科技论文的篇章结构

organization of a scientific paper科技论文的篇章结构一个科学论文的主要目的是报告新的成果，通常的实验，并与这些结果在该领域以前的知识。

论文是最重要的方式，我们彼此沟通的。

在了解如何阅读一文中，我们需要在一开始先从几个预赛。

然后，我们解决的主要问题，使你了解和评估的文件。

In most scientific journals, scientific papers follow a standard format.在大多数科学期刊，科学论文遵循的标准格式。

They are divided into several sections, and each section serves a specific purpose in the paper.他们被分成几个部分，每个部分供应的文件的具体目的。

We first describe the standard format, then some variations on that format.我们首先描述的标准格式，然后在该格式的一些变化。

A paper begins with a short Summary or Abstract .一文中开始一个简短的摘要或摘要。

Generally, it gives a brief background to the topic; describes concisely the major findings of the paper; and relates these findings to the field of study.一般来说，它提供了简短的主题背景，简要介绍了该论文的主要结果，以及有关这些发现的研究领域。

As will be seen, this logical order is also that of the paper as a whole.我们将会看到，这个逻辑顺序也是整个纸张。

The next section of the paper is the Introduction .该文件的下一个部分是导言。

In many journals this section is not given a title.在许多杂志本节没有给出一个标题。

As its name implies, this section presents the background knowledge necessary for the reader to understand why the findings of the paper are an advance on the knowledge in the field.正如其名称所示，本节介绍背景知识的读者理解为什么在纸张上的调查结果是在该领域的知识的进步必要的。

Typically, the Introduction describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on a particular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in the paper.通常情况下，介绍介绍首次在专业领域的知识接受的状态，那么它更侧重于某一方面具体，通常描述这一发现或结果集，直接导致的文件中描述的工作。

If the authors are testing a hypothesis, the source of that hypothesis is spelled out, findings are given with which it is consistent, and one or more predictions are given.如果作者是测试假说，该假说源拼写出来，结果载与它是一致的，与一个或多个预测给出。

In many papers, one or several major conclusions of the paper are presented at the end of this section, so that the reader knows the major answers to the questions just posed.在许多论文，该论文的一个或几个主要结论载于本节结束，让读者知道刚才提出的问题的主要答案。

Papers more descriptive or comparative in nature may begin with an introduction to an area which interests the authors, or the need for a broader database.论文更具描述性的或比较可能开始对一个地区的利益，作者，或为一个更广泛的数据库需要引进。

The next section of most papers is the Materials and Methods .大多数文件下部分是材料和方法。

In some journals this section is the last one.在一些刊物本节是最后一个。

Its purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experiments were carried out.其目的是描述在实验中使用的材料和所依据的实验方法进行。

In principle, this description should be detailed enough to allow other researchers to replicate the work.原则上，这说明应详细到足以让其他研究人员复制的工作。

In practice, these descriptions are often highly compressed, and they often refer back to previous papers by the authors.在实践中，这些描述往往是高度压缩，而且往往是指由作者回以前的文件。

The third section is usually Results .第三部分是平时成绩。

This section describes the experiments and the reasons they were done.本节介绍了实验和他们做的原因。

Generally, the logic of the Results section follows directly from that of the Introduction.一般来说，结果部分逻辑是直接从介绍的。

That is, the Introduction poses the questions addressed in the early part of Results.也就是说，介绍构成在结果初期要解决的问题。

Beyond this point, the organization of Results differs from one paper to another.除了这一点，结果组织不同于一纸到另一个。

In some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for the following section.在一些文件，结果没有提出广泛讨论，这是下面的部分保留。

This is appropriate when the data in the early parts do not need to be interpreted extensively to understand why the later experiments were done.这是适当的时候在早期部分的数据不需要进行解释广泛理解为什么后来的实验工作。

In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with other findings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.在其他文件，结果都给出了，然后他们解释，也许没有采取其他研究结果的文件一起，这样才能为以后的实验提供了逻辑基础。

The fourth section is the Discussion .第四部分是讨论。

This section serves several purposes.本节可以有以下几个目的。

First, the data in the paper are interpreted; that is, they are analyzed to show what the authors believe the data show.首先，在文件中的数据进行解释，也就是说，它们进行分析，以显示什么作者认为，数据显示。

Any limitations to the interpretations should be acknowledged, and fact should clearly be separated from speculation.任何的解释限制应该承认，与事实显然应该从炒作分开。

Second, the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field.二，论文的研究结果与在该领域的其他研究结果。

This serves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work.由此足以说明如何促进知识的结果，或纠正以前的工作中的错误。

As stated, some of these logical arguments are often found in the Results when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were carried out.如前所述，这些逻辑经常发现一些论点在结果的时候，有必要澄清为什么后来进行了实验。