外文翻译---浅谈混凝土的施工过程中温度与裂缝控制

外文翻译一、原文Discuss the construction temperature andcrack of the concrete lightlyThe summary: In order to prevent the owners of the concrete work of claims, we must do a good job in the construction process in the temperature and crack control, through observation live for many years, through consulting the monograph about stress within the concrete, explain to concrete temperature reason, on-the-spot concrete control and measure, prevention of crack of temperature that crack produce.Keyword Concrete Temperature stress Crack Control1. The concrete occupies the important position in modern engineering construction. But today, the crack of the concrete is comparatively general, the cracks are nearly omnipresent in the science of bridge building. Though we take various kinds of measures in constructing, careful, but the crack still occurs now and then. Tracing it to its cause, it is one of them incompletely that our change to concrete temperature stress pays attention to. In the large volume concrete, temperature stress and temperature control are significant. This is mainly because of the reason of two respects. First of all, concrete often appear the temperature crack in not constructing, influence the globality and durability of the structure. Secondly, in the course of operating, the temperature change has remarkable influence that can't be ignored on the stress state of the structure. We meet to construct temperature crack in mainly, so only to origin cause of formation and treatment measure, concrete of crack make a discussion in constructing this text.Reason of a crackIt has many kinds of reasons to produce the crack in the concrete, it is mainly the changes of temperature and humidity, fragility and disparity of the concrete, and the structure is unreasonable, the raw materials is not up to standard (if the alkali aggregate react), the template is out of shape, the foundation does not subside etc. evenly. The cement emits a large amount of heat of hydration when the concrete is hardened, inside temperature is rising constantly, cause the stress of drawing on the surface. In the course oflowering the temperature, is it congeal foundation pay restrain to mix always later stage, will present the stress of drawing within the concrete. Reducing of temperature can surface cause heavy stress of drawing very in concrete too. When these draw the stress and go beyond resisting the ability of splitting of concrete, namely will present the crack. A lot of inside humidity ofconcrete change very light or change relatively slow, surface humidity might change heavy the violent change takes placing. Such as maintaining thoroughly, when getting wetter when not doing, contract surface there aren't deformation doing, often cause the crack too. The concrete is a kind of fragility material, tensile strength is about 1/10 of the compression strength, is it carry on one's shoulder or back limit when draw out of shape to have （0.6～1.0）×104 only, is it carry on one's shoulder or back limit location when stretch out of shape to there is（1.2～2.0）×104 to add for a long time to add a short time. Because raw materials even, water dust than unstable, transport and build phenomenon of emanating of course, its tensile strength is not even in the same concrete, a lot of resist the ability of drawing very low, it is apt to present the weak position of the crack. Among armored concrete, draw stress to undertake by reinforcing bar mainly, concrete bear stress of keeping just. Or reinforcing bar mix if edge position gone to congeal presents the stress of drawing in the structure in plain concrete must rely on the concrete oneself to bear. Require avoiding the stress of drawing or only very small stress of drawing appears of the general design. But the concrete is cooled from maximum temperature to the steady temperature of operating period in constructing, often cause sizable to draw the stress within the concrete. The temperature stress can exceed other outsides and load the stresses caused sometimes, know change law, temperature of stress for carry on reasonable structural design and construct extremely important.Analysis of 2 temperature stressesIt can be divided into following three stages according to the forming process of the temperature stress:(1)It is early: It needs generally 30 day from beginning building concrete to finishing sending out heat basically by cement. There are two characteristics at this stage, first, the cement emits a large amount of heat of hydration, second, mix and congeal the changing sharply of elastic model quantity. Because of the change of elastic model quantity, form the remaining stress in the concrete in this period.(2)Middle period: Up till the concrete is cooled until stability temperature from cement send out heat function basically when expiring, in this period, the temperature stress is mainly because the cooling of the concrete and external temperature change cause, these stresses and remnants stresses that is formed in early days are superposed, mix and congeal the elastic mould amount that goes to and does not change much during this period.(3)Later period: Operation period after the complete cooling of concrete. Temperature stress whether external temperature change causes mainly, these stresses and first two kinds of remnants stresses are changed and added.It can be divided into two kinds according to the reason why the temperature stress causes:(1)Spontaneous stress: There are not any restraints or totally static structure at the border, if inside temperature is non-linear distribution, temperature stress appearing because structure restrains from each other. For example, the body of mound of the bridge, the physical dimension is relatively large, surface temperature is low when the concrete is cooled, inside temperature is high, present the stress of drawing on the surface, present the stress of pressing in the middle.(2)Restrain the stress: All of the structure ones or it restrain external one some border, can't out of shape and stress not cause not free. Such as case beam roof concrete and guardrail concrete.These two kinds of temperature stresses draw back stresses caused to act on with the doing of concrete together frequently. It is a more complicated job to want to analyse the distribution, size of the temperature stress accurately according to known temperature. In case of great majority, need to rely on the model test or the number value to calculate. To is it make temperature stress have sizable limp to creep concrete, at the stress accounting temperature, must consider the influence that creep, calculate concretely that no longer states thinly here.Control and preventing the measure of the crack of 3 temperatureFor prevent crack, lighten temperature stress can from control temperature and is it is it set about to restrain terms from two to improve.The measure of controlling temperature is as follows:(1)Is it improve aggregate grade mix, is it do rigid concrete to spend, mix mixture to adopt, is it guide angry pharmaceutical or plastification pharmaceutical, etc. measure in order to reduce cement consumption of concrete to add;(2)Add water or the water to cool the broken stone in order to reduce the temperature of building of the concrete while mixing and shutting the concrete;(3)Reduce the thickness of building while building the concrete on hot day, utilize and build the aspect to dispel the heat;(4)Bury the water pipe underground in the concrete, enter the cold water to lower the temperature openly;(5)Stipulate rational form removal time, the temperature keeps warm the surface while lowering suddenly, in case that the rapid temperature gradient takes place in the concrete surface;(6)The concrete with medium and long-term and exposed construction buildsa piece of surface or thin wall structure, take the measure of keeping warm in cold season;The measure of improving condition of restraining is:(1)Divide and sew and divide one rationally;(2)Prevent the foundation from rising and falling too big;(3)Rational arrangement construction process, prevent the too big discrepancy in elevation and side from exposing for a long time;In addition, improve the performance of the concrete and improve and resist the ability of splitting, strengthen maintenance, prevent the surface from being done and contracted, especially guarantee the quality of the concrete is very important to preventing the crack, should pay special attention to avoiding producing and running through the crack, the globality resumed its structure after appearing is very difficult, so should rely mainly on preventing the emergence of the running through crack while constructing.In construction of concrete, for raise turnover rate of template, demand concrete form removal as soon as possible that build newly often. Should consider form removal time properly when concrete temperature is higher than the temperature, so as not to cause the superficial early crack of concrete. Building the early form removal newly, cause very large stress of drawing on the surface, the phenomenon that "temperature is assaulted" appears. Build initial stage in concrete, because heat of hydration is sent out, the surface causes sizable to draw the stress, surface temperature is also higher than temperature at this moment, remove the template at this moment, surface temperature is lowered suddenly, must cause temperature gradient, thus add and draw the stress on the surface, change and add with the heat of hydration stress, in addition, the concrete dries and contracts, the superficial stress of drawing reaches very great number value, have danger of causing the crack, but cover a light-duty heat insulator with on the surface in time after removing the template, for instance foam sponge, etc. , for prevent concrete surfacefrom produce the too big stress of drawing, have remarkable results.Add muscle influence to large volume temperature stress of concrete very light, because large volume concrete include muscle to be rate very much low. Just have influence on the general armored concrete. On terms that temperature is not very high and the stress is less than limit of surrendering, every performance of the steel is steady, and have nothing to do with stress state, time and temperature. Line bloated coefficient of steel and concrete line bloated coefficient difference very light, take place little internal stress very only between the two while changing in temperature. Because elastic mould amount of steel concrete elastic mould 7~15 of quantity, reach as interior concrete stress tensile strength and when fracturing, the stress of the reinforcing bar will not exceed 10000kg/cm2. So is it is it prevent tiny appearance difficulty very much of crack from to make use of reinforcing bar to want among concrete. But the crack in the structure generally becomes numerous, the interval is little, the width and depth are smaller after adding the muscle. And if diameter of reinforcing bar detailed and when interval dense, to improve concrete resist result of person who split better. Concrete and surface, armored concrete of structure can take place detailed and shallow crack often, among them the great majority belong to and do and draw back the crack. Though this kind of crack is generally all relatively light, it stills have certain influence on the intensity and durability of the structure.In order to guarantee concrete project quality, prevent fracturing, improve the durability of the concrete, use the admixture to reduce one of the measures that fractures correctly. Whether is it reduce water is it split pharmaceutical to defend, I summarize his main function in practice to use.(1)There is a large number of capillary in the concrete, produce capillary tension in the capillary after water is evaporated, make concrete is it contract out of shape to do. Increasing the thin aperture of hair can reduce the capillary surface tension, but will make the intensity of concrete reduce. This surface tension theory has already been confirmed in the world as far back as the sixties.(2)Water dust than influence important factor that concrete shrink, is it reduce water is it split pharmaceutical can make concrete water consumption reduce by 25% to defend to use.(3)Cement consumption important factor, concrete of person who shrink too, is it add and subtract water is it split concrete reducible 15% of the cement consumption on terms that keep the intensity of concrete of pharmaceutical to defend to mix, its volume is supplemented by increasing aggregate consumption.(4)Reduce water is it split pharmaceutical can improve consistency of grout, reduce concrete secrete ink to defend, reduce and sink and draw back deforming.(5)Improve gluing the strength of forming of the grout and aggregate, the concrete improved resists the performance of splitting.(6)Concrete is it produce stress of drawing to restrain from while shrinking, crack when drawing the stress and is greater than concrete tensile strength can produce. Reduce water is it split pharmaceutical effective concrete tensile strength of improvement very to defend, improve resisting the performance of splitting of concrete by a wide margin.(7)It can make the concrete density good to add the admixture to mix, can improve resisting carbonization of concrete effectively, reduce carbonization to shrink.(8)Is it reduce water is it split slow coagulation time proper concrete under pharmaceutical to defend, on the basis of preventing the fast water of cement from sending out heat effectively to mix, prevent the plasticity shrink that brings because the cement is not congealed for a long time from increasing.(9)Mix admixture concrete and getting easy and kind, surface easy to feel flat, form little membrane, reduce the moisture to evaporate, reduce drily and shrink. A lot of admixtures all have the functions of slow coagulation, increasing and apt, improvement plasticity, the experiment that we should carry on in this respect more in the project practice is compared with and studied, than lean against not improving terms more simple, may getting simple and more direct, economy.Early maintenance of 4 concretePractice has proved, the common crack of concrete , most is the surface crack of different depth, main reason its whether temperature gradient cause cold temperature of area lower too easy to form crack suddenly. So say the warm-keeping of the concrete is especially important to preventing the early crack of surface.From the viewpoint of temperature stress, should reach and require keeping warm following:1)Prevent concrete internal and external temperature poor and concrete surface gradient from, prevent the surface crack.2)Prevent concrete from to be ultra and cold , should is it is it make the minimum temperature is not lower than the steady temperature of concrete service time construction time in concrete to try to try one's best.3)Prevent the old concrete subcooling, in order to reduce the restraint among the old and new concrete.The early maintenance of the concrete, the main purpose lies in keeping the suitable warm and humid condition, in order to get the result of two respects, on the other hand make the concrete avoid the invasion and attack of the unfavorable and warm, humidity out of shape, the ones that prevent from harmfully are cold to contract and do to contract. On one hand make cement water function go on smoothly, is in the hope of reaching the intensity designed and resisting the ability of splitting.The suitable warm damp condition is interrelated. Mix warm-keeping measure paid to congeal often protects wet results too. Analyse, water concrete include moisture can meet demand, cement of water have enough and to spare newly theoretically. But because the reason of evaporating etc. often causes losses of the moisture, thus postpone or hinder water of the cement from, the surface concrete receives this kind of adverse effect easiestly and directly. Key period when maintained in initial a few days after so the concrete is built should pay attention to conscientiously in constructing.2. Quality control of waterproof concrete constructionCombined with experience, from formwork design, fabrication and installation, assembling reinforcement, pouring and curing of concrete and other aspects construction technology of fair-faced concrete is introduced as well as quality control measures and standards in order to reduce engineering cost to acquire satisfied economic and social benefits.The factors of influencing waterproof-concrete quality are very many. Any links does not pay attention to the water-proof concrete of field loss hinders the water function without exception jointly with degree. Engineering construction in the basement adopts secondary form board fabrication and installation, reinforced bar fabrication and bind, concrete stirring and mixing system and transport, concrete covibration beat with a stick, construction joint practice, concrete curing and dismantle model and being ready for backfill and so on aspects. These are very critical to quality method to ensure that water-proof concrete self water-proof, and the way of practicehas wan out.Method being under construction2.1 Fabrication and InstallationAccording to the concert of closely knit, demand of reason why to form board since the water-proof also concrete have made and have assembled corresponding rise is special, be to require that not leaving out thick fluid, firm closely knit block of wood deformation, water absorption Character should be small and ought to give priority to select and using bamboo slab rubber form board or the steel form.. Strict control form board room gap size, necessary exceeding 2 mms uses foam rubber or plastic to squeeze a crack in, porous form board nonutility without exception to board face Be ready for wall post at the same time rotting the prevention and cure job adopt the cement mortar pouring same, indicia in before the root segment sticking the foam rubber or plastic strip, the bottom puts on a cement mortar, concrete a concrete, first 5cm~10cm. Since water-proof, concrete structure wall thickness is mostly more infertile. Be to ensure that component geometry dimension, Chang adopt the inside and outside bolt to pull the measure meeting attention to, responds to on play receive bolt centre interpose stop water iron plate, to prevent water from forming pilotage passage along bolt leakage.2.2 Assembling reinforcementWater-proof concrete structure has demanding as follows to the reinforced bar:1)Reinforced bar should adopt twisted steel as far as possible, increases by hold wrap a force composing in reply a water ability2)Reinforced bars connect should try one's best to adopt to solder connection, stop using and being needless to bind connection to the full3)When binding a reinforced bar, the iron wire head responds to inner bending.4)Strict control reinforced bars protective layer thickness.Minimal thickness of water-proof concrete reinforced bar protective layer is not smaller than 25mms, the protective layer welcoming water surface especially inadmissibility to disappoint error. The iron wire and reinforced bar that application buries in advance within mortar piece while using mortar heel block as protective layer, are bound solid. When the cavalry puts up the fixed reinforced bar if adopt a reinforced bar, also need to increase solders water iron plate or fixation just goes ahead, to strengthen water-proof effect in the heel block. This project uses new materials nylon to have fixed there is an effect's had guarded against reinforced bar protective layer deviation piece big mass common failings.2.3 The concrete stirring and mixing makes and transportsSince the water-proof concrete requires that higher closely knit, reason why stir and mix system also need to have the fairly good homogeneity, should be ready for burning as follows almost for this purpose:1)Ensures that mixing time, mixing at every time are secondary jump intoa expect the general ejection of compact block of wood less than 2mins.2)Should use the apposition agent, the solution queen who should manufacture certain thickness from apposition agent adds the mixer inner, the dried powder or high concentration solution will add an agent extra not to adds the mixer inner directly, prevent from mixing is uneven but part concentrates, both lose the apposition agent effect, and affect concrete mass.3)Responds to the assured source of life degree having a spot test on the admeasurement concrete at the regular intervals collapsing in the process being under construction, construction is middle if Yu rains or other cause, respond to the ratio determining whose water ratio, and adjusting the composition being under construction in time when change happened in sandstone moisture content.4)Project uses the commodity concrete, has boundary have raised a concrete stirring mass and of all kinds effect apposition agent adulterating falls when amounts, the water ash having controlled a concrete strictly collapsing.5)Concretes adopt a pump to have given handicraft, effective avoiding a concrete producing the phenomenon isolating bleeding and leaving out thick fluid in the process of transportation.2.4 Matters needing attention in being under construction1)Construction school assignment soft and floury is divided. Water-proof concreting should stratify strictly being in progress, and a continuous construction is completed The front and back and high and low connect between the tier should subjugate within the cement initial setting time, For this purpose, with handling a worker dividing into several, at the same time each other, school assignment group faces or it is all right for each other, carry on the back.2)Achieve strictly fixed point determines the amounts of the components of a substance material down According to the vehicle capacities stratifying concrete altitude and the means of transport, the quantify carrying out fixed point strictly is able to go down one important ring expecting that this is to improve water-proof concreting mass.3)Concretes vibrating beat one important ring being to ensure that the concrete is closely knit, defend against to seep with a stick. Also, should adopt fixed point vibrating, handle meticulously on basis expecting that under determining the amounts of the components of a substance homogeneously in fixed point. Pay attention to high and low tier of linking up. Now that needing to prevent from miss and vibrating, not vibrating enough, being going to prevent a fault from vibrating again, Need to forbid using prying the method coming to aid to vibrate moving a reinforced bar or shaking a reinforced bar especially, such separates to making the front already concrete the reinforced bar and concrete shaking the reality part, causes serious consequences.4)Being ready for the assured source of life degree taking over thick fluid measure, and adjusting in time to collapse seriously. Average water-proof concrete structure construction, the construction joint being under construction respectively, composing namely on erecting wall sells be bottom board and vertical wall at reduced prices. Should irrigate thick a layer of 5cm~10cms surname indicia cement mortars in seam place first linking up closely knitting tier, in order to ensuring that the seam place vibrates when concrete vertical wall. Simultaneous, improve step by step with concrete an altitude, should fall off step by step with the water yield, diminish collapsing to fall degree prevent from concrete insist to be short but the cement paste is partial to much phenomenon to aggregate appearing on upper part.2.5 Dismantling model and curing of concreteThe water-proof concreting queen maintains goodness and badness working, not only affecting the intensity arriving at a concrete, moreover the impervious function affecting to the concrete. Evidence, water-proof concrete early phase dehydration or curing process lack for water, will reduce whose impervious function by a wide margin. Water-proof concrete curing responds to the block of wood less than 14ds. The water-proof concrete dismantles a model demanding to be unable to compare high, dismantle model time unsuitable untimely, respond to when dismantling a model handle meticulously, prevent an iron rod from using to pry stiffly, that the sledgehammer is knocked suddenly and forcibly pries, uses a concrete meet with destroy.2.6 Do good well at backfillWater-proof architectural backfill is a final working procedure, it be sometimes ignored, this is a very big faults in fact under the ground. When the water-proof structure job is over queen responds to the construction carrying out backfill immediately. Most important, we should take backfill seriously self mass; Secondly, backfill varia and ponding should clear up the pit bottom in the front, respond to densification with layers when backfill. Water-proof structure vicinity layer pounds true backfill, self is a reliable and economical as well water proofing drapery under the ground. In project basement engineering construction Shanghai, since organizing water proofing down to earth strictly with all above seven passes, the concrete is under construction, effect is comparatively ideal. The percolating water phenomenon does not appear.ConclusionsConstruction temperature and relation of crack in concrete the above carry on preliminary discussion of theory and practice, though the academia has different theories to origin cause of formation and computing technology of the concrete crack, but to concrete prevention and improving the measure suggestion to relatively unify, application in practice result fine too at the same time, concrete to is it observe, compare more by us to want in constructing, analyse more, summarize more after going wrong, combine many kinds of prevention and deal with the measure, the crack of the concrete can be avoided.一、翻译浅谈混凝土的施工过程中温度与裂缝控制摘要为了防止业主对混凝土工程的索要赔偿,我们就必须做好过程中的温度与裂缝控制。