南京大学二外英语2009年考研真题及参考答案

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2009年考研英语二真题试卷(后附答案详解)

2009年考研英语二真题试卷(后附答案详解) Section I Use of EnglishRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the startingline because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead ofcasting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better still Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and evenentirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an ex ecutive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is tokill off all possibilities but one. A good innovationalthin ker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 coveredthat humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts downhalf of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” expla ins M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing whatyou’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where de veloping new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for afamily’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, w hich a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump togetherinformation from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely tobe__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, andremains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building i ndustry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workf orce to substantially improve productivityfor the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers,let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you sh all be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that NewEnglanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in NewEngland__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitableone from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of allcultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society andculture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies. [D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories ofkinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is itseffect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of associationitself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young uponthe same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Section I Use of English答案解析：1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”， suppose表示“假设”， observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”，Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。

2009年考研英语真题原文与答案完整版

2009年考研英语真题原文及答案完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - a gradual 7 - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads."The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off allpossibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system - that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23." ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK's ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one's birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits " According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literarycompositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . "Our main end was to catch fish. "36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture-known as functionalism-became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of humanassociation under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 答案Section I Use of English1-5 BADBC 6-10 ADCBD11-15 DBCDA 16-20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25 ABCAA 26-30 ACDAB31-35 DBBAC 36-40 BBDACPart B41-45 CEABGPart C46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。

2009年考研英语真题(含答案解析)

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday.Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly2to live shorter lives. This suggests that3bulbs burn longer,that there is an4in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence,it5out,is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep,burns more fuel and is slow6the starting line because it depends on learning—a gradual7—instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to8.Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence?That’s the questionbehind this new research.I like it.Instead of casting a wistful glance10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise,it implicitly asks what the real11of our own intelligence might be.This is12the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would13on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner,14,is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning.we believe that15animals ran the labs,they would test us to16the limits of our patience,our faithfulness,our memory for terrain.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17,not merely how much of it there is.18,they would hope to study a19question:Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20the results are inconclusive.1.[A]Suppose[B]Consider[C]Observe[D]Imagine2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer4.[A]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D] priority5.[A]insists on[B]sums up[C]turns out[D]putsforward6.[A]off[B]behind[C]over[D]along7.[A]incredible[B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D] gradual8.[A]fight[B]doubt[C]stop[D]think9.[A]invisible[B]limited[C]indefinite[D] different10.[A]upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D] backward11.[A]features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs12.[A]outside[B]on[C]by[D] across13.[A]deliver[B]carry[C]perform[D] apply14.[A]by chance[B]in contrast[C]as usual[D]for instance15.[A]if[B]unless[C]as[D]lest16.[A]moderate[B]overcome[C]determine[D] reach17.[A]at[B]for[C]after[D]with18.[A]Above all[B]After all[C]However[D]Otherwise19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent[D]hostile20.[A]By accident[B]In time[C]So far[D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.“Not choice,but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the19th century.In the ever-changing21st century, even the word“habit”carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits,we create parallel synaptic paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus,they’re there to stay.Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”says Dawna Markova,author of“The Open Mind”and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.“But we are taught instead to‘decide,’just as our president calls himself‘the Decider.’”She adds,however,that“to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says.Researchers in the late1960covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways:analytically, procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively.At puberty, however,the brain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.“This breaks the major rule in theAmerican belief system—that anyone can do anything,”explains M.J. Ryan,author of the2006book“This Year I Will...”and Ms.Markova’s business partner.“That’s a lie that we have perpetuated,and it fosters commonness.Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”This is where developing new habits comes in.21.The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.22.The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided23.”ruts”(in line one,paragraph3)has closest meaning toA.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections24.Ms.Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing?A,prevents new habits form being formedB,no longer emphasizes commonnessC,maintains the inherent American thinking modelD,complies with the American belief system25.Ryan most probably agree thatA.ideas are born of a relaxing mindB.innovativeness could be taughtC.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD.curiosity activates creative mindsText2It is a wise father that knows his own child,but today a man can boost his paternal(fatherly)wisdom–or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our$30for paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstore–and another$120to get the results.More than60,000people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years,according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene,which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public,ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than$2500.Among the most popular:paternity and kinship testing,which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical,“There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,”says Trey Duster,a New York University sociologist.He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a fewcenturies back.Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA,which a passed down only from mothers.This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors,even though,for example,just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or,four generations back,14other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results.In addition,the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs1and2,the text shows PTK’s___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C]successful promotion[D]popularity with households27.PTK is used to__________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C]identify parent-child kinship[D]choose children for adoption28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines[C]fully use genetic information[D]achieve the claimed accuracy29.In the last paragraph,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B]overlapping database building30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B]DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D]lies behind DNA testingText3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alikeprogress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social,political and intellectual development of these and all other societies;however,the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.We are fortunate that is it,because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and,as a result,radically higher standards of living.Ironically,the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago,with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak.The U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S.economic performance.Japan was, and remains,the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.Yet the research revealed that the U.S.factories of Honda Nissan,and Toyota achieved about95percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S.workers received on the job.More recently,while examing housing construction,the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston,Texas,consistently met best-practice labor productivitystandards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development?We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it.After all,that’s how education got started.When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers10,000years ago,they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved,humanity’s productivity potential,they could in turn afford more education.This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary,but not a sufficient,condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.A lack of formal education,however,doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future.On the contrary,constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31.The author holds in paragraph1that the important of education inpoor countries___________.[A]is subject groundless doubts[B]has fallen victim of bias[C]is conventional downgraded[D]has been overestimated32.It is stated in paragraph1that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C]demands priority from the government[D]requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A]the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B]the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D]]the U.S workforce is more organize34.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged__________.[A]when people had enough time[B]prior to better ways of finding food[C]when people on longer went hung[D]as a result of pressure on government35.According to the last paragraph,development of education __________.[A]results directly from competitive environments[B]does not depend on economic performance[C]follows improved productivity[D]cannot afford political changesText4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy,nowhere else in colonial America was“So much important attached to intellectual pursuits”According to many books and articles,New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.But inkeeping with our examination of southern intellectual life,we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances.The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.`Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.There men wrote and published extensively,reaching both New World and Old World audiences,and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget,however,that most New Englanders were less well educated.While few crafts men or farmers,let alone dependents and servants,left literary compositions to be analyzed,The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late1630s,left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs.sexual confusion,economic frustrations, and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible,told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate,and read the magical words:“come out from among them,touch no unclean thing,and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while,many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s,as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion.“Our main end was to catch fish.”36.The author notes that in the seventeenth-century NewEngland___________.[A]Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.[C]Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D]intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37.It is suggested in paragraph2that New Englanders__________.[A]experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World[C]paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D]were obsessed with religious innovations38.The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A]were famous in the New World for their writings[B]gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C]abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D]created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39.The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A]influenced by superstitions[B]troubled with religious beliefs[C]puzzled by church sermons[D]frustrated with family earnings40.The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A]were mostly engaged in political activities[B]were motivated by an illusory prospect[C]came from different backgrounds.[D]left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions(41-45),choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which donot fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the1860s,British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena,including human societies,changed over time,advancing toward perfection.41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late1800s.Morgan,along with Tylor,was one of the founders of modern anthropology.In his work,he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early1900s in North America,German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism.Historical particularism,which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures,gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________. Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology,largely through the influence of many students of Boas.But a number of anthropologists in the early1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few,especially gifted peoples that,according to diffusionists,then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early1900s,French sociologistÉmile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity.An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European,and especially British,anthropology.[A]Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations,such as inventions,had a single origin and passed from society to society.This theory was known as diffusionism.[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible,Boas became skilled in linguistics,the study of languages,and in physical anthropology,the study of human biology and anatomy.[C]He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the“survival of the fittest,”in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger,more advanced races and societies.[D]They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure,such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E]Thus,in his view,diverse aspects of culture,such as the structure of families,forms of marriage,categories of kinship,ownership of property, forms of government,technology,and systems of food production,all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G]For example,British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J. Perry incorrectly suggested,on the basis of inadequate information,that farming,pottery making,and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egyptand diffused throughout the world.In fact,all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others,and the deliberate educating of the young.In the former case the education is incidental;it is natural and important,but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience;but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began,for example,in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences;family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity;systematic labor,for the most part,because of enslavement to others,etc.47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today,in our industrial life,apart fromcertain values of industriousness and thrift,the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young,the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact,gains in importance.48While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50We are thus led to distinguish,within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering,a more formal kind of education--that of direct tuition or schooling.In undeveloped social groups,we find very little formal teaching and training.These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions.“White pollution”is still going on.Write a letter to the editor(s)of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about100words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e"Li Ming"instead.You do not need to write the address.Part B52.Directions:In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20points)【真题答案】2009年1月10日考研英语完整答案1—5BADBC6—10ADCBD11—15DBCDA16—20CBAAC21—25ABCAA26—30ACDAB31—35DBBAC36—40BBDAC41—45CEABG46.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience,but this effect is not a part of its original motive尽管人们可以这样说，对任何一个社会制度价值的衡量就是其在增长和丰富经验方面所产生的影响，但是这种影响并不是其最初(原来)动机的一部分。

南京大学语言学考研真题及参考答案(2006～2009)【圣才出品】

10．南京大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2006～2009）南京大学2009年语言学考研真题考试科目：英语语言文学Ⅰ. Write the International Phonetic Alphabet for the following words. (12/150)(1) attentive (2) deference (3) hypothesis (4) pathetic(5) catastrophe (6) ascent (7) subtlety (8) caveat(9) frugal (10) influenza (11) languid (12) vehement【答案】(1) attentive[] (2) deference[](3) hypothesis[](4) pathetic: [] (5) catastrophe: [](6) ascent: [](7) subtlety: [] (8) caveat: [](9) frugal: [](10) influenza: [] (11) languid: [](12) vehement: []Ⅱ. The following sentence is taken from Barack Obama’s Victory Speech. The underlined words are stressed by Obama. State the general rules of sentence stress and discuss whether the underlined words conform to these rules (e.g.,which ones are generally stressed; which ones are normally not stressed but get stressed here; and which ones that are normally stressed but are not stressed here). (15/150)If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. 【答案】In general situations, lexical words are normally stressed while grammatical words are unstressed. Those which mainly work for constructing groups, phrase, clause, clause complex, or even text are grammatical words, such as, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. And those which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are lexical words. Lexical words carry the main content of a language while grammatical ones serve to link together different content parts. Therefore, lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones as functional words.In this passage, the verb doubts, wonders, questions, the noun America, things, dream, founders, power, democracy, the adjective: possible, alive, the adverb: still, all, fall into the category of lexical words and are generally stressed. The pronoun: anyone, our and your, are grammatical words which are not normally stressed but get stressed here, and the noun: place, time, tonight, answer, are lexical words that are normally stressed but are not stressed in this text.(本题考查词的分类和重音，根据词性来判断是否应该重读。

2009年考研英语二真题及答案

2009年考研英语二真题及答案【篇一：2009英语二真题及答案】t>section ii close(10%)directions: for each numbered blank in the followingpassage ,there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. choose thebest one and mark your answer on answer sheet 1 with a pencil. (10 points)delta region. triple-digit oil prices have the economic and political map of the world, some old importers—including chinaand economic and social costs.managing this new order is fast becoming a central politics. countries that need oil are clawing at each other scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with anyunpleasant, to do it .in many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to investment funds run by foreign governments, some in the west see as a new threat. countries like russia, venezuela and iran are well supplied with rising , a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. but some unexpected countries are reaping costs, from higher prices. consider it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming russia and the middle east.in the united states, as already high gas prices higher in the spring of for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. and driving habits began a sharp increase in riders.21. a. comeb. gone c. crossed d. arrived22. a. covered b. discovered c. arranged d. ranged23. a. intensityb. infinity c. insecurity d.instability24. a. drawn b. redrawn c. retained d. reviewed25. a. fighting b. struggling c. challenging d. threatening26. a. and b. while c. thus d. though27. a. confine b. conflict c. conform d. confront28. a. problem b. question c. matterd. event29. a. look forb. lock up c. send out d. keep off30. a. no matter b. what if c. only if d. in spite of31. a. abolishing b. deprivingc. destroying d. eliminating32. a. whatb. that c. which d. whom33. a. interestsb. taxes c. incomes d. revenues34. a. as many as b. as good as c. as far asd. as well as35. a. although b. because c. since d. as36. a. advanced b. grew c. reduces d. multiplie37. a. evenb. still c. ratherd. fairly38. a. asking b. requesting c. calling d. demanding39. a. change b. turn c. shift d. transform40.a. for b. from c. acrossd. overpart iii reading comprehension (40%)direction: there are 4 passages in this part. each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. for each of them there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. you should decide on the best choice. then blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a pencil.passage1.heic ibsen ,author of the playa dolls house, in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons .her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. from january ist ,2008, all public companies in norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.but about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the governments liking. they will shortly receive a letterinforming them that they have until the end of february to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in norway were female , according to the centre for corporate diversity .the number has since jumped to 36%. that is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across europe or americas 15% for the fortune 500.norways stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen. i am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle, says sverre munck , head of international operations at a media firm. board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,be says. several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each,and are known in norwegian business circles as the golden skirts. one reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. it has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. recent history in norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. women feel more compelled than men to do their homework, says ms reksten skaugen , who was voted norways chairman of the year for 2007, and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers.41. the author mentions ibsens play in the first paragraph in order to?a. depict womens dilemma at workb. explain the newly passed lawc. support norwegian governmentd. introduce the topic under discussion42. a public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to?.a. pay a heavy fineb. close down its businessc. change to a private businessd. sign a document promising to act43. to which of the following is sverre munck most likely to agree?a. a set ratio of women in a board is ueasonable.b. a reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.c. a common principle should be followed by all companies.d. an inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.the author attributes the phenomenon of golden skirts to? .a. the small number of qualified females in managementb. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesc. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsd. the discrimination toward women in norwegian business circles45. the main idea of the passage might be? .a. female power and liberation in norwayb. the significance of heic ibsens playc. womens status in norwegian firmsd. the constitution of board members in norwaypassage2while theres never a good age to get cancer, people in their20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. the average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.in her new book crazy sexy cancer tips, writer kris carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as shes discovering life. ms. carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.ms. carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. she called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a full-time healing addict. then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. the result was her own personal cancer posse: a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a mtv celebrity, to name a few. this club of? cancer babes offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things. ms. carr put her cancer experience in a recent learning channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. cancer isnt funny, but ms. carr often is. she swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( dr. fabulous and dr. guru ), and she even makes second sound fun (cancer road trips, she calls them).she leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips thatreflect the world view of a young adult. i refused to let cancer ruin my party, she writes. thereare just too many cool thingsto do and plan and live for.ms. carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so youre not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing gloria gaynors i will survive so loud you neighbors call the police. ms. carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle, she writes.while her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?a. children.b. people in their 20s and 30s.c. young adults.d. elderly people.47. all of the following statements are true except _______.a. kris carr is a female writerb. kris carr is more than 31-year-old.c. kris carr works in a cancer center.d. kris carr is very optimistic.48. the phrase cancer posse (line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________a. a cancer research organizationb. a group of people who suffer from cancerc. people who have recovered from cancerd. people who cope with cancer49. kris carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________a. she is depressed and likes swearingb. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorc. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctord. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. from kris carrs cancer tips we may infer that ________a. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerb. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerc. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsd. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientspassage3questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:should a leader strive to be loved or feared?thisquestion,famously posed by machiavelli,lies at the heart of joseph nyes new book.mr.nye,a former dean of the kennedy school of government at harvard and one-time chairman of americas national intelligence council,is best known for promoting the idea of soft power,based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to hard power,based oncoercion(强迫) and force.the context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.in modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.but that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.mr.nye argues.instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.the conclusion of the powers to lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.the dominant theoretical model of leadership at the momentis ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but mr,nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.he examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.there are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical andcontemporary,political and corporate.alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even mr.nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.he is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders? to lie -and he provides a helpful12-point summary of his conclusions.a recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.51.from the first two paragraphs we may learn thanmr.machiavellis idea of hard power is ______.a.well accepted by joseph nyeb.very influential till nowadaysc.based on sound theoriesd.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52.which of the following makes soft power more important today according to mr.nye?a.coercion is widespread.b.morality is devalued.c.power is no longer concentrated.d.traditional hierarchies are strengthened53.in his book the powers to lead,mr.nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership except_____.a.authorityb.contextc.approaches【篇二：2009年考研英语真题及解析】t>2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题section iuse of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are.the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer in the science times. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly to live shorter lives. this suggests thatin not being too bright.intelligence, it __5 , is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow the starting line because it depends on learning — _ process — instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the thingsthey‘ve apparently learned is when to __8 . intelligence?that‘s the question behind this new research. instead of casting a wistful glance __10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust i.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real of our own intelligence might be. this is the mind of every animal we‘ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that __15animals ran the labs, they would test us to __16the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. there is. __18 , they would hope to study a(n) 19question: are humans actually aware of the the results are inconclusive.1. [a] suppose [b] consider [c] observe [d] imagine2. [a] tended[b] feared [c] happened [d] threatened3. [a] thinner[b] stabler [c] lighter [d] dimmer4. [a] tendency [b] advantage [c] inclination[d] priority5. [a] insists on [b] sums up[c] turns out [d] puts forward6. [a] off[b] behind [c] over [d] along7. [a] incredible[b] spontaneous [c]inevitable [d] gradual8. [a] fight [b] doubt[c] stop [d] think9. [a] invisible [b] limited [c] indefinite[d] different10. [a] upward[b] forward [c] afterward [d] backward11. [a] features[b] influences c] results [d] costs12. [a] outside[b] on[c] by[d] across13. [a] deliver[b] carry [c] perform [d] apply14. [a] by chance[b] in contrast [c] as usual [d] for instance15. [a] if [b] unless [c] as [d] lest16. [a] moderate [b] overcome [c] determine [d] reach17. [a] at [b] for[c] after[d] with18. [a] above all [b] after all [c] however [d] otherwise19. [a] fundamental [b] comprehensive[c] equivalent [d] hostile20. [a] by accident [b] in time[c] so far [d] better stillsection ii reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)text 1habits are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―not choice, buthabit rules the ueflecting herd,‖ william wordsworth said in the 19th century. in the ever-changing 21st century, even theword ―habit‖ carries a negative implication.so it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creaturesof habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. in fact, the more new things we try –the more we step outside our comfort zone – the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our own personal lives.but don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once thosebrain, they‘re there to stay. instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―the first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says dawna markova, author of the open mind. ―but we are taught instead to ?decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ?the decider.‘ ‖ she adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. a good innovational thinkeris always exploring the many other possibilities.‖all of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collabor ative modes of thought. ―this breaks the major rule in the american belief system — thatanyone can do anything,‖ explains m. j. ryan, author of the 2006 book this year i will... and ms. markova‘s business partner. ―that‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, a nd it fosters commonness. knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ this is where developing new habits comes in.21. in wordsworth‘s view, ―habits‖ is characterized by being[a] casual.[b] familiar. [c] mechanical. [d] changeable.22. brain researchers have discovered that the formation of habits can be[a] predicted.[b] regulated. [c] traced.[d] guided.23. the word ―ruts‖ (line 1, paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to[a] tracks.[b] series. [c] characteristics. [d] connections.24. dawna markova would most probably agree that[a] ideas are born of a relaxing mind.[b] innovativeness could be taught.[c] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.[d] curiosity activates creative minds.25. ryan‘s comments sug gest that the practice of standardized testing[a] prevents new habits from being formed.[b] no longer emphasizes commonness.[c] maintains the inherent american thinking model.[d] complies with the american belief system.text 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. all he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last year, according to doug fogg, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozen companies sell dna tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. dnatesting is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists --- and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. all tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare dna.but some observers are skeptical, ―there is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says troy duster, a new york university sociologist. he notes that each individual has many ancestors --- numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited thro ugh men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial dna, which is passed down only frommothers. this dna can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. this means that a dna database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. in addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. in paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows ptk‘s[a] easy availability.[b] flexibility in pricing.[c] successful promotion.[d] popularity with households.27. ptk is used to[a] locate one‘s birth place.[b] promote genetic research.[c] identify parent-child kinship.[d] choose children for adoption.28. skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to[a] trace distant ancestors. [b] rebuild reliable bloodlines. [c] fully use genetic information. [d] achieve the claimed accuracy.29. in the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetictesting faces is[a] disorganized data collection.[b] overlapping database building.[c] excessive sample comparison.[d] lack of patent evaluation.30. an appropriate title for the text is most likely to be[a] fors and againsts of dna testing.[b] dna testing and its problems.[c] dna testing outside the lab.[d] lies behind dna testing.text 3the relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic developmentin poor countries is wrong. we are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them toimprove economic performance would require two or three generations. the findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states. not long ago, with the country entering a recession and japan at its pre-bubble peak, the u.s. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor u.s. economic performance. japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. yet the research revealed that the u.s. factories of honda, nissan, and toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their japanese counterparts as a result of the training that u.s. workers received on the job.more recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-english-speaking mexican workers in houston, texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.what is the real relationship between education and economic development? we have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. after all, that‘s how education got started. when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about a nything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.as education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential increased as well. when the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. this increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. a lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. the author holds in paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries[a] is subject to groundless doubts.[b] has fallen victim of bias.[c] is conventionally downgraded.[d] has been overestimated.32. it is stated in paragraph 1 that the construction of a new education system[a] challenges economists and politicians.[b] takes efforts of generations.[c] demands priority from the government.[d] requires sufficient labor force.33.a major difference between the japanese and u.s workforces is that[a] the japanese workforce is better disciplined.[b] the japanese workforce is more productive.[c] the u.s workforce has a better education.【篇三：2009年考研英语真题(含答案解析)】p class=txt>directions:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmers piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. this suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to 8.is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? thats the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species weve left in the dust i.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. this is 12 the mind of every animal ive ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. they would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17, not merely how much of it there is.18, they would hope to study a 19 question: are humans actually aware of the world section i use of english they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [a] suppose2. [a] tended3. [a] thinner。

2009年考研英语二真题试卷(后附答案详解)

2009考研英语（二）真题及答案解析Directions：For each numbered blank in the following passage，there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had 21 the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge 22 from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread 23 in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have 24 the economic and political map of the world, 25 some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 26 major importers—including china and India, home to a third of the world's population 27 rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central 28 of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to 29 scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 30 how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption, 31 these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 32 some in the west see as a new threat. Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33 , a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 34 costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 35 it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia 36 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose 37 higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama 38 for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to 39 ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems 40 the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D. instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatening26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplied37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40. A. for B. from C. across D. overPart III Reading Comprehension (40%)Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.PASSAGE1.Henric Ibsen ,author of the play"A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist ,2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receivea letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience. Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree? A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen's playC. women's status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in NorwayPASSAGE2.While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of "cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru ), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them).She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. " Thereare just too many cool things to do and plan and live for."Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. " people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?A. Children.B. People in their 20s and 30s.C. Young adults.D. Elderly people.47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________A. a cancer research organizationB. a group of people who suffer from cancerC. people who have recovered from cancerD. people who cope with cancer49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________A. she is depressed and likes swearingB. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorC. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctorD. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerB. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerC. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsD. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsPASSAGE3.Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:Should a leader strive to be loved or feared?This question,famously posed by Machiavelli,lies at the heart of Joseph Nye's new book.Mr.Nye,a former dean of the Kennedy School of Govemment at Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council,is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power",based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to "hard power",based on coercion(强迫) and force.Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books,Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership,in both the political and business spheres.Machiavelli,he notes,concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved,but as it is difficult for the two to go together,it is much safer to be feared than loved."In short,hard power is preferable to soft power.But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.In modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.Mr.Nye argues.Instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.The conclusion of The Powers to Lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.Anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but Mr,Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.He examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.There are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical and contemporary,political and corporate.Alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even Mr.Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions.A recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.51.From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr.Machiavelli's idea of hard power is ______.A.well accepted by Joseph NyeB.very influential till nowadaysC.based on sound theoriesD.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52.Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?A.Coercion is widespread.B.Morality is devalued.C.Power is no longer concentrated.D.Traditional hierarchies are strengthened53.In his book the Powers to lead,Mr.Nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.A.authorityB.contextC.approachesD.morality54.Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it _____.A.makes little use of management termsB.summarizes various studies conciselyC.serves as an exit for leadership researchersD.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders55.According to the author,the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his _____.A.view of changeable leadershipB.definition of good leadershipC.summary of leadership historyD.discussion of moral leadershipPASSAGE4Questions 56to 60are based on the following passage:Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it.Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, whichtoo often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. "I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp. "But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."56. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Human wars.B. Economic crisis.C. America's environmental policies.D. Global environment in general.57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economyis__________.A. of utmost importanceB. a fight no one can winC. beyond people's imaginationD. a less significant issue58. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_______.A. frictionB. contradictionC. conflictD. problem59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?A. CriticalB. IndifferentC. SupportiveD. Compromising60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with___________.A. the new book written by Fred KruppB. how America can fight against global warmingC. the harmful effects of global warmingD. how America can tide over economic crisisPart Ⅳ TranslationWith the nation’s financial system teetering on a cliff. The compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.Bankers’ excessive risk- taking is a significant cause of this financial crisis and has continued, to others in the past, in this case, it was fueled by low interest rates and kept going by a false sense of security created by a debt-fueled bubble in the economy.Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back dividing the laws and selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain, advantage of the same high-tech securitization to load on more risky mortgage-based assets.Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible practices that led banks down in this road, in hopes averting the next crisis, which is likely to involve different financial techniques and different sorts of assets. But it is worth examining the root problem of compensation schemes that are tied to short-term profits and revenue’s, and thus encourage bankers to take irresponsible risks. Section Ⅲ Translation 46. Directions: In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do --- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions? Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy. However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction , but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.小作文真题：suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life you should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe"大作文真题：write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments you should write at least 150 wrods write your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)2009考研英语（二）真题及答案解析（4）答案SECTION 221-30 CDDBC BDABA31-40 BADDA BACACSECTION 341-50 BBAAC CCBCC51-60 DCABD CAAACSECTION 4由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注. 银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济. 抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构,这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险. 金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险.46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He‟d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didin‟t go well. “It was a really had move because that‟s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, …Just wait, you‟ll trun the corner, give it some time.‟”翻译参考“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。

[考研类试卷]2009年南京大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2009年南京大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷.doc[考研类试卷]2009年南京大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷一、填空题1 Author______ Title______Ten Thousand saw I at a glance,Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.2 Author______ Title______It was now midnight, and my task was drawing to a close. I had completed the eighth, the ninth and the tenth tier. I had finished a portion of the last and the eleventh; there remained but a single stone to be fitted and plastered in.3 Author______ Title______Roger edged past the Chief, only just avoiding pushing him with his shoulder. The yelling ceased, and Samneric lay looking up in quiet terror. Roger advanced upon them as one wielding a nameless authority.4 Author______ Title______I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence;Tow roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.5 Author______ Title______The two waiters inside the cafe knew that the old man was a little drunk, and while he was a good client they knew that if he became too drunk he would leave without paying, so they kept watch on him.6 Author______ Title______Uncle Oscar took both Bassett and Paul into Richmond Park for an afternoon, and there they talked.7 Author______ Title______He decided to rest her in a clump of trees during the afternoon, and push onward under cover of darkness. At dusk Clare purchased food as usual, and their night march began, the boundary between Upper and Mid-Wessex being crossed about eight o' clock.8 Author______ Title______What thoughts I have of you tonight, Walt Whitman, for I walked down the sidestreets under the trees with a headache self-conscious looking at the full moon.9 Author______ Title______I would not have gone back to Joe now, I would not have gone back to Biddy now, for any consideration: simply, I suppose, because my sense of my own worthless conduct to them was greater than every consideration.10 Author______ Title______And though your graciousness might stream,And I contrive,Grandmother, stones are nothing of homeTo that spumiest dove.Against both bar and tower the black sea runs.二、问答题11 What does "Araby" mean? Discuss its significance as the tide of the story.12 What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger in William Blake' s "The Tyger" ?13 Emerson states; "Let a man then know his worth, and keep things under his feet. " This indicates the author' s belief in realvirtue. Please make comments on this line.14 Why did F. Scott Fitzgerald use "great" to modify the protagonist' s name Gatsby in the title of his novel The Great Gatsby?14 Moon LandingIt' s natural the Boys should whoop it up forso huge a phallic triumph, an adventureit would not have occurred to womento think worth while, made possible onlybecause we like huddling in gangs and knowingthe exact time: yes, our sex may in fairnesshurrah the deed, although the motivesthat primed it were somewhat less than menschlich.A grand gesture. But what does it period?What does it osse? We were always adroiterwith objects than lives, and more facileat courage than kindness; from the momentthe first flint was flaked this landing was merelya matter of time. But our selves, like Adam' s,still don' t fit us exactly, modernonly in this—Our lack of decorum.Homer' s heroes were certainly no braverthan our Trio, but more fortunate: Hectorwas excused the insult of havinghis valor covered by television.Worth going to see? I can well believe it.Worth seeing? Mneh! I once rode through a desertand was not charmed: give me a wateredlively garden, remote from blatherersabout the New, the von Brauns and their ilk, whereon August mornings I can count the morningglories where to die has a meaning,and no engine can shift my perspective.Unsmudged, thank God, my Moon still queens the Heavens as She ebbs and fulls, a Presence to glop at,Her Old Man, made of grit not protein,still visits my Austrian severalwith His old detachment, and the old warningsstill have power to scare me: Hybris comes toan ugly finish, Irreverenceis a greater oaf than Superstition.Our apparatniks will continue makingthe usual squalid mess called History:all we can pray for is that artists,chefs and saints may still appear to blithe it.(1969)15 What does the speaker mean in lines 1 -4? Do you agree with these sentiments?(4%)16 Besides being a satellite or a celestial body, what else does the moon suggest?(2%)17 What does the speaker think of science and technology? Does his opinion conform to or conflict with your ideas about the American space program?(4%)18 In the poem, the poet questions the wisdom of the 1969 moon landing. Write a short essay in which you discuss whether the United States should or should not continue space exploration.(10%)三、评论题19 Essay Question.(50 %)Bildunsroman refers to "novel of formation" or "novel of education". The subject of Bildunsroman, according to M. H.Abrams, is "the development of the protagonist' s mind and character, in the passage from childhood through varied experiences—and often through a spiritual crisis—into maturity, which usually involves recognition of one' s identity and role in the world". Choose a typical Bildunsroman you have read, and write a critical essay.。

2009年考研英语真题—答案

2009年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题答案1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”，suppose 表示“假设”，observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”，Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。

2. A.本题考查动词短语，happen to(碰巧)，fear to(唯恐…)，be threatened to被恐吓…。

tend to do表示“有…倾向，往往…”，代入文中表示比较聪明的果蝇往往寿命较短。

3. D.本题考查形容词，lighter更轻的，thinner更瘦的，stabler更稳定的，dimmer 比较暗淡的，本句是前一句推出的结论，即由“果蝇越聪明寿命越短”推出“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”。

4. B.本题考查名词。

由前半句“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”推出“这是不特别亮的灯泡的一个优点”。

tendency倾向，advantage优势，inclination倾向，priority优先权。

5. C.本题考查动词短语，turns out证明是，insist on坚持，sum up总结，put forward 提出。

6. A.本题考查介词，off表示离开。

代入文中表示离开起点时。

7. D.incredible难以置信的，spontaneous自发的，inevitable不可避免的，gradual 渐进的。

学习是一个渐进的过程，所以选gradual.8. C.本文的主旨是智力需要昂贵的代价。

大量的物种会学习，但它们首先学会的是知道什么时候停止学习，与上文的例子灯泡呼应。

四个选项中，fight表示斗争，doubt表示怀疑，stop表示停止，think表示思考，正确答案为C9. B.本题考查形容词，修饰intelligence。

invisible看不见的，indefinite不确定的，这两个选项意思不符合，排除。

2009年南京大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2009年南京大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4.1．Before leaving his office, the manager showed no sign of______our proposals.A．responding toB．showing offC．bringing alongD．pointing out正确答案：A解析：句意：直到我们离开他的办公室，经理也没对我们的建议有任何反应。

respond to对…作出反应；顺从，听从。

show off炫耀。

bring along带来。

point out 指出。

2．Hong Kong is a______city, and still more people are pouring in.A．popularB．populatedC．populaceD．populous正确答案：D解析：句意：香港是个人口稠密的城市，但是还是很多人在涌人。

popular 受欢迎的。

populated居住的。

populace百姓，平民。

populous人口稠密的。

3．Living in the central Australian desert has its problems,______ obtaining water is not the least.A．for whichB．to whichC．of whichD．in which正确答案：C解析：句意：居住在澳大利亚中心平原有很多不便，其中饮水还不是最难的。

表示所属关系，且先行词为problems。

4．I haven’ t the______idea what you mean.A．lightestB．smallestC．faintestD．dimmest正确答案：A解析：句意：我一点也不明白你的意思。

light此处指少量的，很少的。

5．I’d rather that my father______me an ipod as a birthday present. Instead he gave a disc-man.A．had givenB．gaveC．would giveD．would have given正确答案：A解析：would rather从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用一般过去时表示现在或将来要做的事；用过去完成时表示已经做过的事或过去要做的事。

【考研】2009年考研英语真题及答案

【考研】2009年考研英语真题及答案考研对于众多学子来说，是一场充满挑战和机遇的征程。

而考研英语作为其中的重要科目，其真题的研究对于备考具有至关重要的意义。

2009 年的考研英语真题，犹如一本承载着知识与智慧的厚重书籍，等待着我们去翻阅和解读。

在 2009 年考研英语的真题中，我们首先看到的是英语知识运用部分。

这一部分主要考查考生对词汇、语法等基础知识的掌握和运用能力。

题目涵盖了词汇的辨析、固定搭配、语法结构等多个方面。

比如，有关于近义词的区分，要求考生在细微的语义差别中做出准确的选择；还有对复杂句子结构的理解，需要考生清晰地把握句子的逻辑关系，从而找到正确的答案。

阅读理解部分一直是考研英语的重点和难点。

2009 年的阅读理解文章题材广泛，涉及社会科学、自然科学、人文艺术等多个领域。

这些文章不仅在语言上具有一定的难度，更在思想深度和逻辑推理方面对考生提出了较高的要求。

考生需要在有限的时间内，快速阅读并理解文章的主旨大意，捕捉关键信息，同时还要能够对文中的观点进行分析和判断。

新题型部分也是颇具特色。

无论是排序题、小标题匹配题还是段落填空，都考验着考生对文章整体结构和逻辑关系的把握。

这要求考生具备较强的综合分析能力和对语言的敏感度，能够在不同的题型中灵活运用解题技巧。

翻译部分则对考生的语言转换能力进行了考查。

考生需要将给定的英语句子准确、通顺地翻译成汉语，这不仅需要扎实的词汇和语法基础，还需要对中英两种语言的表达方式和文化背景有一定的了解。

写作部分包括小作文和大作文。

小作文通常是应用性的文体，如书信、通知等，考查考生在实际情境中的语言运用能力。

大作文则更注重考生的观点表达、论证能力和语言组织能力，要求考生能够用清晰、连贯的语言阐述自己的观点，并进行充分的论证。

接下来，我们来看一下 2009 年考研英语真题的答案。

对于每一道题目的答案，都有其背后的解题思路和依据。

在英语知识运用部分，答案的得出往往基于对词汇和语法的准确理解。

2009考研英语真题参考答案

2009考研英语真题参考答案以下《2009考研英语真题参考答案》由考研英语答案频道为您精心提供，欢迎大家参考。

答案Section I Use of English1—5 BADBC 6—10 ADCBD11—15 DBCDA 16—20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21—25 ABCAA 26—30 ACDAB31—35 DBBAC 36—40 BBDACPart B41—45 CEABGPart C46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。

47. 一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性因素更加缓慢得多。

48. 在和他们接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们的倾向的影响，但是也不像与成年人打交道那么简单。

49. 既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。

50. 因此，我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育，即直接的教导或学校教育。

Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. 应用文参考范文Dear editor，I am writing this letter to advise you of the pressing situationwe are facing now. As we know, being accustomed to using plastic bag in our daily life, some of us still take the “white pollution” for granted. Plastic bag has become the indispensible part of our life, and the “white pollution” now is a ubiquitous phenomenon, which greatly worsens our environment.To save the situation from further aggravating, I would like to suggest that: firstly, our government should make a set of laws to punish the groups and individuals who are still polluting the environment; secondly, new technologies should be used to produce degradable and renewable materials; thirdly, the local media can make full use of its own influence to intensify the publicity in order to enhance people’s awareness of environment.I hope that my suggestions are helpful, thank you for your attention!Sincerely yours，Li MingPart B52. 短文写作参考范文In the drawing, what first appears in front of us is a huge spider web, on which innumerable people are attached, like the catch of the owner of the web. What is more ironic is they are imprisoned in respective cabins, choosing contacting on line rather than communicating face to face.There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerable convenience. However, it drives too many individuals to be addicted to the fictional experience, and hence forget the traditional and most efficient communication method. Indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in the modern world. The following reasons may be contribute to thephenomenon. To begin with, people in mounting numbers, who are vividly called netters, indulge in on-line activities, because science and technology develops too fast for people to adapt to it. The Internet, in particular, moving forward with an unimaginable speed, provides people with a convenient tool of getting in touch with others, which lacks weighing its correctness. Moreover, the fierce competition also plays a role of forcing people to fear the situation, which results in people’s habit of wallowing in the unreal world.Hence, it is the high time that we highlighted the imperative of face-to-face communication between people. The joint efforts of the specialists, the netters and the educators are needed to cultivate the whole society with the essentiality. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of the relationship among individuals.考研英语栏目推荐链接：。

2009年考研英语真题及参考答案

2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. ②1 the fruit-ﬂy experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. ③Fruit ﬂies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit ﬂy2 to live shorter lives. ④This suggests that3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n)4 in not being too bright.①Intelligence, it 5 , is a high-priced option. ②It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning—a(n) 7 process—instead of instinct.③Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .①Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? ②That’s the question behind this new research. ③Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. ④This is 12 the mind of every animal we’ve ever met.①Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would13 on humans if they had the chance. ②Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. ③We believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. ④They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. ⑤ 18 , they would hope to study a(n) 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?⑥ 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] ﬁght [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indeﬁnite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] inﬂuences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1①Habits are a funny thing.②We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.③“Not choice, but habit rules the unreﬂecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century.④In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative implication.①So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.②But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.①Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.②In fact, the more new things we try—the more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.①But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay.②Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.①“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind.②“But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider’.”③She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. ④A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”①All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says.②Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively.③At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the ﬁrst decade or so of life.①The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.②“This breaksthe major rule in the American belief system—that anyone can do anything,” explains M.J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will …and Ms. Markova’s business partner. ③“That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. ④Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”⑤This is where developing new habits comes in.21. In Wordsworth’s view, “habits” is characterized by being__________.[A] casual [B] familiar[C] mechanical [D] changeable22. Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be__________[A] predicted. [B] regulated.[D]guided.traced.[C]23. The word “ruts” (Para. 4) is closest in meaning to__________[A] tracks. [B] series.[C] characteristics. [D] connections.24. Dawna Markova would most probably agree that__________[A] ideas are born of a relaxing mind.[B] innovativeness could be taught.[C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.[D] curiosity activates creative minds.25. Ryan’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing__________[A] prevents new habits form being formed.[B] no longer emphasizes commonness.[C] maintains the inherent American thinking mode.[D] complies with the American belief system.Text 2①It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom—or at least conﬁrm that he’s the kid’s dad. ②All he needs to do is shell out $30 for a paternity testing kit(PTK) at his local drugstore—and another $120 to get the results.①More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become availablewithout prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. ②More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2,500.①Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to ﬁnd their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. ②DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists—and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots.①Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. ②All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.①But some observers are skeptical.②“There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. ③He notes that each individual has many ancestors—numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. ④Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. ⑤This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.①Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. ②Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.③This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, soa person’s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. ④In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s___________.[A] easy availability[B] ﬂexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to___________.[A] locate one’s birth place[B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to___________.[A] trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is___________.[A] disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building[C] excessive sample comparison[D] lack of patent evaluation30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be___________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing[B] DNA Testing and It’s Problems[C] DNA Testing Outside the Lab[D] Lies behind DNA TestingText 3①The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike.②Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. ③We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.④The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.①Ironically, the ﬁrst evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. ②Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S. economic performance.③Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.④Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts—a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.①More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.①What is the real relationship between education and economic development? ②We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. ③After all, that’s how education got started.④When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food.⑤Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.①As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential increased as well. ②When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. ③This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.④Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.⑤A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future.⑥On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31.The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries__________.[A] is subject to groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventionally downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new educational system__________.[A] challenges economists and politicians[B] takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufﬁcient labor force33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that__________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C] the U.S. workforce has a better education[D] the U.S. workforce is more organized34.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged__________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of ﬁnding food[C] when people no longer went hungry[D] as a result of pressure on government35.According to the last paragraph, development of education__________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4①The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. ②According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.”③According to many other books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.①To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect. ②But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances.③The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.①The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and inﬂuence in England. ②Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and ofﬁcial of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.③These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.①We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated.②While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.③Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality.④A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is ﬁlled with signs.⑤Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the ﬁrst line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words:“Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”⑥One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churches.①Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. ②“Our main end was to catch ﬁsh.”36.The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England__________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life[B] intellectual interests were encouraged[C] Politics beneﬁted much from intellectual endeavors[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment37. It is suggested in Paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39.The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A] inﬂuenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different intellectual backgrounds[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to ﬁt into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not ﬁt in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. (41) ____________American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology—the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. (42) ____________In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historicalparticularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. (43) ____________Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. (44) ____________Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. (45) ____________Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly inﬂuence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A]Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single originand passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics,the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of theﬁttest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, moreadvanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure,such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood. [E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms ofmarriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F] Supporters of the theory viewed cultureas a collection of integrated parts that work together tokeep a society functioning.[G]For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J. Perry incorrectly suggested,on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with othersand the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact,gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.The need of training is too evident and the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we ﬁnd very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution”is still going on.Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions brieﬂy, and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 wordsANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing brieﬂy,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语试题参考答案Section I Use of English1. B. Consider2. A. tended3. D. dimmer4. B. advantage5. C. turns out6. A. off7. D. gradual8. C. stop9. B. limited 10. D. backward 11. D. costs 12. B. on 13. C. perform 14. D. for instance 15. A. if 16. C. determine 17. B. for 18. A. Above all 19. A. fundamental 20. C. So farSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText121. C. mechanical22. D. guided23. A. tracks24. D. curiosity activates creative minds.25. A. prevents new habits form being formed.Text226. A. easy availability27. C. identify parent-child kinship28. D. achieve the claimed accuracy29. A. disorganized data collection30. B. DNA Testing and Its ProblemsText331. D. has been overestimated32. B. takes efforts of generations33. B. the Japanese workforce is more productive34. C. when people no longer went hungry35. C. follows improved productivityText436. B. intellectual interests were encouraged37. B. brought with them the culture of the Old World38. D. created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. A. inﬂuenced by superstitions40. C. came from different intellectual backgroundsPart B41. C. He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the ﬁttest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.42. E. Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.43. A. Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.44. B. In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.45. G. For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part C46. 我们可以说，衡量任何社会机构价值的标准，是看它在丰富和完善人生经验过程中的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来就想要达到的。

南京大学二外英语2009年考研真题及参考答案-推荐下载

8．南京大学二外英语考研真题及参考答案（2009）南京大学2009年二外英语考研真题Ⅰ. Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences (25％)1. Before leaving his office, the manager showed no sign of _________ our proposals.A. responding toB. showing offC. bringing alongD. pointing out2. Hong Kong is a _________ city, and still more people are pouring in.A. popularB. populatedC. populaceD. populous3. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _________ obtaining water is not the least.A. for whichB. to whichC. of whichD. in which4. I haven’t the _________ idea what you mean.A. lightestB. smallestC. faintestD. dimmest5. I’d rather that my father _________ me an ipod as a birthday present. Instead he gave a discman.A. had givenB. gaveC. would giveD. would have given6. Do you want to see my driving license or my passport?Oh, _________.A. either does wellB. either one will doC. each one is goodD. each will be fine7. Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner _________ to the professor.A. as much asB. the same asC. as far asD. as long as8. We managed to reach the top of the mountain, and half an hour later we began to _________.A. ascendB. descendC. declineD. plunge9. Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be helped by “drugs” that aren’t really drugs at all _________ sugar pills that contain no active chemical elements.A. or ratherB. rather thanC. but ratherD. other than10. Bacon and eggs _________ common Sunday breakfast in England.A. is anB. are theC. is aD. are11. Don’t _________ about lunch for the instructors, because they promised to get some on theway.A. botherB. fussC. troubleD. think12. The factory has turned out _________.A. twice more TV sets this year as last yearB. TV sets this year twice as many as last yearC. TV sets twice more this year than last yearD. twice as many TV sets this year as last year13. The purpose of this election is to set up a government truly _________ of the people.A. typicalB. representativeC. characteristicD. responsible14. I do not believe that this ridiculous scheme is _________ of our serious consideration.A. worthlessB. worthwhileC. worthD. worthy15. American women were _________ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hardstruggle.A. ignoredB. deniedC. neglectedD. refused16. In the lecture _________ he will tell us something about modern English usage.A. followingB. followedC. to followD. being followed17. If we let our eyes glide _________ the lines of a book, we will probably be unable to come upwith an understanding of what we have read.A. acrossB. inC. fromD. with18. It was at the exhibition that we _________ this kind of minicar made of plastics.A. came upB. came outC. came uponD. came up with19. The concert was _________ start at eight o’clock, but the conductor did not come until aquarter past.A. about toB. due toC. almostD. ready to20. In most countries, the metric system has been _________ for all measurement.A. adaptedB. appliedC. developedD. adopted21. You _________ worry about her. She _________ well already.A. needn’t, may getB. don’t need to, may getC. mustn’t, getsD. needn’t, may have got22. It isn’t quite _________ that he will be present at the meeting.A. sureB. exactC. certainD. right23. The experiment requires more money than _________.A. has been put inB. being put inC. have been put inD. to be put in24. Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, _________ the color of hisskin.A. with the exception ofB. in the light ofC. by virtue ofD. regardless of25. The team’s efforts to score were _________ by the opposing goalkeeper.A. preventedB. frustratedC. discouragedD. accomplishedⅡ. Cloze(10％)Publicity is any promotional communication about an organization or its products that is presented by the media but is not paid for by the organization. Publicity usually takes the form of a news story appearing in a mass 1 or an endorsement provided by an individual informally or in a speech or interview.There are three channels for 2 publicity. One is to prepare a story (or a news release) and make it 3 to the media. The intention is for the selected newspapers, television stations, or 4 media to report the information as news. The second channel is personal communication with a group. A press 5 will draw media representatives 6 they feel the subject or speaker has news value. Company tours and speeches to different groups of people are other 7 of individual-to-group communications. The third channel is one-to-one personal communication, often 8 lobbying(游说). Companies lobby law makers or other powerful people 9 an attempt to influence their opinions, and also their decisions. In 10 , firms will give products to highly visible people in hopes that the people will be seen using them.Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (20％)Passage AThe ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, children were valued in terms of their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of subordination and their psychological needs and capacities received little consideration.As the society became more complex, the status of children in the family and in the society became more important. In the complex, technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their well-being.This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring on the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person’s child by spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing.The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States is a two-way transaction between parent and child rather than a one-way, parent-to-child training program. As a consequence, socializing children and living with them over a long period time is for parents a mixture of pleasure, satisfaction, and problems.1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. The Place of Children in United States SocietyB. The Children of Colonial North AmericaC. The Development of Cultural ValuesD. The Child as a Utilitarian Organism2. According to the author, children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their _________.A. academic achievementsB. survival instinctsC. physical characteristicsD. productive roles3. What can be inferred about formal schooling in colonial North America?A. It was generally required by law.B. It was considered relatively unimportant.C. It was improperly administered.D. It was highly disciplined.4. Which of the following is a possible cause of changes in the role of the child in the United States?A. An increase in technology.B. The growing complexity of the child’s psychological needs.C. A decrease in the child’s intellectual capacities.D. The growing number of single parent families.5. According to the passage, parents have become increasingly interested in _________.A. their children’s future occupationsB. having smaller familiesC. adoption programs for childless couplesD. child-rearing techniquesPassage BI am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we managed to convince myself that if it weren’t for my job l would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. Children become aggressive and nervous—cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don’t even say hello.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. There’s little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town.Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the country and the city: they have expressed their preference for the “quiet life” by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind—they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the village.What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring “morning” to the locals as they pass by? I’m keen on the idea, but you see there’s my cat, Toby. I’m not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass.I mean, can you see him mixing with all those hearty males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.6. We get the impression from the first paragraph that the author _________.A. used to live in the countryB. used to work in the cityC. works in the cityD. lives in the country7. In the author’s opinion, the following may cause city people to be unhappy EXCEPT _________.A. a strong sense of fearB. lack of communicationC. housing conditionsD. a sense of isolation8. The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT _________.A. daily necessitiesB. fresh fruitsC. designer clothesD. fresh vegetables9. According to the passage, which of the following adjectives best describes those people who work in large cities and live in villages?A. Original.B. Quiet.C. Arrogant.D. Insensitive.10. Do you think the author will move to the country?A. Yes, he will do so.B. No, he will not do so.C. It is difficult to tell.D. He is in two minds.Ⅳ. Translate the following passage into Chinese (25％)The way that people spend their money, and the objects on which they spend it, are one of the areas where free choice and individuality can be expressed. The choice reflects personal taste, the way people see themselves and the fantasies they have about their lives, the restrictions on money available to them, the presence of others in the family with a claim on that money, and theinfluence of current convention, cultivation, surroundings and locality. Shopping is an important human activity. Yet shoppers are faced with a confusing situation and a rapidly changing one. The confusion arises from the claims made by advertising, from inadequate information about new products, new materials, new places to shop—a confusion enhanced by rising prices and a wider choice of goods than ever before. The search for the right purchase is based on ignorance of their own needs and ignorance of the product’s fitness for those needs. When choosing any particular item, there are several lines of communication which might provide some guidance. Yet none of these is entirely satisfactory. For example, you can ask a shop assistant initially. Even if you find one, she may quite generally not know the answers. She may be a schoolgirl with a Saturday job, or a housewife working part-time.Ⅴ. Translate the following passage into English (20％)这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。

2009年考研英语真题与答案完整版

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10.[A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar rou tine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖All of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, a nd it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.“ruts‖(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formed B, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking model D, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability [B]flexibility in pricing [C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A] locate one‘s birth place [B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship [D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors [B]rebuild reliable bloodlines[C]fully use genetic information [D]achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection [B]overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing [B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C] DNA testing outside the lab [D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view thateducation should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how edu cation got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts [B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded [D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians [B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government [D] requires sufficient laborforce33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined [B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education [D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time [B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung [D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments [B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity [D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖According to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritan s‘theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, leftliterary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life. [B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions [B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons [D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds. [D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching andtraining. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions: Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper togive your opinions briefly andmake two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)51：在某些地区塑料袋的禁止使用并不是很成功，因此白色污染仍然继续给当地报纸的编辑写一封信，信内包括1 给出自己简短的看法和观点2 给出2-3条建议【范文】Dear Editors,I, as your faithful reader, am writing this letter to suggest that plastic bags should be restricted in our daily life. However, to my surprise and sadness, I have found that disposable plastic bags are still widely used in some areas just because people are unwilling to change their old habits, thus causing their surroundings to be even worse.To solve this serious problem, I would like to put forward a couple of practical suggestions. Above all, our country should establish a strong agency to limit the production of those bags and monitor the use of them. Furthermore, some other choices should be adovcated to replace plastic bags with paper or bamboo ones. Finally, consumers should pay for the use of plastic bags so as to enhance their consciousness of environmental protection.I really hope my suggestions would attract your due attention and receive an early reply.Yours Sincerely,Li Ming52：用网络使我们看不见的东西能听见，远隔千山万水但能联系，意思就是网络的远与近大作文是：网络的近与远一客观描述图二说明意思三给出观点【范文】As is vividly depicted in the drawing, in front of computers and in narrow spaces are sitting many people, exchanging their views with each other by surfing the Internet. How impressive the drawing is in describing the people‘s addiction to the Internet. The drawer‘s intention seems to be highly self-evident and the meaning causes us to be thought-provoking.It holds apparent that the cartoon is indicative of a pervasive problem with regard to Internet. When it comes to(一谈到) Internet，its great impacts and benefits can‘t be too estimated. It is the Internet that makes our big world become a global village. However, as a growing number of individuals are addicted to (沉溺于) the Internet, they forget doing other important work and are gradually indulged in(沉溺在) the virtual world, unwilling to go into the real society. As a consequence(因此), they close their doors and never go out as soon as they return home from work, reluctant to have any face-to-face connection even with other folks except on line. What‘s worse, they become indifferent（漠不关心）to their friends, neighbours, as well as relatives.This phenomenon is harmful to us and our community too. As the pressure in life and work increases, we should learn to use proper ways to relieve it. It‘s time that we took some measures to improve the situation. People can be organized to hold some activities together to develop some good hobbies. Consequently, we must make full use of Internet to do everything beneficial to make our daily life both joyful and meaningful. （272 words ）。

[考研类试卷]2009年南京大学英语专业(英美文学)真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2009年南京大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷一、填空题1 Author______ Title______Ten Thousand saw I at a glance,Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.2 Author______ Title______It was now midnight, and my task was drawing to a close. I had completed the eighth, the ninth and the tenth tier. I had finished a portion of the last and the eleventh; there remained but a single stone to be fitted and plastered in.3 Author______ Title______Roger edged past the Chief, only just avoiding pushing him with his shoulder. The yelling ceased, and Samneric lay looking up in quiet terror. Roger advanced upon them as one wielding a nameless authority.4 Author______ Title______I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence;Tow roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.5 Author______ Title______The two waiters inside the cafe knew that the old man was a little drunk, and while he was a good client they knew that if he became too drunk he would leave without paying, so they kept watch on him.6 Author______ Title______Uncle Oscar took both Bassett and Paul into Richmond Park for an afternoon, and there they talked.7 Author______ Title______He decided to rest her in a clump of trees during the afternoon, and push onward under cover of darkness. At dusk Clare purchased food as usual, and their night march began, the boundary between Upper and Mid-Wessex being crossed about eight o' clock.8 Author______ Title______What thoughts I have of you tonight, Walt Whitman, for I walked down the sidestreets under the trees with a headache self-conscious looking at the full moon.9 Author______ Title______I would not have gone back to Joe now, I would not have gone back to Biddy now, for any consideration: simply, I suppose, because my sense of my own worthless conduct to them was greater than every consideration.10 Author______ Title______And though your graciousness might stream,And I contrive,Grandmother, stones are nothing of homeTo that spumiest dove.Against both bar and tower the black sea runs.二、问答题11 What does "Araby" mean? Discuss its significance as the tide of the story.12 What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger in William Blake' s "The Tyger" ?13 Emerson states; "Let a man then know his worth, and keep things under his feet. " This indicates the author' s belief in real virtue. Please make comments on this line.14 Why did F. Scott Fitzgerald use "great" to modify the protagonist' s name Gatsby in the title of his novel The Great Gatsby?14 Moon LandingIt' s natural the Boys should whoop it up forso huge a phallic triumph, an adventureit would not have occurred to womento think worth while, made possible onlybecause we like huddling in gangs and knowingthe exact time: yes, our sex may in fairnesshurrah the deed, although the motivesthat primed it were somewhat less than menschlich.A grand gesture. But what does it period?What does it osse? We were always adroiterwith objects than lives, and more facileat courage than kindness; from the momentthe first flint was flaked this landing was merelya matter of time. But our selves, like Adam' s,still don' t fit us exactly, modernonly in this—Our lack of decorum.Homer' s heroes were certainly no braverthan our Trio, but more fortunate: Hectorwas excused the insult of havinghis valor covered by television.Worth going to see? I can well believe it.Worth seeing? Mneh! I once rode through a desertand was not charmed: give me a wateredlively garden, remote from blatherersabout the New, the von Brauns and their ilk, whereon August mornings I can count the morningglories where to die has a meaning,and no engine can shift my perspective.Unsmudged, thank God, my Moon still queens the Heavensas She ebbs and fulls, a Presence to glop at,Her Old Man, made of grit not protein,still visits my Austrian severalwith His old detachment, and the old warningsstill have power to scare me: Hybris comes toan ugly finish, Irreverenceis a greater oaf than Superstition.Our apparatniks will continue makingthe usual squalid mess called History:all we can pray for is that artists,chefs and saints may still appear to blithe it.(1969)15 What does the speaker mean in lines 1 -4? Do you agree with these sentiments?(4%)16 Besides being a satellite or a celestial body, what else does the moon suggest?(2%)17 What does the speaker think of science and technology? Does his opinion conform to or conflict with your ideas about the American space program?(4%)18 In the poem, the poet questions the wisdom of the 1969 moon landing. Write a short essay in which you discuss whether the United States should or should not continue space exploration.(10%)三、评论题19 Essay Question.(50 %)Bildunsroman refers to "novel of formation" or "novel of education". The subject of Bildunsroman, according to M. H. Abrams, is "the development of the protagonist' s mind and character, in the passage from childhood through varied experiences—and often through a spiritual crisis—into maturity, which usually involves recognition of one' s identity and role in the world". Choose a typical Bildunsroman you have read, and write a critical essay.。

南京大学二外英语2009年考研真题及参考答案范文

8．南京大学二外英语考研真题及参考答案（2009）南京大学2009年二外英语考研真题Ⅰ. Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences (25％)1. Before leaving his office, the manager showed no sign of _________ our proposals.A. responding toB. showing offC. bringing alongD. pointing out2. Hong Kong is a _________ city, and still more people are pouring in.A. popularB. populatedC. populaceD. populous3. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _________ obtaining water is not the least.A. for whichB. to whichC. of whichD. in which4. I haven’t the _________ idea what you mean.A. lightestB. smallestC. faintestD. dimmest5. I’d rather that my father _________ me an ipod as a birthday present. Instead he gave a discman.A. had givenB. gaveC. would giveD. would have given6. Do you want to see my driving license or my passport?Oh, _________.A. either does wellB. either one will doC. each one is goodD. each will be fine7. Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner _________ to the professor.A. as much asB. the same asC. as far asD. as long as8. We managed to reach the top of the mountain, and half an hour later we began to _________.A. ascendB. descendC. declineD. plunge9. Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be helped by “drugs” that aren’t really drugs at all _________ sugar pills that contain no active chemical elements.A. or ratherB. rather thanC. but ratherD. other than10. Bacon and eggs _________ common Sunday breakfast in England.A. is anB. are theC. is aD. are11. Don’t _________ about lunch for the instructors, because they promised to get some on theway.A. botherB. fussC. troubleD. think12. The factory has turned out _________.A. twice more TV sets this year as last yearB. TV sets this year twice as many as last yearC. TV sets twice more this year than last yearD. twice as many TV sets this year as last year13. The purpose of this election is to set up a government truly _________ of the people.A. typicalB. representativeC. characteristicD. responsible14. I do not believe that this ridiculous scheme is _________ of our serious consideration.A. worthlessB. worthwhileC. worthD. worthy15. American women were _________ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hardstruggle.A. ignoredB. deniedC. neglectedD. refused16. In the lecture _________ he will tell us something about modern English usage.A. followingB. followedC. to followD. being followed17. If we let our eyes glide _________ the lines of a book, we will probably be unable to come upwith an understanding of what we have read.A. acrossB. inC. fromD. with18. It was at the exhibition that we _________ this kind of minicar made of plastics.A. came upB. came outC. came uponD. came up with19. The concert was _________ start at eight o’clock, but the conductor did not come until aquarter past.A. about toB. due toC. almostD. ready to20. In most countries, the metric system has been _________ for all measurement.A. adaptedB. appliedC. developedD. adopted21. You _________ worry about her. She _________ well already.A. needn’t, may getB. don’t need to, may getC. mustn’t, getsD. needn’t, may have got22. It isn’t quite _________ that he will be present at the meeting.A. sureB. exactC. certainD. right23. The experiment requires more money than _________.A. has been put inB. being put inC. have been put inD. to be put in24. Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, _________ the color of hisskin.A. with the exception ofB. in the light ofC. by virtue ofD. regardless of25. The team’s efforts to score were _________ by the opposing goalkeeper.A. preventedB. frustratedC. discouragedD. accomplishedⅡ. Cloze(10％)Publicity is any promotional communication about an organization or its products that is presented by the media but is not paid for by the organization. Publicity usually takes the form of a news story appearing in a mass 1 or an endorsement provided by an individual informally or in a speech or interview.There are three channels for 2 publicity. One is to prepare a story (or a news release) and make it 3 to the media. The intention is for the selected newspapers, television stations, or 4 media to report the information as news. The second channel is personal communication with a group. A press 5 will draw media representatives 6 they feel the subject or speaker has news value. Company tours and speeches to different groups of people are other 7 of individual-to-group communications. The third channel is one-to-one personal communication, often 8 lobbying(游说). Companies lobby law makers or other powerful people 9 an attempt to influence their opinions, and also their decisions. In 10 , firms will give products to highly visible people in hopes that the people will be seen using them.Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (20％)Passage AThe ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, children were valued in terms of their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of subordination and their psychological needs and capacities received little consideration.As the society became more complex, the status of children in the family and in the society became more important. In the complex, technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their well-being.This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring on the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person’s child by spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing.The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States is a two-way transaction between parent and child rather than a one-way, parent-to-child training program. As a consequence, socializing children and living with them over a long period time is for parents a mixture of pleasure, satisfaction, and problems.1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. The Place of Children in United States SocietyB. The Children of Colonial North AmericaC. The Development of Cultural ValuesD. The Child as a Utilitarian Organism2. According to the author, children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their _________.A. academic achievementsB. survival instinctsC. physical characteristicsD. productive roles3. What can be inferred about formal schooling in colonial North America?A. It was generally required by law.B. It was considered relatively unimportant.C. It was improperly administered.D. It was highly disciplined.4. Which of the following is a possible cause of changes in the role of the child in the United States?A. An increase in technology.B. The growing complexity of the child’s psychological needs.C. A decrease in the child’s intellectual capacities.D. The growing number of single parent families.5. According to the passage, parents have become increasingly interested in _________.A. their children’s future occupationsB. having smaller familiesC. adoption programs for childless couplesD. child-rearing techniquesPassage BI am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we managed to convince myself that if it weren’t for my job l would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. Children become aggressive and nervous—cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don’t even say hello.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. T here’s little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town.Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the country and the city: they have expressed their preference for the “quiet life” by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind—they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the village.What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring “morning” to the locals as the y pass by? I’m keen on the idea, but you see there’s my cat, Toby. I’m not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass.I mean, can you see him mixing with all those hearty males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.6. We get the impression from the first paragraph that the author _________.A. used to live in the countryB. used to work in the cityC. works in the cityD. lives in the country7. In the author’s opinion, the following may cause city people to be unhappy EXCEPT _________.A. a strong sense of fearB. lack of communicationC. housing conditionsD. a sense of isolation8. The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT _________.A. daily necessitiesB. fresh fruitsC. designer clothesD. fresh vegetables9. According to the passage, which of the following adjectives best describes those people who work in large cities and live in villages?A. Original.B. Quiet.C. Arrogant.D. Insensitive.10. Do you think the author will move to the country?A. Yes, he will do so.B. No, he will not do so.C. It is difficult to tell.D. He is in two minds.Ⅳ. Translate the following passage into Chinese (25％)The way that people spend their money, and the objects on which they spend it, are one of the areas where free choice and individuality can be expressed. The choice reflects personal taste, the way people see themselves and the fantasies they have about their lives, the restrictions on money available to them, the presence of others in the family with a claim on that money, and theinfluence of current convention, cultivation, surroundings and locality. Shopping is an important human activity. Yet shoppers are faced with a confusing situation and a rapidly changing one. The confusion arises from the claims made by advertising, from inadequate information about new products, new materials, new places to shop—a confusion enhanced by rising prices and a wider choice of goods than ever before. The search for the right purchase is based on ignorance of their own needs and ignorance of the product’s fitness for those needs. When choosing any particular item, there are several lines of communication which might provide some guidance. Yet none of these is entirely satisfactory. For example, you can ask a shop assistant initially. Even if you find one, she may quite generally not know the answers. She may be a schoolgirl with a Saturday job, or a housewife working part-time.Ⅴ. Translate the following passage into English (20％)这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。

【优质】南京大学二外英语考研真题及参考答案

A. has been put in
B. being put in
C. have been put in
D. to be put in
24. Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, _________ the colorof his skin.
B. worthwhile
C. worth
D. worthy
15. American women were _________ the right to vote until 1920 after manyyears of hard struggle.
A. ignored
B. denied
C. neglected
A. had given
B. gave
C. would give
D. would have given
6. Do you want to see my driving license or my passport?
Oh, _________.
A. either does well
Bቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ either one will do
A. responding to
B. showing off
C. bringing along
D. pointing out
2.Hong Kongis a _________ city, and still more people are pouring in.
A. popular
B. populated
C. populace
D. populous

2009考研英语二真题及答案

2009考研英语二真题及答案Section II Close(10%) Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage ,there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest one and markyour answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 with a pencil. (10 points)In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had(21)the $100a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge (22) from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread (23) in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have (24) the economic and political map of the world, (25) some old notions of power.Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, (26) major importers—including chinaand India, home to a third of the world's population-- (27) rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central (28) of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to (29) scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, (30) how unpleasant, to do it . In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption,(31) these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, (32) some in the west see as a new threat. Countries like Russia, Venezuelaand Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, (34) costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. (35) it imports virtuallyall its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia (36) 128 percent from 2001 to 2006. In the United States, as already high gas prices rose (37) higher in the springof 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama (38) for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months.And driving habits began to (39) ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems (40) the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21.A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D.instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatenin26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplie37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40.A. for B. from C. across D. OverPart III Reading Comprehension (40%) Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.PASSAGE1. Henric Ibsen ,author of the play"A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons .Her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist ,2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved. Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law. Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience. Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to?????????? .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion 42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to?????????? . A. pay a heavy fine B. close down its business C. change to a private business D. sign a document promising to act 43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to??????????? . A. the small number of qualified females in management B. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companies C. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positions D. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles 45. The main idea of the passage might be???????? . A. female power and liberation in Norway B. the significance of Henric Ibsen's play C. women's status in Norwegian firms D. the constitution of board members in NorwayPASSAGE2 While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents. In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs. Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of? "cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things. Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru ), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them). She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. " There are just too many cool things to do and plan and live for." Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrowwax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. " people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes. While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer? A. Children. B. People in their 20s and 30s. C. Young adults. D. Elderly people. 47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic. 48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________ A. a cancer research organization B. a group of people who suffer from cancer C. people who have recovered from cancer D. people who cope with cancer 49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________ A. she is depressed and likes swearing B. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctor C. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctor D. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor 50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________ A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancer B. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancer C. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colors D. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsPASSAGE3 Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage: Should a leader strive to be loved or feared?This question,famously posed by Machiavelli,lies at the heart of Joseph Nye's new book.Mr.Nye,a former dean of the Kennedy School of Govemment at Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council,is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power",based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to "hard power",based on coercion(强迫) and force. Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books,Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership,in both the political and business spheres.Machiavelli,he notes,concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved,but as it is difficult for the two to go together,it is much safer to be feared than loved."In short,hard power is preferable to soft power.But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion. The context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.In modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.Mr.Nye argues.Instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.The conclusion of The Powers to Lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach. The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.Anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but Mr,Nye has performed a valuable servicein rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.He examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.There are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical and contemporary,political and corporate. Alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even Mr.Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders? to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions.A recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.51.From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr.Machiavelli's idea of hard power is ______. A.well accepted by Joseph Nye B.very influential till nowadays C.based on sound theories D.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists 52.Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?A.Coercion is widespread.B.Morality is devalued.C.Power is no longer concentrated.D.Traditional hierarchies are strengthened 53.In his book the Powers to lead,Mr.Nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____. A.authority B.context C.approaches D.morality 54.Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it _____. A.makes little use of management terms B.summarizes various studies concisely C.serves as an exit for leadership researchers D.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders 55.According to the author,the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his _____. A.view of changeable leadership B.definition of good leadership C.summary of leadership history D.discussion of moral leadershipPASSAGE4 Questions 56to 60are based on the following passage: Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it. Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people andstability of its economy. The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalistsoffer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound? Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. "I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp. "But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."56. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. Human wars. B. Economic crisis. C. America's environmental policies. D. Global environment in general. 57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is__________.A. of utmost importanceB. a fight no one can winC. beyond people's imaginationD. a less significant issue 58. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_______. A. friction B. contradiction C. conflict D. problem 59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?A. CriticalB. IndifferentC. SupportiveD. Compromising 60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with___________. A. the new book written by Fred Krupp B. how America can fight against global warming C. the harmful effects of global warming D. how America can tide over economic crisisPart V Writing (20%)Direction: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on Answer Sheet 2.At present, there is no doubt that short message plays an increasingly important role in our lives . We are all aware that, like everything else, short message have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.Generally speaking, the advantages can be listed as follows. First of all, infestivals, we can send short messages to wish good luck to other people we know. It brings us a lot of convenience. In addition, short message connects its users with the outside world. For example, some people subscribe weather forecast or news short messages, with them, people’s life will be greatly enriched.But it is pity that every coin has two sides. The disadvantages of short message can’t be ignored. We spend too much time on spelling our words and sending short messages that we can’t focus on our studies. Also, you will always be annoyed by strangers’ short messages one after another.As is known to all, short message is neither good nor bad itself. In my opinion, we can use it. But we shouldn’t spend too much time on it and don’t let it disturb us from our lives.参考答案SECTION 2 21-30 CDDBC BDABA 31-40 BADDA BACACSECTION 3 41-50 BBAAC CCBCC 51-60 DCABD CAAACSECTION 4 由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注. 银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济. 抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构, 这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险. 金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险. 46.Directions: In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points) “Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice. Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency. It didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”翻译参考“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对 TedNing 而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。

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8．南京大学二外英语考研真题及参考答案（2009）南京大学2009年二外英语考研真题Ⅰ. Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences (25％)1. Before leaving his office, the manager showed no sign of _________ our proposals.A. responding toB. showing offC. bringing alongD. pointing out2. Hong Kong is a _________ city, and still more people are pouring in.A. popularB. populatedC. populaceD. populous3. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _________ obtaining water is not the least.A. for whichB. to whichC. of whichD. in which4. I haven’t the _________ idea what you mean.A. lightestB. smallestC. faintestD. dimmest5. I’d rather that my father _________ me an ipod as a birthday present. Instead he gave a discman.A. had givenB. gaveC. would giveD. would have given6. Do you want to see my driving license or my passport?Oh, _________.A. either does wellB. either one will doC. each one is goodD. each will be fine7. Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner _________ to the professor.A. as much asB. the same asC. as far asD. as long as8. We managed to reach the top of the mountain, and half an hour later we began to _________.A. ascendB. descendC. declineD. plunge9. Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be helped by “drugs” that aren’t really drugs at all _________ sugar pills that contain no active chemical elements.A. or ratherB. rather thanC. but ratherD. other than10. Bacon and eggs _________ common Sunday breakfast in England.A. is anB. are theC. is aD. are11. Don’t _________ about lunch for the instructors, because they promised to get some on theway.A. botherB. fussC. troubleD. think12. The factory has turned out _________.A. twice more TV sets this year as last yearB. TV sets this year twice as many as last yearC. TV sets twice more this year than last yearD. twice as many TV sets this year as last year13. The purpose of this election is to set up a government truly _________ of the people.A. typicalB. representativeC. characteristicD. responsible14. I do not believe that this ridiculous scheme is _________ of our serious consideration.A. worthlessB. worthwhileC. worthD. worthy15. American women were _________ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hardstruggle.A. ignoredB. deniedC. neglectedD. refused16. In the lecture _________ he will tell us something about modern English usage.A. followingB. followedC. to followD. being followed17. If we let our eyes glide _________ the lines of a book, we will probably be unable to come upwith an understanding of what we have read.A. acrossB. inC. fromD. with18. It was at the exhibition that we _________ this kind of minicar made of plastics.A. came upB. came outC. came uponD. came up with19. The concert was _________ start at eight o’clock, but the conductor did not come until aquarter past.A. about toB. due toC. almostD. ready to20. In most countries, the metric system has been _________ for all measurement.A. adaptedB. appliedC. developedD. adopted21. You _________ worry about her. She _________ well already.A. needn’t, may getB. don’t need to, may getC. mustn’t, getsD. needn’t, may have got22. It isn’t quite _________ that he will be present at the meeting.A. sureB. exactC. certainD. right23. The experiment requires more money than _________.A. has been put inB. being put inC. have been put inD. to be put in24. Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, _________ the color of hisskin.A. with the exception ofB. in the light ofC. by virtue ofD. regardless of25. The team’s efforts to score were _________ by the opposing goalkeeper.A. preventedB. frustratedC. discouragedD. accomplishedⅡ. Cloze(10％)Publicity is any promotional communication about an organization or its products that is presented by the media but is not paid for by the organization. Publicity usually takes the form of a news story appearing in a mass 1 or an endorsement provided by an individual informally or in a speech or interview.There are three channels for 2 publicity. One is to prepare a story (or a news release) and make it 3 to the media. The intention is for the selected newspapers, television stations, or 4 media to report the information as news. The second channel is personal communication with a group. A press 5 will draw media representatives 6 they feel the subject or speaker has news value. Company tours and speeches to different groups of people are other 7 of individual-to-group communications. The third channel is one-to-one personal communication, often 8 lobbying(游说). Companies lobby law makers or other powerful people 9 an attempt to influence their opinions, and also their decisions. In 10 , firms will give products to highly visible people in hopes that the people will be seen using them.Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (20％)Passage AThe ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, children were valued in terms of their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of subordination and their psychological needs and capacities received little consideration.As the society became more complex, the status of children in the family and in the society became more important. In the complex, technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their well-being.This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring on the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person’s child by spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing.The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States is a two-way transaction between parent and child rather than a one-way, parent-to-child training program. As a consequence, socializing children and living with them over a long period time is for parents a mixture of pleasure, satisfaction, and problems.1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. The Place of Children in United States SocietyB. The Children of Colonial North AmericaC. The Development of Cultural ValuesD. The Child as a Utilitarian Organism2. According to the author, children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their _________.A. academic achievementsB. survival instinctsC. physical characteristicsD. productive roles3. What can be inferred about formal schooling in colonial North America?A. It was generally required by law.B. It was considered relatively unimportant.C. It was improperly administered.D. It was highly disciplined.4. Which of the following is a possible cause of changes in the role of the child in the United States?A. An increase in technology.B. The growing complexity of the child’s psychological needs.C. A decrease in the child’s intellectual ca pacities.D. The growing number of single parent families.5. According to the passage, parents have become increasingly interested in _________.A. their children’s future occupationsB. having smaller familiesC. adoption programs for childless couplesD. child-rearing techniquesPassage BI am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice we managed to convince myself that if it weren’t for my job l would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. Children become aggressive and nervous—cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don’t even say hello.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. There’s little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town.Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the country and the city: they have expressed their preference for the “quiet life” by leaving the suburbs and moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind—they are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the village.What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring “morning” to the locals as they pass by? I’m keen on the idea, but you see there’s my cat, Toby. I’m not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass.I mean, can you see him mixing with all those hearty males down the farm? No, he would rather have the electric imitation-coal fire any evening.6. We get the impression from the first paragraph that the author _________.A. used to live in the countryB. used to work in the cityC. works in the cityD. lives in the country7. In the author’s opinion, the following may cause city people to be unhappy EXCEPT _________.A. a strong sense of fearB. lack of communicationC. housing conditionsD. a sense of isolation8. The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT _________.A. daily necessitiesB. fresh fruitsC. designer clothesD. fresh vegetables9. According to the passage, which of the following adjectives best describes those people who work in large cities and live in villages?A. Original.B. Quiet.C. Arrogant.D. Insensitive.10. Do you think the author will move to the country?A. Yes, he will do so.B. No, he will not do so.C. It is difficult to tell.D. He is in two minds.Ⅳ. Translate the following passage into Chinese (25％)The way that people spend their money, and the objects on which they spend it, are one of the areas where free choice and individuality can be expressed. The choice reflects personal taste, the way people see themselves and the fantasies they have about their lives, the restrictions on money available to them, the presence of others in the family with a claim on that money, and theinfluence of current convention, cultivation, surroundings and locality. Shopping is an important human activity. Yet shoppers are faced with a confusing situation and a rapidly changing one. The confusion arises from the claims made by advertising, from inadequate information about new products, new materials, new places to shop—a confusion enhanced by rising prices and a wider choice of goods than ever before. The search for the right purchase is based on ignorance of their own needs and ignorance of the product’s fitness for those needs. When choosing any particular item, there are several lines of communication which might provide some guidance. Yet none of these is entirely satisfactory. For example, you can ask a shop assistant initially. Even if you find one, she may quite generally not know the answers. She may be a schoolgirl with a Saturday job, or a housewife working part-time.Ⅴ. Translate the following passage into English (20％)这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。