数学专业英语(吴炯圻-第2版)2-2

2－C Trigonometric function and solution of right triangles
One of the most important applications of trigonometry is the solution of triangles. Let us now take up the solutions of right triangles. A triangle is composed of six parts, three sides and three angles. To solve a triangle is to find the parts not given. 三角学的重要应用之一是解三角形。现在我们接下来讲三角
One of the most important objectives derived from a study of geometry is making the student be more critical in his listening, reading and thinking. In studying geometry he is led away from the practice of blind acceptance of statements and ideas and is taught to think clearly and critically before forming conclusions.
有三种线：直线，折线和曲线。曲线是指其中没有任何部分 是直的。折线是由连起来的直线段构成，如图2-2-3中的 ABCDE.
3. Parts of a circle. A circle is a closed curve lying in one plane, all points of which are equidistant from a fixed point called the center. A line segment drawn from the center of the circle to a point on the circle is a radius of the circle.
The carpenter, machinist, stonecutter, artist, and designer all apply the facts of geometry in their trades. In this course the student will learn a great deal about geometric figures such as lines, angles, triangles, circles, and designs and patterns of many kinds. 几何是研究由线所组成的图形的科学。几何的学习是成功工 程师，科学家，建筑师和制图员培训的重要部分。 木匠，机械师，采石者，艺术家和设计师在他们的职业中都 应用几何的知识。在这门课程中，学生会学到大量几何图形， 例如直线，角，三角形，圆以及许多种设计和模式。
许多学校把几何的学习作为入学考试的先决条件，从这一点 上可以证明。
Geometry is a science that deals with forms made by lines. A study of geometry is an essential part of the training of the successful engineer, scientist, architect, and draftsman.
A diameter of a circle is a line segment through the center of the circle with endpoints on the circle. A diameter is equal to two radii. A chord is any line segment joining two points on the circle. 平面上的闭曲线当其中每点到一个固定点的距离均相当时叫 做圆。固定点称为圆心。连接圆心到圆周上点的直线段称为 圆的半径。 经过圆心并且两个端点在圆周上的直线段被称为圆的直径。 直径等于两个半径。连接圆周上两点的任意直线段被称为弦。
From the definition it should be apparent that a diameter is a chord. Any part of a circle is an arc, such that arc AE, which is denoted by AE . Points A and E divide the circle into minor arc AE and major arc ABE. A diameter divides a circle into two arcs termed . The circumference is the length AB and BCA semicircles, such as of a circle. 从定义显然可见直径是弦。圆周的任何部分都是弧，例如… 点A和E把圆周分为劣弧AE和优弧ABE。直径把圆周分为两个 半圆，例如…。圆周的长度即为周长。
点没有长度，宽度和厚度，但是标记了一个位置。我们熟悉 铅笔尖，针尖这样的表达。我们可以用一个小圆点来表示一 个点，在它旁边用打印体大写字母来命名，如图2-2-1中的点 A。
The line is named by labeling two points on it with capital letters or one small letter near it. The straight line extends infinitely far in two directions and has no ends. The part of the line between two points on the line is termed a line segment.
There are three kinds of lines: the straight line, the broken line, and the curved line. A curved line or, simply, curve is a line no part of which is straight. A broken line is composed of joined, straight line segments, as ABCDE of Fig. 2-2-3.
2.2 几何与三角 Geometry and Trigonology New Words & Expressions:
angle 角 arc 弧 major arc 优弧 minor arc 劣弧 architect 建筑师 breadth 宽度 chord 弦 circumference 周长 cone 圆锥 critical 临界的 cube 立方体 curved line 曲线 cylinder 柱体 diameter 直径 dimension 维数，大小 endpoint 端点 equidistant 等距离的 line segment 直线段 radius 半径 pyramid 棱锥
A line may be considered as having only one dimension, length. Although when we draw a line we give it breadth and thickness, we think only of the length of the trace when considering the line. 我们都熟悉直线，但是很难定义直线。可能可以用移动一支 铅笔或者钢笔横穿一张纸留下的痕迹来描述直线。 直线可以被看做是一维的，即只有长度。尽管我们画一条直 线的时候会赋予它宽度和厚度，但是当考虑直线的时候，只 考虑痕迹的长度。
2. Lines and line segments. We are all familiar with lines, but it is difficult to define the term. A line may be represented by the mark made by moving a pencil or pen across a piece of paper.
New Words & Expressions:
ray 射线 semicircle 半圆 solid 立体的，立体 sphere 球，球面 surface 面，曲面 thickness 厚度
2－A Why study geometry?
Many leading institutions of higher learning have recognized that positive benefits can be gained by all who study this branch of mathematics. This is evident from the fact that they require study of geometry as a prerequisite to matriculation in those schools. 许多居于领导地位的学术机构承认，所有学习这个数学分支 的人都将得到确实的受益。
学生通过几何的学习而达到的最主要目标是：在听， 读，和思考时变得更加审慎。在学习几何的过程中， 他们不再盲目地接受一些陈述和思想，而是在得出结 论之前学会了清楚和审慎的思考。
2－B Some geometrical terms
1. Solids and planes. A solid is a three-dimensional figure. Common examples of solids are cube, sphere, cylinder, cone and pyramid. A cube has six faces which are smooth and flat. These faces are called plane surfaces or simply planes. A plane surface has two dimensions, length and width. The surface of a blackboard or of a tabletop is an example of a plane surface. 立体是一个三维图形，立体常见的例子是立方体，球体，柱 体，圆锥和棱锥。 立方体有6个面，都是光滑的和平的，这些面被称为平面曲面 或者简称为平面。平面曲面是二维的，有长度和宽度，黑板 和桌子上面的面都是平面曲面的例子。