回归的争论。
政治组织如巴勒斯坦民族解放运动(PLO)在内的各方力量参与其中,导致了一系列军事冲突、恐怖袭击和和平谈判。
巴以冲突涵盖了政治、宗教、文化等多个层面,对于建立一个长期和平的解决方案具有极大挑战性。
领土争端:耶路撒冷问题:耶路撒冷是三大宗教——犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教的圣城,对于以色列和巴勒斯坦双方都具有至关重要的意义。
争端主要集中在东耶路撒冷,以及东耶路撒冷作为巴勒斯坦未来首都的要求。
约旦河西岸:以色列占领的约旦河西岸地区(包括约旦河谷和山区)是巴勒斯坦建国的核心区域之一,也是领土争端的焦点之一。
加沙地带:加沙地带位于东地中海沿岸,是巴勒斯坦的一部分。
由于受到以色列封锁和控制,成为冲突的热点之一。
难民问题:1948年阿以战争导致大量巴勒斯坦人成为难民,他们被迫离开家园。
至今,难民问题仍然是冲突的重要组成部分,涉及难民的权利、归还、赔偿等。
宗教纷争:耶路撒冷是三大宗教的圣城,拥有犹太教圣殿遗址、基督教圣墓教堂和伊斯兰教的圣殿山清真寺,因此成为各宗教信仰者的焦点。
宗教纷争在这一地区特别明显。
政治斗争:巴勒斯坦民族解放运动(PLO):PLO是巴勒斯坦人民争取独立和国家权利的主要组织,旗下包括多个武装分支。
巴勒斯坦政治体系:内部存在巴勒斯坦权力机构(巴勒斯坦国际社会公认的政府)和哈马斯(控制加沙地带的伊斯兰组织)之间的政治斗争。
安全问题:涉及恐怖袭击、军事冲突等安全问题,是冲突中的一个主要方面。
国际干预和和谈:国际社会一直在寻求通过外交、和谈等手段解决冲突。
历经多次和谈,如奥斯陆协定、公布中东和平路线图等,但尚未取得根本性突破。
人道主义影响:冲突对于普通民众的生活产生了严重的影响,包括基础设施的破坏、经济受损等问题。
巴以冲突
巴以冲突巴以(巴勒斯坦和以色列)冲突(The Israeli Palestinian Conflict)是中东地区冲突的热点之一,冲突的背后隐藏着深刻的历史根源,既有宗教的、文化的、民族的因素。
更重要的是大国干预等外部因素,各种因素互相影响、激化,使得巴以冲突的复杂性非同一般。
其中,两个民族对同一块土地提出了排他性的主权要求是根本原因。
犹太移民定居点问题和耶路撒冷地位问题则是巴以和平之路上的严重障碍。
这些问题若不解决,巴以冲突就不会停止,中东也难以实现真正的和平。
2014年9月24日报道,联合国发布的一份最新报告显示,新一轮加沙冲突给加沙地带造成的死亡比6年前更为严重,共导致包括506名儿童在内的2158人死亡,其中四分之三为平民,报告就此对加沙冲突期间发生的侵犯人权的行为表示关注。
战后心理问题主要是心理问题以及由此产生的社会问题。
比如,越战后的美国。
大量反映越战的影片以及与之相关的文艺作品就体现了这一特征。
战争对人的摧残不仅仅是肉体的,更重要的是精神上的。
这种刺激会长时间存在并产生负面影响,对生活和社会以及周围的一切产生悲观失望和仇视的扭曲心理特征。
如果这样的情况比较广泛的存在,那么这个社会环境就不可能是一个健康的。
战争给儿童带来的伤害1.随时有遭受战争的威胁,生命无法保证。
2.战争给当地经济以重创,无法保证基本生活屏障。
(如食物等)3.战争的残酷性容易造成儿童心灵的伤害,不利于儿童成长。
4.周围环境恶化,容易让儿童缺乏安全感造成自闭自卑等症状。
5.得不到本该有的教育,导致知识的匮乏。
战争给人类带来的伤害本世纪人类已经经历了两次世界大战。
第一次世界大战丧生的人数超过800万,受伤者高达2200万其中700万人终身残废。
财产损失大约2600亿美元。
人们最痛恨的就是战争。
因为战争让人们失去了家庭,失去了亲人,失去了自由。
在第一次世界大战中,有30多个国家、15亿人口被牵扯到战争中,对人类造成了巨大的物质和精神损害。
英语四级词汇专题——新闻类
英语四级词汇专题——新闻类1. 国际关系常见国际组织机构名称United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 联合国粮食农业组织Security Council 联合国安理会Economic and Social Council 经济与社会理事会United Nation Children’s Fund 联合国儿童基金组织United Nations Development Program 联合国开发计划处International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能组织ITU=International Telecommunications Union 国际电信同盟UNIDO=United Nations Industrial Development Organization 联合国工业开发组织IBRD=International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴与开发银行IOC=International Olympic Committee 国际奥林匹克委员会(=CIO)IMF=International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织GATT=General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定常见巴以冲突问题新闻词汇Jewish settler 犹太定居者assassination 暗杀cease-fire 停火Gaza Strip 加沙地带conflict 冲突withdrawal 撤退P.L.O (缩) Palestine Liberation Organization 巴勒斯坦解放组织Fatah 法塔赫(巴解组织最大的一支游击队)West Bank 约旦河西岸Oslo agreement 奥斯陆协定evacuate 疏散Likud party 利库德集团Middle East 中东targeted elimination 定点清除unilateral action 单边行动2. 灾难新闻与灾害、灾难有关用词rescue official 援救人员capsize (特指船)倾覆volcano eruption 火山爆发flood 洪水mudslide 泥石流drought 干旱depredate 掠夺,毁坏death toll 死亡人数refugee 难民tsunami 海啸earthquake 地震snowstorm 暴风雪fatality 不幸,灾祸,天命humanitarian 人道主义者afflicted district 受灾地区sandstorm 沙尘暴tornado 龙卷风plague 瘟疫,麻烦,苦恼,灾祸doom 厄运,毁灭,死亡natural calamity 自然灾害犯罪新闻常用犯罪、法律类新闻词汇verdict (律)(陪审团的)裁决,判决guilty 犯罪的,有罪的jurisdiction 权限appeal 上诉penalty 处罚,罚款accusation 谴责,(律)指控robbery 抢掠,抢夺rape 强奸fraud 欺骗corruption 腐败,贪污,堕落immunity 豁免权extradite 引渡assassination 暗杀sanction 制裁trial 审讯,审判defence (律)(被告的)答辩、辩护execute 处死bail 保释,保证金,保证人procurator 代理人kidnapping 诱拐,拐骗bribe 贿赂arson 纵火罪defalcation 挪用公款,贪污hijack 劫机right of asylum 避难权amnesty 特赦repatriate 遣返felony (律)重罪3. 经济新闻常见经济用词an economic forum 经济论坛venture 投机,风险trade disputes 贸易争端deficit 赤字depreciation 贬值devaluation (货币)贬值budget 预算amortize 分期清偿launch 投放市场brand 商标,牌子debenture 债券deflate 紧缩(通货)depression 萧条,不景气bankroll 资金arbitrage 套汇antitrust 反托拉斯的,反垄断的常见财经证券新闻词汇DOW: Dow Jones industrial average (DJIA) 道琼斯工业指数Tokyo’s Nikkei average 东京日经平均指数a bull market 牛市bonus share 红股The standard and Poor’s 500 标准普尔500指数NYSE, New York Stock Exchange 纽约证券交易所NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Deal Automated Quotations 纳斯达克指数a bear market 熊市blue chip 绩优股inscribed shares 记名式股票4. 民生调查环境、健康卫生用语air quality monitoring system 空气质量监测系统life-span 寿命mortality 死亡率chronic 慢性的non-infection 非传染avian influenza 禽流感taint 感染venom 毒;毒物toxin 毒素noxious 有害的placebo 安慰剂immunize 使免疫fungus 真菌remedy 药物,治疗法sanitary (有关)卫生的,(保持)清洁的,清洁卫生的HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) 人体免疫缺损病毒,艾滋病病毒thermal pollution 热污染tropical island effect 热岛效应acid rain 酸雨desertification (土壤)荒漠化,沙漠化soil erosion 水土流失教育用词curriculum 课程academy (高等) 专科院校,研究院,学会,学术团体,学院semester 学期guest professor 客座教授statistics 统计学president 校长ethics 伦理学plagiarism 剽窃,剽窃物能源、交通用词van 有篷货车trolley 电车,(电车)滚轮,手推车shuttle 往返汽车(列车、飞机),航天飞机unleaded 无铅的nuclear 原子能的petroleum 石油lorry 铁路货车vehicular 车的,用车辆运载的commuter 通勤者,经常往返者solar energy 太阳能heat energy 热能5. 恐怖主义与恐怖主义有关的词汇explode 爆炸sponsor terrorism 赞助恐怖主义body bomb 人体炸弹suicide attacks 自杀性袭击sympathizers of AI Qaeda 基地组织的支持者hostage 人质terrorism’s financer 恐怖主义资助者assassination 暗杀casualty 伤亡terrorist suspects 恐怖主义嫌疑犯abduct 绑架loot 抢劫ransom 敲诈,勒索6. 政治新闻政治用词consulate 领事,领事馆ally 同盟cabinet <美>内阁demonstration 游行示威removal 免职protest 抗议dignitary 高官chancellor 长官,大臣poll 投票选举,民意测验rally 集会rebel 造反,反叛suffrage 投票,选举权,参政权stump 在(某地)做政治巡回演说caucus (政党的)领导人秘密会议,核心小组会议bureaucracy 官僚作风,官僚机构despotism 专制containment 围堵政策,牵制政策impeach <主美>弹劾,怀疑prerogative 特权anarchism 无政府主义summitry 高峰会campaign 竞选运动bicameral 两院制的,有两个议院的hegemony 霸权enfranchise 给予选举权,给予自治权propaganda 宣传multi-party elections 多党选举7. 科技新闻网络科技新闻用词online service在线服务searching engine 搜索引擎digital divide 数字鸿沟Internet-based 以网络为基础的e-commerce 电子商务SPAM messages 垃圾电子邮件cyber phobia 计算机恐惧症online transaction 网上交易BBS 电子布告栏系统browser 浏览器electronic platform 电子化平台community portal 社区门户online consultation 在线咨询electronic banking 电子银行e-government 电子政务junk-e-mail 垃圾电子邮件interface 界面航天科技新闻用词unmanned probe 无人探测the launch tower 发射塔shuttle 航天飞机definitive orbit 既定轨道external tank 外壳lunar module 登月舱manned spacecraft 载人宇宙飞船the re-entry capsule 返回舱emergency landing 紧急降落Telstar 通讯卫星command module 指令舱multistage rocket 多级火箭其他科学、科技词汇fossil 化石evolution 演变,进化semiconductor 半导体radiation 放射线,放射物handset 手机,手持机dinosaur 恐龙origin 起源,由来relic 遗物,遗迹breakthrough突破voice recognition system 语音识别系统mechanistic 机械论学说的,机械论的videophone 电视电话8. 旅游新闻娱乐、文化、艺术、旅游用词theme park 主题公园showgirl 歌舞女郎DINK 丁克一族:有双薪收入而没有孩子的夫妇Emmy 艾美奖Warner Brothers 华纳兄弟娱乐公司choreographer 舞蹈指导Broadway 百老汇baroque 巴洛克时期艺术和建筑风格telecopter 空中电视台tent pole movie 大片Hollywood 好莱坞film fans 影迷premiere 初次公演,初演主角pop chart 流行榜box office 票房Soap Opera 肥皂剧signature 签名show tour 巡演9. 体育新闻体育组织名称FIFA=Federation Internationale de Football Association,国际足球联盟IOC=International Olympic Committee 国际奥林匹克委员会(=CIO)International Amateur Athletics Federation 国际运动员协会比赛有关用词tournament 锦标赛,联赛final 决赛riot 球场骚动round-robin 循环赛world record 世界纪录Master’s Champion 大师赛count out 数十:从一秒数到十秒,在此期间被击倒的拳手必须站起来,不然便被宣布失败Grand Prix 国际汽车大奖赛cheerleader 啦啦队队长elimination match, knock-out 淘汰赛grouping 分组ranking 排名Championship 冠军赛Formula One 一级方程式赛车体育用词stadium 露天大型运动场judo<日> 柔道javelin throwing 标枪billiards 台球,桌球Karate 空手道grand slam(棒球) 大满贯hockey 曲棍球discus 铁饼,掷铁饼rugby 橄榄球archery 剑术Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会aerobics 有氧运动soccer 英式足球taekwondo 跆拳道smash 扣球10. 新闻听力词汇杂烩negotiations, delegate , delegation, summit峰会, declarationsponsor , resolve their differences 消除分歧, promote peace 促进和平,boost economic co-op加强经济合作make concession/compromise作出妥协,pass a resolution通过决议,veto a bill否决议案, break the deadlock打破僵局a scientific breakthrough科学突破,an unexpected outcome出乎意料的结果sign/ratify an accord/deal/treaty/pact/agreement签署协议diplomatically isolated country在外交上被孤立的国家,diplomatic solutions外交解决方案,military option军事解决途径(动用武力),escalating tension逐步升级的局势, military coupe军事政变,forced from office被赶下台,step down/aside下台on the brink of war处于战争边缘, hot spot热点,take hostilities toward..对..采取敌对态度, sporadic fighting断断续续的战斗rebels , wounded,killed, injury,death,casualties伤亡heavy fighting激战, genocide种族灭绝,relief effort救济工作, humanitarian aid人道主义援助ethnic cleansing种族排斥, broker/mediate a ceasefire/truce促成停火,refugee, illegal alliens 非法移民, mediator调解员, end the bloodshed结束流血事件, special envoy特使peace-keeping forces维和部队, national convention国民大会guerrilla war游击战争,border dispute边境争端,armed conflict武装冲突,reconciliation调解fight corruption反****,corrupted election****的选举peace process和平进程, give a boost to...促进,booming economy促进经济发展civil war内战, mutual benefits/interests双赢cruise missile 巡航导弹, come to a conclusion达成一致coalition forces联合军队,interim/transitional gov't过渡政府, sluggish economy萧条的经济on high alert 处于高级戒备状态, rebellion叛乱,rebel forces叛军Defense Minister , evacuate, flee from Pentagon五角大楼, impose/break a deadline规定/打破最后期限,retaliate报复banking reform金融改革, commissioner代表go bankrupt破产,file for bankruptcy提出破产, deputy代表sensitive , hostage, kidnapped French nationals被绑架的法国人, rescue,releaseinvade , US-led invasion美国领导的入侵, right-wing extremists右翼极端分子,external forces外部力量warring factions交战各方, topple the government****政府speculate, disarmament agreement裁军协议,mandate , to lift a boycott取消禁令withdraw , embargo, impose sanctions against...实施制裁dismantle销毁, the implementation of an accord执行决议germ warfare介子战争, to ease the ban on ivory trade缓解对象牙贸易的禁令to harbor sb.保护, animal conservation动物保护,threatened/endangered species濒危物种illegal poaching非法捕猎,face extinction濒临灭亡stagnant/ recession 萧条, financial crisis金融危机,deflation通货紧缩,inflation通货膨胀, retail prices零售价格,whole sale prices批发价格suicide bombing自杀性袭击事件,dispute , crisis,conflict, holy war圣战administration , regime, claim responsibility for...声称负责suspend停止,resume继续, Gallup/opinion/exit poll,survey民意调查provocation挑衅,rule out the possibility of... ,排除可能性stand trial受审, put ....on trial审判某人, sue,file suit against...状告radioactive放射性,radiation辐射,uranium enrichment program铀浓缩计划nuke nonproliferation核部扩散suspect,arrest,detain,in custody被囚禁,on human rights abuse charges反****罪名HIV positive HIV阳性,malaria,diabetes,hypertension,lung cancer,breast cancerfight poverty/starvation/hunger/disease/virus, stop the spread of...crack down on...严打,illegal drug trafficking毒品贩运,piracy,pirated products盗版产品,fake goods假货notorious臭名昭著, bloody tyrant血腥独裁者,execute/execution处决,death penalty死刑, seminar,forum,peace conference,national convention,his counterpart同等级别的人,my predecessor/successor我的前任/后任, coalition party联合政党post-war reconstruction战后重建,prewar intelligence战前情报,radar,espionage谍报,spying activity间谍行为,electronic warfare电子战争,chemical/biological/nuclear warfare化学/生物/核战争。
研究生学位英语课文及翻译-Unit Three
Who knows1、There have been no shortage of/缺少/ insane/疯狂/, over ambitious/过于野心勃勃的/ ideas on the Internet. Most of them never make it further/更远的/ than the pub/酒吧/ they are conceived/想出/ in. Some generate hype/产生炒作,红火一时/ but quickly fall flat/完全失败/ on their face/栽了跟头/'. Others survive, but prove/证明/ to be minnows/小鱼/ rather than the giants/巨人/ they set out to be/动身去/. However, every so often, one sneaks/溜/ through/然而,偶有不动声色者却能顺利过关/.2、Wikipedia is one of the rare/罕见/ ones that made it. Even by the admission of its founder, the 38-year-old technology entrepreneur/科技企业家/ Jimmy Wales, it was a "completely insane idea/疯狂透顶的想法/”: a free online encyclopedia/百科全书/ that anyone can contribute/贡献/ to and anyone can edit/任何人都可以添加内容并进行编辑/. There is no editor, no army of proofreaders/校对/ and fact checkers/也没有专人检查内容是否属实/; in fact, no full-time staff at all/没有专职人员/. It is, in other words, about as far from/远远地/ the traditional/传统的/ idea of an encyclopedia/百科全书/ as you can get.3、There are dozens/几十,许多,一打/ of reasons why it shouldn't work/玩不转/, and it is sill far form/差得远/ perfect, but in less than/少于,不到/ four years, it has grown to have more than 1 million/100万/ entries/条目/ in 100 languages from Albanian to Zulu/阿尔巴尼亚祖鲁/.4、To its fans/粉丝/, it is a fantastic/极好的/ research resource-albeit/尽管/ one that you should use with caution/谨慎,注意安全/; and an incredible/简直不可思议/ example of what can be achieved/实现/ by collaboration and cooperation/协作与合作/ over the Internet. To its detractors-mostly/大多批评者/ those from the traditional world of encyclopedias and librarianship/图书管理学界/, it is barely worthy of the label/称谓/ "encyclopedia".*5、To put Wikipedia's achievements/成果/ in numerical context/数值语境/, at the same time it was celebrating the publishing/出版/ of its one millionth entry/第100万个词条发布之际/ in less than four years, the Oxford/牛津/ Dictionary of National Biography/传记,档案/launched its latest edition/推出其最新版本/. It had taken 12 years to complete, yet contained a comparatively/比较的,相当的/ tiddly/微不足道的/ 55,000 biographies/传记/. It also cost some 25m/2500万英镑/ to create. Wikipedia has so far been bankrolled/资助/ by Wales, but the total cost so far is still around f300, 000/30万英镑/.6、The current/最近的,最新的/ Encyclopedia Britannica/大英百科全书/ has 44m words/4400万字/ of text. Wikipedia already has more than 250m/2.5亿/ words in it. Britannica's most recent edition/最新版本/ has 65,000 entries in print and 75,000 entries online. Wikipedia's English site/英文网站/ has some 360,000 entries and is growing every day.7、But numbers mean nothing if the quality is no good. And this is where the arguments start./争论的起因/8、"Theoretically/理论上说/, it's a lovely idea/不错的想法/," says librarian/图书管理员/ and Internet consultant/互联网顾问/ Philip Bradley, "but practically/实际上/, I wouldn’t use it; and I’m not aware of a single librarian who would/我觉得任何图书管理员都不会使用这个网站/. The main problem is the lack of authority/权威性/. With printed publications/对于印刷出版物来说/, the publishers have to ensure that their data is reliable/可靠地/, as their livelihood/生计,饭碗/ depends on it. But with something like this, all that goes out the window./过一阵就完了/"9、Wales responds/回应/ by acknowledging/承认/ that Wikipedia's model leaves it anything but error free/维基百科模式所带来的结果决不会没有错误/ (something they make clear on the site) but he also points to an article in a German technology magazine this month, which compares Wikipedia with two established/已建立的/, traditional digital/数字/ encyclopedias: Brockhaus and Microsoft's/微软的/ Encarta. All three were tested on breadth, depth, and comprehensibility/广度,深度,和可理解性/ of content/内容/, ease of searching, and quality of multimedia content./多媒体内容/ Wikipedia won hands down/轻松胜出/.10、Dan Gillmor, the Silicon Valley commentator/硅谷评论员/ and author of We the Media/我们媒体/, is one of many independent fans/自由迷/:”I don’t think anyone is saying Wikipedia is an absolute replacement/绝对替代品/ for a traditional encyclopedia. But in the topics I know something about/但是就我所了解的题目而言/, I’ve found Wikipedia to be as accurate/准确的/ as any other source I’ve found”11、The truth is that Wikipedia is continuously evolving/不断的发展/. There are now around 3,000 new entries being added each day (about 700-800 of which are in English); and as the site has got bigger/规模扩大/, so has the amount of editing that takes place/发生/ on it. In September this year, there was an average/平均/ of 11 edits per article. The entry on the Israel-Palestinian conflict/巴以冲突/ has been edited more than 250 times this year alone.12、The truth is that Wikipedia reveals/揭示了/ what is normally hidden/鲜为人知,通常隐藏/ in an encyclopedia: the countless/无数的/ decisions that lie/位于/ behind each entry. The only difference is that in Wikipedia, the decision-making never stops and the debates/辩论/ are often robust/精力充沛的,激烈的/ to say the least.13、Wales says an entry in his encyclopedia is "like a sausage/香肠/: you might like the taste of it, but you don't necessarily want to see how it's made".14、It might seem like anarchy/无政府状态/. And, given/鉴于/ the lack of central control/中央控制/, it technically is/严格说来,它确实处于无政府状态/. However, there are three elements/因素/ that make it work.15、The first is its ownership/所有权/, and lack of commercial imperative/没有商业需求的压力/. The site is manned/操控/" by volunteers, and now owned by a foundation/基金会/, which means people willingly give their time and intellectual property/知识财产/ to the venture/事业/. It manages to run on less than $100,000/10万美元/ a year.17、The third-and perhaps most critical/最重要的/-has been the evolution /形成/of an incredibly intricate/令人难以置信的错综复杂/ and democratic/民主/ social order/社会秩序/ to keep this vast sprawling/庞大而复杂/ project in order.18、There are hundreds of thousands of "Wikipedians" who have contributed/贡献/ or edited articles. But the core/核心/ community, according to Wales, is about 200 people who, by now, know each other quite well. Outside this inner-inner circle/内圈/ is a core of about 2,000 people who make more than 100 edits each in the last month. Beyond this/在这个核心之外/, you have around 10,000 people who will have made more than five edits. There are administrators/管理员/, bureaucrats/政府官员/, stewards/行政人员/ and developers/开发人员/ all with different levels of technical and administrative authority./管理权限/19、This entire order/整个体系/ is all there for everyone to see online. Policies and strategies/编辑方针及策略/ are posted online, discussed and voted on/投票和讨论/. While the content/内容/ develops automatically/自动/ and anarchically/无序/, nothing happens to the social structure/社会结构,构成/ of Wikipedia without the consent/准许,应允/ of the core community.20、Wales and his community of volunteers are not resting/静止不动的/ on their laurels/桂冠/. He is in negotiations/协商/ to print part of the content, and distribute it in Africa as part of their ambition/抱负,夙愿,追求的目标/ to "put a free encyclopedia in the hands of every person on the planet/每个地球人/". Insane and overambitious? Definitely./疯狂透顶吗?野心勃勃吗?绝对是/ But after everything they have achieved in the last three-and-a-half years, you would be equally insane/同样疯狂/ to bet/打赌/ against/反对/ them.雄心勃勃的维基百科1. 互联网上从来就不乏疯狂透顶、野心勃勃的主意。
巴以冲突的英语作文
巴以冲突的英语作文None is a curious word. It is a negation, a denial, a rejection of something. Yet, in its very absence, it speaks volumes. None suggests an emptiness, a void, a lack of presence. But in that nothingness, a world of possibility emerges.When we say "none," we are acknowledging that there is no single thing, no specific entity, no identifiable element. It is a sweeping statement that encompasses the entirety of what is not. In a way, None is the ultimate expression of the infinite, the boundless, the all-encompassing.One could argue that None is the starting point, the blank canvas upon which all creation is built. It is the primordial soup from which life and existence spring forth. Without None, there would be no room for the something, the something that defines our reality, our experiences, our very being.Yet, None is not just a passive absence. It is a dynamic, powerful force that shapes and informs the very nature of what is. By defining the limits of what is not, None delineates the boundaries of what can be. It is the framework upon which the tapestry of existence is woven.In the realm of philosophy, None has been the subject of endless debate and contemplation. Thinkers have grappled with the concept of nothingness, seeking to understand its role in the grand scheme of things. Some have seen it as the ultimate truth, the fundamental building block of the universe. Others have viewed it as a mere illusion, a construct of the human mind.But perhaps the most intriguing aspect of None is its ability to evoke a sense of wonder and mystery. When confronted with the vastness of Nothing, the human mind is compelled to explore the infinite possibilities that lie within. It is a journey of discovery, a quest to uncover the secrets of the unknown.In the realm of art and literature, None has been a recurring theme, inspiring countless works that explore the depths of human experience. From the stark minimalism of a blank canvas to the haunting silences of a poem, None has the power to evoke profound emotions and provoke deep contemplation.In the realm of science, None has been the subject of intense study and investigation. Physicists have grappled with the concept of the vacuum, the void that exists between particles and atoms. Astronomers have peered into the vast emptiness of space, seeking to understand the nature of the universe and the role of nothingnessin its formation.Yet, even as we delve deeper into the mysteries of None, it remains elusive, defying our attempts to fully comprehend it. It is a paradox, a contradiction, a force that both defines and transcends the boundaries of our understanding.Perhaps, in the end, None is not just a word, but a state of being, a way of perceiving the world around us. It is a reminder that the absence of something can be just as powerful and meaningful as its presence. It is a call to embrace the unknown, to explore the depths of the uncharted, to find beauty and wonder in the very absence of form.So let us embrace None, not as a void, but as a canvas of infinite possibility. Let us use it as a springboard for our imagination, a catalyst for our creativity, a gateway to the depths of our own existence. For in the end, None may be the most profound and meaningful expression of all.。
想象救助巴以冲突的作文
想象救助巴以冲突的作文英文回答:As an AI language model, I can imagine a possible essay on resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It is important to note that this essay is a fictional piece and does not represent my personal opinion or stance on the issue.Title: Promoting Peace and Reconciliation in theIsraeli-Palestinian Conflict.Introduction:The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been a long-standing issue, characterized by violence, bloodshed, and deep-rooted animosity. However, it is crucial to find a path towards peace and reconciliation for the benefit of both nations and the entire region.Body:1. Understanding the Historical Context:The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has its roots in the complex historical and religious narratives of both Israelis and Palestinians. To resolve this conflict, it is essential to acknowledge and respect the historical and cultural claims of both sides. By recognizing the shared historical ties and cultural heritage, a foundation for dialogue and understanding can be established.英文回答完毕。
了解巴以冲突以和平为题的作文
了解巴以冲突以和平为题的作文英文回答:The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been a complex and enduring struggle for decades, characterized by cycles of violence and attempts at peace. The conflict has its roots in historical, religious, and political factors, and has left a profound impact on both sides involved.One of the key challenges to resolving the conflict is the complex political landscape. Israel is a sovereign state recognized by the international community, while Palestine is a disputed territory that has been subject to Israeli occupation and settlement for decades. The Palestinian people have long sought self-determination and the establishment of an independent state, while Israel has been concerned about security and its own territorial claims.Another obstacle to peace is the ongoing violence andmistrust between the two sides. Decades of conflict have led to hostility, trauma, and a deep-seated sense of injustice on both sides. Clashes between Israeli security forces and Palestinian militants, as well as terrorist attacks, have further exacerbated tensions and undermined efforts at reconciliation.Despite these challenges, there have been numerous attempts to broker peace between Israel and Palestine. International efforts, such as the Oslo Accords and the Annapolis Conference, have aimed to create a framework for a two-state solution, with Israel and Palestine living side by side in peace and security.However, these efforts have often been hampered by political obstacles, mistrust, and a lack of consensus between the parties. Both sides have accused each other of failing to live up to agreements or of engaging in provocative actions that undermine negotiations.Despite the setbacks, the search for peace continues. There are individuals, organizations, and governments whoremain committed to finding a just and lasting solution to the conflict. They believe that peace is possible and that it is in the best interests of both Israelis and Palestinians.The path to peace will likely require difficult compromises and concessions from both sides. It will require addressing the legitimate grievances and aspirations of both peoples, as well as ensuring their security and well-being. It will also require a shift in perspectives, away from fear and suspicion and towards empathy and understanding.中文回答:以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突是数十年来复杂而持久的斗争,其特征是暴力循环和和平尝试。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
“New Historians”
• • • • Earlier view: Britain tried to prevent establishment of Jewish state Earlier view: Palestinians fled homes of their own free will Earlier view: balance of power in favor of Arabs Earlier view: Arabs had coordinated plan to destroy Israel • New Historians claim it tried to prevent a Palestinian state say refugees were chased out
Recall Future Territorial Development
Perspectives
1947/8 – Different accounts of events that led to state of Israel and Palestinian refugee camps Note: accounting is marred by fact that most documents are available only in Israeli, British, other non-Palestinian archives No national Palestinian archives Many more scholarly contributions from Israelis than from Palestiniatage in manpower and arms
they were divided (Jordan wanted to benefit from partition to annex land) Israel is primarily to blame
•
•
Earlier view: Arab intransigence prevented peace
How Events Unfolded
• Violence erupted within hours of the vote on partition in November 47 (vote on Nov. 29, 47)
• STAGE I --- Civil war, Nov. 1947- May 14, 1948
The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict, II
Spring 2013
Guiding Ideas of 1947 UN Partition Plan
• Exclusively Arab areas became part of the Arab state, similarly for Jewish areas • Mixed areas were supposed to become Jewish: creation of Arab minority (conceivably even majority) in Jewish state was preferred to alternative
• STAGE II --- Declaration of State of Israel – Arab invasion • War, in several stages, for much of remainder of 48
• Nobody considered partition plan binding given real or anticipated actions of the other
• Unpopulated land (desert) given to the Jewish state to increase possibilities for expected immigration
David Wyman, Abandonment of the Jews
• Gives good sense of mind-set that led to such concessions to Jewish settlers in Palestine
Relative Strengths
• Initially, Jews had about 35,000 fighters • Lightly armed, well-trained, well-motivated, well-organized; supported from abroad • Immigration policy had focused on young men; many Jews fought for British during war • Palestinians: divided leadership; limited finances; no central administration; no reliable allies; harmed by rebellion 36-39 • No elites with tradition of service because of subordinate status in Ottoman empire
•
Refugee Issue
Palestinian psychology is marked by events of this period Arabs contend most Palestinians driven out by deliberate campaign of Jewish terror Israeli spokesmen insist vast majority left of their own volition