(世界是平的)

– Just in the chemical industry there were about 30 e-markets
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Continuous evolution of the business model2
Subscription fees (會員費)
– 電子市集依照公司大小、使用系統的員工人 數及成交筆數，作為向會員收取費用的依據
(Fine and Whitney)
Modular products –independent components
– Components are independent of each other
– Components are interchangeable
– Standard interfaces are used
Loss of competitive knowledge
– 將重要組件委外給供應商，就等同於給競爭者機會 (一如IBM的例子)
– 公司失去100%以自己的想法去導入新設計的能力， 而亦須參酌供應商的想法
– 將重要組件委外給不同的供應商，也就失去了一些 傳統上必須團隊合作才可行的發展，如新的想法、 創新及整體解決方案等。
找出節省成本的機會
在拍賣喊價的過程中增加自己供應商的 資料庫
找到供應商，確認其是否合乎自己的需 求，並給予必要的支援 。
代為處理拍賣、出價事宜。
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The Move to B2B Commerce
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B2B is Huge...
Business-to-Consumer Business-to-Business
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Case ― Positive2
Cisco
– Global virtual manufacturing strategy – Quadruple in size from 1994 to 1998
Apple Computer
– Outsources 70 percent of its component – Focused its internal resources on its own
– Reason
Shortages in the G4 chip supplied by Motorola
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Outline
Outsourcing benefits and risks A framework for buy/make decisions E-procurement A framework for e-procurement
– 較佳的回應顧客需求改變的能力 – 利用供應商的技術來加快產品研發週期時間的能力 – 獲得新技術及創新的能力。
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案例
自助餐廰的滷蛋… 西餐廳的麵包… 汽車廠的輪胎… 腳踏車變速器… K牌腳踏車―只有車架自行生產… 有Dolby最動聽…
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Outsourcing Risks
Modular Outsourcin Outsourcing Outsourcing
g risky
opportunity can reduce
cost
Integral Outsourcin Outsourcing Keep
g very risky option
internal
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Conflicting objectives
– Flexibility (例如，JIT) vs. long-term、 stable
commitments, etc.
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A Framework for Outsourcing1
(Fine and Whitney)
Reasons for outsourcing
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Outsourcing Benefits
Economies of scale reduce manufacturing costs Risk pooling – demand uncertainties are transferred Reduced capital investment Focus on core competencies Increased flexibility
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電子市集是最後綠洲？
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E-Marketplaces: The Initial (95-99)
business model
The e-marketplace concept started as a new way to procure products, particularly nonproduction items. E-marketplaces
案例
TOYOTA
– 70%的零組件委外… – 引擎―100%自製 – 汽車電子系統―由供應商設計並製造(依賴產能
與知識)
IBM
– CPU委外… – 作業系統委外…
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Procurement process is highly complex, requires significant expertise, and is very costly.
Product architecture
– Modular products –independent components
– Integral products – components are tightly related
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A Framework for Outsourcing2
– Focus on liquidity – Transaction fee paid by the suppliers – Serve as a virtual distributor
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The value of e-markets
提供了採購流程的專業知識及大量的供 應商
做為買家及供應商之間的媒介
multiple functions
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A Framework for Outsourcing4
(Fine & Whitney)
Product Dependent:
knowledge,
capacity
Indep:
knowledge Dep: capacity
Indep.:
knowledge capacity
– Reason
A significant reduction in demand for telecommunication infrastructure to which Cisco was not able to respond effectively
Apple Computer
– 1999, the ability to satisfy customer demand was significantly reduced
12
A Framework for Outsourcing3
(Fine and Whitney)
Integral products – components are tightly related
– Designed as a system – Not off-the-shelf components – Evaluated based on system performance – Components in integral products perform
– Dependency on capaciБайду номын сангаасy
企業本身具有製造組件所必須的專業知識及技巧，因為其 他的因素而決定委外。
– Dependency on knowledge
企業並沒有製造產品或組件所必要的人員、技術及專業知 識，故將其委外以補其不足。即使如此，企業仍需具備評 估顧客需求的技巧和知識，並將之轉換為產品應有的主要 特徵及要求。
– Expand everyone’s market reach – Generate lower price for the buyers – Cut operational costs for buyers and suppliers
Automating the procurement process will reduce processing cost per order from as high as $150 to as low as $5 per order
The World is Flat (世界是平的)
(Thomas Friedman)
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Outsourcing: An “easy way” to increase profits
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Case ― Positive1
Nike
– Outsources almost all of its manufacturing activities
disk operating system and the supporting macro software
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Case ― Negative1
Nike
– 2001, profit shortfall due to inventory buildup in some products, shortages for others as well as late deliveries
Transaction fees (paid by either the buyer, the suppliers, or both.)
– Problems with this Business Model
Sellers resist paying a fee to the company whose main objective is to reduce the purchase price
2003 $1.3 Trillion
2002 $843B
1998 $43B
1999 $109B
2000 $251B
2001 $499B
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Source: Forrester Research, Inc.
Continuous evolution of the business model1
– A component can be designed or upgraded with little or no regard to other components
– Customer preference determines the product configuration
Procurement
– Reason
Weak U.S. economy Complications with the implementation of a supply planning system
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Case ― Negative2
Cisco
– 2000, 2.25 billion write-down for obsolete inventory
Licensing the software
– 指的是市集將其軟體授權給企業使用，讓企 業可以透過軟體自動連上市集
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Evolving Market Types ― Value-added independent ( public)
– Focuses mainly on research and development on the one hand, and marketing, sales, and distribution on the other
– Growth in the 90s at an annual rate of about 20 percent
Buyers resist paying a fee
The revenue model needs to be flexible
– Sometimes the wrong party is charged
Low barriers to entry created a fragmented industry flooded with participants