语言学名词解释

is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for(meaning and sounds).

that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.

be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation. The details of the linguistic system must be learned by each speaker.

means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.

means the linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.

correct and standard behavior in using language to tell people what they should say and not say.

in which languages are treated as self-contained systems of communication at any particular time在那一刻、时、块的情况（当代、古代）

历时 in which the changes to which languages are subject in the course of time and treated historically.(在过程中都有什么变化、

区别、有大时间变化)2个共时即为历时

点。

perceived; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.

the oral cavity。Vowels： are produced when the air stream meets with no obstruction。

are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.

languages. It aims to discover the principles that governs the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.

studies of the production of speech sounds.

studies of the physical properties of speech sounds

is concerned with the perception of speech sounds

同发音means when a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound which follows it on precedes it Anticipatory coarticulation: a sound becomes more like the following sound. Eg: lamb

Perseverative coarticulation: the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound. Eg: map

Narrow transcription: the transcription with letters,symbols together

with the diacritics.

produce during linguistic communication are all phones.But a phone does not distinguish meaning.

in a language which can distinguish two words.

in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. The choice of an allophone is not random, it is rule-governed in different contexts

differ from each other by only one distinctive sound and which also differ in meaning.

24.Allophones of a phoneme always occur in different phonetic environment, so they are said to be in complementary distribution. 25.If the phonetically similar sounds are 2 distinctive phonemes,they are said to form a phonemic contrast.

position without any apparent change of meaning they are in free variation.

is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound。

a following sound influencing a preceding sound

a preceding sound influences a following sound.

音位变化规则：three aspects： a set of sounds to undergo the process;

a set of sounds produced by the process ; a set of situations in which the process applies.