硕士研究生招生考试试题
2022年考研数学真题(附解析答案)
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2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试数学试题(数学三)(科目代码:303)一、选择题:1~10小题,每小题5分,共50分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的,请将所有选项前的字母填在答题卡指定位置(1)当0→x 时,)(),(x x βα是非零无穷小量,给出以下四个命题①若)(~)(x x βα,则)(~)(22x x βα②若)(~)(22x x βα,则)(~)(x x βα③若)(~)(x x βα,则))(()()(x o x x αβα=-④若))(()()(x o x x αβα=-,则)(~)(x x βα其中正确的是()(A)①②(B)①④(C)①③④(D)②③④(2)已知,...)2,1()1(=--=n nn a nn n ,则}{n a ()(A)有最大值,有最小值(B)有最大值,没有最小值(C)没有最大值,有最小值(D)没有最大值,没有最小值(3)设函数)(t f 连续,令0(,)()()d x y F x y x y t f t t -=--⎰,则()(A)y F x F y F x F 2222,∂∂=∂∂∂∂=∂∂(B)y Fx F y F x F 2222,∂∂-=∂∂∂∂=∂∂(C)yF x F y F x F 2222,∂∂=∂∂∂∂-=∂∂(D)yFx F y F x F 2222,∂∂-=∂∂∂∂-=∂∂(4)已知111123000ln(1)2d d d ,2(1cos )1cos 1sin x x xI x I x I x x x x+===+++⎰⎰⎰,,则()(A )321I I I <<(B )312I I I <<(C )231I I I <<(D )123I I I <<(5)设A 为3阶矩阵,100010000⎛⎫⎪=- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭Λ,则A 的特征值为0,11-,的充分必要条件是()(A)存在可逆矩阵,P Q ,使得=A PΛQ(B)存在可逆矩阵P ,使得1-=A PΛP (C)存在正交矩阵Q ,使得1-=A QΛQ (D)存在可逆矩阵P ,使得T=A PΛP (6)设矩阵2211111,214a a b b ⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪== ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭A b ,则线性方程组=Ax b 解的情况为()(A)无解(B)有解(C)有无穷多解或无解(D)有唯一解或无解(7)设11,1λ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭α21,1λ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭α311,λ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭α421,λλ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭α若向量组123,,ααα与124,,ααα等价,则λ的取值范围是()(A )}1,0{(B )}2|{-≠∈λλλ,R (C )}2,1,|{-≠-≠∈λλλλR (D )}1|{-≠∈λλλ,R (8)设随机变量)4,0(~N X ,随机变量)31,3(~B Y ,且X 与Y 不相关,则=+-)13(Y X D ()(A)2(B)4(C)6(D)10(9)设随机变量序列 ,,,,21n X X X 独立同分布,且1X 的概率密度为⎩⎨⎧<-=其他,01|||,|1)(x x x f ,则∞→n 时,211i n i X n =∑依概率收敛于()(A)81(B)61(C)31(D)21(10)设二维随机变量),(Y X 的概率分布若事件}2},{max{=Y X 与事件}1},{min{=Y X 相互独立,则=),(Y X Cov ()(A)6.0-(B)36.0-(C)0(D)0.48Y X0121-0.10.1b 1a0.10.1二、填空题:11-16小题,每小题5分,共30分(11)cot 01e lim()2x xx →+=_______.(12)2224d 24x x x x -=++⎰_______.(13)已知函数sin sin ()e e x x f x -=+,则=''')2(πf _______.(14)已知函数e ,01()0,x x f x ⎧≤≤=⎨⎩其他,则d ()()d x f x f y x y +∞+∞-∞-∞-=⎰⎰_______.(15)设A 为3阶矩阵,交换A 的第2行和第3行,再将第2列的1-倍加到第1列,得到矩阵⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----001011112,则1-A 的迹1()tr -=A _______.(16)设,,A B C 为随机事件,且A 与B 互不相容,A 与C 互不相容,B 与C 相互独立,31)()()(===C P B P A P ,则=)|(C B A C B P _______.三、解答题:17-22小题,共70分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤(17)(本题满分10分)设函数)(x y 是微分方程x y xy +=+'221满足条件3)1(=y 的解,求曲线)(x y y =的渐近线.(18)(本题满分12分)设某产品的产量Q 由资本投入量x 和劳动投入量y 决定,生产函数为612112y x Q =,该产品的销售单价P 与Q 的关系为 1.5Q 1160-=P ,若单位资本投入和单位劳动投入的价格分别为6和8,求利润最大时的产量.(19)(本题满分12分)已知平面区域}20,42|),{(2≤≤-≤≤-=y y x y y x D ,计算y x y x y x I Dd d )(222⎰⎰+-=.(20)(本题满分12分)求幂级数nn nn x n 20)12(41)4(∑∞=++-的收敛域及和函数)(x S .(21)已知二次型312322213212343),,(x x x x x x x x f +++=(i)求正交变换=x Qy 将),,(321x x x f 化为标准形;(ii)证明T()min2x f x ≠=x x.(22)设n X X X ,,,21 为来自均值为θ的指数分布总体的简单随机样本,求m Y Y Y ,,,21 为来自均值为θ2的指数分布总体的简单随机样本,且两样本相互独立,其中)0(>θθ是未知参数.利用样本m n Y Y Y X X X ,,,,,,,2121 ,求θ的最大似然估计量θˆ,并求)ˆ(θD .一、选择题:1~10小题,每小题5分,共50分,下列每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求的,请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸...指定位置上. (1)当0x →时,()(),x x αβ是非零无穷小量,给出以下四个命题 ①若()()~x x αβ,则()()22~x x αβ②若()()22~x x αβ,则()()~x x αβ③若()()~x x αβ,则()()()()x x o x αβα-= ④若()()()()x x o x αβα-=,则()()~x x αβ 其中正确的序号是( ) (A )①②(B )①④ (C )①③④(D )②③④【答案】C【解析】当0x →时,()()x x αβ:,则222000()()()lim1,lim lim 1()()()x x x x x x x x x αααβββ→→→⎡⎤===⎢⎥⎣⎦,则: 0()()lim0()x x x x αβα→-=,所以()()(())x x o x αβα-=,故①③正确;当0x →时,22()()x x αβ:,则220()lim 1()x x x αβ→=,则0()lim1()x x x αβ→=±,当0()lim 1()x x x αβ→=-时, ()x α与()x β不是等价无穷小,所以②不正确;当()()(())x x o x αβα-=时,000()()()limlim lim 1()()(())()x x x x x x x x o x x αααβααα→→→===-,④正确.(2)已知()()11,2,nna n n-==L ,则{}n a ( )(A )有最大值,有最小值 (B )有最大值,没有最小值 (C )没有最大值,有最小值(D )没有最大值,没有最小值【答案】(A )2022年研究生考试数学三真题及详解【解析】()1lim lim 1nn n n a n →∞→∞⎤-=-=⎥⎥⎣⎦,12121,12a a =>=<,则{}n a 有最大值,有最小值(3)设函数()f t 连续,令()()()0,x yF x y x y t f t dt -=--⎰,则( )(A )2222,F F F Fx y x y ∂∂∂∂==∂∂∂∂(B )2222,F F F Fx y x y ∂∂∂∂==-∂∂∂∂(C )2222,F F F F x y x y∂∂∂∂=-=∂∂∂∂(D )2222,F F F F x y x y∂∂∂∂=-=-∂∂∂∂【答案】C【解析】原式0()()()x yx yx y f t dt tf t dt --=--⎰⎰则:00()()()()()()x y x y Ff t dt x y f x y x y f x y f t dt x--∂=+-----=∂⎰⎰,22()Ff x y x∂=-∂ 同理:00()()()()()()x y x y Ff t dt x y f x y x y f x y f t dt y--∂=----+--=-∂⎰⎰22()Ff x y y∂=-∂ 综上所述:2222,F F F Fx y x y∂∂∂∂=-=∂∂∂∂.(4)已知1102(1cos )x I dx x =+⎰,120ln(1)1cos x I dx x+=+⎰,13021sin xI dx x =+⎰,则( ) (A )123I I I << (B )213I I I << (C )132I I I <<(D )321I I I <<【答案】A【解析】令()ln(1)2x h x x =+-,11()012h x x '=->+,()0, 1x ∈,于是()h x 单调递增,又由(0)0h =可知()ln(1)02xh x x =+->,其中()0, 1x ∈,故ln(1)2(1cos )1cos x x x x +<++,故12I I <. 当()0, 1x ∈时,,则,故23I I <.(5)设A 为3阶矩阵,100010000⎡⎤⎢⎥Λ=-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦,则A 特征值为1,1,0-的充分必要条件是( )(A )存在可逆矩阵,P Q ,使得A P Q =Λ (B )存在可逆矩阵P ,使得1A P P -=Λ (C )存在正交矩阵Q ,使得1A Q Q -=Λ (D )存在可逆矩阵P ,使得T A P P =Λ 【答案】(B )【解析】若(B )成立,则矩阵A Λ与相似,特征值相等,可推出A 特征值为1,1,0- 若A 特征值为1,1,0-,则矩阵A 可以相似对角化,矩阵A Λ与相似,所以(B )为充要条件(6)设矩阵2211111,214A a a b b b ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦,则线性方程组Ax b =的解的情况为( ) (A )无解(B )有解(C )有无穷多解或无解(D )有唯一解或无解【答案】(D )【解析】()()()11A a b b a =---, 当1,1,a b a b ≠≠≠时,方程有唯一解,当1a b ==时,()1111,00010000A b ⎡⎤⎢⎥→⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦,方程无解,故选(D ) (7)设1=11λα⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,21=1αλ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,31=1αλ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,421=αλλ⎛⎫⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,若向量组123,,ααα与124,,ααα等价,则λ的取值范围是( ))cos 1(22)sin 1()1ln()sin 1(x x x x x x +<<+<++xxx x sin 12cos 1)1ln(+<++(A ){}01,(B ){},2R λλλ∈≠-(C ){},12R λλλλ∈≠-≠-,(D ){},1R λλλ∈≠-【答案】C【解析】由()()()212311,,=111211λαααλλλλ=-+,()()()22124211,,=11+111λαααλλλλλ=-,当1,λ≠-2,λ≠-时满足题意,故选C.(8)设随机变量()~0,4X N ,随机变量1~3,3Y B ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭,且X Y 与不相关,则()3+1D X Y -=( )(A )2 (B )4 (C )6(D )10【答案】(D )【解析】()()113+1+96,4+93101033D X Y DX DY COV X Y ⎛⎫-=-=--= ⎪⎝⎭gg (9)设随机变量序列12,,,,n X X X L L 独立同分布,且1X 的概率密度为()1,10,x x f x ⎧-<⎪=⎨⎪⎩其他,则当n →∞时,211n i i X n =∑依概率收敛于( ) (A )18(B )16(C )13(D )12【答案】(B )【解析】()()()112222101111216n i i i E X E X x x dx x x dx n -=⎛⎫==-=-= ⎪⎝⎭∑⎰⎰(10)设二维随机变量(),X Y 的概率分布若事件{}{}max ,2X Y =与事件{}{}min ,1X Y =相互独立,则(),COV X Y =( ) (A )0.6- (B )0.36- (C )0(D )0.48【答案】(B )【解析】{}{}max ,20.1+P X Y b ==;{}{}min ,10.2P X Y =={}{}{}max ,2,min ,10.1P X Y X Y ===, ()0.10.20.1+0.40.2b b a =⇒=⇒=()()()0.6,0.2, 1.2E XY E X E Y =-=-=()()()(),0.36COV X Y E XY E X E Y =-=-二、填空题:11-16小题,每小题5分,共30分,请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上.(11) cot 01lim 2xx x e →⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭【答案】12e【解析】001cot 11lim cot lim22tan 21lim 2x x x x e xe xx In x x e e ee →→⎛⎫+-⋅⎪ ⎪⎝⎭→⎛⎫+=== ⎪⎝⎭(12)22024+2+4x dx x x -=⎰【答案】ln 3- 【解析】()()2222200220242+26+2+4+2+4+1+3ln +2+4ln 3x x dx dx x x x x x x x -=-⎡=⎢⎣=⎰⎰ (13) 已知函数sin sin ()x x f x e e -=+,则(2)f π'''= . 【答案】0【解析】由sin sin ()()x x f x e e f x --=+=,(2)()f x f x π+=,可知()f x 是以2π为周期的偶函数,那么()f x '''是以2π为周期的奇函数,故(2)(0)0f f π''''''==.(14) 已知函数,01()0,x e x f x ⎧≤≤=⎨⎩其他,则()()dx f x f y x dy +∞+∞-∞-∞-=⎰⎰ .【答案】2(1)e -【解析】记{(,)01,01}D x y x y x =≤≤≤-≤, 则11120()()(1)(1)x x y x x xdx f x f y x dy dx e e dy e e dx e +∞+∞+--∞-∞-=⋅=-=-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰.(15)设A 为3阶矩阵,交换A 的第2行和第3行,再将第2列的-1倍加到第一列,得到矩阵211110100--⎛⎫ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭,则1A -的迹1()tr A -= .【答案】1-【解析】符合左行右列原则由题意可得:2312211(1)110100E AE --⎛⎫⎪-=- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭,则:2312211111110(1)100100010A E E ----⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪=-=- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭⎝⎭,所以211110(1)(1)001E A λλλλλλ+--==++=,解得1231,,i i λλλ=-==-所以1A -的特征值为1231,,i i λλλ=-==-,所以1()1tr A -=-.(16)设A,B,C 为随机事件,且A 与B 互不相容,A 与C 互不相容,B 与C 相互独立,1()()()3P A P B P C ===,则()P B C A B C =U U U ___________.【答案】58【解析】()()()()()()()()()()P B C P B P C P BC P B C A B C P A B C P A P B P C P BC +-==++-U U U U U U()()()()()()()()()215391819P B P C P B P C P A P B P C P B P C -+-===++--. 三、解答题:17—22小题,共70分.请将解答写在答题纸指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(17)(本题满分10分)设函数()y x是微分方程2y y '=满足()1=3y 的解,求曲线()y y x =的渐近线. 【答案】2y x =【解析】根据题意,求解微分方程2y y '=+有,()((()2=2y x e dx C eC e -⎛⎫=++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎰⎰求解(()22+222t t t e tdt t e ⋅==⎰,进而有,()2y x x Ce =+()1=3y ,知=C e ,故而()12y x x e =+进一步,()12limlim 2x x y x x e k x x→+∞→+∞+===,()()1lim lim 0x x b y x kx e →+∞→+∞=-==,故而,曲线()y y x =的渐近线为2y x =. (18)(本题满分10分)设某产品的产量Q 由资本投入量x 和劳动投入量y 决定,生产函数为116212Q x y =,该产品的销售单价P 与Q 的关系为1160 1.5P Q =-,若单位资本投入和单位劳动投入的价格分别为6和8,求利润最大时的产量.【答案】384【解析】利润()111166221160 1.5121268L PQ C x y x y x y ⎛⎫=-=-⨯⨯-+ ⎪⎝⎭,即1116321392021668L x y xy x y =---,令11163252163269602166023207280x yL x y y L x y xy ---⎧'=--=⎪⎨⎪'=--=⎩得驻点()256,64,此时11621225664384Q =⨯⨯=,由于驻点唯一,故利润L 在384Q =时取到最大值.(19)(本题满分12分)已知平面区域(){},22D x y y x y =-≤≤≤≤,计算()222Dx y I dxdy x y -=+⎰⎰【答案】22π- 【解析】方法一:()()()()()1222222222222sin cos 0002222+=cos sin cos sin 122cos sin 2sin cos 22D D x y x y I dxdy dxdyx yx yd rdr d rdr d ππθθπππθθθθθθπθθθθθπ---=++-⋅+-⋅⎛⎫=-+-⋅ ⎪-⎝⎭=-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰方法二:()1212222222220sin cos 22021=S 22222sin cos 424sin cos sin cos =22D D D D D xy I dxdy x y xydxdy x y xydxdy x yd rdrd πθθπππθθθπθθθθθπ⋃+⎛⎫=- ⎪+⎝⎭-+=+-+=+-⋅⎡⎤=+--⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎣⎦-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰(20)(本题满分10分)求幂级数20(4)14(21)n nnn x n ∞=-++∑的收敛域及和函数()S x . 【答案】收敛域[1,1]-,12arctan ln ,[1,1]0()22,0x x x x S x x x x ⎧+⎛⎫+∈-≠⎪ ⎪=-⎝⎭⎨⎪=⎩且 【解析】11111(4)14(21)(4)14(21)1(4)1lim lim lim4(23)(4)14(23)(4)14(4)1n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n +++++→∞→∞→∞-++-++-+⋅=⋅=+-++-+-+ 111(4)1(4)1lim141(4)1(4)n n n n n ++→∞⎡⎤-+⎢⎥-⎣⎦==⎡⎤-+⎢⎥-⎣⎦,进而可得收敛半径为1. 当1x =±时,原级数为000(4)1(1)14(21)214(21)n n n n n n n n n n ∞∞∞===-+-=++++∑∑∑,其中0(1)21nn n ∞=-+∑为交错级数,k 可知其收敛;014(21)nn n ∞=+∑为正项级数,可知其收敛.222000(4)1(1)()4(21)214(21)n n nn n n nn n n x S x x x n n n ∞∞∞===-+-==++++∑∑∑,[1,1]x ∈-. 令2110(1)()21n n n S x x n ∞+=-=+∑,21201()(1)1n n n S x x x ∞='=-=+∑,12()arctan 1dx S x x C x ==++⎰, 又1(0)0S =,得0C =.令2120()4(21)n n n x S x n +∞='=+∑,2222004()444nn n n n x x S x x ∞∞==⎛⎫'=== ⎪-⎝⎭∑∑,2242()ln 42xS x dx C x x +==+--⎰, 又2(0)0S =,得0C =. 当0x ≠时,arctan 12()ln2x xS x x x x+=+-;又(0)2S =. 综上,12arctan ln ,[1,1]0()22,0x x x x S x x x x ⎧+⎛⎫+∈-≠⎪ ⎪=-⎝⎭⎨⎪=⎩且. (21)(本题满分15分)已知二次型22212312313(,,)3432f x x x x x x x x =+++, (1)求正交变换x Qy =将123(,,)f x x x 化为标准形; (2)证明:()min2T f x x x=. 【答案】(1)00100Q ⎛= ⎪ ⎪ ⎝,(2)见解析. 【解析】(1)301040103A ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,2301040(2)(4)0103A E λλλλλλ--=-=--=-,得特征值12λ=,234λλ==.当12λ=时,1012020000A E ⎛⎫⎪- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭:,解得特征向量1(1,0,1)T α=-;当234λλ==时,1014000000A E -⎛⎫⎪- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭:,解得特征向量2(0,1,0)T α=,3(1,0,1)T α=;单位化1(T β=,2(0,1,0)T β=,3T β=得正交矩阵00100Q ⎛= ⎪ ⎪ ⎝,故二次型经过正交变换x Q y =得到的标准形为222123123(,,)244f y y y y y y =++.(2)()TTTx x Qy Qy y y ==,222222123123222222123123244222()()2T T y y y y y y f x f y x x y y y y y y y y ++++==≥=++++, 故()min2T f x x x=. (22)(本题满分15分)设12,,,n X X X ⋅⋅⋅为来自均值为θ的指数分布总体的简单随机样本,12,,,m Y Y Y ⋅⋅⋅为来自均值为2θ的指数分布总体的简单随机样本,且两样本相互独立,其中(0)θθ>是未知参数.利用样本1212,,,,,,,n m X X X Y Y Y ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅,求θ的最大似然估计量$θ,并求$()D θ. 【答案】$2mnX Y n mθ+=+,$2()D n m θθ=+【解析】由题意可知10()0xex f x θθ-⎧>⎪=⎨⎪⎩其他,210()20y ey f y θθ-⎧>⎪=⎨⎪⎩其他,且X 与Y 相互独立,故(,)()()f x y f x f y =.构造似然函数1111211()(2)mnjij i y x nmL e eθθθθθ==--∑∑=⋅⋅⋅,取对数1111ln ()ln ln(2)2nmi ji j L n x m yθθθθθ===----∑∑,求导2211ln ()112nmiji j d L n mx yd θθθθθθ===-+-+∑∑,令ln ()0d L d θθ=,得$2m nX Y n mθ+=+. $22222222111()(2)()4()4()4m m m D n DX DY nDX DY n n m n m n m n m θθθθ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤=+=+=+=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥++++⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦。
2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题含答案解析
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2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题含答案解析2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Reading the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and mark A,B,C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) Your social life is defined as the activities you do with other people,for pleasure,when you are notworking.It is important to have a social life,but what is right for one person wont be right for another.Some of us feel energized by spending lots of time with others,_1_some of us may feel drained,even ifits doing something we enjoy.This is why finding a__2_in your social life is key.Spending too much time on your own,not__3_others,can make you feel lonely and_4_.lomeliness is known to impact on your mental health and_5_a low mood.Anyone can feel lonely at any time.This might be especially true if,__6__,you are workingfrom home and you are __7__on the social conversations that happen in the office.Other life changes also_8_periods of loneliness too,such as retirement,changing a job or becoming a parent.Its important to recognize feelings or loneliness.There are ways to __9___a social life.But it can feeloverwhelming __10.You can then find groups and activities related to those where you will be abletomeet__11__people.There are groups aimed at new parents,at those who want to_12_a new sport forthe first time or networking events for those in the same profession to meet up and __13_ideas.On the other hand,it is__14_possible to have too much of a social life.If you feel like youre alwaysdoing something and there is never any __15_in your calendar for downtime,you could suffer socialbunout or social _16_.We all have our own social limit and its important to recognize when yourefeeling like its all too much.Low mood,low energy,irritability and trouble sleeping could all be_17ofpoor social health.Make sure you _18__some time in your diary when youre _19_for socialising anduse this time to relax,__20__and recover.1.A.becauseB.unlessC.whereasD.until2.A.contrastB.balanceC,linkD.gap3.A.secingB.pleasingC.judgingD.teaching4.A.misguidedB.surprisedC.spoiledD.disconnected5.A.contribute toB.rely onC.interfere withD.go against6.A.in factB.of courseC.for examplsD,on average7.A.cutting backB.missing outC.breaking inD.looking down8.A.shortenB.triggerC.followD.interrupt9.A.assessB,interprelC,providsD.regain10.at firstB.in turnC.on timeD.by chance11.far-sightedB.strong-willedC.kind-heartedD.like-minded12.A.tnyB.promoteC.watchD.describe13.A.testB.shareC,acceptD.revise14.A.alreadyB.thusC.alsoD.only15.A.visitB,orderC.spaceD,boundary16.A.[atigueB.criticismC.injusticeD.dilemma17.A.sourcesB.standardsC.signsD.scores18.A.take overB.wipe offC,add upD.mark out19.A.ungratefu]B.unavailsblgC.responsiblkD.regretful20.A.reactB.repeatC,retunD.restSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points) Text 1Anger over AIs role in exacerbating inequality could endanger the technologys future.In her new bookCogs and Monsters:What Economics Is,and What It Should Be,Diane Coyle,an economist at CambridgeUnivcrsity,arguesthat the digital economy requires new ways of thinking about progress."Whatever wemean by the economy growing,by things getting better,the gains will have to be more evenly shared than inthe recent past,"she writes."An economy of tech millionaires or billionaires and gig workers,withmiddle-income jobs undercut by automation,will not be politically sustainable."Improving living standards and increasing prosperity for more people will require greater use of digitaltechnologies to boost productivity in various sectors,including health care and construction,saysCoyle.Butpeople cant be expected to embrace the changes if theyre not seeing the benefits—if theyre just seeinggood jobs being destroyed.In a recent interview with MIT Technology Review,Coyle said she fears that techs inequality problemcould be a roadblock to deploying AI."Were talking about disruption,"she says."These are transformative technologies that change the ways we spend our time every day,that change business models that succeed.”To make such tremendous changes,"she adds,you need social buy-in.Instead,says Coyle,resentment is simmering among many as the benefits are perceived to go to elites ina handful of prosperous cities.According to the Brookings Institution,a short list of eight American cities that included San Francisco,San Jose,Boston,and Seattle had roughly 38%of all tech jobs by 2019.New AI technologies areparticularly concentrated:Brookingss Mark Muro and Sifan Liu estimate that just 15 cities account fortwo-thirds of the AI assets and capabilities in theUnited States(San Francisco and San Jose alone accountfor aboutone-quarter).The dominance of a few cities in the invention and commercialization of AI means that geographicaldisparities in wealth will continue to soar.Not only will this foster political and social unrest,but it could,asCoyle suggests,hold back the sorts of AI technologies needed for regional economies to grow.Part of the solution could lie in somehow loosening the stranglehold that Big Tech has on defining theAI agenda.That will likely take increased federal funding for research independent of the tech giants.Muroand others have suggested hefty federal funding to help create US regional innovation centers,for example.A more immediate response is to broaden our digital imaginations to conceive of AI technologies thatdont simply replace jobs but expand opportunities in the sectors that different parts of the country care mostabout,like health care,education,and manufacturing.21.Coyle argues that economie growth should_A.give rise to innovationsB.diversity career choicesC.benefit people equallyD.be promoted forcedly22.In Paragraph 2,digital technologies should be used to.A.bring about instant prosperityB.reduce peoples workloadC.raisc ovcrall work cfficicncyD.enhance cross-sector cooperation23.What does Coyle fear about transformative technologics?A.They may affect work-life balance.B.They may be impractical to deploy.C.They may incur huge expenditure.D.They may unwelcome to public.24.Several cities are mentioned toA.the uneven distribution of Al technology in USB.disappointing prospect of jobs in USC.fast progress of US regional economicsD.increasing significance of US AI assets25.With regard to concern,the author suggest________.A.raising funds to start new AI projectsB.encouraging collaboration in AI researchC.guarding against side effectsD.redefine the role ofAIText 2The UK is facing a future construction crisis because of a failure to plant trees to produce wood,Conforhas warned.The forestry and wood trade body has called for urgent action to reduce the countrys relianceon timber imports and provide a stable supply of wood for future generations.Currently only 20 percent ofthe UKs wood requirement is home-grown while it remains the sccond-largest net importer of timber in theworld.Coming at a time of fresh incentives from the UK government for landowners to grow more trees,thetrade body says these dont go far enough and fail to promote the benefits of planting them to boost timbersupplies.“Not only are we facing a carbon crisis now,but we will also be facing a future construction crisisbecause of failure to plant trees to produce wood."said Stuart Goodall,chief executive of Confor."Fordecades we have not taken responsibility for investing in our domestic woodsupply,leaving us exposed tofluctuating prices and fighting for future supplies of wood as global demand rises and our own supplies fall."The UK has ideal conditions for growing wood to build low-carbon homes and is a global leader incertifying that its forests are sustainably managed,Confor says.While around three quarters of Scottishhomes are built from Scottish timber,the use of home-grown wood in England is only around 25 percent.While productive tree planting can deliver real financial benefits to rural economies and contribute to theUKs net-zero strategy,the focus of government support continues to be on food production and therewinding and planting of native woodland solely for biodiversity.Goodall add:“While food productionand biodiversity are clearly of critical importance,we need our land to also provide secure supplies of woodfor construction,manufacturing and contribute to net zero.“While the UK govemment has stated its ambition for more tree planting,there has been little action onthe ground."Confor is now calling for much greater impetus bchind those aspirations to ensure we haveenough wood to meet increasing demand."26.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that UK need to____.A.increase domestic wood supplyB.reduce demand for timberC.lower wood production costsD.lift control on timber imports27.According to Confor,UK government fresh incentives______.A.can hardly address construction crisisB.are believed to come at wrong timeC.seem to be misleadingD.too costly to put into practice28.The UK exposure to fuctuating wood prices is the result of________.ernments inaction on timber importB.inadequate investment for woodpetition among traders at homeD.wood producersmotive to maximize profits29.Which of following causes the shortage of wood supply?A.excessive timber consumption in constructionB.unfavorable conditions in UKC.outdated technology for wood productionD.farmersunwillingness to plan trees30.What does Goodall think US government should do?A.Subsidize the buildingB.Pay attention to rural economyC.Provide support for tree plantingD.Give priority to pursue net-zero strategyText 3One big challenge in keeping unsafe aging drivers off the road is convincing them that it is time to tumover the key.It is a complete life-changer when someone stops-or is forced to stop -driving,said formerrisk manager Anne M.Menke.The American Medical Association advises physicians that in situation where clear evidence ofsubstantial driving impairment implies a strong threat to patient and public safety,and where the physiciansadvice to discontinue driving privileges is ignored,it is desirable and ethical to notify the Department ofMotor Vehicles,Menke wrote."Some states require physicians to report,others allow but do not mandatereports,while a fewconsider a report breach of confidentiality.There could be liability and penalties if aphysician does not act in accordance with state laws on reporting and confidentiality "she counseled.Part of the problem in keeping older drivers safe is that the difficulties are addressed piccemeal bydifferent professions with different focuses,including gerontologists,highway administration officials,automotive engineers and others,said gerontologist Elizabeth Dugan."Theres not a National Institute ofOlder Driver Studies,"she said."We need better evidence on what makes drivers unsafe"and what can help,said DuganOne thing that does seem to work is requiring drivers to report in person for license renewal.Mandatoryin-person renewal was associated with a 31 percent reduction in fatal crashes involving drivers 85 or older,according to one study.Passing vision tests also produced a similar decline in fatal crashes for those drivers,although there appeared to be no benefit from combining the two.Many old drivers dont see eye doctors or cant afford to.Primary care providers have their hands fulland may not be able to follow through with patients who have trouble driving because they cant turn theirheads or remember where they are going—or have gotten shorter and havent changed their seat settingssufficiently to reach car pedals easily, As long as there are other cars on the roads,self-driving cars wont solve the problems of crashes,saidDugan.Avoiding dangers posed by all those human drivers would require to many algorithms,she said.Butwe need to do more to improve safety,said Dugan."If were going to have 100-year lives,we need cars thata 90-year-old can drive comfortably."31.Aecording to Paragraphl,keeping unsafe aging drivers off the road_ .A.is a ncw safety measureB.has become a disputed issueC.can be a tough task to completeD.will be beneficial to their health32.The American medical associations advice_ .A.has won support from driversB.is generally considered unrealisticC.is wide dismissed as unnecessaryD.has met with different responses33.According to Dugan,efforts to keep older drivers safe.A.have brought about big changesB.necd to be well coordinatedChave gained public concermD.call for relevant legal support34.Some older drivers have trouble driving because they tend to_ .A.stick with bad driving habitsB.have a weakened memoryC.suffer from chronic painsD.neglect car maintenance35.Dugan thinks that the solution to the problems of crashes may lie in__A.npgrading self-driving vehicleB.developing senior-friendly carsC.renovating transport facilitiesD.adjusting the age limit for driversText 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its naturalconstruction,the interaction of fresh and saline waters,and the mix of land and water.The shallowsprovide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the U.S.Supreme Court issued a ruling in anidaho case that provides the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)far less authority toregulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected bythe EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a "continuous surface connection"to bodiesof water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators andother commereial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries "significantrepereussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,"as Justice BrettKavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlandsprotections.But thats a very shortsightedview,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water,and the pollutants that so often come with it,dont respeet stateboundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackettv.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights ofland owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And its a reminder that theEPAs involvement in the ChesapeakeBay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcendthe influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to useone telling example,arent thinking about next years blue erab harvest in Maryland when theydecide whether to sprend animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can haveenormous impact downstream.And so we would eall on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing theirown wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can offer thema visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald engles fly overtidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatie life.Itsworth the scenic drive.36.A.the prevalence of health apps37.A.Its coverage needs to be extended.38.Before sharing its usershealth information,Flo Health is required to___.A.seek the approval of the FTCB.find qualified third partiesC.remove irrelevant personal dataD.obtain their explicit permission39.What challenges is the FTC currently faced with?A.The complexity of health information.B.The rapid increase in new health apps.C.The subtle deceptiveness of health apps.D.The difficulty in assessing consumer harm.40.D.has gained legislative support in some statesPart BDirections;Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its correspondinginformation in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET.(10 points)High school students eager to stand out in the college application process often participate in a litany ofextracurricular activities hopingto bolster their chances of admission a selective undergraduate institution.However,college admissions experts say that the quality of a college hopefuls extracurricular activitiesmatter more than the number of activities.he or she participates in.Sue Rexford,the director of college guidance at the Charles.E.Smith Jewish Day School,says it is notnecessary for a student,filling out the Common Application to list lo activities in the application.“No”college will expect that a students has a huge laundry list of extracurriculars that they have beenpassionately involved in each for an tended period of time,"Rexfon d wrote in an email.Experts say it is toughen to distinguish oneself in aschool-affiliated extracurricular activity that iscommon among high school students than it is to stand out while doing an uncommon activity.The competition to stand out and make an impact is going to be much stiffer,and so if they re going todo a popular activity,Id say,be the best at it."says Sara Harherson,a college admission consultant.High school students who have an impressive personal project they are working on independently oftenimpress colleges,experts say."For example,a student with an interest in entrepreneurship could demonstrate skills and potential bystarting a profitable small business."Olivia Valdes,the founder or Zen Admissions consulting firm,wrote inan emailJosoph Adegboyega—Edun,a Maryland High school guidance counselor,says unconventional,extracurricular activities can help students,impress college admissions offices,assuming they demonstrated,serious commitment."Again,since one of the big question.high school seniors muse consider is"Whatmakes you unique?"having an uncommon,extracurricular activity,a conventional one is an advantage,"hewrote in an email.Experts say demonstrating talent in at lcast one extracurricular activity can help in the collegeadmissions process,especially at top-tier undergraduate institutions."Distinguishing yourself in one focused type of extracurricular activity can be a positive in theadmissions process,especially for highly selective institutions,where having top grades and test scores isnot enough,"Katie Kelley admissions counselor at Ivy Wise admissions consullancy,wrote in anemail.“Students need to have that quality or hook that will appeal to admissions officers and allow them tovisualize how the student might come and enrich their campus community."Extracurricular activities related to the college major declared on a college application are beneficial,experts suggest."If you already know your major,having an extracurricular that fits into that major can be abig plus,"says Mayghin Levine,the manager of educational opportunities with The Cabhage PatchSettlement House,a Louisville,Kentucky,nonprofit community center.High school students who have had a strong positive influence on their community through anextracurricular activity may impress a college and win a scholarship,says Erica Gwyn,a former math andscience magnet programassistant at a publie high school who is now executive director of the KaleidoscopeCareers Academy in Atlanta,a nonprofit organization.41.Sue Rexford42.Sara Harberson43.Katie Kelley44.Mayghin Levine45.Erica Gwyn口EABA.Students who stand out in a specific extracurricular activity will be favored by top-tier institutions.B.Students whose extracurricular activity has benefited their community are likely to win a scholarship.C.Undertaking too many extracurricular activities will hardly be seen as a plus by colleges.D.Student who exhibits activity in doing business can impress colleges.E.High school students participating in popular activity should excel in it.F.Engaging in uncommon activity can demonstrate Studentsdetermination and dedication.G.It is advisable for students to choose an extracurricular activity that is related to their future study atcollege.Section III Translation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translationon the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points) With the smell of coffee and fresh bread floating in the air,stalls bursting with colourful vegetables andtempting cheese,and the buzz of friendly chats,farmersmarkets are a feast for the senses.They alsoprovide an opportunity to talk to the people responsible for growing or raising your food,support your localeconomy and pick up fresh seasonal produce …-all at the same time.Farmersmarkets are usually weekly or monthly events,most often with outdoor stalls,which allowsfarmers or producers to sell their food directly to customers.The size or regularity of markets can vary fromseason to season,depending on the areas agriculture calendar,and you are likely to find different produceon sale at diferent times of the year.By cutting out the middlemen,the farmers secure more profit for theirproduce.Shoppers also benefit from seeing exactly where---and to who their money is going.参考译文·空气中弥漫着咖啡和新鲜面包的香味,摊位上摆满了五颜六色的蔬菜和诱人的奶酪,人们友好地聊天,农贸市场完全是一场感官盛宴。
2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试试题及答案解析(数学三)
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2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试数学试题(数学三)一、选择题:1~10小题,每小题5分,共50分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的,请将所选选项前的字母填在答题卡指定位置.(1)已知函数(,)ln(sin )f x y y x y =+,则()(A)(0,1)(0,1)f fx y ∂∂∂∂不存在,存在(B)(0,1)(0,1)f fx y ∂∂∂∂存在,不存在(C)(0,1)(0,1)f fx y ∂∂∂∂,均存在(D)(0,1)(0,1)f fx y ∂∂∂∂,均不存在(2)函数0()(1)cos ,0x f x x x x⎧≤⎪=⎨⎪+>⎩的原函数为()(A)),0()(1)cos sin ,0x x F x x x xx ⎧⎪-≤=⎨+->⎪⎩(B))+1,0()(1)cos sin ,0x x F x x x x x⎧⎪-≤=⎨+->⎪⎩(C)),0()(1)sin cos ,0x x F x x xx x ⎧⎪≤=⎨++>⎪⎩(D))+1,0()(1)sin +cos ,0x x F x x x x x ⎧⎪≤=⎨+>⎪⎩(3)已知微分方程式0y ay by '''++=的解在(,)-∞∞上有界,则()(A)0,0a b <>(B)0,0a b >>(C)0,0a b =>(D)0,0a b =<(4)已知(1,2,)n n a b n <=L ,若级数1nn a∞=∑与1nn b∞=∑均收敛,则“级数1nn a∞=∑绝对收敛”是“级数1nn b∞=∑绝对收敛”的()(A)充分必要条件(B)充分不必要条件(C)必要不充分条件(D)既不充分也不必要条件(5)设,A B 为n 阶可逆矩阵,E 为阶单位矩阵,*M 为矩阵M 的伴随矩阵,则*0A E B ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭()(A)***0*A B B A B A ⎛-⎫⎪⎝⎭(B)***0*B A A B A B ⎛-⎫⎪⎝⎭(C)***0*B A B A A B ⎛-⎫⎪⎝⎭(D)***0*A B A B B A ⎛-⎫⎪⎝⎭(6)二次型()()()222123121323(,,)4f x x x x x x x x x =+++--的规范形为()(A)2212y y +(B)2212y y -(C)2221234y y y +-(D)222123y y y +-(7)已知向量1123α⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,2211α⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,1259β⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,2101β⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,若γ既可由12,αα线性表示,也可由与12,ββ线性表示,则γ=()(A)33,4k k R ⎛⎫ ⎪∈ ⎪⎪⎝⎭(B)35,10k k R ⎛⎫ ⎪∈ ⎪⎪⎝⎭(C)11,2k k R -⎛⎫ ⎪∈ ⎪⎪⎝⎭(D)15,8k k R ⎛⎫ ⎪∈ ⎪⎪⎝⎭(8)设随机变量X 服从参数为1的泊松分布,则()E X EX -=()(A)1e(B)12(C)2e(D)1(9)设12,,,n X X X L 为来自总体21(,)N μσ的简单随机样本,12,,,m Y Y Y L 为来自总体22(,2)N μσ的简单随机样本,且两样本相互独立,记11n i i X X n ==∑,11m i i Y Y m ==∑,22111(1n i i S X X n ==--∑,22211(1mi i S Y Y m ==--∑,则()(A)2122(,)S F n m S :(B)2122(1,1)S F n m S --:(C)21222(,)S F n m S :(D)21222(1,1)S F n m S --:(10)设12,X X 为来自总体()2,Nμσ的简单随机样本,其中()0σσ>是未知参数,记12ˆa x x σ=-,若()ˆE σσ=,则a =()(A)2(B)2(C)(D)二、填空题:11~16小题,每小题5分,共30分.(11)2_11l _im o ____(2si s __nc x x x x x→∞--=.(12)已知函数os p 满足22(,)xdy ydx df x y x y -=+,()1,14f π=,则)f =.(13)()2n=02!nx n ∞=∑.(14)设某公司在t 时刻的资产为()f t ,从0时刻到t 时刻的平均资产等于()f t t t-.假设()f t 连续且()00f =,则()f t =.(15)已知线性方程组13123123121202ax x x ax x x x ax ax bx +=⎧⎪++=⎪⎨++=⎪⎪+=⎩有解,其中,a b 为常数,若0111412a a a=,则11120a a ab =.(16)设随机变量X 与Y 相互独立,且()1,X B p :,()2,Y B p :,(0,1)p ∈,则X Y +与X Y -的相关系数为.三、解答题:17~22小题,共70分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(17)(本题满分10分)已知可导函数()y y x =满足2ln(1)cos 0,xae y y x y b ++-++=且(0)0,(0)0y y '==.(Ⅰ)求,a b 的值.(Ⅱ)判断0x =是否为()y x 的极值点.(18)(12分)已知平面区域(),01D x y y x ⎧⎫⎪⎪=≤≤≥⎨⎬⎪⎪⎩⎭(Ⅰ)求D 的面积.(Ⅱ)求D 绕x 轴旋转所成旋转体的体积.(19)(12分)已知平面区域22{(,)(1)1}D x y x y =-+≤,计算二重积分1Ddxdy .(20)(12分)设函数()f x 在[],a a -上具有2阶连续倒数,证明:(Ⅰ)若(0)0f =,则存在(,)a a ξ∈-,使得[]21()()()ξ''=+-f f a f a a.(Ⅱ)若()f x 在(,)a a -内取得极值,则存在(,)a a η∈-使得21()()()2f f a f a aη''≥--.(21)(12分)设矩阵A 满足对任意123,,x x x 均有112321233232--x x x x A x x x x x x x ++⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪=+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭.(I)求A .(II)求可逆矩阵P 与对角矩阵Λ,使得1-=ΛP AP .(22)(12分)设随机变量X 的概率密度为2(),,(1)xx e f x x e =-<<+∞+∞令.x Y e =(Ⅰ)求X 的分布函数(Ⅱ)求Y 的概率密度(Ⅲ)Y 的期望是否存在?2023年答案及解析(数学三)一、选择题:1~10小题,每小题5分,共50分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的,请将所选选项前的字母填在答题卡指定位置.(1)【答案】(A)【解析】(0,1)0=f ,由偏导数的定义000(0,1)ln(1sin1)(,1)(0,1)lim lim sin1lim →→→+∂-===∂x x x x x f f x f x x xx ,因为0lim 1+→=x x x,0lim 1-→=-x x x ,所以(0,1)∂∂fx 不存在,111(0,1)(0,)(0,1)ln 1lim lim lim 1111→→→∂--====∂---y y y f f y f y y y y y y ,所以(0,1)∂∂fy 存在.(2)【答案】(D)【解析】当0≤x时,1()ln(==+⎰f x dx x C 当0>x 时,()(1)cos (1)sin (1)sin sin =+=+=+-⎰⎰⎰⎰f x dx x xdx x d x x x xdx2(1)sin cos =+++x x x C 原函数在(,)-∞+∞内连续,则在0=x处110lim ln(-→++=x x C C ,22lim(1)sin cos 1+→+++=+x x x x C C 所以121=+C C ,令2=C C ,则11=+C C,故ln(1,0()(1)sin cos ,0⎧⎪++≤=⎨+++>⎪⎩⎰x C x f x dx x x x C x ,结合选项,令0=C ,则()f x的一个原函数为)1,0().(1)sin cos ,0⎧⎪++≤=⎨++>⎪⎩x x F x x x x x (3)【答案】(C)【解析】微分方程0'''++=y ay by 的特征方程为20++=a b λλ,当240∆=->a b 时,特征方程有两个不同的实根12,λλ,则12,λλ至少有一个不等于零,若12,C C 都不为零,则微分方程的解1212--=+xx y C eC e λλ在(,)-∞+∞无界;当240∆=-=a b 时,特征方程有两个相同的实根,1,22=-aλ,若20≠C ,则微分方程的解2212--=+a x a x y C eC xe 在(,)-∞+∞无界;当240∆=-<a b时,特征方程的根为1,222=-±a i λ,则通解为212(cos sin )22-=+a x y eC x C x ,此时,要使微分方程的解在(,)-∞+∞有界,则0=a ,再由240∆=-<a b ,知0.>b (4)【答案】(A)【解析】由条件知1()nn n ba ∞=-∑为收敛的正项级数,进而绝对收敛;设1nn a∞=∑绝对收敛,则由n n n n n n n b b a a b a a =-+≤-+与比较判别法,得1nn b∞=∑绝对收敛;设1nn b∞=∑绝对收敛,则由n n n n n n n a a b b b a b =-+≤-+与比较判别法,得1nn a∞=∑绝对收敛.(5)【答案】(B)【解析】结合伴随矩阵的核心公式,代入(B)计算知*********A EB A A B B AA AA B A B O B OA B O A BB ⎛⎫⎛⎫--+⎛⎫= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭**B A EOB A E A B A B A B E OA B E OA B E ⎛⎫⎛⎫-+=== ⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭,故(B)正确.(6)【答案】(B)【解析】由已知()222123123121323,,233228f x x x x x x x x x x x x =--+++,则其对应的矩阵211134143A ⎛⎫ ⎪=- ⎪⎪-⎝⎭由()()211134730143E A λλλλλλλ----=-+-=+-=--+,得A 的特征值为3,7,0-故选(B).(7)【答案】(D)【解析】设11221122r x x y y ααββ=+=+则112211220x x y y ααββ+--=又()121212211003,,,2150010131910011ααββ--⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪--=-→- ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭⎝⎭故()()1212,,,3,1,1,1,TTx x y y c c R=--∈所以()()()121,5,81,5,81,5,8,TTTr c c c c k k R ββ=-+=---=-=∈(8)【答案】(C)【解析】法一:由题可知1EX =,所以1,0||1,1,2,X X EX X X =⎧-=⎨-=⎩L,故,1||1{0}(1){}k E X EX P X k P X k ∞=-=⋅=+-=∑01(1){}(01){0}k k P X k P X e ∞==+-=--=∑112(1)(01)E X e e e=+---=,选(C )法二:随机变量X 服从参数为1泊松分布,即()()110,1,2,...!P X k e k k -===期望()1E X =()()()()111111111101...1..0!1!2!!E X E X E X e e k e k -----=-=⋅+⋅+⋅++-⋅+()()111111112222211111!!!1!!k k k k k k e k e e e e e e e k k k k k ∞∞∞∞∞--------======+-⋅=+-=+--∑∑∑∑∑()()11111112e e e e e e ----=+----=选(C).(9)【答案】(D)【解析】12,,...,n X X X 的样本方差()221111n i i S X Xn ==--∑12,,...,n Y Y Y 的样本方差()222111mi i S Y Y m ==--∑则()()221211n S n χσ--:()()2222112m S m χσ--:,两个样本相互独立所以()()()()()21222211222212221121,11212n S n S S F n m m S S S m σσσσ--==----:选择(D).(10)【答案】(A)【解析】由题可知212~(0,2)X X N σ-.令12Y X X =-,则Y 的概率密度为2222()y f y σ-⋅=.22222240(||)||y y E Y y dy yedy σσ--+∞+∞⋅-∞===⎰⎰,12(||)(||)E a X X aE Y -==.由ˆ()E σσ=,得2a =.选(A).二、填空题:11~16小题,每小题5分,共30分.(11)【答案】23.【解析】2233221111111lim (2sincos 2(())(1())62x x x x x x x x x x x x οο→∞⎡⎤--=--+--+⎢⎥⎣⎦22221112(623x x xx ο⎡⎤=++=⎢⎥⎣⎦.(12)【答案】3π.【解析】由题意可得22(,),x y f x y x y -'=+则1(,)arctan ()arctan ()x xf x y y c y c y y y y=-⋅⋅+=-+,又因为22(,)y x f x y x y '=+可得()c y c '=,由(1,1)4f π=可得2c π=,即(,)arctan 2xf x y y π=-+,即3f π=.(13)【答案】1122x xe e -+【解析】令20()(2)!n n x s x n ∞==∑,则211()(21)!n n x s x n -∞='=-∑,22210()()(22)!(2)!n nn n x x s x s x n n -∞∞==''===-∑∑.即有()()0s x s x ''-=,解得12()x x s x C e C e -=+.又由(0)1,(0)0s s '==有121C C +=,120C C -=,解得1212C C ==.故11()22x x s x e e -=+.(14)【答案】222te t --【解析】由题意可得方程()()tf x dx f t t tt=-⎰,即20()()t f x dx f t t =-⎰.两边同时t 对求导得()()2f t f t t '=-,即()()2f t f t t '-=.由一阶线性微分方程通解公式有:11()2dt dtf t e te dt C -⎛⎫⎰⎰=+ ⎪⎝⎭⎰()2tte tedt C-=+⎰()22t te t e C -⎡⎤=-++⎣⎦22t Ce t =--.又由于(0)0f =,则20C -=,即2C =.故()222tf t e t =--.(15)【答案】8【解析】由已知()(),34r A r A b =≤<,故,0A b =即()()1444011110111110,1112211112240120012002a a a a a Ab a a a a a baa ba b++==⋅-+⋅-=-+⋅=故111280a a a b=.(16)【答案】13-【解析】因为()1,X B p ~,所以(1)DX p p =-.因为()2,Y B p ~,所以2(1)DY p p =-.ov(,)ov(,)ov(,)C X Y X Y C X Y X C X Y Y +-=+-+ov(,)ov(,)ov(,)ov(,)C X X C Y X C X Y C Y Y =+--(1)2(1)(1)DX DY p p p p p p =-=---=--因为X 与Y 相互独立,所以()3(1)D X Y DX DY p p +=+=-,()3(1)D X Y DX DY p p -=+=-故13ρ==-三、解答题:17~22小题,共70分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(17)【解析】(1)在题设方程两边同时对x 求导得,cos 2ln(1)sin 01x yae y y y x y y x'''+⋅+-++⋅⋅=+①将0x =,0y =代入题设方程得,0a b +=;将0x =,0y =,(0)0y '=代入①式得,10a -=综上:1a =,1b =-.(2)在等式①两边再对x 求导得,()22sin (1)cos 2()2ln(1)sin 0(1)x y y x yae y y y y x y y x '-⋅⋅+-'''''''++⋅+-++⋅⋅=+②将0x =,0y =,(0)0y '=代入②式得,(0)12y a ''=--=-.由于(0)0y '=,(0)2y ''=-,故0x =是()y x 的极大值点.(18)【解析】(1)面积2tan 2221444sec csc ln csc cot ln(1tan sec x ttS dt tdt t tt t ππππππ=+∞====-=+⋅⎰⎰⎰.(2)旋转体体积为2222211111111arctan (1)(1)14x V y dx dx dx x x x x x x ππππππ+∞+∞+∞+∞⎛⎫⎛⎫===-=--=- ⎪ ⎪++⎝⎭⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰.(19)【解析】本题目先利用奇偶对称性化简,再切割积分区域,把积分区域分为三块,分别采用极坐标进行计算:σσσσσd y x d y x d y x d y x d y x D D D D D D D 1212121213213212222222222-+++-++-=-+=-+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰++分别采用极坐标进行计算:18613)1(13010221ππθσπ=⋅=-=+-⎰⎰⎰⎰dr r r d d y x D 3439166cos 38cos 2)1(1233223cos 20222+-=-=-=+-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ππππθπθθθθσd dr r r d d y x D 18334361cos 2cos 38)1(1302330cos 21223ππθθθθσππθ+-=+-=-=-+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰d dr r r d d y x D 所以:33932121212132122222222++-=-+++-++-=-+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰πσσσσd y x d y x d y x d y x D D D D (20)【解析】(1)证明:22()()()(0)(0)(0),02!2!f f f x f f x x f x x x ηηη''''''=++=+介于与之间,则211()()(0),02!f f a f a a a ηη'''=+<<①()222()()(0),02!f f a f a a a ηη'''-=-+-<<②①+②得:[]212()()()()2a f a f a f f ηη''''+-=+③又()f x ''在[]21,ηη上连续,则必有最大值M 与最小值m ,即()()12;;m f M m f M ηη''''≤≤≤≤从而()()12;2f f m M ηη''''+≤≤由介值定理得:存在[]()21,,a a ξηη∈⊂-,有()()()122f f f ηηξ''''+''=,代入③得:()2()(),f a f a a f ξ''+-=即()2()()f a f a f aξ+-''=.(2)证明:设()0(),f x x x a a =∈-在取极值,且0()f x x x =在可导,则0()0f x '=.又()()()22000000()()()()()(),02!2!f f f x f x f x x x x x f x x x x γγγ'''''=+-+-=+-介于与之间,则()21001()()(),02!f f a f x a x a γγ''-=+---<<()22002()()(),02!f f a f x a x aγγ''=+-<<从而()()()()22020111()()22f a f a a x f a x f γγ''''--=--+()()()()2202011122a x f a x f γγ''''≤-++又()f x ''连续,设(){}()12max ,M f f γγ''''=,则()()()222200011()()22f a f a M a x M a x M a x --≤++-=+又()0,x a a ∈-,则()2220()()2f a f a M a x Ma --≤+≤,则21()()2M f a f a a ≥--,即存在()12,a a ηγηγ==∈-或,有()21()()2f f a f a a η''≥--(21)【解析】(I)因为112312123232331112211011x x x x x A x x x x x x x x x ++⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪=-+=- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪--⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭对任意的1x ,2x ,3x 均成立,所以111211011A ⎛⎫⎪=- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭(II)1111111211(1)21111011E A λλλλλλλλ---+----=-+-=-⋅+⋅-+-+-+2(1)(2)2(2)(2)(2)(1)0λλλλλλλ=-+-+=+-+=.所以A 的特征值为1232,2,1λλλ=-==-.12λ=-时,1311100211011011000E A λ---⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪-=---→ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭⎝⎭,可得特征向量1(0,1,1)Tα=-;22λ=时,2111104231013013000E A λ---⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪-=--→- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭,可得特征向量2(4,3,1)T α=;31λ=-时,3211201201010010000E A λ---⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪-=--→ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭,可得特征向量3(1,0,2)T α=-;令123041(,,)130112P ααα⎛⎫ ⎪==- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭,则1200020001P AP --⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭.(22)【解析】(I )21(),(1)11xx x x x x x e e F x dx x R e e e -∞-∞==-=∈+++⎰(II )【法一】分布函数法(){}{}X Y F y P Y y P e y =≤=≤当0y <时,()0Y F y =;当0y ≥时,(){ln }(ln )1Y y F y P X y F y y=≤==+;所以Y 的概率密度为21,0(1)()0,Y y y f y ⎧>⎪+=⎨⎪⎩其他.【法二】公式法因为xy e =在(,)-∞+∞上单调且处处可导,当(,)x ∈-∞+∞,0y >,此时ln x y =,所以Y 的概率密度为ln 2ln 211,0,0(ln )(ln ),0(1)()(1)0,0,0,y y Y e y y f y y y y f y e y ⎧⎧>'⋅>>⎧⎪⎪+===+⎨⎨⎨⎩⎪⎪⎩⎩其他其他其他.(III )2001ln(1)(1)1y EY dy y y y +∞+∞⎛⎫==++=∞ ⎪++⎝⎭⎰,所以不存在.。
448-汉语写作与百科知识-扬州大学2024年硕士研究生初试试卷真题
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扬州大学2024年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷)科目代码448科目名称汉语写作与百科知识满分150分注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项;②所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效;③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回!第一部分:百科知识(共25题,每小题2分,共50分)这部分共25题,每题有四个选项,每题只有一个正确答案。
1.中国与埃及、________、印度共称四大“文明古国”。
[A]希腊[B]罗马[C]巴比伦[D]阿拉伯2.高山族是中国的56个民族之一,主要生活在________。
[A]新疆[B]西藏[C]海南[D]台湾3.“胡音胡骑与胡妆,五十年来竞纷泊”最有可能描绘的是中国的哪个时期?[A]汉初[B]魏晋[C]盛唐[D]元初4.________记录了明末清初的生产新技术,是一部称誉海外的工艺学百科全书。
[A]《农政全书》[B]《天工开物》[C]《册府元龟》[D]《梦溪笔谈》5.下列汉语外来词中来自梵语的是________。
[A]和尚[B]琵琶[C]骆驼[D]苜蓿6.现代汉语普通话有“阴平、阳平、上声、________”四个声调。
[A]下声[B]入声[C]去声[D]出声7.南宋________在《统天历》中将岁实精确到365.2425日,是世界历法史上一项惊人成就。
[A]石申[B]杨忠辅[C]一行和尚[D]祖冲之8.关汉卿、马致远、________、郑光祖等四人被后人称为“元曲四大家”。
[A]白朴[B]王实甫[C]纪君祥[D]杨显之9.中国古代所谓“廿四史”中不包括________。
[A]《后汉书》[B]《北齐书》[C]《金史》[D]《清史》10.英国史学家汤因比认为,全世界只有________的文化体系长期延续发展而从未中断。
[A]希腊[B]英国[C]中国[D]埃及11.短语“孩子脾气”属于________结构。
[A]联合[B]主谓[C]中补[D]偏正12.状态形容词不能受程度副词修饰,不能以“AABB”的形式重叠。
华南理工大学考研真题—05-硕士学位研究生入学考试德语试题
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7. An deiner Stelle ______ ich mir die Haare wieder lang wachsen lassen .
A) will B) habe C) werde D) würde
8. Wenn du Fragen hast , kannst du dich ______ deinen Nachbarn wenden .
C) Sie haben Familie und Kinder in Deutschland .
D) Sie haben viel Freunde hier .
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Gleich nach Abschluss seiner Hochschulausbilgung hat Rolf eine Maschine erfunden , die Blinden aus Büchern und Zeitungen vorliest . Er ist ein “Genie” auf dem Gebiet der Computertechnik. Deshalb fehlt es nicht an Geldgebern , die bereit sind , in sein neues Projekt zu investieren(投资). Er arbeitet nun an einer Schreibmaschine , die statt Tasten(键)“Ohren” hat .
15. Ich komme , um von Ihnen Abschied zu ______ .
A) haben B) nehmen C) geben D) machen
16. Die politische Lage ______ jetzt nicht mehr zu ändern .
全国硕士研究生入学考试政治试卷
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全国硕士研究生入学考试政治试卷全国硕士研究生入学考试政治试卷通常包括两个部分:政治理论知识和政治实践问题。
下面是一个关于政治理论知识方面的示例参考内容:一、马克思主义基本原理1. 马克思主义的三个组成部分:唯物史观、政治经济学和科学社会主义理论。
分别解释这三个组成部分的基本观点和理论内容。
2. 马克思主义的历史地位和基本特征。
包括马克思主义的创新性理论、实践性和革命性,以及对人类社会历史发展规律的科学把握。
3. 马克思主义与中国特色社会主义思想的关系。
强调中国特色社会主义是中国共产党集体智慧的结晶,是马克思主义在中国的运用和发展。
二、中国特色社会主义理论体系1. 中国特色社会主义的基本内涵和总任务。
强调实现社会主义现代化,建设富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。
2. 中国特色社会主义道路的形成和基本经验。
分析中国特色社会主义道路的基本起点、指导思想和核心要义。
3. 中国特色社会主义制度的优越性和巩固性。
重点包括中国共产党的核心领导地位、人民当家作主和依法治国,以及中国特色社会主义事业总体布局和稳定发展。
三、中国共产党的基本理论和指导思想1. 马克思主义中国化的理论成果和指导思想。
包括毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、三个代表重要思想、科学发展观和习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的形成及其重要内容。
2. 中国共产党的基本任务和历史使命。
强调中国共产党的性质、宗旨、纲领和组织建设,以及党的建设的重要性和基本要求。
3. 党的领导作用的历史经验和根本要求。
包括党的领导地位和核心作用,以及党的群众路线和党风政风建设。
四、党的建设和党风廉政建设问题1. 党的建设的总体布局和基本要求。
包括党的十八大以来的党内政治文化建设、党的群众路线教育实践活动、打虎拍蝇反腐败斗争等。
2. 党风廉政建设的重要内容和任务。
强调党风廉政建设的重要性和严肃性,以及党风廉政建设的总体要求和具体举措。
3. 党风廉政建设和党的执政能力建设的关系。
广西科技大学2024年硕士研究生招生考试初试专业课样题 817数据结构与程序设计(学)
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广西科技大学 2023 年硕士研究生招生考试初试专业课试卷考试科目代码:817 考试科目名称:数据结构与程序设计(学)考试时间:180分钟(本试题共 8 页)一、判断题(每小题2分,共20分)1. C语言编译系统在判断一个量是否为“真”时,以0代表“假”,以非0代表“真”。
2. 在选择结构中,else总是与它前面最近的那个if相配套的。
3. 在switch语句中可以没有default语句。
4. 在循环结构中使用break语句或者continue语句,其作用是相同的。
5. for循环语句只能用于循环次数已知的情况。
6. 若某线性表最常用的操作是存取任一指定序号的元素和在最后进行插入和删除运算,则利用顺序表存储最节省时间。
7.若一个栈的输入序列为{1, 2, 3, 4, 5},则不可能得到{3, 4, 1, 2, 5}这样的出栈序列。
8. 若一搜索树(查找树)是一个有n个结点的完全二叉树,则该树的最小值一定在叶结点上.9. 某二叉树的前序和中序遍历序列正好一样,则该二叉树中的任何结点一定都无左孩子。
10. 图的广度优先遍历相当于二叉树的后序遍历。
二、选择题(每小题2分,共40分)1. 下列不属于C语言数据类型的是:A. intB. floatC. stringD. char2. 下面程序段的输出为:int a = 3, b = 5;if(a = b)printf("%d=%d", a, b);elseprintf("%d!=%d", a, b);A. 5=5B. 3=3C. 5!=3D. 3!=53.下面叙述正确的是:A. 2/3 与2.0/3.0 等价B. (int)2.0/3 与2/3 等价C. ++5 与6 等价D. 'A'与"A"等价4.在C语言中,函数返回值的类型最终取决于:A. 函数定义时在函数首部所说明的函数类型B. return语句中表达式值的类型C. 调用函数时主调函数所传递的实参类型D. 函数定义时形参的类型5.若函数调用时的实参为变量,下列关于函数形参和实参的叙述中正确的是:A. 函数的实参和其对应的形参共占同一存储单元B. 形参只是形式上的存在, 不占用具体存储单元C. 同名的实参和形参占同一存储单元D. 函数的形参和实参分别占用不同的存储单元6. 设int x=3, y=2,则表达式x / y的值是:A. 1.500000B. 1C. 1.5D. 以上都不对7. 以下程序的输出结果是:#include<stdio.h>int main()int x = 10;switch (x){case 30: printf("A");break;case 10: printf("B");case 20: printf("C");break;case 40: printf("D");}printf("E");}A. ABCDEB. ABCEC. BCDED. BCE8. C语言中有三种循环语句,为了方便循环流程的控制,经常会使用break语句,关于break语句的描述,正确的是:A. break语句可以出现在循环控制语句之外的任何地方B. 执行break语句的结果是本次循环必须执行完毕C. 执行到break,则直接跳出该循环体,继续执行循环体后面的语句D. break语句是终止本次循环的执行,然后测试循环条件,准备进行下一次循环过程9.以下能对二维数组a进行正确初始化的语句是:A. int a[2][ ] = {{1,0,1},{5, 3}};B. int a[ ][3] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};C. int a[2][4] = {1,2,3,},{4,5},{6}};D. int a[ ][3] = {{1,0,1},{},{1,1}};10.定义下列结构体数组:struct stu{ char name[10];int age;}a[5] = {"ZHAO",14, "WANG",15, "LIU",16, "ZHANG",17};执行语句printf("%d, %s",a[2].age, a[1].name)的输出结果为:A. 15, ZHAOB. 16, WANGC. 17, LIUD. 17, ZHAO11.先序遍历图示二叉树的结果为:A. A,B,C,D,H,E,I,F,GB. A,B,D,H,I,E,C,F,GC. H,D,I,B,E,A,F,C,GD. H,I,D,B,E,F,G,A,C12.带头结点的单链表h为空的判定条件是:A. h == NULL;B. h->next == NULL;C. h->next == h;D. h != NULL;13.设一个堆栈的入栈顺序是1、2、3、4、5。
2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试《数学一》真题试卷【完整版】(文末含答案解析)
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2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试《数学一》真题试卷【完整版】一、选择题:1~10小题,每小题5分,共50分,下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项是符合题目要求的,请将所选选项前的字母填在答题卡指定位置。
1.曲线1ln 1y x e x ⎛⎫=+⎪-⎝⎭的渐近线方程为( )。
A .y =x +e B .y =x +1/e C .y =xD .y =x -1/e2.已知微分方程式y ′′+ay ′+by =0的解在(-∞,+∞)上有界,则( )。
A .a <0,b >0 B .a >0,b >0 C .a =0,b >0 D .a =0,b <03.设函数y =f (x )由2sin x t t y t t⎧=+⎪⎨=⎪⎩确定,则( )。
A .f (x )连续,f ′(0)不存在B .f ′(0)存在,f ′(x )在x =0处不连续C .f ′(x )连续,f ′′(0)不存在D .f ′′(0)存在,f ′′(x )在x =0处不连续4.已知a n <b n (n =1,2,...),若级数1nn a∞=∑与1nn b∞=∑均收敛,则“级数1nn a∞=∑绝对收敛”是“1nn b∞=∑绝对收敛”的( )。
A .充分必要条件B .充分不必要条件C .必要不充分条件D .既不充分也不必要条件5.已知n 阶矩阵A ,B ,C 满足ABC =0,E 为n 阶单位矩阵,记矩阵0A BC E ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭,0AB C E ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭,0E AB AB ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭的秩分别为γ1,γ2,γ3,则( )。
A .γ1≤γ2≤γ3 B .γ1≤γ3≤γ2 C .γ3≤γ1≤γ2 D .γ2≤γ1≤γ36.下列矩阵中不能相似于对角矩阵的是( )。
A .11022003a ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭B .1112003a a ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭C .11020002a ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭D .11022002a ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭7.已知向量121212212,1,5,03191⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪==== ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭ααββ,若γ既可由α1,α2线性表示,也可由与β1,β2线性表示,则γ=( )。
2020年全国硕士研究生考试政治考试题
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2020年全国硕士研究生考试政治考试题
2020年全国硕士研究生考试政治考试题是指2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试中政治科目的考试试卷。
以下是 2020年全国硕士研究生考试政治考试题:
1、在马克思主义哲学中,实践是指()
A. 人们改造客观世界的活动
B. 人们认识世界的活动
C. 人们改造自然的活动
D. 人们改造社会的活动
2、下列选项中,属于物质范畴的是()
A. 磁场
B. 经济制度
C. 道德
D. 政治思想
3、下列关于意识的表述,正确的是()
A. 意识的内容是主观的,形式是客观的
B. 意识是大脑对外界刺激的无条件反射
C. 意识是大脑活动的产物
D. 意识是自然界长期发展的产物
4、下列关于物质和意识关系的表述,正确的是()
A. 物质和意识相互依存、相互作用
B. 物质决定意识,意识对物质具有反作用
C. 意识的能动作用是物质所具有的根本属性
D. 意识是物质的唯一特性
5、下列关于社会意识的表述,正确的是()
A. 社会意识是对社会存在的反映
B. 社会意识不受社会历史条件的制约
C. 社会意识对社会存在具有决定作用
D. 社会意识具有相对独立性,不受社会存在的影响
2020年全国硕士研究生考试政治考试题是指2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试中政治科目的考试试卷。
该试卷主要考察学生对政治基础知识的掌握程度和运用能力等。
2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试试题及答案(管理类综合能力)
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2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试试题及答案(管理类综合能力)2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试试题及参考答案(管理类综合能力)(科目代码:199)一、问题求解:第1~15小题,每小题3分,共45分.下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中,只有一项是符合试题要求的.1. 甲股票上涨后的价格与乙股票下跌后的价格相等,则甲、乙股票的原价格之比为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】E2. 将3张写有不同数字的卡片随机排成一排,数字面朝下,翻开左边和中间的2张卡片,如果中间卡片上的数字大,那么取中间的卡片。
否则取右边的卡片,则取出的卡片上的数字最大的概率为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】C3. 甲乙两人参加健步走活动,第一天两人走的步数相同,此后甲每一天都比前一天多走100步,乙每天走的步数保持不变.若乙前7天走的总步数与甲前6天走的总步数相同,则甲第7天走了( )A.步B.步C. 步D.步E.步【答案】D4. 函数的最小值为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】B5. 已知点,若四边形为平行四边形,则( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】B6. 已知等差数列满足,且,则公差为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】C7. 已知都是正整数,若,则的取值方法有( )A.种B.种C.种D.种E.种【答案】C8. 如图1,正三角形的边长为,以为圆心,以为半径做圆弧,再分别以为圆心,以为半径作圆弧,则阴影部分的面积为A. B. C.D. E.图1【答案】B9. 在雨季,某水库的蓄水量已超警戒水位,同时上游来水均匀注入水库,需要及时泄洪.若开个泄洪闸,则水库的蓄水量降到安全水位需要天;若开个泄洪闸,则水库的蓄水量降到安全水位需要天,若开个泄洪闸,则水库的蓄水量降到安全水位需要( )A.天B.天C.天D. 天E.天【答案】B10. 如图2,在三角形点阵中,第行及其上方所有点的个数之和记为,如.已知是平方数且,则( )A. B. C. D. E.图2【答案】C11. 如图3,在边长为2的正三角形材料中截减出一个半圆形工件,半圆的直径在三角形一条边上,则这个半圆的面积最大为( )A. B. C. D. E.图3【答案】A12. 甲,乙两码头相距100千米,一艘轮船从甲地顺流而下到达乙地用了4小时,返回时游轮的静水速度增加了25%用了5小时,则航道的水流速度为( )A. B. C. D.E.【答案】D13. 如图4,圆柱形容器的底面半径是,将半径为的铁球放入容器后,液面的高度为,液面原来的高度为( )A. B. C. D. E.图4【答案】E14. 有4种不同的颜色,甲乙两人各自随机选2种,则两个所选颜色完全相同的概率为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】A15. 设非负实数满足,则的最大值为( )A. B. C. D. E.【答案】E二、条件充分性判断(第16~25题,每小题3分,共30分,要求判断每题给出的条件(1)与条件(2)能否充分支持题干中所陈述的结论.A,B,C,D,E五个选项为判断结果,请选择项符合试题要求的判断.请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑.)A.条件(1)充分,但条件(2)不充分B.条件(2)充分,但条件(1)不充分C.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,但条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来充分D.条件(1)充分,条件(2)也充分E.条件(1)和(2)单独都不充分,条件(1)和条件(2)联合起来也不充分16. 已知袋中装有红、黑、白三种颜色的球若干个,随机取出1球,则该球是白球的概率大于.(1) 红球数最少. (2) 黑球数不到一半.【答案】C17. 已知是正整数,则除以余.(1) 除以余.(2) 除以余.【答案】D18. 设二次函数,则能确定.(1) 曲线关于直线对称.(2) 曲线与直线相切.【答案】C19. 设为实数,则.(1) .(2) .【答案】A20. 设为实数,,则.(1)(2)【答案】C21. 设为正实数,则能确定.(1)(2)【答案】B22. 兔窝在兔子正北,狼在兔子正西,兔子和狼同时奔跑兔窝,则兔先到兔窝.(1) 兔子的速度是狼的(2) 兔子的速度是狼的.【答案】A23. 设.为实数,则确定.(1) .(2) .【答案】D24. 设曲线与轴有三个不同交点则.(1) 点的坐标为(2)【答案】C25. 设为等比数列,是的前项和,则确定的公比.(1)(2)【答案】E三、逻辑推理:第26-55小题,每小题2分,共60分。
南京审计大学2022年研究生招生考试初试试题 813概率论与数理统计
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南京审计大学2022年硕士研究生入学考试初试(笔试)试题(A 卷 ) 科目代码: 813 满分: 150分 科目名称: 概率论与数理统计 注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项;②所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效;③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回!一、计算题(共 3 小题,每题 15 分,共 45 分)1. 甲、乙两人在每一局获胜的概率都是0.5. 两人约定谁先赢得一定的局数就获得全部资本,但比赛在中途被打断了,请问在以下两种情况下,分别应该如何合理分配其全部资本:(1)甲、乙两人都各需赢k 局才能获胜;(2)甲还需赢2局才能获胜,乙还需赢3局才能获胜.2. 设X 服从参数为λ的指数分布【本卷定义指数分布密度函数为0(;)0xe xf x x λλλ−⎧≥=⎨<⎩,0λ>】, 令min{,2}Y X =, (1)求Y 的分布函数; (2)求{3|2}P X Y >=. 3. 设区域D 是由1,1,2y x y x x =−=+=及坐标轴围成的区域,(,)X Y 服从区域D 上的均匀分布,求(1)(,)X Y 的密度函数;(2)X 的边缘密度;(3){1}P X Y +>.二、综合题(共 3 小题,每题 15 分,共 45 分)1.(1)设1,,n X X 为独立同分布的样本,1X 的密度函数为111111(;)20x x f x θθ+⎧−≤≤⎪=⎨⎪⎩其他,其中(1,1)θ∈−为未知参数,请找一个θ的相合估计.(2)设1,,n X X 为独立同分布的样本,1X 的密度函数为11()()1(;)exp()x x f x e e θθθ−−−−=−,其中1x R ∈,exp()t t e =,求θ的C-R 下界(即Cramer-Rao 下界).2.(1)设1,,n X X 为独立同分布的样本,1X 的密度函数为1111(;)(1)x x f x θθθ−=−,其中10x =或者1,[0.50,0.75]θ∈,求θ的MLE (最大似然估计);(2) 设1,,n X X 为独立同分布的样本,1(,1)X N θ,并设θ的先验分布是参数为λ的指数分布,其中λ已知,求θ的后验分布.(本试卷可能用分位数: (1.64)0.95Φ=, (1.96)0.975Φ=, (2.68)0.996Φ=)3. (1)设1,,n X X 为来自(1,)b p 的样本,给出假设0010::H p p H p p =↔≠的似然比统计量;(2)设总体密度函数为(;)(1),01,0f x x x θθθθ=+≤≤>,检验为01:1:1H H θθ=↔<现观测1个样本,并取拒绝域为{0.5}W x =≤,求检验的势函数以及检验犯两类错误的概率.三、应用题(共 3 小题,每题 15 分,共 45 分)1. 某大学随机调查120名男同学,发现有50人非常喜欢看武侠小说,而随机调查的85名女同学中有23人喜欢,用大样本检验方法在0.05α=确认:男女同学在喜爱武侠小说方面有无显著差异?并给出检验的p 值. (可利用下面的近似值1/1200.0083≈, 1/850.0117≈, 50/1200.42≈, 23/850.27≈,73/2050.36≈0.0040.063≈0.00450.067≈0.00460.068≈0.0050.070≈)2. 在一次拍卖中,两个竞买一幅名画,拍卖以暗拍形式进行,并以最高价成交,设两人的出价相互独立且均服从[1,2]上的均匀分布,求这幅画的期望成交价。
357-英语翻译基础-扬州大学2024年硕士研究生初试试卷真题
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扬州大学2024年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷)科目代码357科目名称英语翻译基础满分150分注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项;②所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效;③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回!I.Translate the following terms into Chinese.(15points,1point each)1.Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation2.a community of shared developmentrge language model4.show leniency to people who make mistakes5.Global AI Governance Initiative6.movie box office revenue during Spring Festival holiday7.artificial intelligence ecosystem8.World Internet Conference Wuzhen Summit9.International Science and Technology Cooperation Initiative10.at-home care services for the elderly11.International Monetary Fund12.World Youth Development Forum13.Hangzhou Asian Para Games14.regulations to protect minors in cyberspace15.the tiered and classified social assistance systemII.Translate the following terms into English.(15points,1point each)1.世界科幻大会2.普惠金融高质量发展3.全球可持续交通高峰论坛4.火炬传递5.粮食安全保障体系6.“金砖”扩员7.模块化小型核反应堆8.恢复和扩大消费9.防汛救灾工作10.可再生能源装机容量11.文物保护利用12.民营经济13.高标准农田14.数字化转型15.中国-中亚峰会III.Translate the following passages into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(60points,20points each)Passage OneWhen we consider the situation of the human mind in nature,its limited plasticity and few channels of communication with the outer world,we need not wonder that we grope for light,or that we find incoherence and instability in human systems of ideas.The wonder rather is that we have done so well,that in the chaos of sensations and passions that fills the mind we have found any leisure for self-concentration and reflection,and have succeeded in gathering even a light harvest of experience from our distracted labours.Our occasional madness is less wonderful than our occasional sanity.Relapses into dreams are to be expected in a being whose brief existence is so like a dream;but who could have been sure of this sturdy and indomitable perseverance in the work of reason in spite of all checks and discouragements?Passage TwoIt is simple enough to say that since books have classes—fiction,biography,poetry—we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us.Yet few people ask from books what books can give us.Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds,asking of fiction that it shall be true,of poetry that it shall be false,of biography that it shall be flattering,of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read,that would be an admirable beginning.Do not dictate to your author;try to become him.Be his fellow-worker and accomplice.If you hang back,and reserve and criticize at first,you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read.But if you open your mind as widely as possible,then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness,from the twist and turn of the first sentences,will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.Steep yourself in this,acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you,or attempting to give you,something far more definite.Passage ThreeVery ready we are to say of a book,“How good this is—that’s exactly what I think!”But the right feeling is,“How strange that is!I never thought of that before,and yet I see it is true;or if Ido not now,I hope I shall,some day.”But whether thus submissively or not,at least be sure that you go to the author to get at his meaning,not to find yours.Judge it afterwards,if you think yourself qualified to do so;but ascertain it first.And be sure also,if the author is worth anything, that you will not get at his meaning all at once;—nay,that at his whole meaning you will not for a long time arrive in any wise.Not that he does not say what he means,and in strong words too; but he cannot say it all;and what is stranger,will not,but in a hidden way and parables,in order that he may be sure you want it.I cannot quite see the reason of this,nor analyze that cruel reticence in the breasts of wise men which makes them always hide their deeper thought.They do not give it to you by way of help,but of reward,and will make themselves sure that you deserve it before they allow you to reach it.IV.Translate the following passages into English.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(60points,20points each)Passage One我开始写小说,是在进了女师的第二年,那时刚满十五岁。
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年硕士研究生招生考试试卷
考试科目: 食品化学满分:分考试时间:分钟
注意:所有试卷答案写在答题纸上,答案写在试卷上无效。
一、填空题:(每空分,共分)
1.水分吸附等温线的制作方法有和两种。
同一种食品采用这二种方
法作出的曲线不完全重合的现象,被称为。
2.食品发生酶促褐变反应必须具备个条件,即、和。
3.小麦粉面团形成的主要原因是含有,包括和。
4.长期高温条件下,油脂的粘度升高,酸价,泡沫量。
5.根据维生素溶解性质的不同,可将其分为和两大类。
其中前
者主要有、、和等,后者包括、。
其中,在食品加工和贮藏过程最易损失,可以延缓油脂的氧化酸败。
6.人体必需的常量元素有、、、、钾、氯和钠
种,是体内含量占体重> 的元素。
7.发芽、变绿的马铃薯不能食用的原因是含有大量的。
二、判断题:(每题分,共分)
1.人的舌前部对酸味最敏感,人的腮两边对甜味敏感。
2.鱼油的主要成分是和。
3.相同水活度时,回吸食品的含水量比解吸食品的含水量小。
4.果蔬干制过程丢失的水分主要是自由态水。
5.凡是糖类都有甜味。
6.和直链淀粉相比,支链淀粉更易老化。
7.蛋白质在它们的等电点时比在其他时,对变性作用更稳定。
8.溶解度越大,蛋白质的乳化性能也越好,溶解度非常低的蛋白质,乳化性能差。
9.豆浆是油包水型的乳浊液。
10.过氧化值可表明油脂酸败程度。
11.当油脂酸败严重时,可加入大量的抗氧化剂使情况逆转。
12.氧化型酸败是油脂中的饱和脂肪酸自动氧化而造成的。
13.植物中矿物质以游离形式存在为主。
14.α型油脂中脂肪酸侧链为无序排列,它的熔点低,密度小,不稳定。
15.琼脂可以形成热可逆性凝胶。
16.食品中的铁有+和+两类,其中+易于吸收。
17.从溶解性上来说,胡萝卜素类不溶于水,叶黄素类溶于水。
18.脱涩是使可溶性多酚类物质生成不溶性物质即变无涩。
19.具有调节钙、磷代谢,预防佝偻病和软骨病等生理功能。
20.血红素结构中的金属元素是+。
21.花青素在酸性条件下显红色。
22.霉变的花生中可能含有黄曲霉毒素,可通过加热的方式将其破坏。
23.光敏氧化的速度比自动氧化约快倍。
24.叶绿素结构中的金属元素是。
25.族维生素在大的碾磨中损失随着碾磨精度的增加而减少。
三、名词解释:(每题分,共分)
1.水分活度
2.生理碱性食品
3.淀粉老化
4.焦糖化反应
5.油脂过氧化值()
6.蛋白质变性
四、问答题:(每题分,共分)
1.食品中水的存在形式及其各自特点。
2.案例分析:年月,中部某市一所中小学的综合实践教育中心,有一百多名学生在早餐
之后,先后出现呕吐、头晕、肚子痛、腹泻等食物中毒的症状,后来查明这起食物中毒是因为这些学生在早餐的时候,都喝了未煮熟的豆浆,导致学生食用以后发生食物中毒。
就此案例分析回答几个问题:()食用生豆浆后产生中毒症状的原因;()豆浆应如何正确食用才不会引起食物中毒?()除生豆浆外,还有哪些食物食用不当也会中毒,列举种,并说明原因及如何避免食用时发生中毒。
3.从β环状糊精的结构特征说明其在食品工业中的作用。
4.简述油脂的自动氧化机理,并简述它与油脂光敏氧化有何区别?何者对油脂酸败的影
响更大?
5.“水分活度()可以很好地预测食品的稳定性。
”这一结论适用于冷冻食品吗?为什么?
6.简述食品添加剂亚硝酸盐对食品的作用。
7.植物性食物中钙、铁的生物有效性如何?为什么?
五、论述题:(每题分,共分)
1.请用食品化学知识说明油脂经长时高温加热后产生的品质变化;同时指出影响食品中
脂类氧化速率的因素。
2.请用食品化学知识解释美拉德反应的反应机理,对食品会产生什么利与弊,以及在哪
些方面可以控制美拉德反应?
3.请用食品化学知识说明热加工对食品中蛋白质的利与弊。
4.为什么鲜榨苹果汁容易褐变?请用食品化学知识说明其反应机理并提出相应的解决
措施。
5.。