英语泛读教程第二版listening to music翻译

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大学泛读Book2Unit-2-Music教学内容

大学泛读Book2Unit-2-Music教学内容

Folk music
• Music originating among the common people of a nation or region and spread about or passed down orally, often with considerable variation.
1. The topic being discussed in the short passage above is ---
Caring about the world by musicians and music fans
2. The writer’s main idea is--Musicians and music fans became concerned
• 乡村音乐:基于美国南部乡村风格上的流 行音乐或基于美国西部牛仔的音乐的流行 音乐, 也作 country and western
Themes in country music
• Love • Cowboy • Happiness-seeking • The living style of countryside • Regional pride • Family • God • Nation
in 1960s
Cultural Notes
• country musicቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ• folk music
Country music
• Popular music based on the folk style of the southern rural United States or on the music of cowboys in the American West. Also called country and western

[精选]大学英语泛读教程2【第二版】UNIT1 课文翻译资料

[精选]大学英语泛读教程2【第二版】UNIT1 课文翻译资料

Dreams:making them work for usseveral nights a week Joseph woke up screaming from the same terrible dream.Joseph could never recall his whole dream,though.He only remembered that someone was running after him.Joseph was trying to get away,but in his dream he could not move。

he continued having this nightmare for months。

he was so tired in the morning that it was hard for him to go to work。

Joseph,you see,is not a frightened child,but a grown man。

Milton Kramer is a psychiatrist and dream researcher Cincinnati,Ohio.He believes that it is very important that people don't ignore their dreams,because they are messages from our sleeping minds.When Kramer studied dreams and dreamers,he found that people wake up feeling very discouraged after they have a bad dream.He also found that after having a good dream,people feel more optimistic.Clearly,dreams can have harmful or beneficial effects.As a result,Kramer believes that we need to learn how to change our bad dreams.When we understand what happened in our dreams,we can change negative,hurtful dreams to positive,helpful ones。

大学英语泛读教程第二册答案(全)Keys to Reading Course 2

大学英语泛读教程第二册答案(全)Keys to Reading Course 2

Keys to Reading Course 2Unit 1 ReadingSection AWord Pretest1.B2.A3.B4.A5.B6.C7.B8.CReading Comprehension1.B2.A3.B4.B5.C6.CVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. assignment2. irony3. reverse4. accomplish5. assemble6. squeeze7. sensual8. fragment9. narcotic 10. adolescenceUse of English1. Bob agreed to take on the leadership of the expedition.2. The world was taken in by his fantastic story of having got to the Pole alone.3. He took up his story after a pause for questions and refreshments.4. That takes me back to the time I climbed to the top of Mount Fuji.5. The members of the party took it in turns to steer the boat.6. They took it for granted that someone would pick up their signals and come to their aid. Stems1. proclaim: to announce officially and publicly; to declare2. percentage: a proportion or share in relation to a whole; a part3. confirm: to support or establish the certainty or validity of; to verify4. affirm: to declare positively or firmly; to maintain to be true5. centigram: a metric unit of mass equal to one hundredth of a gram6. exclaim: to express or utter(something) suddenly or vehementlySynonyms1. adaptability2. purpose3.strained4.hold5.defeatClozeimportant second France student bilingualmonolingual serious means use difficultSection B1.F2.T3.T4.C5.A6.B7.B8.B9.B 10.T11.T 12.F 13.F 14.T 15.TSection C1.F2.T3.T4.F5.T6.F7.F8.F9.F 10.FUnit 2 MusicSection AWord Pretest1. B2. C3. B4. C5. B6. BReading comprehension1. T2. F3. T4. T5. T6. T7. T8. FVocabulary BuildingWord search1. folk2. capacity3. sensuous4. qualified5. abuse6. stuff7. mood8. clarity9. striveSemantic variations1. B2. B3. B4. B5. A6.BStems1. compose: to make up the constituent parts of; to constitute or form2. contract: to reduce in size by drawing together, to shrink3. dispose of: to get rid of, to throw out4. impose: to obtrude or force( oneself, for example) on another or others5. subtract: to make away, to deduct6. deposit: to put (money) in a bank or financial accountSynonyms1. discriminating2. widespread3. compatibility4. clearness5. association Clozemusic form south danceinterest instruments voice rootsSection B1. F2. T3. F4. F5. F6.T 7 T 8. F 9 F 10. F11. F 12. T 13. T 14. F 15 TSection C1. D2. A3. D4. D5.D6. D7. D8. AUnit 3 GenerationSection AWord Pretest1. C2. C3. B4. C5. B6. C7. C8. AReading Comprehension1. D2. C3. C4. A5. B6. C7. A8. B Vocabulary BuildingWord search1. lull2. associate3. client4. utterly5. certificate6. rags7. jerk8. foreman9. demanding 10. sentimental Semantic variations1. C2. C3. B4. A5. B6. CStems1. transmit: to send from one person, thing, or place to another; to convey2. deduce: to reach (a conclusion) by reasoning3. eject: to throw out forcefully; to expel4. compel: to force, drive, or constrain5. project: to thrust outward or forward6. conduct: to lead or guideAntonyms1. hopeless2. disobedient3. weighty4. agree5. clearClozeactive girls skirts move raisedforce show fly hesitated planeSections B1. B2. C3. C4. B5. C6. C7. C8. C9. A 10.C 11. C 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. CSection C1. F2. T3. T4. T5. F6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. TUnit 4Section AWord Pretest1.D2.A3.A4.B5.A6.C7.A8.B9.D 10. CReading Comprehension1.B2.B3.B4.B5.C6.A7.BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. slanting2. equator3. amplifier4. vapor5. desert6. latitude7. atlitude8. monsoon9. drain 10. precautionSemantic Variations1.A2.B3.C4.A5.C6.AStems7. division: one of the parts, sections or groups into which something is divided8. evident: easily see or understood; obvious9. individual: a single human being considered apart from a society or community10. sustain: to support from below; to keep from falling or sinking; to prop11. visible: p ossible to see; perceptible to the eye12. obtain: to succeed in gaining possession of as the result of planning or endeavor; to acquire Synonyms1. mixture2. eternal3.impact4.humidity5.remoteClozeradio incorrect predict misunderstandingunexplained happen up rightSection B1.B2.C3.A4.F5.T6.F7.F8.F9.T 10.C11.C 12.B 13.T 14.F 15.TSection C1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.TUnit 5 WorkSection AWord Pretest1C 2A 3B 4 C 5 B 6 A 7 C 8 CReading Comprehension1-8 C A A C C BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1 intangible 2. crave 3 ego 4 attributable 5 stall 6 tool up 7 at stake 8. cram 9. forfeit 10. cornyUse of English1. By the time I opened the can its contents had gone off.2. I’ll go over how it works before you try it yourself.3. I was told it would be repaired free of charge, but the man in the shop has gone back on his promise.4. The book was so popular that there weren’t enough copies to go round.5. His shop has gone out of business after making heavy losses.6. The trade has gone from bad to worse and staff are being laid off.Stems 1-6 BADAACSynonyms 1-5 graceful spontaneously oppose usual clientClozestaff maximize objectives participate potentialskills easier appointed specific commitmentSection B1-5 ACBFT 6-10 FACDB 11-15 CBTFTSection C1-5 FTFTF 6-10 TFTFTKeys to Reading Course 2Unit 6 The African-AmericansSection AWord Pretest1. C2. A3. C4. A5. B6. A7. C8. CReading Comprehension1. F 2T 3T 4F 5T 6F 7T 8TVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. destined2. relief3. segregation4. boycott5. sit-in6. legacy7. chronicle8. assault9. plight 10. vigilanceSemantic Variations1C 2A 3C 4A 5B 6CStems1. evolution: the theory that groups of organisms change with passage of time, mainly as a result of natural selection, so that descendants differ morphologically and physiologically from their ancestors2. ascend: to go or move upward3. devolve: to pass on or delegate to another4. migrate: to change location periodically, especially by moving seasonally from one region to another5. export: to send or transport (a commodity, for example) abroad, especially for trade or sale6. condescend: to descend to the level of one considered inferior; to lower oneselfAntonyms1. observe2. admit3. dismiss4. eulogize5. advanceClozeNominated raised immigrated earned roseAssignment position army autobiography speakerSection B1T 2T 3F 4C 5B 6D 7D 8D 9T 10F11F 12F 13T 14TSection C1A 2D 3D 4C 5C 6B 7D 8CKeys to Reading Course 2Unit 7 Greek StoriesSection AWord Pretest1.C2.B3.D4.D5.A6.B7.B8.A9.C 10.CReading Comprehension1.B2.C3.C4.C5. C6.D7.C8.DVocabulary BuildingWord matchripple a little wave on the surface of watermischief naughty behavior by childrenhospitality welcoming behaviorbillow a large sea wavespell delightful influencenymph a goddess of natureband a group of musiciansuitor a man wishing to marry a particular womanmortal a human beingwarrior a soldiercrafty cunninghostile unfriendlymerry cheerfultame not wildcontent satisfiedresume to take againgloom darknessdespise to look down on with contemptdismay a strong feeling of fear, anxiety and hopelessnessdusk the time just before nightSemantic Variations1-6 CAAAACStems13. tendency: movement or prevailing movement in a given direction2. conservative: favoring traditional views and values; tending to oppose change3. preserve: to keep in perfect or unaltered condition; tending to oppose change4. valuable: of great importance5. available: present and ready for use; at hand; accessible6. prevail: to be most common or frequent; to be predominantAntonyms1. forbid2. clarify3.sorrow4.remain5.concealClozename place arrows wandered powermischief won neglected celebrate expeditionSection B1-5 CCACD 6-10 TTFFF 11-15 TTBBCSection C1-5 CADBA 6-8DCCUnit 8 Attitude Towards LifeSection AWord Pretest: BACBA BCAReading Comprehension: CABBC BBBVocabulary BuildingWord matchastonishing surprisingconsiderate thoughtful of other persons’ wishes, needs or feelingspreach to advise or urge others to accept (sth. one believes in) strenuous taking or needing great effort or strengtharena an enclosed area for sports, public entertainments, etc.adversity bad fortune, troublebatter to damage, break, or cause to lose shapereverse the opposite, the other way roundpenetrate to see into or throughself-esteem one’s good opinion of one’s own worthdoom to cause to suffer sth unavoidable and terribleemerge to come out or appear from inside or from being hiddenblessing a gift from God or anything that brings happiness and good fortune mess up to get into disorder; to spoil, etc.devastating completely destructivecommon denominator a quality or belief shared by all the members of a group odds the probabilities that sth will or will not happenstack to arrange dishonestly so as to give oneself an unfair advantage motive to provide with a strong reason for doing sth.falter lose strength or effectiveness; weakenSemantic Variations: CBBACBStems1 prescribe to advise the use of a medicine2 description an account of a person in words3 terrain a stretch of land, with regard to its natural features4 subscribe to pay regularly in order to receive a magazine, newspaper, etc.5 territorial of a country’s territory6 extraterrestrial of or from outside the earth or its atmosphereAntonymsappear ready hide s skillful carelessClozeintelligent activities workout attitudeoff reducing seem asideSection BCCCCC TFTFT TTFFTSection CFTFTF TFTTTUnit 9 First AidSection AWord Pretest1.B.2.A.3.C4.B.5.B.6.B.7.B.8.A.9.C. 10.BReading comprehension1.B.2. C.3. D.4. B/D/A/C.5.C.6.C.7.A.8.C/A/B/DVocabulary BuildingWord Search1.ambulance2.urgent3.emergency4.massage5.yell6.vein7.artery8.fracture9.blister 10.tetanusUse of English1.The government has come in for a lot of criticism.2. It’s hard to come to terms with the government’s defense policy.3. After retiring in 1980 he has decided to make a comeback to the political scene.4. The situation has come to the boil now that the government has to face a vote of confidence.5. The tax cuts announced in the Budget do not come into effect until next year.6. The miners came out on strike against the government’s privatization plans.Stems1. solo: a composition or passage for an individual voice or instrument, with or without accompaniment2. series: a number of objects or events arranged or coming one after the other in succession3. isolate: to set apart or cut off from others4. desert: to withdraw from, especially in spite of a responsibility or duty; to forsake5. peninsula: a piece of land that projects into a body of water and is connected with the mainland by an isthmus6. exert: to put to use or effect; to put forth7. insulate: to prevent the passage of heat, electricity or sound into or out of somewhere, especially by surrounding with a non-conducting materials8. insert: to put or set into, between or amongSynonyms1. give2. stop3. antiseptic4. block5. penetrateClozePedestrians adults declining avoid signals case impaired fatalitiesSection B1.C2.B3.B4.D5.A6.C7.B8.A 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.TSection C1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F 10.TKeys to Reading Course 2Unit 10 MarriageSection AWord Pretest1.C2.C3.C4.C5.A6.A7.A8.CReading Comprehension1.A2.B3.C4.C5. B6.C7.A8.AVocabulary BuildingWord matchquotation a sentence or passage taken from a bookartificial not naturalanguish very great pain or suffering, esp. of the mindanniversary a day which is an exact year or number of years after something has happened superstition a belief based on association of ideas instead of reason or factbouquet a bunch of flowersheed to give attention toescort to accompanyconfetti small pieces of colored paper thrown on weddingsconceal to hideconsent agreementasunder apartvow a solemn promise or declaration of intentionrites forms of behavior with a fixed pattern for a religious purposesermon to talk usually based on a sentence from the Bible and given as part of a church service Use of English7. Will you please keep me company for a while?8. I couldn’t keep a straight face when he told me of his plan.9. The staff are going to be kept in the dark about the firm’s plans for the future.10. I’ll keep an open mind until we’ve discussed it.11. I’ll keep away from her until she’s feeling more optimistic.12. Try to keep your head even if you don’t know what’s going to happen.Stems14. briefly: for a short time; in as few words as possible15. astronaut: a person trained to pilot, navigate, or otherwise participate in the flight of a spacecraft16. abridge: to reduce the length of (a written text); to condense17. fuse: to blend thoroughly by or as if by melting together18. astronomy: the scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy and evolution of celestial bodes and phenomena19. confusing: unclear or difficult to understand20. abbreviate: to reduce (a word or phrase) to a shorter form intended to represent the full form Synonyms1. naughty2. divine3.break4.give5.seizeClozewrong dislike midnight standard homelife convinced meantime capitalSection B1.T2.F3.T4.F5.B6.C7.C8.D9.C 10.D11.F 12.T 13.F 14.A 15.C 16. BSection C1.T2.F3.T4.T5.F6.F7.T8.F9.F 10.TKeys to Reading Course 2Unit 11 CreativitySection A Word Pretest1-5: B, A, A, B, A 6-8: B, A, AReading Comprehension 1-6: A, C, A, A, C,CVocabulary Building ---Word Matchglow to give out heat or lightinstinctive (of ideas, behaviors) natural, not based on learning or thinkingexemplify to serve as examplefunnel a wide-mouthed tube used for pouring liquids into a narrow-necked containerprelude a short piece of music that introduces a large musical workapplaud to praise by clapping one’s handsflash to shine suddenly and brightlyattend to to direct one’s interest and effort topotential the ability to develop, achieve or succeedimpulse a sudden wish to do somethingdoze to sleep lightlyevaluate to judge the value or degree ofresurgence a return to power, life and activitystuck unable to gosketch to describe roughlyUse of English1. The Austrians made peace with Napoleon.2. They couldn’t make out what the enemy were t rying to say.3. Seeing the enemy’s guns facing him made hi hair stand on end.4. The onset of winter made things worse for the troops.5. While they were on leave the sailors made the most of their freedom.6. I make no secret of my loathing for war.Stems1. accordance: agreement; conformity2. disclose: to make known (something heretofore kept secret); to reveal3. inclusive: including the specified extremes or limits as well as the area between them4. core: the hard or fibrous central part of certain fruits, such as the apple or the pear, containing the seeds5. enclose: to surround on all sides; to close in6. conclude: to bring about a final agreement or settlement7. encouragement: the act or words of encouraging8. close: a cabinet or enclosed recess for storing linens, household supplies, or clothing Antonyms 1. lose 2. horizontal 3. sterile 4. old 5. identicalClozename managed worked after feelparents computers playing to spend tradeSection B 1-5: C, C, C, C, C 6-10: C, C, C, F, F 11-13: T, C, BSection C 1-5: F, F, T, T, F 6: TUnit 12 TravelSection AWord Pretest1.A2.A3.C4.B5.B6.B7.A8.AReading Comprehension1.B2.B3.A4.C5.A6.A7.C8.BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1.halve2.purchase3.consulate4.fare5.discount6.resort7.monopoly8.principal9.carnival 10.boredomUse of English1. They are putting on a version of “Cinderella” on ice.2. The opening of his one-man show has been put off until he recovers from his illness.3. I can’t put my finger on what it was that I disliked about the performance.4. Put your previous failures behind you and think of what your next venture might be.5. A plan has been put forward to prevent valuable paintings being sold to collectors and galleries abroad.6. They tried to put pressure on the Arts Council to supports the newly-formed orchestraStems1.dictation: the act of saying or reading aloud to be recorded or written by another2.fraction: a small part; a bit3.indication: serving as a sign, symptom, or token of; something that is signified4.predict: to state, tell about, or make known in advance, especially on the basis of special knowledge5.contradiction: being contrary to; being inconsistent with6.fragments: small parts broken off or detachedSynonyms1. chief2. examine3. fame4. local5. soleClozefound trade famous spread discoveryidea support offered valued saltSection B1.B2.C3.C4.C5.B6.C7.B8.T9.T 10.T11.C 12.C 13.BSection C1.F2.T3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.FUnit 13 ExaminationsSection AWord Protest1. A2. C3. A4. B5. C6. A7. B8. BReading Comprehension1. B2. C3. C4. A5. C6. BVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. assimilate2. presentation3. deduct4. reinforce5. statistics6. offender7. thwart 8. impunity 9. plagiarize 10. reprimand 11. crib 12. divisiveSemantic Variations1. B2. B3. A4. C5. C6. BStems1. occupation: an activity that serves as one’s regular source of livelihood; a vocation2. broadcast: to transmit (a radio or television program) for public or general use3. captive: taken and held prisoner, as in war4. capture: to hold; to occupy5. abroad: out of one’s own country6. perceive: to become aware of directly through any of the sense, especially sight or hearing7. conceive: to form or hold an idea8. broaden: to make or become broaderSynonyms1. thwart2. huge3. break4. obvious5. accomplishClozeadvantage meaningful disadvantages subject expressingreading unsatisfactory giving arise pictureSection B1. C2. D3. B4. B5.C6.T7.T8. F 9.F 10. T 11. T 12.B 13. A 14. BSection C1. F2. F3. T4. T5. T6. T7.T8. T9. T 10. TUnit 14 Intellectual Property Section AWord Pretest1. B2. A3. B4. A5. A6. B7. C8. BReading Comprehension1. B2. C3. C4. B5. C6. B7. AVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. procedure2. variety3. multiple4. application5. promote6. diligent7. novelty8. judicial9. disclosure 10. stimulusUse of English1. This cloudy weather is getting me down.2. I would like to get this meeting over with as quickly as possible.3. You won’t be able to get through to her what she has to do.4. His refusal to commit himself gets on my nerves.5. Thomas and David get along very well.6. One of these days I must get round to replying to all this correspondence. Stems1. densely: the quality of being packed or crowded together2. defense: the act of defending against attack, danger, or injury3. credit: an arrangement for deferred payment of a loan or purchase4. condense: to make (a liquid) thicker by removing some of the water5. incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable6. dense: difficult to see throughSynonyms1. rival2. final3. variety4. personal5. barClozebasis revised minimum addition works participated adopted concepts Section B1. T2. F3. F4. A5. A6. C7. F8. T9. F 10. F11. T 12. T 13. C 14. B 15. CSection C1. B2. A3. B4. A5. B6. D7. A8. AUnit 15 LawSection AWord pretest1. C2. A3. B4. B5. C6. B7.C8.CReading Comprehension1.T2. T3. F4. T5. F6. F7. F8. T9. T 10. TVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. espionage2. anonymity3. extortion4. prosecutor5. sue6. accuse7. indict8. plead9. testimony 10. verdict 11. probation 12 reverseSemantic Variations 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. BStems1. corruption: the act of being venal; dishonesty2. pendulum: a body suspended from a fixed support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity, commonly used to regulate various devices, especially clocks3. erupt: to become violently active4. bankruptcy: the state of being unable to pay one’s debts5. dependable: reliable, trustworthy6. interrupt: to break the continuity or uniformity of7. independence: the state or quality of being independent8. suspend: to cause to stop for a period: to interruptAntonyms1. frequently2. prohibition3. agreement4. disapprove5. fairnessClozeadmitted survey caught relatives vehicles admission threatened increase professional unskilled Section B1. D2. A3. C4. A5. B6. C7. B8. T9. T 10. T11. T 12. T 13. FSection C1. D2. C3. C4. B5. B6. D7. B8. DUnit 16 World War IISection AWord Pretest1. A2. A3. A4. B5. B6. C7. C8. AReading Comprehension1. C2. C3. C4. A5. A6. AVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. raid2. ordeal3. wail4. commuter5. smash6. neutral7. devastate8. armistice9. disarm 10. grievance 11. puppet 12. appeasementSemantic Variations1. B2. A3. B4. A5. C6. BStems1. spectator: an observer of an event2. inspect: to examine carefully and critically, especially for flaws3. inspire: to affect, guide, or arouse by divine influence4. respectively: each separately in the order mentioned5. suspicious: arousing or apt to arouse suspicon; questionable6. expire: to come to an end; to terminate7. prospect: something expected; a possiblity8. perspective: a mental view or outlook9. spectacle: something that can be seen or viewed, especially something of a remarkable or impressive nature10. circumspect: looking round on all sides watchfully; prudentSynonyms1. huge2. ultimate3. conquer4. deadly5. disturbanceClosebase undetected took bombed fleetheart sunk lost declared troopsSection B1. B2. A3. B4. T5. T6. F7. T8. T9. T 10. T 11. B 12. C 13. C 14. F 15. T 16. FSection C1. F2. F3. T4. T5. F6. T7. F8. T9. F 10. TUnit 17 HousingSection AWord Pretest1.B2. B3.B4.C5.C6.B7.B8.DReading Comprehension1. T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.TVocabulary BuildingWord Search1. sociologist2. spontaneously3. hassle4. sneak5. fee6. jack7. spacious8. cozy9. crawl 10. customarySemantic Variations1. C2. A3. A4. B5. B6. AStems1. sensible: reasonable2. structural: of, relating to, having, or characterized by structure3. sensitive: feeling readily, acutely, or painfully4. consent: to give assent, as to the proposal of another; to agree5. destructive: causing destruction; ruinous6. construction: the act or process of constructingAntonyms1. attached2. helpful3. fixed4. limited5. displeasureClozeplentiful fire inexpensively room spread disastrous difficult uncomfortable Section B1. C2. D3. B4. D5. F6. T7. T8. F9. C 10. B11. F 12. T 13. T 14. C 15. ASection C1. A2. B3. D4. B5. D6. C7. C8. A9. C 10. AUnit 18 DramaWord Pretest1. B2. B3. B4. A5. B6. A7. A8. BVocabulary BuildingWord Matchsparse thinly spread or distributedbequeath to leave something, especially property, to another by willprecisely exactlyethics moral principlesproposition proposal, suggestiondisloyalty behavior of being not loyalfidget to move one’s body about restlesslywrangle to quarrel angrily and noisily, arguepresume to supposeturn down to refuseconversant familiarfurnish to put furniture, carpets, curtains, and other things into a roomdiscreditable shamefulsolicitor lawyerhire-purchase a way of buying goods gradually; installmnet planSemantic Variations1. C2. A3. C4. B5. A6. AStems1. chronometer a very exact clock for measuring time2. encyclopedia a book or set of books containing information on every branch of knowledge, or on one particular branch, subjects or on numerous aspects of a particular field, usually arranged alphabetically3. autograph a person’s own signat ure or handwriting4. chronic lasting for a long period of time or marked by frequent recurrence, as of certain diseases5. diagram a plan, sketch, drawing, or outline designed to explain how something works6. pedestrian a person who is walking esp. in an area where vehicles go7. calligraphy the art of fine handwritingl handwriting8. recycle to use againSynonyms1. show2. contradict3. exact4. refuse5. withdrawClozetypes difference focuses struggle decidesinvolves society human reformation Opposingprevail symbolizes。

英语泛读教程第二版listening to music翻译

英语泛读教程第二版listening to music翻译

我们如何听音乐?艾伦·科普兰我们都按自己种种不同的能力听音乐。

但是,为了分析的方便,如果我们将整个听的过程分成几个组成部分,这一过程就会更加清楚。

在一定意义上说,我们都在三个不同的层次上听音乐。

由于缺少更好的术语,我们可以这样的称呼它们:(1)感官层次,(2)表达层次,(3)纯音乐层次。

将听的过程机械地分为这些设想的层面所能得到的唯一的好处,是对我们听的方法有更清楚的了解。

听音乐最简单的方式,是为了富有音乐性的声音本身所带有的纯粹的快感而听。

这是感官层次。

这个层次上我们听音乐并不思考,不在任何方面考虑它。

一个人做别的事情时打开收音机,心不在焉地沉浸在声音之中。

音乐的纯声音魅力,产生一种无需动脑却被吸引的思想状态。

你也许正坐在房间里阅读这本书。

设想钢琴上响起一个音符。

立刻,那个音符足以改变房间里的气氛——证明音乐中的那个声音成分是有力和神秘的东西,嘲笑它和贬低它是可笑的。

令人吃惊的事是,许多认为自己是合格的音乐爱好者的人,滥用听中的这一层次。

他们去听音乐会,为的是失去自己。

他们把音乐当成一种安慰或一种逃避。

他们进入一个理想的世界,那里人们不用考虑日常的现实。

当然,他们也不是在想着音乐。

音乐准许他们离开现实,而他们到一个地方去做梦,因为音乐做梦和做关于音乐的梦,但是从没有真正地听音乐。

是的,音乐的声音魅力是一种潜在的和原始的力量,但是,千万不要让它不合比例地侵占你的兴趣。

感官的层次是音乐中重要的层次,非常重要的层次,但是它并不组成整体。

没有必要在感官的层次上扯得更远。

它对每一个正常的人的影响是显而易见的。

然而,还有不同的作曲家使用的、对声音的不同种类更敏感的一种东西。

因为不是所有的作曲家都以同样的方法使用声音材料。

不要以为音乐的价值和它的感官魅力相等,也不要认为最动听的音乐是最伟大的作曲家创作的。

如果那样的话,拉威尔将会是比贝多芬更伟大的创造者。

这意思是说,声音成分因每一位作曲家而异,他对声音的使用构成他的风格的一个不可分割的部分,在听音乐时必须加以考虑。

大学英语泛读第二册课后汉译英英译汉集合

大学英语泛读第二册课后汉译英英译汉集合

汉译英1.家庭的贫困并未使他沮丧,相反,他更加下定决心要努力学习,改变自己的命运。

(to the contrary)The poverty of the family didn’t frustrate him; to the contrary, he became more determined to work hard and decide his own fate.2.在王先生住院期间,他的两个女儿轮流照顾他,让我惊讶的是,他钟爱的儿子却从没露面。

(take turns,to one’s amazement )While Mr. Wang was in hospital, his two daughters took turns looking after him. However, to my amazement, his beloved son never turned up.3.你有可能成为一名优秀的音乐家,但是缺少练习正在妨碍你的发展。

(hold back) You could become a good musician, but your lack of practice is holding you back.4.一开始他对那些谣言并不在乎,但后来他决心要加以制止。

(put an end to)At first hi didn’t care much about those rumors, but later he was determined to put an eng to them.5.看到她爸爸用胶泥做成的小自行车,安妮显得很激动,说她宁愿要这样而不是真车。

(make…out of)Seeing the little toy bike which he father had made out of clay, Annie looked very excited and said that she preferred this one to a real bike.6.他们在搬进去之前,把屋子里里外外粉刷了一遍。

泛读Unit2 Listening to music

泛读Unit2 Listening to music

Listening to musicmusic can influence our emotions , thoughts and behavior to a great degree .It can make us sad or happy , relaxed or full of energy .As far as I am concerned , music can change our mood , our horizon in life , and even better our physical health , which is inevitably one of the most essential factors in our enjoyable life .the text 2 listen to music tells us how to listen to music . In order to listen to music clearer ,we can break it up into three parts: (1) the sensuous level, (2) the expressive level, (3) the musical level. As is known to all , music has its strong power ,it can influence our emotions , thoughts and behavior to a great degree .but someone lose themselves or escape from reality by listening to music. Yes, the sound appeal of music is a potent and primitive force, maybe it likes a good medicine to our soul . on the sensuous level, it can change our mood , our horizon in life , and even better our physical health , which is inevitably one of the most essential factors in our enjoyable life .on the expressive level, music expresses each of these moods, and many others,but the meaning cant express clearly. on the musical level, music does exist in terms of the notes themselves and of their manipulation.In a word , when we listen to music,we are supposed to listen carefully and actively. Just become a more conscious and aware listener ,you will understand the music.。

新视野大学英语(第二版)泛读教程2Unit1课文翻译及课前课后答案

新视野大学英语(第二版)泛读教程2Unit1课文翻译及课前课后答案

UNIT 1PASSAGE APolar Differences Between Chinese and American CulturesAmericans wear black for mourning. Chinese wear white. Westerners think of dragons as monsters. Chinese honor them as representations of God. The polarities between Chinese civilization and the West often make it seem as though each stands at extreme ends of the earth. Now a University of California, Berkeley, psychologist has discovered deeper polarities between Chinese and American cultures-polarities that go to the heart of how we reason and discover truth.在丧礼上,美国人穿黑色丧服,而中国人穿白色。

西方人认为龙是怪物,而中国人把龙当成神明。

中国与西方的文明差异使它们看起来像分别站在地球的极端。

最近加利福尼亚的一所大学的心理学家伯克利发现中国和美国文化差异的更深极性,那是关于内心深处的如何理性和发现真理的极性。

His findings go far toward explaining many of the differences between Chinese and American cultures, when compared to each other. More importantly, the research opens the door for the peoples of the East and the West to learn from each other in basic ways. The Chinese would learn much from Western methods for determining scientific truth, said Kaiping Peng, a former Beijing scholar, who is now a UC Berkeley assistant professor of psychology, and Americans could profit from Chinese ways of accepting contradictions in social and personal life.他的研究结果对于解释许多中美文化对比的差异有很大的贡献。

泛读2unit2 music

泛读2unit2 music

Structure
• • • • • • Chronological order 时间次序 (music history) 1. country and folk music 2. rock’n’roll 3. soul, disco and rap 4. new and old
Part I Country and folk music

-- Friedrich Nietzsche

Were it not for music, we might in these days say, the Beautiful is dead. – 若非音乐,我们今日可说,美丽的东西都死了。
Lead-in
1. Do you like music?
The different types of music are closely related with the development of society.
2nd Reading 5 minutes
Scan the passage and answer T or F questions in P20. Scan the passage and finish multiple choice 1-3, and 5 in P21
Soul
R&B
Black people
In the 1960s
Disco
Soul music Latin rhythms
Most Americans
In the 1980s
Rap music
Fast street talk Combined with music
Young black people
In the 1980s

英语泛读2unit2music省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件

英语泛读2unit2music省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件
Unit 2 Music
Discussion
What do you usually look for when you listen to music?
Major Types of American Music
Hip Hop R&B Jazz country music Soul Classical
e.g. Handsome, smiling, and smart, he was an immediate hit.
3) a shot that reaches its target击中目旳
e.g. Jim is still recovering from that hit on the head.
term 1) a school semester n.学期
2) a word or expression with a special meaning 术语
e.g. chemical terms 3) a set period of time任期; 期限
e.g. An American President's term of office is four years.
Disco Rock & roll Rap music Punk Heavy metal Pop music
rock n. 岩石;摇滚乐 v. cause (someone or something) to move gently to and fro or from side to side 轻轻摇动,使轻轻摆动,使轻轻晃动
note 1) A musical sound音符 2) A quality of voice口气,口吻
e.g. There was a note of scorn in her voice. 3) A record or reminder in writing统计,笔记

英语泛读教程2第二版课文翻译

英语泛读教程2第二版课文翻译

英语泛读教程2第二版课文翻译01Title: A Magical Winter CarnivalSummary: This article introduces a magical winter carnival held in a small town.In a quiet little town nestled in the mountains, a magical winter carnival takes place every year. The townspeople eagerly await this special event, which brings joy and excitement to their lives.02Title: The Power of VolunteeringSummary: This article highlights the importance and impact of volunteering in society.Volunteering is a powerful way to make a difference in our communities. Whether it's supporting a local charity, helping at a homeless shelter, or tutoring children, volunteers play a crucial role in improving the lives of others.03Title: Exploring the City of LightsSummary: This article explores the wonders and attractions of a renowned city often referred to as the "City of Lights".Paris, known as the "City of Lights", is a vibrant and enchanting place that attracts millions of tourists each year. With its iconic landmarks, romantic atmosphere, and rich history, it's no wonder why Paris is a top destination for travelers.04Title: The Art of PhotographySummary: This article delves into the art of photography and its various techniques.Photography is more than just capturing moments. It is an art form that allows photographers to express their creativity and tell stories through images. From composition to lighting, photographers use various techniques to create stunning and meaningful photographs.05Title: A Sustainable FutureSummary: This article discusses the importance of sustainability and its role in shaping our future.As the world faces numerous environmental challenges, the concept of sustainability has become increasingly important. By adopting sustainable practices and making conscious choices, we can work towards a brighter and more environmentally-friendly future.Note: The provided translations may not be word-for-word accurate, but they convey the general meaning of the titles and summaries.。

第二版Why do you listen to music

第二版Why do you listen to music

Why do you listen to music?吕昶孛 201311901319终稿“你为什么想要听音乐呢?”如果你向人们提出这个问题,你很有可能会收到类似于这样的答复:“我喜欢音乐的节奏感”,“我被优美的音调吸引”,“我被唱诗班的歌声感动了”,“我有太多太多的听音乐的理由,但我没有办法准确地向你描述”。

这个问题的答案将会是多种多样的,但一定不会有人这样回答你:“我觉得音乐是无足轻重的。

”对于我们中的大多数来说,音乐都有其存在感;它唤起了我们内心的一丝涟漪,我们或多或少都通过欣赏音乐获得了满足。

普遍来看,音乐的魅力没有止步不前。

我们亲身感受到我们能够通过享受音乐而受益匪浅。

我们想和音乐更加亲密是为了从音乐的天性中收获更多,那样我们就能更加游刃有余地去表现音乐的风格、形式和表现力。

这本书探索了实现上述目标的方法。

方法之一当然就是利用音乐的技巧,但这只是为了表现出技巧是那样的直接的为了有表现力地瞄准音乐和听众的音乐经历。

通过这种方法,我们或许可以对作曲家的创作目的有一定的了解,的确,作曲家使用每一件音乐装置,都是因为它们的沟通能力以及它们对音乐欣赏的建设性。

尽管每个人听的音乐都不相同,但伴随着每个人的音乐阅历增长,人们会找到相同的部分。

这个现象来源于声音的本身。

声音是音乐的原材料,它组成了所有音乐活动的身体和资产,它是人们音乐阅历的启程的关键。

那些能被用作音乐用途的声音种类真的是惊人的多变。

纵观世界文化,从东方到西方,一种事实上是无线排列的声音被雇用于为音乐表达服务。

去听一听东方的戏剧音乐,然后再看一看瓦格纳作品的摘录,这两种来自世界不同地域的作品在他们的声音特质中几乎拥有相同的特征,两者都对各自的听众传达了一些重要的东西,震撼了他们并且引起了他们的共鸣。

所有音乐,无论它是原始部落鼓声的波动,还是戏剧中乐器与人声的复杂和声,都有这个特征:它的产生基于声音震撼我们的感官与情感的能力。

但是,单独的声音并非音乐,声音不得不发生一些变化,它必须及时地运动起来。

大学英语泛读教程2【第二版】UNIT1 课文翻译

大学英语泛读教程2【第二版】UNIT1 课文翻译

Dreams:making them work for usseveral nights a week Joseph woke up screaming from the same terrible dream.Joseph could never recall his whole dream,though.He only remembered that someone was running after him.Joseph was trying to get away,but in his dream he could not move。

he continued having this nightmare for months。

he was so tired in the morning that it was hard for him to go to work。

Joseph,you see,is not a frightened child,but a grown man。

Milton Kramer is a psychiatrist and dream researcher Cincinnati,Ohio.He believes that it is very important that people don't ignore their dreams,because they are messages from our sleeping minds.When Kramer studied dreams and dreamers,he found that people wake up feeling very discouraged after they have a bad dream.He also found that after having a good dream,people feel more optimistic.Clearly,dreams can have harmful or beneficial effects.As a result,Kramer believes that we need to learn how to change our bad dreams.When we understand what happened in our dreams,we can change negative,hurtful dreams to positive,helpful ones。

泛读教程2第二版课文翻译

泛读教程2第二版课文翻译

泛读教程2第二版课文翻译1. 介绍:泛读教程2第二版是一本针对中级英语学习者的教材,旨在提高学生的泛读技能。

本教程共分为多个单元,每个单元都包含一篇主题相关的课文。

以下是课文的翻译:2. 课文1:旅行的乐趣许多人都喜欢旅行。

旅行能让我们逃离日常生活的压力,去探索新的地方和体验不同的文化。

然而,旅行也可以是一次充满冒险和挑战的经历。

无论是国内还是国际旅行,我们都可以从中学到许多东西,并且开阔自己的眼界。

3. 课文2:健康的生活方式保持健康的生活方式对我们的身心健康至关重要。

均衡的饮食,定期的运动以及良好的睡眠都是保持健康的关键。

此外,养成良好的习惯,例如不吸烟和减少酒精摄入也非常重要。

通过培养健康的生活习惯,我们能够提高生活质量,并预防许多常见疾病。

4. 课文3:文化多样性文化多样性是世界上一个非常重要的特征。

每个国家都有独特的文化传统,包括语言、风俗和传统节日等。

通过了解和尊重其他文化,我们可以增强不同民族之间的理解和友谊。

同时,文化多样性也促进了艺术、音乐和文学等方面的创新和交流。

5. 课文4:科技在日常生活中的应用科技的快速发展对我们的日常生活产生了巨大的影响。

我们可以通过电子邮件、社交媒体和视频通话等方式与他人保持联系。

此外,科技还为我们提供了更多的娱乐选择,例如电子书、在线游戏和电影流媒体等。

然而,我们也要注意科技对我们的生活方式、人际关系和隐私的潜在影响。

6. 课文5:环境保护的重要性环境保护是一个全球性的问题。

我们的地球面临着气候变化、水污染和生物多样性丧失等挑战。

为了保护我们的环境,每个人都应该采取行动。

这可以包括节约能源、减少垃圾、鼓励可持续发展和参与环境保护组织等。

通过保护环境,我们可以为未来的世代创造一个更美好的世界。

请注意,以上课文的翻译仅供参考,可能存在个别词语或句子的表达不完全准确的情况。

大学英语泛读 2-unit

大学英语泛读 2-unit

Analyze the text
• Difficult sentences interpretation • Ask students to translate the following sentences • L 9-10 • L 15-16
Vocabulary From the reading passage, find the words that fit the following descriptions
Main idea: (How to use skimming strategy and find the main idea)
What is this article about?
• Because of changes in lifestyles and increased awareness of nutrition, Americans are changing their eating habits and eating healthier foods.
Scan for the detailed information
1. Why do Americans have different eating habits today? Because they have different lifestyles than they had in the past. 2.How have American lifestyle changed? Give examples. Many people live alone. There are many single parents, there are many double-income families. 3. How do these changing lifestyles affect the way they eat? Most Americans use microwave ovens at home. Americans eat out nearly four times a week.

英语泛读unit--2

英语泛读unit--2

out of the blue: informal if something happens out of the blue, it is very unexpected出乎意料地 a bolt from/out of the blue: news that is sudden and unexpected e.g. Was this money a bolt from the blue or did you know you were going to get it?
comedy or tragedy?
A History of Music in America
Do the reading comprehension exercise on page 23.
Survey the whole unit quickly to find out the topic and the main idea in each text.
Word pretest
CBCBCB

rhythm [n]
regular repeated pattern of sounds or movements
Stress and rhythm are important in speaking English. 说英语时,重音和节奏是很重要的。 The rhythm of her heart beating is normal. 她的心跳节律是正常的。 It is said that the rhythm of tides is affected by the moon. 据说潮汐的涨落受月亮的影响。
Structure
Part 1. (Para. 1-6): the cultural background of country and folk music Part 2. (Para. 7-9): the cultural background of Rock “n” Roll Part3. (Para. 10-14): the cultural background of Soul, disco and rap Part4. (Para. 15-18): the cultural background of New and old Part5. (Para. 19-22):music of today

英语泛读教程2课文翻译

英语泛读教程2课文翻译

英语泛读教程2课文翻译Lesson 2: The Benefits of ReadingReading is one of the most enjoyable and beneficial activities we can engage in. It not only provides us with knowledge and information but also allows us to escape from the stresses of everyday life.Firstly, reading broadens our horizons and exposes us to new ideas and perspectives. By reading books from different genres, we can gain insights into various cultures, time periods, and experiences. For example, reading literature from different countries allows us to understand and appreciate their unique customs and traditions. Moreover, reading about historical events provides us with a deeper understanding of the past and its impact on the present.Furthermore, reading enhances our cognitive abilities and improves our critical thinking skills. When we read, our minds are constantly processing information, making connections, and analyzing the content. This mental exercise stimulates our brain and strengthens our analytical thinking. With continued reading, we become better at evaluating situations, solving problems, and making informed decisions.Reading also has a positive effect on our emotional wellbeing. When we immerse ourselves in a good book, we can temporarily escape our own problems and enter a different world. This escapism allows us to relax and unwind, reducing stress and anxiety. Additionally, reading can evoke a wide range of emotions, such as joy, sadness, or excitement, helping us to empathize withthe characters and situations portrayed in the literature.In addition, reading improves our language skills. It exposes us to a wide range of vocabulary and sentence structures, helping us to develop a more extensive and nuanced vocabulary. Reading also improves our grammar and writing skills, as we subconsciously absorb correct sentence structures and writing styles from the books we read.Finally, reading can be a social activity that brings people together. Through discussions and book clubs, readers can share their thoughts and interpretations of the books they read, fostering a sense of community and encouraging meaningful conversations.In conclusion, reading provides numerous benefits, including broadening our horizons, enhancing cognitive abilities, promoting emotional wellbeing, improving language skills, and fostering social connections. Therefore, we should endeavor to make reading a regular part of our lives.。

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我们如何听音乐?艾伦·科普兰我们都按自己种种不同的能力听音乐。

但是,为了分析的方便,如果我们将整个听的过程分成几个组成部分,这一过程就会更加清楚。

在一定意义上说,我们都在三个不同的层次上听音乐。

由于缺少更好的术语,我们可以这样的称呼它们:(1)感官层次,(2)表达层次,(3)纯音乐层次。

将听的过程机械地分为这些设想的层面所能得到的唯一的好处,是对我们听的方法有更清楚的了解。

听音乐最简单的方式,是为了富有音乐性的声音本身所带有的纯粹的快感而听。

这是感官层次。

这个层次上我们听音乐并不思考,不在任何方面考虑它。

一个人做别的事情时打开收音机,心不在焉地沉浸在声音之中。

音乐的纯声音魅力,产生一种无需动脑却被吸引的思想状态。

你也许正坐在房间里阅读这本书。

设想钢琴上响起一个音符。

立刻,那个音符足以改变房间里的气氛——证明音乐中的那个声音成分是有力和神秘的东西,嘲笑它和贬低它是可笑的。

令人吃惊的事是,许多认为自己是合格的音乐爱好者的人,滥用听中的这一层次。

他们去听音乐会,为的是失去自己。

他们把音乐当成一种安慰或一种逃避。

他们进入一个理想的世界,那里人们不用考虑日常的现实。

当然,他们也不是在想着音乐。

音乐准许他们离开现实,而他们到一个地方去做梦,因为音乐做梦和做关于音乐的梦,但是从没有真正地听音乐。

是的,音乐的声音魅力是一种潜在的和原始的力量,但是,千万不要让它不合比例地侵占你的兴趣。

感官的层次是音乐中重要的层次,非常重要的层次,但是它并不组成整体。

没有必要在感官的层次上扯得更远。

它对每一个正常的人的影响是显而易见的。

然而,还有不同的作曲家使用的、对声音的不同种类更敏感的一种东西。

因为不是所有的作曲家都以同样的方法使用声音材料。

不要以为音乐的价值和它的感官魅力相等,也不要认为最动听的音乐是最伟大的作曲家创作的。

如果那样的话,拉威尔将会是比贝多芬更伟大的创造者。

这意思是说,声音成分因每一位作曲家而异,他对声音的使用构成他的风格的一个不可分割的部分,在听音乐时必须加以考虑。

因此,读者可以看到,即使在听音乐的这个原始层次上,较为有意识地对待音乐也是有价值的。

音乐存在的第二个层次,是我称为的表达的层次。

这里,我们立刻到了有争议的地区。

作曲家们在回避任何谈论音乐的表达意义的讨论。

斯特拉文斯基本人不就声称过,他的音乐是一个“客体”,一件“东西”,有自己的生命,除了自己纯音乐的存在以外没有任何别的意义?斯特拉文斯基的这一不妥协的态度,可能是由于那么多人曾试图在那么多音乐作品中读出不同意义。

天知道,准确地说出一部音乐作品的意义,明确地说出来,说出它的意义后让每个人都满意你的解释,这是非常困难的。

但是,这不应该使我们走到另一个极端,否认音乐“表达”的权利。

我个人相信,所有的音乐都有表达的力量,有的大一点,有的小一的点,但是所有的音乐在音符后面都有一定的意义,而音符后面的意义最终构成这一乐曲在说的东西,构成这一乐曲谈论的东西。

整个问题可以非常简单地用一个问题来表述,“音乐是否有一个意义?”我对此的回答将是“有”。

“你能用这么多的话将它的意义表述出来吗?”我对此的回答会是,“不能。

”难就难在这里。

头脑简单的人对这第二个问题的答案永远不会满足。

他们总是要音乐有一个意义,意义越具体,他们就越喜欢它。

音乐越是能使他们想起一列火车,一场暴风雨,一次葬礼,或者任何熟悉的概念,这音乐在他们看来表达的东西就越多。

这种对音乐意义的流行看法受到音乐评论家的刺激和鼓动,应该随时随地予以制止。

一位羞怯的女士曾经对我承认,她怀疑自己在欣赏音乐的时候,十分缺少某种东西,因为她没有能力把音乐和任何明确的东西联系在一起。

这当然是将整个事情又朝后推了。

问题依然是:聪明的音乐爱好者该如何把握分寸,给具体的作品一个确定意义?应该说,不要超过一个一般的概念。

音乐在不同的时刻表达沉静或兴奋,懊恼或成功,愤怒或喜悦。

它以无数的微妙差异和不同,表达任何一种这样的情绪,或其它许多情绪。

它甚至可以表达一种意义的状态,这种状态任何语言中也没有恰当的词语来表达。

在这种情况下,音乐家们常常喜欢说,它只有一个纯音乐意义。

他们有时候还更进一步,说一切音乐只有一个纯音乐意义。

他们真正的意思是,没有确切的词能表达音乐的意义,即使有这样的词,他们也认为没有必要去找它。

但是,无论专业的音乐家持什么观点,大多数音乐新手仍然寻找具体的词语,来表述他们的音乐反应。

这就是为什么他们总是发现柴可夫斯基比贝多芬要容易“懂”。

首先,对柴可夫斯基的作品比对贝多芬的作品要容易找表达意义的词。

容易得多。

并且,对于这位俄国作曲家,每次你听他的同一部作品时,这部作品几乎总是向你表述相同的东西,然而对于贝多芬,常常难以说出他是在讲什么。

任何一位音乐家都会告诉你,这就是为什么贝多芬是更伟大的音乐家。

因为,总是对你说相同事情的音乐,会很快地变成沉闷的音乐,但是每一次听都有一些微小变化的音乐,更可能保持生命力。

如果能够的话,你听一听巴赫的《协律钢琴曲》中的48个赋格主题。

一个接一个听一听每一个主题。

你很快会意识到,每一个主题都反映了一个不同的感情世界。

你也会很快地意识到,一个主题越是对你显得优美,就越难发现能够使你完全满意的可以描述这段音乐的词语。

是的,你肯定知道这是快乐的主题还是悲哀的主题。

换句话说,你能够在你的头脑里构成一个围绕主题的情绪框架。

现在更仔细地来研究这个悲哀的主题。

努力弄清楚它的确切的悲哀特点。

它是悲观性的悲哀,命运式的悲哀,还是含笑的悲哀?让我们设想,你很幸运,能够用许多自己满意的词句描述你自己选择的主题。

这仍然不能保证别人都会满意。

他们也不需要满意。

重要的是,每一个人对一个主题或一整部音乐表现的特性,都有独特的感受。

如果它是一部伟大的作品,不要指望每次你听的时候它对你都是相同的意义。

当然,主题或者作品没必要仅仅表达一种情绪。

把《第九交响曲》的第一主题。

当为例子。

很明显,它是由许多不同的成分组成的。

它并不只说一件事。

但是任何人听到它立刻会有一种力气感,一种力量感。

这种感受到的力量,不仅仅是主题演奏的时候声音响所以有力量。

这是主题本身内在的力量。

主题异常的力量和活力,源于听者接受到一种印象,即一句有力的话得以表述。

但是,决不要试图把它归结成为“命中注定的生命之锤”等等。

麻烦就从这里开始。

绝望的音乐家就说,它除了音符本身,什么意思都没有,而非专业人氏过于急着抓住一种解释,这种解释使他产生更靠近音乐意义的幻觉。

音乐的确有一个表达的意义,但是我们用再多的词语也无法说出那意思是什么,当我现在这样说的时候,也许读者已经更清楚我是什么意思。

音乐存在的第三个层次,是纯音乐层次。

除了音乐令人愉快的声音和它所表达的感情,音乐的存在还在于音符本身以及对音符的安排。

大多数听者对这第三个层次并非能够充分意识到。

另一方面,要说有什么区别的话,专业音乐家过分注意纯粹的音符本身的存在。

他们常常犯这样的错误,过分注重笆音和断音,忘记他们正在演奏的音乐更深层次的东西。

但是从外行人的角度看,就音符而言,这与其说是克服在纯音乐层次上的坏习惯问题,不如说是增加自己对正在进行的事情的了解的问题。

在街上的人以任何一种专心程度听“音符本身”时,他最有可能提到悦耳的音调。

要么他听到了美妙的音乐要么没听到,通常他就到此为止。

另外使他注意的可能是节奏,特别是当节奏显得令人激动时。

但是如果人们有意识地想到和谐与音色,通常也会认为是理所当然的事。

至于音乐有某种明确的形式,他似乎从没有想到过这一点。

对音乐的纯音乐的层次更加敏感对我们大家十分重要。

说到底,正在使用的是一个实际的音乐材料。

聪明的听者必须做好准备,增加对音乐材料及其变化的了解。

他必需以更为清醒的方式听乐调、节奏、和音、音色。

但是,他首先得遵循作曲者思路,知道一些音乐形式的知识。

听所有这些成分,就是在纯音乐层次上听。

让我重复一遍,我把我们听时的三个层次机械地分开仅仅是为了更清楚起见。

实际上,我们从不只在三个层次的某个层次上听。

我们做的是将它们联系起来——同时在三个层次听。

这不需要动脑筋,因为我们本能地这样做。

也许,和我们去剧院时发生的事作一个类比,会使这种本能的联系更清楚。

在剧院,你意识到男女演员,道具和布景,声音和运动。

所有这些给人一种剧院是停留的好地方的感觉。

它们构成我们戏剧反应的感觉层次。

剧院的表达层次来自你从舞台上发生的事中得到的感觉。

你感动得怜悯、激动或者高兴。

除了正在说的具体的台词以外,就是这产生出来的一般的感情,存在于舞台上的某种情绪上的东西,与音乐中表达的特点类似。

情节与情节的发展相当于我们的纯音乐层次。

戏剧家创造和发展一个人物的方式,正好和作曲家创造和发展一个主题一样。

根据你对这两者中任何一个领域艺术家处理素材的了解,你才能成为更聪明的听者。

很容易看出,看戏的人从没有单独注意其中一个成分。

他同时注意一切。

听音乐时也是这样。

我们同时不加思索地在三个层次上听。

某种意义上,理想的听者是同一时刻既在音乐之中,又在音乐之外,既评价它又欣赏它,希望它向一个方面发展同时注视它朝另一个方向发展——差不多类似于作曲家创作它的时刻;因为,为了要写他的音乐,他必须既在音乐之中,又在音乐之外,为它所吸引,又冷静地对它持批评态度。

一种既主观又客观的态度包含在既创造音乐又倾听音乐之中。

读者要努力做的,是一种更为积极的听。

无论你是听莫扎特还是爱灵顿公爵,只有做一个更为自觉的和清醒的听者,不是仅仅在听,而是为了什么而听的人,你才能深化对音乐的理解。

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