美国文学1
美国文学(本杰明富兰克林)
American literatureChapter 1 The Embryo of American Literature1、Benjamin FranklinA Brief Introduction of Benjamin FranklinFranklin was one of the leading founding fathers of the United States of America. He was a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence and was one of its signatories(签名人)。
He also signed the Constitution of the United States, and served as the new nation’s ablest diplomat. Franklin was also unequaled in America as an inventor until Thomas Edison. He invented the Franklin stove(火炉，窖，温室)，bifocal eyeglasses and the lightning rod.※BiographyBenjamin Franklin was born on January 17,1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the youngest child ,and tenth boy of 17 children. Franklin’s formal schooling ended early but his education never did. He believed that “the door to wisdom are never shut,” and read every book he could get his hands on. Franklin taught himself simple algebra and geometry ,navigation, logic, history, science, English grammar and a working knowledge of five other languages.Franklin had a simple formula for success. He believed that successful people worked just a little harder than other people. Benjamin Franklin certainly did. He built a successful printing and publishing business in Philadelphia; he conducted scientific studies of electricity and made several important discoveries; he was an accomplished diplomat and statesman; he helped establish Pennsylvania’s first university and America’s first city hospital. He also organized the country’s first subscription library.Franklin had strong belief that good citizenship included an obligation of public service. Franklin himself served the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the new United States of America, in one way or the other, for most of his life. To Benjamin Franklin there was no greater purpose in life than to“live usefully.”※The Works·Poor Richard’s Almanac.1733·The Way to Wealth,1758·Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ，1791·Benjamin Franklin’s Thirteen Virtues1TEMPERANCE. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.2SIlENCE. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.3ORDER.Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.4RESOLUTION.Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.5FRUGALITY. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e.,waste nothing.6INDUSTRY.Lose no time;be always employeed in something useful; cut off all unneccessary actions.7. SINCERITY. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.8. JUSTICE. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9. MODERATION. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.10. CLEANLINESS. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation.11. TRANQUILLITY. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.12. CHASTITY. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dulness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.13. HUMILITY. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.※Selected ReadingToo Dear for the WhistleWhen I was a child of seven years old , my friends , on a holiday ,filled my pocket with coppers . I went at once to a shop where they sold toys for children . Being charmed with the sound of a whistle that I had seen by the way , in the hands of another boy , I handed over all my money for one . I then came home , went whistling all over house , much pleased with my whistle , but disturbing all my family .My brother and sister and cousins ,when I told of the bargain I had made,said I had given four times as much as the whistle was worth . They put me in mind of what good things I might have bought with the rest of the money, and laughed at me so much for my folly that I cried with vexation(n.苦恼，恼怒，令人烦恼的事) . Thinking about the matter gave me more chagrin than the whistle gave me pleasure.This , however , was afterwards of use to me , for the impression continued on my mind . so that often , when I was tempted to buy something I do not need . I said to myself . “Don't give too much for the whistle ,”and I saved my money . As I grew up , came into the world，and observed the actions of men . I thought I met with many ,very many ,who “gave too much for the whistle .”When I saw some man too eager for cout favour, wasting his time at court getherings ,giving up his rest , his liberty ,his virtue, and perhaps his friends ,for royal favour , I said to myself “This man gives too much for the whistle.”When I saw another fond of popularity , constantly taking part in political affairs ,neglecting his own business ,and ruining it by neglect , “He pays , indeed ,”said I , “too dear for his whistle .”If I knew a miser（守财奴，吝啬鬼）who gave up every kind of comfortable living , all the pleasure of doing good to others , all the esteem of his fellow citizens and the joys of friendship , for the sake of gathering and keeping wealth —“Poor man.”said I , “you pay too dear for your whistle .”When I met a man of pleasure , who did not try to improve his mind or his fortune but merely devoted himself to having a good time ,perhaps neglecting his health ,“Mistaken man,”said I , “you are providing pain for yourself , instead of pleasure ; you are paying too dear for your whistle .”If I saw someone fond of appearance of who had fine clothes , fine houses , fine furniture , fine earrings , all above his fortune , and for which he had run into debt ,and ends his career in a prison .“Alas,”said I , “he has paid dear , very dear , for his whistle . ”In short the miseries of mankind are largely due to their putting a false value on things —to giving “too much for their whistles”.。
美国文学 课件1-puritanism清教主义
❖“The king died and then the queen died.”
❖ “The king died and then the queen
died of grief.”
1. What is Literature?
❖ Literature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by university of intellectual and emotional appeal.
Other approaches(2)
❖ Post- structuralism ❖ Decostructuralism
❖ Our textbook is arranged in chronological order, but we deal with each period analytically with emphasis on theme.
4.How to Define American Literature
❖ American literature mainly refers to literature produced in American English by the people living in the US. This generalization does not exclude literature produced in other languages by American expatriates or literature produced in other languages by minorities in the country such as the American Indian literature in the Indian language and the Jewish American literature in the Yiddish language.
美国文学
·概述：美国文学（America literature）表现为平民化，多元化，富于阳刚之气，热爱自由，追求以个人幸福为中心的美国梦。
美国文学大致出现过3次繁荣：19世纪前期形成民族文学，第一和第二次世界大战后，美国文学两度繁荣，并产生世界影响，已有近10位作家获得诺贝尔文学奖。
·菲利普·弗瑞诺（1752～1832）是当时著名的革命诗人，他的创作开创了美国诗歌的优秀传统·早期浪漫主义文学19世纪初期欧文(1783～1859）致力发掘北美早期移民的传说故事，他的《见闻札记》（1819～1820）开创了美国短篇小说的传统。
库珀(1789～1851）在《皮袜子故事集》中以印第安人部落的灭亡为背景，表现了勇敢、正直的移民怎样开辟美国文明的途径。
诗人布莱恩特(1794～1878）笔下的自然景色，完全是美国式的，他歌颂当地常见的水鸟和野花，而且通过它们歌颂人与人之间的和谐。
爱伦·坡在诗歌、短篇小说和理论批评方面达到新的水平，标志着民族文学的多样性和在艺术上的发展。
·超验主义（transcendentalism强调直觉）与后期浪漫主义（19世纪30年代以后）爱默生（1803～1882）超验主义代表，宗教、直觉、认为人是上帝梭罗(1817～1862) 侧重超验主义中人的“自助”精神霍桑（1804～1864）转向对人类状况与命运的探索，如《红字》（1850）梅尔维尔（1819～1891）把社会矛盾归结为抽象的“恶”，使《白鲸》（1851）等作品蒙上神秘、悲观的气氛。
·“婆罗门”或称“绅士派诗人朗费罗(1807～1882）、洛威尔（1819～1891）和霍姆斯(1809～1894）·废奴文学19世纪30年代后（黑人的处境激起许多作家的同情）斯托夫人的小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》（1852），林肯(1809～1865）称她为“发动了一次战争的小妇人”。
美国文学第一册练习(有答案)
1. “God helps them that help themselves.” is found in ____________work.A. Paine’sB. Franklin’sC. Freneau’sD. Jefferson’s2. Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American republic?A. The American Crisis.B. The Federalist.C. Declaration of Independence.D. The Age of Reason.3. “These are the times that try men’s souls”, these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Who is the author of these words?A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington4. Which work is written by Freneau?A. The Right of ManB. The Wild honey SuckleC. Poor Richard’s AlmanacD. The Day of Doom5. Who was considered as the “Poet of American Revolution”?A. Anne BradstreetB. Edward TaylorC. Michael WiggleworthD. Philip Freneau6. In Moby Dick, the voyage symbolizes ___________.A. the microcosm of human societyB. the search for truthC. the unknown worldD. nature7.Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communication with _________________.A. natureB. transcendentalist ideasC. human beingsD. celestial beings8. The Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and ____________-.A. Henry David ThoreauB. Washington IrvingC. Nathanel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman9. ___________is regarded as the first American prose epic.A. NatureB. The Scarlet letterC. WaldenD. Moby Dick10. The Romantic Period of American literature started with the publication of Washington Irving’s ___________ and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass.A. The Sketch BookB. Tales of a TravelerC. The AlhambraD. A History of New York11. The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature in American literature is particularly evident in ___________________.A. Cooper’s Leatherstocking TalesB. Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.C. Whitman’s Leaves of Grass.D. Irving’s Rip Van Winkle.12. As a philosophical and literary movement, _________ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.A. modernismB. rationalismC. sentimentalismD. transcendentalism13. For Melville, as well as for the reader and ____________, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.A. StarbuckB. StubbC. IshmaelD. Arab14. All of the following are works by Nathaniel Hawthorne except_____________.A. The House of Seven GablesB. White JacketC. The Marble FaunD. The Blithdale Romance15. In the following works, which signs the beginning of the American literature?A. The Sketch BookB. Leaves of GrassC. Leatherstocking Tales..D. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn16. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following except_______________.A. religionB. love and marriageC. life and deathD. war and peace17. Emily Dickinson’s poetic idiom is noted for the following except_____________.A. brevityB. directnessC. plainestD. obscure18. “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, trough the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity.” Which of the following writings is the thought reflected in?A. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Yo ung Goodman Brown.B. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.C. Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass.D. Herman Melville’s Moby Dick.19. The publication of ____________established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Over Soul20. Most of the poems in Whitman’s leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass” and the ___________as well.A. natureB. lifeC. selfD. self-relianceII. Fill into the blanks with suitable phrase or term. (2x10=20%)1.The American of Scholar is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.2.In 1620, a number of Puritans who tried to purify or reform the church of Englandstepped on the New England shore at Plymouth in the ship named Mayflower3.Among all the settlers in the New Continent, English settlers were the mostinfluential.4.In American Literature, the eighteenth century was an Age of Reason andRevolution.5.In Franklin’s Autobiography he talks first of all about how he studied language.6.Irving was best known for his famous short stories such as Rip Van Winklewhich is about a good-natured lazy husband who falls into a 20-year sleep. 7．Published in 1823, The Pioneers was the first of the Leatherstocking Tales, in their order.8．Philip Freneau was considered as the “poet of the American Revolution” and the “Father of American Poetry.”9．A superb book Walden came out of Thoreau’s two-year experiment at Walden pond. 10．As one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain , the pen name of Samuel Langhorne. Clemens, usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experiences.III. Match the writer in Column A with the works in Column B (1X10=10%)Column A Column Ba.Franklinb.John Smithc.William Cullen Bryantd.James Fennimore Coopere.Philip Freneauf.Washington Irvingg.Nathaniel Hawthorneh.Edgar Allan Poei.Ralph Waldo Emersonj.Walt Whitman1.( b) A Description of New England2.( h) The Raven3.( g) The Scarlet Letter4.( a) Autobiography5.( e) The Wild Honey Suckle6.( c) To a Waterfowl7.( d) The Deerslayer8 ( j)Leaves of Grass9.( f) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow10.( i ) Nature。
《美国文学》课件song of myself 1
of nature and the universe.
Beat! Beat! Drums!
• Beat! Beat! Drums! Blow! Bugles! Blow! Through the windows---through doors---burst like a ruthless force, Into the solemn church, and scatter the congregation, Into the school where the scholar is studying; Leave not the bridegroom quiet---no happiness must he have now with his bride. Nor the peaceful farmer any peace, ploughing his field or gathering his grain, So fierce you whirr and pound you drums---so shrill your bugles blow.
• 信条和学派暂时不论， 且后退一步，明了它们 当前的情况已足，但也 决不是忘记，
不论我从善从恶，我允 许随意发表意见，
顺乎自然，保持原始的 活力。
An analysis of Song of myself
Three important themes : ➢ the idea of the self ; ➢ the identification of the self with other
Beat! Beat! Drums!
美国文学名词解释
美国文学名词解释美国文学，作为世界文学的重要组成部分，有着丰富多彩的文化背景和独特的创作风格。
在这篇文章中，我将为您解释几个与美国文学相关的重要名词。
1. 美国文学：美国文学是指在美国国土上创作的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧和散文等各种文体。
美国文学自17世纪初殖民地时期开始出现，并逐渐形成独特的风格和主题，如自由、探索、个人价值观等。
该文学受到欧洲文学、非裔美国文学、拉丁美洲文学等多个文学传统的影响。
2. 讽刺文学：讽刺文学是通过调侃、嘲笑或批评等手法，通过善意或恶意地对社会、人物、社会习俗等进行揭示和描述的一种文学形式。
美国文学中讽刺常常用来表达对社会问题的关注以及对不公正现象的讽刺批评。
作家马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》便是美国文学中著名的讽刺作品之一。
3. 大都市文学：大都市文学是指以城市为背景、以城市生活为题材的文学作品。
美国是大都市文学的发源地之一，纽约市成为该文学流派的中心。
大都市文学反映了城市的动态与繁华，同时也揭示了城市中的社会问题和人际关系。
美国作家F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的小说《了不起的盖茨比》，以及薇拉·刘易斯和李欧·斯坦巴克的作品都是著名的大都市文学作品。
4. 美国本土文学：美国本土文学是指探讨、描写和反映美国本土历史、文化、民族特色的文学作品。
该文学形式着重于展示美洲原住民、欧洲移民、非裔美国人和其他少数族裔的文化传统和经验。
美国作家奥兰多·费斯特的小说《渐近线》以及路易斯·埃里斯的小说《米南多洛之歌》都是美国本土文学的代表作品。
5. 后现代主义文学：后现代主义文学是指具有反传统、颠覆常规、模糊现实与虚幻界限的文学形式。
在晚20世纪以后的美国文学中，后现代主义作品开始兴起。
该文学形式常常使用非线性叙事、多重视角和流派的混合等技巧来表达个体性、主观性和相对主义等概念。
美国作家托马斯·品钦的小说《地下时光》以及大卫·福斯特·华莱士的小说《无人生还》都是后现代主义文学的代表作品。
美国文学题 1
第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学What are the characteristics of Colonial America?All of the works written during this period are utilitarian , polemical , or didactic .The purpose of literature for these Puritans was first of all usefulness . It should teach some kond of lesson . In content , the literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or both . The literary style of the earliest American writers , in fact seems to have been determined by a practical consideration of the sort of impression each writer wanted to make upon a selected group of readers . Puritans’metaphorical mode of perception helped to develop literary symbolism as they saw the physical world a symbol of God . Hence symbolism as a technique was a common practice in writing . The Piritans placed unusual stress upon plainness in writing because they were unusually interested in influencing the simp;e-minded people . Bearing the direct influence fo the Christian Biblical poetics , the Puritan writings are fresh , simp;e ,direct , and with a touch of nobility . As it faithfully imitated and transplanted European forms to the new experience , early American literature was as much a product of continuities as an indigenous creation.第二部分理性文学和革命文学1 As we have seen , theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing . Politics was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.2 From 1732 to 1758 , Franklin wrote and published his famous Poor Richard’s Alman ac , an annual collection of proverbs .3 EnlightementThe eighteenth –century England is also , and better , known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age fo Reason . The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe at the time , with France in the vanguard . The Enlightenment celebrated reason (rationality) , equality , science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their society . The movement was based on the basic theories provided by the philosophers of the age , which ranged from John Locke’s materialism , Lord Shaftsbury’s deism , and George Berkeley’s immaterialism to David Hume’s skepticism . Whatever philosophical beliefs they might have , they held the eommom faith in human rationality and the possibility of human perfection through education . They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and social relations , superstition , injustice , privilege and oppression were to yield place to “eternal truth” ,”eternal justice” , and “natural equality” or inalienable rights of men . Everything was put under scrutiny , to be measured by reason . No authorities , political or religious or otherwise , were acepted unchallenged while almost allthe old societies and governments and all the traditional concepts , including Christianity , were examined and criticized . The belief provided theory for the French Revolution in 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776 .Alexander Pope (1688~1744) , Joseph Addison (1672~1719) , Richard Steele (1672~1792) , Jonathan Swift (1667~1745) , Daniel Defoe (1660~1731) , Henry Fielding (1707~1754) , Richard B. Sheridan (1751~1816) , Oliver Goldsmith (1730~1774) , Edward Gibbon (1737~1794) , and Samuel Johnson (1709~1784) were among the famous enlighteners in England . As England had already gone through its bourgeois revolution , what the English enlighteners were lege to do was to strive the bring the revolution to and end by clearing away the feudal remnants and rep;ace them with bourgeois ideology .第三部分美国的浪漫主义文学1 In 1828 the election of the frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the seventh President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents .2 Wsahington Irvi ng’s Skwtch Book bacame the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic .3 Washington Irving was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism , and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such eontemporaries as Acott and Cooper ,and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative fo the future .4 What are the unique features of American Romanticism? Although foreign influnences wre strong,American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own.It was different from its English and European counterpart because it originated from an amalgam of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else.American romanticism was in essence the e xpression of”a real new experience”and contained”an alien quality”for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place”was radically new and alen.Foe instance ,the American national experience of “pioneering “ into the west proved to be a rich fund of material for Ameican writers to draw upon.The wilderness with its virgin forests ,the sound of the axe cutting its way westward, the exotic landscape with its different sights, smells,and sounds(the robin rather than the nightingale is Emily Dicckinson’s “criterion of tone,”for example), and the quaint,picturesque civilization of a primitive race—all these constituted an incomparably superior source of inspiration for native authors.A rude Natty Bumppo in buckskin, dweling in a fromtier blockhouse, treading a solitary bridle path through virgin forests was ,perhaps , matter enough for any romantic genius.And indeed, American authors were quite responsive to thestimulus which American life offered.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s tentive treatment of the frontier and the Indians in his works such as Hudson valley, William Cullen Bryant’s sketches of the wild west prairie where no human being had ever set foot and James Fenimore Cooper’s five Leatherstocking tales with”their majestic descriptions of American’s limitles s forests and broad blue inland lake”—these are but aafew instances whereby the new American sensibility began to make itself felt.And ,of course , we should not forget to mention Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville and Whitman, all people who were instrumental ,in one way or another ,in creating an indigenous American literature.Then there is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.American moral values were essentially Puritan.Public opinion was overwhelmingly Puritan;social life and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan atmosphere of the nation.Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did Puritanism;no one has been so successful in imposing his way of thinking on the continent as the American Puritan.puritanical influence over Ameican romanticism w3as conspicuously noticeable.One of its palpable manifestations is the fact that American romantic authors tended more to moralize than their English and European brothers.It is true that Edgar Allan poe fought vehemently against “the heresy of the didactic”,and writers like John Greenleaf Whittier tried to advocate both beauty and goodness.But the fact remains, nonetheless ,that many American romantic writings intended to edify more than theyentertained.There seemed to be areas of life which it was better for them to leave alone, taboos of a kind that most of the literary world agreed,however tacit it may have been, on not breaking.Sex and love werem for instance, subjects American authors were particularly careful in approaching.Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter talks eloquently about the sin itself ,and Whitman was for a long time misunderstood by his own countrymen because Leaves of Grass contains lines and passages not at all palatable to their “genteel” taste.练习二1.Emerson was recognized throughout his life as the leaderof_________ movement, yet he never applied the term to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.2.Emerson’s truest disciple, the man who put into practice many ofEmerson’s theories, was_________.Define the literary terms listed belowAmerican TranscendentalismKeys: 1. Transcendentalist, 2, H.D ThoreauTerm: American Transcendentalism or “New English Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance” is more of a tendency, an attitude, than the philosophy of Transcendentalists.To “transcend” something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits. Transcendentalists took their ideas from the romantic literature of Europe, from new-Platoism, from German idealistic philosophy, and from the revelations of Oriental-mysticism. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as the follows.Firstly, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. Secondly, they stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. Thirdly, they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spi rit or God. Nature was , to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses.As a philosophical and literary movement, Transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War. Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” an d his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence.” Thoreau built and went to live in a small cottage on Walden Pond for a little over two years, and then came back to write about his experience there in his famous book Walden. To later generations, scarred by the horrors of the Civil War, the transcendentalist persuation that humanity was godlike and that evil was non-existent appeared to be an optimistic folly. As a philosophy, Transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. Yet Transcendentalism wasa powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age, and theideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.练习31．_________deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history.2. Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly_________stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, _________.3. _________ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage inpursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.Define the literary terms listed belowSymbolismKeys:1.The House of the Seven Gables 2, symbolic The scarlet letter3. Moby-Dick.Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. A symbol is something that conveys two kinds of meaning; it is simply itself, and it stands for something other than itself. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. People, places, things and even events can be used symbolically. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story. Hawthorn and Melville were the two masters of symbolism. For example, the scarlet letter “A” on Hester’s breast can give you symbolic meanin gs. If the symbol is obscure or ambiguous, then the very obscurity and the ambiguity may also be part of the meaning of the story.Answer the following questions.1.Give a brief analysis of the main characters in The scarlet Letter2.Give a brief analysis of the character Ahab in Moby-Dick.3.What is the theme in Moby-Dick?4.What is Hawthorn’s style?Keys:2, The way in which Hawthorn wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism. The load of didacticism is nowhere heavier and the desire to elevate nowhere stronger than it is, perhaps, in this 19th American classic. Reading it, one wonders whether it is a story of love. The answer is yes, but then no, because the love part of the story is long over before the book begins. One wonders whether it is a story if sin. The answer is yes, but then no, for the sinning part is long over before the book opens Modern and contemporary authors would have written pageswhere Hawthorn uttered not a word, What he was predominantly concerned was the moral, emotional, and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general and those complicated in it in particular. In the strong character of Hester Psynne we see the tension between society and solitude which, as Marius Bewley put it, lies near the center of all Hawthorn’s art, The Scarlet Letter is not a praise of a Hester Prynne sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Hawthorn’s female characters tend to fall into two broad categories. (答案未完)4．Ahab may have been Melville’s portrait of an Emersonian self-reliant individual. Melville lost no opportunity in his criticism of New England Transcendentalism. Constantly under his attack is its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. To say that the whole of Moby-Dick is a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism is not in fact an exaggeration. Take Emerson’s self-reliance for instance. Ahab is too much of a self-reliant individual to be a good human being. He stands alone on his own one leg among the millions of the peopled earth, For him the only law is his own will. To him the world exists for his sake. His selfhood must be asserted at the expense of all else: lives may be sacrificed, and nature may have to be vanquished in order that he may do what he will. He never stops to think---and he never bothers about it---that, in asserting his private personality, he denies ruthlessly the humanity and individuality of his fellowmen. Ahab is no Odysseus, and this crew seems to be a ship of fools too much under the captain’s evil spell to exercise their discretion. Between them, they encompass their own undoing. Richard Chase is right when he says that the idea Melville conveys in Moby-Dick is “Death-spiritual, emotional, physical,” which is the p rice of self-reliance when it is pushed to the point of solipsism. Ahab is, to be more exact, a victim of solipsism, his tragedy stemming in the main from extreme individualism, selfish will, a spirit too much withdrawn to itself to warrant salvation, Moby-Dick thus reveals the basic pattern of 19th century American life: loneliness and suicidal individualism in a self-styled democracy,5. One of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. He cuts himself off from his wife and kid, and stays away most of the time from his crew, and he hates Moby---Dick which is am embodiment of nature. He is angry because his pride is wounded. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, he seems to hold God responsible for the presence of evil in the universe. Thus his anger assumes the proportions of a cosmicnature. He is bent on avenging himself. He hears of no objection. In his egocentric obsession within “the masoned, walled town of a captain’s exclusiveness,” he loses his sanity and humanity and becomes a devilish creature rushing headlong toward his doom. And he know s it most clearly of all. When D.H Lawrence remarks,”“he {Melville}records also, almost beyond pain or pleasure, the extreme transitions of the isolated, far-driven soul, the soul which is now alone, without any real human contact” he had Ahad topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby-Dick9. A. Hawthorne wrote romance because he thought it the predestined form of American narrative. He presented material on the alienation between fact and fancy. The purpose of a novel, as it developed in 18th century Europe, was to record the actual events of life, to stick to what actually happened, but Hawthorn explained that the purpose of romance was to present the truth of the human heart by the writer’s own choice or cre ation. He wanted to reveal reality and satirize it but not to offend the Puritan conventions, For Hawthorne, romance, unlike the novel, was not tied to conventional reality. Romance had the freedom to depart from novelistic realism. Hawthorne felt that the literary artist was justified in changing events around if that could better get to the truth of the individual psychology. Psychological truth was more important than actual truth. Hawthorne used atmosphere to help reach the truth of the heart. Often he would use shadow to create effect. He used this because the world of light and shadow was the world of imagination. Therefore, for Hawthorne romance was the meeting place of the actual and the imaginary. In this stories, there is a strong fairytale element, He would use his imagination to change the actual events, but the purpose was to reach psychological truth. Hawthorne mingled the supernatural with the actual and developed analytic, psychological romanticism.B, Hawthorne used symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of the characters. It is characteristic of Hawthorne. He used masks, veils, shadows, emblems to give dramatic forms to the universal dilemmas of humanity. A black veil stands for the wickedness of man; a marble heart symbolizes an indivi dual’s unpardonable sin; and a garden of poisonous flowers represents hell.C. He wrote stories with narrative interest, ease in transition, coherence, and complexity, One of the means he adopted is making stories parable in form and symbolic in style.D. His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. His touch is light, but his observation is somber.E. He used ambiguity to keep the reader in a world of uncertainty. Important questions are never fully resolved. The simple word “or”enjoys high frequency in his stories. Hawthorne gave the reader many ways to interpret the story and then he stopped without telling the reader which one he wanted the reader to choose. To create ambiguity, the author often employed the technique of multiple views.。
美国文学作家及作品汇总1
美国文学1、Benjamin A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money> <Poor Ric2、Thomas P The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题> <Common Sense常识> <American3、Philip F The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲> <The British Prison Ship英国囚船4、Washingt A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作> <The Ske5、James Fe The Spy间谍> <The Pilot领航者> <The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿>6、William The Poems1821> <1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗> <Tha7、Edgar Al Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集> <Tales故事集> <The Fal Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗> <Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，8、Ralf Wal Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书> <The American Sc Concord Hymn康考德颂> <The Rhodo杜鹃花> <The Humble Bee野蜂> <Days日子-首开自由诗之先河9．Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事> <Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman B10、Henry D Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活> <Resistance to Civil Governme11、Walt Wh Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌> <I hear America Singi12、Herman Moby Dick> <The White Whale莫比·迪克> <白鲸> <Typee泰比> <Omoo奥穆> <Mard13、Henry W The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗> <Voices of14、John Gr Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question废奴问题> <Voic Ichabod艾卡博德> <A Winter Idyl冬日田园诗15、Harriet Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋> <A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴16、Frederi Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克·道17、Emily D The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth an18、Mark Tw The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙> <TheHow to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结19、Francis The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿------乡土文学作家20、William The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹> <A Modern Instance现代婚姻>21、Henry A History of the United States During the Administration of Jefferson and Ma22、William Principles of Psychology心理学原理> <The Will to Believe信仰的意志> <Pragm23、Henry J小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐> <The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像> <The Bost评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家> <Hawthorne霍桑> <Partial Portraits不完24、Ambrose小品集：The Fiend’s Deligh魔鬼的乐趣> <Nuggests and Dust Panned out in Ca短篇小说集：Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事> <In the Midst of Life在人生中间> <Can25、Edward Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年> <Equality平等> <The Duke o26、Edwin C The Man With the Hoe荷锄人27、Charles The Conjure Woman巫女> <The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Col28、Hamlin Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）> <Man Travelled Roads大路(The29、O·Henr The Man Higher Up黄雀在后> <Sixes and Sevens七上八下30、Edith W The House of Mirth欢乐之家> <Ethan Frome> <Bunner Sister班纳姐妹> <The Age32、George Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰> <The Realms Being存在诸领33、William Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others)> <The Sup34、Edgar L A Book of Verse诗集> <Maximilian马克西米连（诗集）> <Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集(Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达·马物罗克)35、Edwin A Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说> <The Town Down the River河上的城镇> <T36、Frank N Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）> <Mc-Teague麦克提格（37、Stephen Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写38、Theodor Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹> <Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘> <Trilogy of Desire欲望三部39、Paul La We Wear the Mask我们带着面具他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为“黑种人的桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate of the Neg40、Jack Lo The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤> <The Sea-wolf海狼41、Upton S Spring and Harvest春天与收获> <The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）> <42、Irving Babbitt欧文·白壁德1865-1933Literature and the American College文学与美国学院（）要求恢复古典文学教学>（新人文主义43、Villa S O,Pioneers啊，先驱们> <My Antonia我的安东尼亚> <The Professor’s House教授44、Gertrud The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas爱丽丝·托克拉斯的自传> <Tender Button温45、Robert A Boy’s Wish少年心愿> <North of Boston波士顿之北(Mending Wall修墙,After AWest-running Brook西流的溪涧> <A Further Range又一片牧场> <A Witness Tree一株作证的树46、Sherwoo Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子> <Marching Men前进中的人们> <MiThe Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事> <Death in the Woods and Othe47、Carl Sa Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人s> <In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮48、Wallace Harmonium风琴> <The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人> <Notes Toward a49、Henry L Bernard Shaw:His Plays肖伯纳的戏剧> <The Philosophy of Nietzche尼采的哲学>50、William收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes> <Spring and All春> <The Desert Music> <The Journey of Love爱的历程> <Co 名诗：Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车> <The Widow’s Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨> <The Dead Baby> The Great American Novels伟大的美国小说> <In the American Grain美国性格> <Autobiography自传51、Sinclai Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生> <The Job求职> <The Main Street大先进> <Babbitt52、Ezra Po The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神> <The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选> <53、Hilda D Sea Garden海的花园> <Collected Poems(Dread山精> <Pear Tree> <Orchard)> <Th54、Thomas Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）> <The Waste Land荒原名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三> <Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案> <Family Reunion大团圆> <Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会55、Eugene 独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff东航卡迪夫> <The Long Voyage Home归途迢迢> <T多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）> <Anna Christie安娜·克里斯蒂> <The Emperor J 56、Katheri Flowering Judas开花的紫荆花（Maria Conception> <The Jitting of Granny WeatShip of Fools愚人船（唯一的一部长篇小说）> <The Never Ending Wrong千古奇冤（回忆录）57、Archiba Towers of Ivory象牙塔> <The Happy Marriage幸福的婚姻> <Streets in the Moon广播剧：The Fall of the City城市的陷落> <Airraid空袭58、Michael120 Million一亿二千万> <Change The World改变世界> <The Hollow Man空心人> <戏剧：Hoboken Blues> <Fiesta节日> <Battle Hymn歌> <Prletarian Literature in the United Sta59、E Cumin Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱> <The Enormous Room大房间> <XLI Poems诗60、Edmund Travel in Two Democracies在两个民主国家里旅行> <To the Finland Station到芬61、John Do The Three Soldiers> <Manhattan Transfer> <U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel>62、F Scott The Side of Paradise人间天堂> <The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉> <短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们> <Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事> <Ta 63、William The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）> <Soldiers’ Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月> <The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣> <As I lay dying当我垂64、Malcolm译作：法国安德烈·纪德Andre Gide的Imaginary Interview虚构的会议诗集：Blue Juniata> <The Dry Season> <The Exile’s Return流亡者的回归（研究“迷惘的一代”的65、Ernest In Our Time在我们的年代里> <The Torrents of Spring春潮> <The Sun Also Rise短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人> <The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获> <The Fift 政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富 回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥66、Hart Cr My Grandfather’s Love Letters祖父的情书> <Praise for an Urn瓮颂> <For the67、Thomas Look Homeward,Angel天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River时间与河流> <The短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨68、James L Mulatto混血儿（剧本）> <The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声> <Dear Lovely Death亲爱的69、John St Cup of Gold金杯> <Tortilla Flat煎饼房> <In Dubious Battle胜负未定> <Of Mic短篇小说：The Red Pony小红马(The Gift,The Great Mountains大山> <The Promise许诺,The Leader70、Nathana The Dream Life of Balso Snell巴尔索·斯纳尔的梦幻生涯> <The Day of Locust蝗71、James F Studs Lonigan斯塔兹·朗尼根(Young Lonigan少年朗尼根> <The Young Manhood of短篇小说：Calico Shoes花布鞋> <Guillotine Party行刑队文艺评论：A Note on Literary Criticism文艺评论札记> <Literature and Morality文学与道德72、Lillian The Children’s Hour孩子们的时光> <The Little Foxes小狐狸> <Watch on the R回忆录：An Unfinished Wonman一个事业尚未终了的女人> <Pentimento旧画新貌> <Scoundrel Time邪73、Cliffor Waiting for Lefty等待老左> <勒夫特> <Awake and Sing!醒来歌唱> <Till the Da74、Richard Uncle Tom’s Children汤姆叔叔的孩子们> <Native Son土生子> <Black Boy> <黑孩75、Eudora 短篇小说：Death of a Travelling,Salesman巡回推销员之死> <A Curtain of Gree长篇小说：The Robber Bridgeroom强盗新朗> <Detta Wedding德尔塔的婚姻> <The Ponder Heart庞德76、Valdimi Lolita洛莉塔> <Pale Fire微暗的火> <The Admiralty Sprie海军部大厦塔尖77、Anais N The Novel of Future未来的小说> <Heida海达> <House of Incest乱伦之家> <Coll78、Issac B Gimpel the Fool傻瓜吉姆佩尔> <The Family Moskat莫斯卡特家族> <Satan in Gor短篇小说：The Spinoza of Market Street市场街的斯宾诺莎> <A Friend of Kafka卡夫卡的朋友名篇：Neighbours邻居79、Robert Night Rider夜间骑士> <At Heaven’s Gate在天堂门口> <All King’s Men国王的全诗集：Thirtysix Poems> <Selected Poems1923-1943> <Brother to Dragons> <Promised:Poems1954-剧作：Proud Flesh骄傲的血肉之躯> <Modern Rhetoric当代修辞学> <Birth of Love爱之诞生(选自与逃亡者集团The Fugitive的宣言书I’ll Take My Stand我表明我的立场80、Tenness American Blues美国的布鲁斯> <Battle of Angels天使的战斗> <The Glass Menage81、John Ch短篇小说：The Expelled开除短篇小说集：The Way Some People Live一些人的生活方式> <The Enormous Radio and Other Storie 长篇小说：The Wapshot Chronicle> <Scandal瓦普肖特纪事> <丑闻> <Bullet Park布利特公园> <Fal 82、Irwin S Bury the Dead埋葬死者> <Sailor off the Bremen不来梅港外的水手长篇小说：The Young Lions幼狮> <The Troubled Air混浊的空气> <Lucy Crown露茜·克朗> <Two We 83、Ralph E长篇小说：Invisible Man看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动> <Going to the Territory步入文学界84、Bernard长篇小说：The Natural天生运动员> <The Assistant伙计> <The Fixer装配工> <A85、Landall诗集：Blood for a Stranger献给一个陌生人的血> <Little Friend ,Little Frien小说：Pictures of an Institution学院小景> <The Woman at the Washington Zoo华盛顿动物园的女评论：Poetry and the Age诗歌与时代> <The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner旋转炮塔炮手之死86、John Be诗：Homage to Mrs Bradstreet献给布拉兹特里夫人> <The Dream Songs梦之歌> <P小说：Recovery复原 传记：Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩87、Saul Be长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去> <挂起来的人> <The Victim受害者> <The Adven中篇小说：Seize the Day且乐今朝88、Arthur Situation Normal情况正常> <The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人> <All89、Robert 诗：Lord Weary’s Castle威尔利老爷的城堡> <Life Studies人生探索名篇：For Sale> <Walking in the Blue> <For the Union Dead献给联邦死难士→自白诗运动90、J D Sal短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人 短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇中篇小说：Franny弗兰尼> <Zooey卓埃> <Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters木匠们，把屋梁升高长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者91、Betty F The Feminine Mystique女性的奥秘> <It Changed My Life它改变了我的生活> <The92、Alex Ha The Autobiography of Malcolm X马尔科姆·艾克斯自传Roots根> <Hanning汉宁镇（自传体小说）93、Jack Ke The Town and the City镇和城> <On the Road在路上> <The Subterraneans地下居民94、Kurt Vo长篇小说：Player Piano自动钢琴> <The Sirens of Titan泰坦族的海妖> <Cat’s短篇小说集：Welcome to the Monkey House欢迎到猴房来(Report on the Barnhouse Effect关于巴恩95、Norman 裸者与死者> <Barbary Shore巴巴里海滨> <The Deer Park廘苑> <An American Dre96、James D诗集：Into the Stone钻入石头> <Drowning With Others跟别人一起淹死(The Life长诗：Deliverance解脱诗论集：The Suspect in Poetry诗歌中的嫌疑犯> <Babel to Byzatium从巴别尔到拜占庭97、Joseph 长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规> <Something Happened出了毛病> <As Good as98、James B散文集：Note of a Native Son土生子的笔记> <Nobody Knows My Name> <Fire Ne小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain向苍天呼吁> <Giovanni’s Room乔万尼的房间> <Another Countr 短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner阿门角> <Blues for Mister Charley为查理先生唱布鲁斯> <黑人怨> <One Da 100、Flanne长篇小说：Wise Blood慧血> <The Violent Bear It Away它为强暴者所夺走短篇小说集：A Good Man Is Hard to Find好人难寻> <Everything That Rises Must Converg上升的一名文：Good Country People善良的乡下人> <The Lame Shall Enter First跛腿者先进去> <Greenleaf 101、Willia Lie Down in Darkness躺在黑暗中> <The Long March长途行军> <Set This House o102、Allen 诗集：Howl and Other Poems嚎叫及其他(America)(The Beat Generation垮掉的一代103、James 诗集：The Green Wall绿墙> <Saint Judas圣徒犹大> <The Tail and Eyes of a Li104、Edward The Zoo Story动物园的故事> <The Death of Bessie Smith贝西·史密斯之死> <Th105、Martin I Have a Dream> <Stride Toward Freedom迈向自由> <Strength to Love爱的力量>106、Gary S Riprap大卵石(Piute Creek皮尤特河)> <Myths & Texts神话与现实> <The Back Cou文集：Six Sections from Mountains and Rivers Without End Plus One山水穷尽六章外一章> <The 107、John B长篇小说：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌剧> <The End of the Road穷途末路> <The108、Tony M The Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛> <Sula苏拉> <Song of Solomon所罗门之歌> <Tar Baby109、John U长篇小说：The Poorhouse Fair养老院义卖会> <Rabbit, Run兔子，跑吧> <Rabbit短篇小说集：Pigeon Feather and Other Stories鸽羽及其他故事> <The Music School 音乐学校> <P 评论集：Hugging the Shore:Essays and Criticism拥抱海洋：论文与批评诗集：Midpoint and Other Poems中点及其他诗篇小说：V> <The Crying of Lot 49 49号遗物的拍卖> <Gravity’s Rainbow万有引力之虹110、Joyce A Garden of Earthly Delights人间乐园> <Expensive People奢侈的人们> <Them>短篇小说集：By the North Gate北门边> <Upon the Swearing Flood洪水浪潮> <The Wheel of Love爱诗集：Anonymous Sins无名的罪孽> <Love and Its Derangement爱与爱的错乱> <Dreaming America梦剧本：The Sweet Enemy甜蜜的敌人> <Sunday Dinner星期天会餐> <Ontological Proof of My Existe 论文集：The Edge of Impossibility:Tragic Forms in Literature不可能的边缘：文学的悲剧形式> 111、Sam Sh剧本：Cowboys牛仔> <The Rock Garden岩石花园> <Cowboys #2牛仔第二号> <Chica112、Sylvia诗集：The Colossus巨人集> <Ariel阿里尔集(Daddy> <Lady Lazarus拉扎勒斯夫人)小说：The Bell Jar钟形玻璃罩（自传体小说）名诗：Death & Co死亡公司113、Philip短篇小说集：Goodbey,Columbus再见，哥伦布Letting Go放手> <When She Was Good当她是好女人的时候> <Portnoy’s Complaint波特诺伊的怨诉T 评论集：Reading Myself and Others评论自我与他人114、Le Roi诗集：The Dead Lecturer已故的讲师> <Black Magic黑色魔术(Incident事件)剧本：Dutchman> <The Slave> <The Motion of History历史的运动115、Marrie The Fireside Book of Children’s Songs炉边儿歌集> <The Paygroup Book儿童游116、Thomas Geography of a Horse Dreamer马塞梦测者的地理> <Angel City天使城> <The Toot117、Alice 长篇小说：TheThird Life of Grange Copeland格兰治科普兰的第三次生活> <Merid短篇小说集：In Love and Trouble相爱与苦恼> <You Can’t Keep a Good Woman Down好女人永不屈服诗集：Once有一次> <Revolutionary Petunias革命的牵牛花 传记：Langston Hughesr Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书> <The Way to Wealth致富之道> <The Autobiography自传识> <American Crisis美国危机> <Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃> <The Age o Ship英国囚船> <To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳> <The Wild Honeysu 作> <The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉佩奇的手稿> <Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者> <The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人的短诗> <Thanatopsis死亡随想---受墓园派影响> < The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿> <A Forest Hymn森林赋> <Th 集> <The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌> <Ligeia莱琪儿> <Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗> <The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦> <The City i American Scholar论美国学者> <Divinity> <The Oversoul论超灵> <Self-reliance论自立> <The Transcendent 首开自由诗之先河青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗> <The Scarlet Letter红字> <The House of the Seven Gables有vil Government> <Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府> <A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Riversmerica Singing我听见美洲在歌唱> <When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时> <Democrati o奥穆> <Mardi玛地> <Redburn雷得本> <White Jacket白外衣> <Pierre皮尔埃> <Piazza广场故事> <Billy Budd比> <Voices of the Night夜吟> <Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗> <Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布奴问题> <Voice of Freedom自由之声> <In War Time and Other Poems内战时期所作> <Snow-Bound大雪封门> <ThSwamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片> <The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚> <The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的弗莱德里克·道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述> <My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由> <The life and the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的的跳蛙> <The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记> <The Gilded Age镀金时代> <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆ce现代婚姻> < A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转> <A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客> <Through erson and Madison(历史著作)> <The Education of Henry Adams:An Autobiography享利·亚当斯的教育意志> <Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking实用主义：某些旧思想方法的新名称> <The Mea 像> <The Bostonians波士顿人> <The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事> <The Wings of the Dove鸽rtial Portraits不完全的画像> <Notes and Reviews札记与评论> <Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术ed out in California在加利福尼亚淘出的金块和金粉> <Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来自空脑壳的蜘蛛网ife在人生中间> <Can Such Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil’s Dictionary魔鬼词典(The Applicant申请 <The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay’s Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事> <The Blis of the Color Line他青年时代的妻子(The Sheriff’s Children警长的儿女)(the pioneer of the color line oads大路(The Return of a Private三等兵归来)> <Rose of Ducher’s Cooly荷兰人山谷中的露斯> <A Son of t妹> <The Age of Innocent天真时代> <The Customs of the Country乡村习俗> <A Backward Glance回首往事eing存在诸领域（本质> <物质> <真理> <精神领域：4卷）(Relativity of Knowledge)> <Three Philosphical P s)> <The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国> <The Philadeph 上的城镇> <The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人> <Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成> <Collected Poems诗集gue麦克提格（naturalistic）> <The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）> <The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章> <The Open Boat小划子> <The esire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic)> <An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最Sea-wolf海狼> <White Fang白獠牙> <The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们> <The Iron Heel铁蹄> <Marti E 代表作家）> <King Coal煤炭大王> <Oil石油> <Boston波士顿> <Dragon’s Teeth龙齿古典文学教学> <The New Laokoon新拉奥孔> <Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义> <Democracy and Leade ’s House教授之家> <Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死nder Button温柔的钮扣修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后)> <Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken没有选择的ee一株作证的树中的人们> <Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌> <Winesburg,Ohio> <The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯 the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事> <I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么tasy肆无忌惮的狂热> <The Prairie Years草原的年代一、二> <The War Years战争的年代（林肯传记）> <The A es Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得·昆斯弹风琴> <Sunday M e尼采的哲学> <The American Language美车语言> <Happy Days幸福的日子（自传三部曲）> <Newspaper Days新闻f Love爱的历程> <Collected Poems> <Complete Poems> <Collected Later Poems> <Pictures from Brueghel布怨> <The Dead Baby> <The Sparrow ,to My Father麻雀—致父亲> <Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像（from > <Autobiography自传进> <Babbitt巴比特> <Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯> <Elmer Gantry艾尔默·甘特里> <Dodsworth多兹沃斯> <It can’意像派诗选> <Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）> <Literary Essays文学论> <Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley> <A Few Don’ts rchard)> <The Walls Do Not Fall墙没在倒塌（战争诗三部曲）> <Tribute to the Angels天使颂> <The Flower ste Land荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼> <A Game of Chess弈棋> <The Fire Sermon火诫> <Death bytail Party鸡尾酒会归途迢迢> <The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月斯蒂> <The Emperor Jones琼斯皇> <The Hairy Ape毛猿> <All the God’s Children Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅 Granny Weatherall）> <Pale Horse,Pale Rider> <Leaning Tower and Other Stories------TheCollected Sto 奇冤（回忆录）in the Moon月色中的街> <New Found Land新发现的大陆> <Conquistador新西班牙的征服者> <Poems1912-1952Man空心人> <Jews Without Money没在钱的犹太人（自传体小说）e in the United States美国无产阶级文学选集（与人合编）XLI Poems诗41首> <Viva万岁> <No， Thanks不，谢谢> <Collected Poems诗集> <Eimi爱米（访苏游记）d Station到芬兰站去> <A Piece of My Mind:Reflection at Sixty心里话:行年六十的沉思> <Axel’s Castle阿nd Parallel> <1919> <The Big Money)> <District of Columbia哥伦比亚大区(The Adventures of a Young Man 丽的和倒霉> <The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比> <Tender in the Night夜色温柔> <The Last Tycoon最后的巨头爵士时代的故事> <Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace冰宫> <May Days五一节> <The Diamond asAs I lay dying当我垂死的时候> <Light in August八月之光> <Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）研究“迷惘的一代”的专著）> <A Second Flowering第二次繁荣(The Other War另一种战争)un Also Rises太阳照样升起> <Farewell to Arms永别了，武器> <For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣者无所获> <The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇颂> <For the Marriage of Faustus and Hellen为浮士德和海伦的婚姻而作> <Voyage航海> <The Bridge桥（长诗与河流> <The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石> <You Can’t Go Home Again有家归不得> <The Hills Beyond远山（未定> <Of Mice and Men鼠和人> <The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄> <The Moon is Down月亮下去了> <Cannery R mise许诺,The Leader of the People人们的领袖)y of Locust蝗灾之日> <Miss Lonelyhearts寂寞小说g Manhood of Studs Lonigan朗尼根的青年时代,Judgement Day末日窝审判)> <Danny O’Neil丹尼·奥尼尔（五部ality文学与道德tch on the Rhine守望莱茵河> <The Searching Wind彻骨的风> <The Autumn Garden秋园 > <Tos in the Attic阁> <Scoundrel Time邪恶的时代<Till the Day I Die直到我死的那天> <Paradise Lost失乐园> <Golden Boy金孩子> <Clash by Night夜间冲突> ck Boy> <黑孩子The Outsiders局外人> <The Long Dream漫长的梦> <Eight Men八人行tain of Green and Other Stories绿窗帘和其他> <The Wide Net and Other Stories大网和其他故事> <The Gol he Ponder Heart庞德的心> <The Losing Battles失败的战斗> <The Optismist’s Daughter乐观者的女儿伦之家> <Collages拼贴Satan in Goray撒旦在戈雷> <The Magician of Lublin卢布林的魔术师> <The Slave奴隶> <The Manor庄园> <Th fka卡夫卡的朋友s Men国王的全部人马> <World Enough and Time足够的世界和时间> <The Cave洞穴> <Band of Angels天使的队伍Promised:Poems1954-1956> <You,Emperors and Others> <Selected Poems New and Old 1923-1966> <Elven Poe Love爱之诞生(选自与Cleanth Brooks合编的 Understanding Poetry> <Understanding Fiction)Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园> <The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车> <Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上io and Other Stories巨型收音机和其他> <The Housebreaker of Shaddy Hill and Other Stories绿茵山窃贼和ark布利特公园> <Falconer鹰猎者露茜·克朗> <Two Weeks in Another Town> < Voices of a Summer Day夏日的喁喁声> <Rich Man,Poor Man> <E r装配工> <A New Life新生活> <God’s Grace上帝的恩赐 短篇小说：The Magic Barrel魔桶Little Friend小朋友，小朋友> <Losses损失> <Seven-league Crutches七里格长的拐杖> <The Lost World失去的Zoo华盛顿动物园的女人r旋转炮塔炮手之死gs梦之歌> <Poems1942> <The Dispossessed被剥夺者(The Ball Poem小球诗)> <77 Dream Songs> <Berryman’s > <The Adventure of Augie March奥基·马奇历险记> <Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德逊> <Herzog赫索格> 照的人> <All My Sons都是我的儿子> <The Death of a Salesman推销员> <The Crucible严峻的考验> <萨姆勒的女→自白诗运动s木匠们，把屋梁升高> <Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人的生活> <The Second Stage第二阶段(How to get the Women’s Movement Moving Again)妖> <Cat’s Craddle猫的摇篮> <Slaughterhouse Five第五号屠场> <Mother Night黑夜母亲> <God Bless You,M ouse Effect关于巴恩豪斯效应的报告)American Dream一场美国梦> <The White Negro白色黑人> <Advertisement for Myself为自己做广告> <Why Are 淹死(The Lifeguard救生员)> <Helmets头盔> <Buckdancer’s Choice班克舞者的选择> <Poems1957-1967> <The I <As Good as Gold像高尔德一样好 剧本：We Bombed in New Haven我们轰炸纽黑文> <Catch-22> me> <Fire Next Time下一次烈火> <No Name in the Street他的名字被遗忘> <The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工间> <Another Country另一个国度> <Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone告诉我火车已开多久> <If Beal 斯> <黑人怨> <One Day When I was Lost有一天当我迷失的时候> <迷路前后Must Converg上升的一切必然汇合e者先进去> <Greenleaf格林利夫> <Revelation> <Parker’s Back派克的背This House on Fire放火烧屋> <The Confessions of Nat Turner纳特·特纳的自白> <Sophie’s Choice索菲的选ion垮掉的一代的宣言书和代表作)> <Kaddish and Other Poems卡第绪及其他> <Plannet News行星消息> <The Fa Eyes of a Lion狮子的尾巴和眼睛> <The Branch Will Not Break树枝不会断> <Shall We Gather at the River我密斯之死> <The Sandbox沙箱> <The American Dream美国梦> <Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚ove爱的力量> <Why We Can’t Wait?> <Where Do We Go from Here,Chaos or Community?今后我们何去何从，纷The Back Country偏僻的山村> <Regarding Wave观浪(Meeting the Mountain进山)> <Turtle Island龟岛> <Left 尽六章外一章> <The Real Work:Interviews and Talks脚踏实地工作：访问记与演讲稿途末路> <The Sot-weed Factor烟草代理商> <Letters书信集> <Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子贾尔斯> <Lost in the 歌> <Tar Baby柏油娃娃> <Beloved> <Jazz爵士乐吧> <Rabbit Relax兔子回家> <Rabbit Is Rich兔字发财> <Centaur马人> <Of the Farm农场> <Couples夫妇> <T School 音乐学校> <Problems and Other Stories问题及其他故事人们> <Them> <The Assassins刺客> <Childwold查尔德伍德> <Son of the Morning黎明之子> <Unholy Loves不神<The Wheel of Love爱之轮> <Marriage and Infidelities婚姻与婚外恋<Dreaming America梦想的美国Proof of My Existence我存在的本体论证明> <Miracle Play奇迹剧缘：文学的悲剧形式> <New Heaven,New Earth:Visionary Experience in Literature新天堂，新人间：文学中的幻二号> <Chicago芝加哥> <Operation Sidewinder响尾蛇行动> <Meloddrama情节剧拉扎勒斯夫人)> <The Uncollected Poems杂诗集> <Crossing the Water涉水> <Winter Treesaint波特诺伊的怨诉The Breast乳房> <The Professor of Desire欲望教授> <Our Gang我们这一帮> <The Great p Book儿童游戏大全The Fisherman Who Needed a Knife> <The Thief Cather> <The Baby Reader幼儿读物> <Th 城> <The Tooth of Crime罪恶的牙齿> <Family家庭 (Curse of the Starving Class饥饿阶级的诅咒> <Buried Ch 生活> <Meridian梅丽迪安> <The Color Purple紫色 名文：The Civil Rights Movement:What Good Was It n Down好女人永不屈服 散文集：In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens。
美国文学 1. Romantic
第一章美国浪漫主义时期一、美国浪漫主义时期概述Ⅰ.本章学习目的和要求通过本章学习，了解１９世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景；认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响；了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
Ⅱ.本章重点及难点：1．浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点2．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。
3．分析讨论选读作品Ⅲ.本章考核知识点和考核要求：1.美国浪漫主义时期概述(1)．"识记"内容：美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景(2)．"领会"内容：美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证(3)．"应用"内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家Ａ．华盛顿·欧文1．一般识记：欧文的生平及创作主涯2．识记：《纽约外史》《见闻札记》3．领会：欧文的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格4.应用：选读《瑞普·凡·温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色Ｂ．拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生1．一般识记：．爱默生的生平及创作生涯2．识记：爱默生的超验主义思想3．领会：（1）爱默生的散文：《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等（2）．爱默生与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》4．应用：《论自然》节选：爱默生的基本哲学思想及自然观Ｃ．纳撒尼尔·霍桑1．一般识记：霍桑的生平及创作主涯2．识记：霍桑的长短篇小说3．领会：（1）《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构（2）霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的"原罪"对霍桑的影响（人性本恶的观点）（3）霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献4．应用：选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色Ｄ．华尔特·惠特曼1．一般识记：惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯2．识记：惠特曼的民主思想3．领会：（1）惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格（2）．惠特曼的个人主义4．应用：选读《草叶集》诗选："一个孩子的成长"、"涉水的骑兵'"、"自己之歌"的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格Ｅ．赫尔曼·麦尔维尔1．一般识记：麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯2．识记：麦尔维尔的早期作品：《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》，后期作品《皮埃尔》《骗子的化装表演》《比利伯德》等3．领会：《白鲸》的（1）主题：表层及深层意义（2）小说结构：浪漫主义和现实主义的统一（3）象征手法和寓言的运用（4）语言特色4．应用：选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选：主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色Chapter l The Romantic Period(一)"识记"内容：1.The origin of Romantic American literatureThe Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature, from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginativewriters ---Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman---whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature.3.Its social historical and cultural backgroundThe development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. Historically, it was the time of westward expansion in America economically, the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically, democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation, and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government, the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression, to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement, the confrontation with the Indians, the frontiersmen's life, and the wild west. Besides, the nation's literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus, with a strong sense of optimism, a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century.4.Major writers of this periodThere emerged a great host of men of letters during this period, among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow, James Russel Lowell, John Greenleaf Whitter, Edgar Ellen Poe, and, especially, Walt Whitman, whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis.(二)．领会内容1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism Foreign literary masters, especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage, the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry.(1) They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature, which included a liking for the picturesque, the exotic,the sensuous, the sensational, and the supernatural.(2) The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement.(3) The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau, Bryant, and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works.(4) The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving's effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region, and in Cooper's long series of historical tales.(5)In short, American Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative.2.The unique characteristics of American RomanticismAlthough greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e,(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2)The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper's Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and, later, in Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness,American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4) Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.(三)．应用内容1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values, as is shown in American romantic writings.(1) American PuritanismPuritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. (The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church, who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quitea few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship, and organization of authority.) The American Puritans, like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity".They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America, they became more and more practical, as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them, and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error, the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.(2) One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.2. New England TranscendentalismNew England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord, Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson, Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club, i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation , the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical, concerning nature, man and the universe. Basically, Transcendentalismhas been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-re1iant.3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature.To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.二.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家Ⅰ. Washington Irving(1783-l859)Irving's position in American literature Washington Irving was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, and regarded as an early Romantic writer in the merican literary history and Father of the American short stories.一．一般识记His life and major worksWashington Irving was born in New York City in a wealthy family. From a very early age he began to read widely and write juvenile poems, essays, and plays. In l798, he conc1uded his education at private schools and entered a law office, but he loved writing more.His first successful work is A History Of New York from the Beginning Of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, which, written under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker, won him wide popularity after it came out in 1809. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. in serials between 1819 and 1820, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic. The book contains familiar essays on the Eng1ish life and Americanized versions of European folk tales like "Rip Van Winkle ＂, and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Geoffrey Crayon is a carefully contrived persona and behind Crayon stands Irving, juxtaposing the Old World and the New, and manipulating his own antiquarian interest with artistic perspectives.The major work of his later years was The Life of George Washington.二．识记1.Irving's great indebtedness to European literatureMost of Irving's subject matter are borrowed heavily from European sources, which are chiefly Germanic. Irving's relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home.A History of New York is a patchwork of references, echoes, and burlesques. He parodies or imitates Homer, Cervantes, Fielding, Swift and many other favorites of his. He was also absorbed in German Literature and got ideas from German legends for two of his famous stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." The Alhambra is usually regarded as Irving's "Spanish Sketch Book" simply because it has a strong flavor of Spanish culture. Most of the thirty-three essays in The Sketch Book were written in England, filled with English scenes and quotations from English authors and faithful to British orthography. Washington Irving brought to the new nation what its peop1e desired most in a man of 1etters the respect of the Old World.2.Irving's unique contribution to American literatureIrving's contribution to American literature is unique in more than one way. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. Although greatly influenced by European literature, Irving gave his works distinctive American flavor. "Rip Van Winkle" or "The Legend of Sleepy Hol1ow", however exotic these stories are, are among the treasures of the American language and culture. These two stories easily trigger off American imagination with their focus on American subjects, American landscape, and, in Irving's case, the legends of the Hudson River region of the fresh young 1and. It is not the sketches about the Old World but the tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring.He was father of American short stories. And later in the hands of Hawthorne and Melville the short story attained a degree of perfection.三．领会1.Irving's theme of conservatism as is revealed in "Rip Van Winkle"Irving's taste was essentia1ly conservative and always exa1ted a disappearing past.This socia1 conservatism and literary preference for the past is revea1ed, to some extent, in his famous story "Rip Van Winkle." The story is a tale remembered mostly for Rip's 20-year s1eep, set against the background of the inevitably changing America. Rip went to sleep before the War of Independence and woke up after it. The change that had occurred in the 20 years he slept was to him not always for the better. The revolution upset the natural order of things. In the story Irving ski1lfu1ly presents to us paralleled juxtapositions of two totally different worlds before and after Rip's 20 years' s1eep. By moving Rip back and forth from a noisy world with his wife on the farm to a wild but peaceful natural world in the mountains, and from a pre-Revolution villageto a George Washington era, lrving describes Rip's response and reaction in a dramatic way, so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferabi1ity of the past to the present, and the preferability of a dream-like world to the real one. Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America.2.Irving's literary craftsmanshipWashington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who "perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced."(1) We get a strong sense impression as we read him along, since the language he used best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.(2) We seldom learn a mora1 lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed. So we often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated witha dreaming quality.(3) The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic place.(4) Yet Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth the honor of being "the American Goldsmith" for his literary craftsmanship.四．应用Selected Reading:An Excerpt from "Rip Van Winkle"The story of Rip Van WinkleRip, an indolent good-natured Dutch-American, lives with his shrewish wife in a village on the Hudson during the years before the Revolution. One day while hunting in the Catskills with his dog Wolf, he meets a dwarflike stranger dressed in the ancient Dutch fashion. He helps him to carry a keg, and with him joins a party silently playing a game of ninepins. After drinking of the liquor they provide, Rip falls into a sleep which lasts 20 years, during which the Revolutionary War takes place. He awakes as an old man and returns to his home village that has greatly altered. Upon entering the village, he is greeted by his old dog, which dies of the excitement and then learns that his wife has long been dead. Rip is almost forgotten but he goes to live with his daughter, now the mother of a family, and is soon befriended with his generosity and cheerfulness.This excerpt below is taken from the story, describing for us Rip's difficulties at home, which he often escapes by going to the local inn to spend his time with his friends and sometimes by going hunting in thewoods with his dog, and then focusing on Rip 's return from his 20 years' sleep to his greatly altered home village. Here, Irving's pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.What are the theme and the artistic features of "Rip Van Winkle"?(1) The theme:Irving's taste was essentia1ly conservative and always exa1ted a disappearing past.This socia1 conservatism and literary preference for the past is revea1ed, to some extent, in his famous story "Rip Van Winkle." The story is a tale remembered mostly for Rip's 20-year s1eep, set against the background of the inevitably changing America. Rip went to sleep before the War of Independence and woke up after it. The change that had occurred in the 20 years he slept was to him not always for the better. The revolution upset the natural order of things. In the story Irving ski1lfu1ly presents to us paralleled juxtapositions of two totally different worlds before and after Rip's 20 years' s1eep. By moving Rip back and forth from a noisy world with his wife on the farm to a wild but peaceful natural world in the mountains, and from a pre-Revolution village to a George Washington era, lrving describes Rip's response and reaction in a dramatic way, so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferabi1ity of the past to the present, and the preferability of a dream-like world to the real one. Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America.(2) The artistic features:"Rip Van Winkle" is not only well-known for Rip's 20-year sleep but also considered a model of perfect English in American Literature and in the English language as well. Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who "perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced." He has a clear, easy style.(a) We get a strong sense impression as we read him along, since the language he used best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.(b) We seldom learn a mora1 lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.So we often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated with a dreaming quality. He uses genial humor to exaggerate the seriousness of situation. He uses dignified words to produce a half-mocking effect.(c)The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic place.( Rip Van Winkle was overwhelmed by the magic power of the drink and fell into sleep for 20 years.)(d)Yet Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with theinward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth the honor of being "the American Goldsmith" for his literary craftsmanship.II. Ralph Waldo Emerson一.一般识记His life: Ralph Waldo Emerson is the chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.Emerson was son of a Unitarian minister. Though born of an impoverished family, Emerson never failed to receive some formal education. Whi1e a student at Harvard he began keeping journals, a practice he continued throughout his 1if e. He later drew on the journal for materials for his essays and poetry. After Harvard, he taught as a schoolmaster, which he soon gave up for the study of theology. He began preaching in 1826 and three years later he became a pastor in a church in Boston. Emerson was ardent at first in his service in religion, but gradually grew skeptical of the beliefs of the church; feeling Unitarianism intolerable, he finally left the ministry in l832.Emerson was greatly influenced by European Romanticism. He Carlyle, and listened to some famous Romantic poets like Coleridge and Wordsworth. Through his acquaintance with these men he became closely involved with German idea1ism and Transcendentalism. After he was back from Europe, Emerson retreated to a quiet study at Concord, Massachusetts, where he began to pursue his new path of "self-reliance." Emerson formed a club there at Concord with peop1e like Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, which was later known as the Transcendenta1 Club. And the unofficial manifesto for the Club was Nature(l836), Emerson's first little book, which established him ever since as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism. Nature was the fundamental document of his philosophy and expressed also his constant, deeply-felt love for nature. It was called "the Manifesto of American Transcendentalism". He also helped to found and edit for a time the Transcendental journal, The Dial. Emerson lived an intel1ectually active and significant life between the mid-1830s and the mid-1840s, 1ecturing all over the country, and occasionally, abroad. He preached his Transcendental pursuit and his reputation expanded dramatically with his lectures and his essays. Though the rest of Emerson's life was a slow anticlimax to his midd1e years, people continued to honor the most influentia1 prophet and the intellectua1 liberator of their age, and his reputation as a family man of conventional life and a decent, solid citizen has remained always.二．识记内容：His major works:Emerson is generally known as an essayist. During all his life he worked steadily at a succession of essays, usually derived from his journals or lectures he had already given. Nature did not establish him as an important American writer. His lasting reputation began only with the publication of Essays(1841 ). Many of his famous essays are included in Essay, which convey the best of his philosophical discussions and transcendental pursuits, such as The American Scholar, Self Reliance, The Over Soul.The second collection of Emerson's essays, Essays: Second Series (1844) demonstrated even more thorough1y than the first that Emerson's intellect had sharpened in the years since Nature. The Poet and Exprience are examples, the former a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America and the latter a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary 1ife.三．领会1. Emersonian TranscendentalismEmersonian Transcendentalism is actual1y a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man. In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-sou1, the importance of the Individual, and Nature.(1) Emerson's philosophy of the over-sou1Emerson rejected both the formal religion of the churches and the Deistic philosophy; instead he based his religion on an intuitive belief in an ultimate unity, which he called the "over-soul."Emerson and other Transcendentalists believed in the transcendence of "over-soul". It is an impersonal force that is eternal, moral, harmonious, and beneficient in tendency. They believed that there should be an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal "oversoul", since the over-sou1 is an all-pervading power from which all things come from and of which a1l are a part. One of the tendencies of the "over-soul " is to express itself in form, hence the world of nature as an emanation of the world of spirit. Emerson's remarkable image of "a transparent eyebal1" marks a paradoxical state of being, in which one is merged into nature, the over-soul, whi1e at the same time retaining a unique perception of the experience.(2) Emerson's philosophy of the importance of the IndividualEmerson is affirmative about man's intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man. "Trust thyself," hewrote in Self Reliance, by which he means to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite.(3) Emerson's view on natureEmerson's nature is emblematic of the spiritual world, alive with God's overwhelming presence. It mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth; hence, it exercises a healthy and restorative inf1uence on human mind. "Go back to nature, sink yourse1f back into its inf1uence and you'1l become spiritually who1e again." By employing nature as a big symbol of the Spirit, or God, or the over-soul, Emerson has brought the Puritan 1egacy of symbolism to its perfection.Emersonian Transcendentalism inspired a whole generation of famous American authors like Thoreau, Whitman, and Dickinson.2.Thoreau's TranscendentalismHenry David Thoreau (1817-1862) is most often mentioned as inspired by Emerson, the most representative of the phi1osophical and literary school which is American Transcendenta1ism. Thoreau embraced his master's ideas as a disciple. In 1845 he built a cabin on some land belonging to Emerson by Walden Pond and moved in to live there in a very simple manner for a litt1e over two years, which gave birth to a great transcendentalist work Walden (1854). The book not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau's own transcendental philosophy.(1)For Thoreau, nature is not merely symbolic, but divine in itself and human beings can receive precise communication from the natural world by way of pure senses. So he was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communion with nature.(2)Thoreau strongly believed in se1f-culture and was eager to identify himself with the Transcendental image of the self-reliant man. To achieve personal spiritual perfection, he thinks, the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self- sufficient, so he sought to reduce his physical needs and material comforts to a minimum to get spiritual richness.(3)His positiveness about the importance of individual conscience was such that he even considered the society fetters of the freedom of individuals.Though Thoreau became more than Emerson's disciple eventually, his indebtedness to Nature and its author has never been over1ooked.3. The style of Emerson's essaysEmerson's essays often have a casual style, for most of them were derived from his journals or lectures. They are usually characterized by a series of short, declarative sentences, which are not quite logically。
美国文学名词解释(1)之欧阳体创编
1 The Enlightenment启蒙运动: The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State. Therefore, the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason2 American Dream美国梦: It is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasison material wealth asmeasure of success or happiness3. Transcendentalism 超验主义: It was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the middle 19th century. It began as a protest against the general state of culture and society. Among transcendentalist’s core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that “transcends”the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual’s intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, etc. It is a kind of philosophy that stresses belief in transcendental things and the importanceof spiritual rather than material existence.4. American Puritanism美国清教主义: It is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the PuritanChurch. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. As aculture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.5.Symbolism象征主义：It is the writing technique of using symbols. It’s a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writer, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.7.Gothic novel哥特式小说：is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.Gothic novel emphasizes things which are grotesque，violent，mysterious，supernatural，desolate and horrifying. Gothic，originally in the sense of “medic，not classical”，with its descriptions of the dark，irrational side of human nature，Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.8 Imagism意象派: it’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.9. Stream of Consciousness意识流: It is a style used in the presentation of the character’s inner working of mind. The assumption is that an individual’s psychological processes are a continuous flow like a shifting, uninterrupted stream, highly changeable and confusing, often appearing illogical and contrary to reason. In tracing the stream of consciousness of an individual the writer may present interior monologueby his character, hint with symbols, reversethe order of time, and alternaterecollectionswith the present or sometime illusionswith given facts.10. Point of view视角：It is a term referring to the vantage point or position from which a story is told. To identifythe narrator of a story is to identify the story’s point of view. Basically there are two narrative ways: first-person point of view and the third-person point of view.12. The Harlem Renaissance哈姆雷特文艺复兴: it was the first important movement in black American literature. Immediately after the First World War, as a result of a massive black migration to Northern cities, a group of young, talented black artists congregated in Harlem, a predominantly black section of New York City, and made it the cultural, and intellectual capital of black America. They carried forward the cultural traditions of their people and demonstrated their achievements to the white society that habituallyignored them.13. Expressionism 表现主义: it arouse in German theater after World War I. Delighting in bizarrestage design and exaggerated makeup and costuming, expressionists sought to reflect intense states of emotion. Its mode is “the externalizationof t he inner.”14.Black humor黑色幽默: It is a combination of humor with resentment, gloom, anger, and despair. Seeing all that is unreasonable, hypocritical, ugly, and even frenzied，writers of black humor nurse a grievanceagainst their society which, according to them, is full of institutionalizedabsurdity. Yet they are cynical. They laugh a morbidlaugh when facing the hideous. In hopeless indignationthey take up freezing irony and burning satire as their weapons. Their novels are often in the form of anti-novel, devoid ofcompleteness of plot and characterized by fragmentationand dislocation15.American Romanticism浪漫主义：The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority. The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wantedto be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.16.Realism现实主义：As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and sentimentalism, and paved the way to Modernism. This literary interest in the so-called “reality” of life started a new period in the American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.17.Local Colorism当地色彩is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19th(1860s—1870s). The feature of local colorism are: presenting a locale distinguished from the outside world; describing the exotic of the picturesque;glorifying the past; showing things as they are; influence of setting on characters. The well known local colorism authors were Mark Twain with his book Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleb erry Finn, Bret Harte’s with his The Luck of the Roaring Camp.18. American Naturalism自然主义:The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation o f Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to accout for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or l ess complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditi oned by social and economic forces. naturalism is evolved from reali sm when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. Dreiser with his Sister Carrie is a leading figure of his school.19.The Modern PeriodPart现代时期 The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature) l The Roaring Twenties (economically) l The Jazz Age (socially) “lost” and “waste land” (spiritually) There had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural sciences. Darwinism(Darwin), Socialism (Karl Marx), Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)20.Lost generation迷惘的一代: The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.21.The Beat Generation垮掉的一代: The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s. the member of the beat generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimesmessycreativity. The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non conformity and for its non conforming style. The major writing are jack Kerouac’s on the road and Al len Ginsberg’s Howl.22.American Dream美国梦：The is the idea held by many in the United States that through hard work, courage and determination one could achieve prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America.。
美国文学英文版本1
Examples of almost every oral genre can be found in American Indian literature: lyrics, chants, myths, fairy tales, humorous anecdotes, incantations, riddles, proverbs, epics, and legendary histories. Accounts of migrations and ancestors abound, as do vision or healing songs and tricksters' tales. Certain creation stories are particularly popular. In one well-known creation story, told with variations among many tribes, a turtle holds up the world. In a Cheyenne version, the creator, Maheo, has four chances to fashion the world from a watery universe. He sends four water birds diving to try to bring up earth from the bottom. The snow goose, loon, and mallard soar high into the sky and sweep down in a dive, but cannot reach bottom; but the little coot, who cannot fly, succeeds in bringing up some mud in his bill. Only one creature, humble Grandmother Turtle, is the right shape to support the mud world Maheo shapes on her shell -- hence the Indian name for America, "Turtle Island."
美国文学第1章(殖民及革命时期文学)
In 1942, Christopher Columbus found the new continent called America. ⑵ Immigrants: Spanish (they built the first town on the new continent); Dutch (they built New York city at the beginning stage); French (today still lots of people’s mother tongue is French in North America)
American Puritanism（清教主义）
To
be a Puritan: taking religion as the most important thing; living for glorifying God; believing predestination（命运天定）, original sin（原罪，人生下来就是有罪的， 因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的）, total depravity（人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处 处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取 悦上帝）, limited atonement（有限救赎，只 有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救）
Idiosyncratic Features of American Literature
Colonial
American Literature
Colonial Literature ⑴ General features ◆ Humble origins: diaries, histories, letters etc. ◆ In content: serving either God or colonial expansion or both ◆ In form: imitating English literary traditions
美国文学简史复习资料[1]
![美国文学简史复习资料[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/2c5c6c78b94ae45c3b3567ec102de2bd9605de32.png)
美国文学美国文学Part 1. Colonial AmericaPhilip Freneau Philip Freneau菲菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sindefended T he The Nature of True VirtueBenjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanack 穷查理历书；The Autobiography 自传Part 2. A merican American Romanticism It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature ,t Romantic Period ,which stretches from the end of the 18th century through the out breakof Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch bookand ended with Whitman's Leave of Grass .American Romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained "an alien quality "for the simplereason that "the spirit of the place" was radically new and alien.And it was bo imitative and independent.Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 A History of New York 纽约的历史纽约的历史---------------美国人写的第一部诙谐文学美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；杰作；The The Sketch Book 见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说的传说---------------使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Rip Van Winkle -------short storyJames Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851The Spy 间谍;The Pioneer 拓荒者；;The Prairie 大草原;ThePathfinder 探路者;The Deerslayer 杀鹿者Part 3.New England TranscendentalismRalf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882Essays 散文集散文集::Nature 论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;TheAmerican Scholar 论美国学者;Henry David Threau 亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862W adden,or Life in the Woods 华腾湖或林中生活Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ·朗费罗 An April Day 四月的一天/A Psalm of Life 人生礼物(poem )/PNathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales 尽人皆知的故事尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse ;Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown 年轻的古德曼·布朗年轻的古德曼·布朗年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter ;The Scarlet Letter红字红字;The House of the Seven Gables ;The House of the Seven Gables 有七个尖角阁的房子有七个尖角阁的房子----------------心理若们罗曼史心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance ;The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇福谷传奇;The Marble Faun ;The Marble Faun玉石雕像玉石雕像Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比·迪克/白鲸；Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass 草叶集:Song of Myself 自我之歌Emily Dickinson ； “Because I could not stop for death ” “I ＇ｍ no body... ”poemEdgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-18491809-1849（以诗为（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人伟大抒情诗人----------叶芝）叶芝）The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌;Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔·李Poem-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头T 诗:The Raven 乌鸦;To Hellen 致海伦 Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋;Part 4. The age of RealismWilliam Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯恩·豪威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham 赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Hazard of Now Fortunes 时来运转;2323、、Henry James 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人画像；Part 5. Local ColorismMark Twain 马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens Clemens））------美国文美国文学的一大里程碑学的一大里程碑The Gilded Age 镀金时代 -----------novel;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·费恩历险记How to Tell a Story 怎样讲故事怎样讲故事---------对美国早期幽默文学的总结对美国早期幽默文学的总结对美国早期幽默文学的总结 O. Henry short story 短篇小说 The Four Million ”《四百万》”《四百万》 小说集小说集、“The Gift of the Magi ”《麦琪的礼物》《麦琪的礼物》Part 6. American NaturalismFrank Norris The Octopus 章鱼,The Pit 小麦交易所);4040、、JackLondon 杰克·伦敦1876-1916T he Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤----novel ;The Sea-wolf 海狼;White Fang 白獠牙;T ;Martin Eden 马丁·伊登;Part 7. The 1920s ImagismEzra Pound 艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972美国现代诗歌之父美国现代诗歌之父Cathay 华夏（英译中国诗The Cantos of Ezra Pound 庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）《In a station of the Metro 》----在地铁站里 Thomas Stearns Eliot The Waste Land 荒原;名诗：名诗：Ash Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三圣灰星期三;;FourQuarters 四个四重奏Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963 After Apple-picking 摘苹果之后)(The Road Not taken 没有选择的道路)----poem---------Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening <雪夜林畔>F Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代一代) )The Side of Paradise 人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned 美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night 夜色温柔Ernest Ernest Hemingway Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威1899-19611899-1961（“迷惘（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）物）The Sun Also Rises 太阳照样升起太阳照样升起;;Farewellto Arms 永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣William William Faulkner Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962短篇小说：;The Sound and the Fury 愤怒与喧嚣;；Short story ------A Rose For Emily 《给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰》 Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie 嘉莉姐妹----Novel ;Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲(Financer 金融家,The Titan 巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说） Arthur Miller ;The Death of a Salesman 推销员--------Play ;１．《了不起的盖茨比》表现了“美国梦”的幻灭，这部小说谴责以托姆为代表的美国特权阶级自私专横，为所欲为，以同情的态度描写了盖茨比的悲剧，并指出他的悲剧来自他对生活和爱情的幻想，对上层社会缺乏认识。
美国文学the-American-Romanticism-1
A.Washington Irving (1783-1859 )
His fame
• “Father of American Imaginative literature”
• “Father of the American short story”
His Works
a) A History of New York from
❖ The unifying thread of the five novels collectively known as the Leather-Stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集 is the life of Natty Bumppo, Cooper’s finest achievement.They constitute a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting, Indian tribes as Characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background.The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804.
the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty by Diedrich Knickerbocker
《纽约外史》
b) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent
• “Rip Van Winkle” • “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
B.James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
美国文学1
3)
Analytical Approach the elements of a literary work, eg: plot, character, setting, point of view, etc; Thematic Approach ―What is the story, the poem, the play or the essay about?‖ Historical Approach
AMERICAN PURITANISM
idealist dream
a code of values
a philosophy of life a point of view
Features of American Puritan
more practical, tougher they would build the new land to an Eden on earth.
All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.
American Puritanism
Enduring shaping influence on literature
2. Contributing to the development of Symbolism: a technique, widely used
American PuFra bibliotekitanism
Enduring shaping influence on literature
1. Basis of American literature
dreamed of living under a perfect order worked with courage hoped to build an Eden of Garden on earth faced the worst of life with optimism
美国文学知识
美国文学知识一．殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American）北美的第一本书：《海湾圣诗》（The Bay Psalmbook）约翰·史密斯（John Smith）：被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。
代表作《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（A True Relation of Virginia）是美国文学第一书。
纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。
代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。
威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：被誉为“美国历史之父”。
代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。
安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）：殖民地时期的第一位诗人。
代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）。
迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯（Michael Wigglesworth）：诗人。
代表作《判决日》（The Day Of Doom）。
爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）：诗人。
代表作《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》（Gods Determinations Touching His Elect）。
乔纳森·爱德华兹（Jonathan Edwards）：“大觉醒”（The Great Awakening）运动中的主要思想家。
代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。
二．独立战争到南北战争（American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War）本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）：美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家，参与撰写了《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）。
美国文学简述
序言（一）美国文学的历史不长，但发展较快，20世纪以来，在世界上的影响越来越大。
我国早在19世纪70年代就翻译了朗费罗的《人生颂》（A Psalm of Life）.1901年，林抒翻译出版了第一部美国小说--斯托夫人的《黑奴吁天录》（Uncle Tom's Cabin，今译《汤姆叔叔的小屋》），在读者中引起极大的震动，使他们从黑奴身上看到自己亡国灭种的危险。
根据小说改编的话剧对我们的话剧运动的发展起很大的作用。
五四运动前后，惠特曼对郭沫若等诗人、奥尼尔对曹禺、洪深等戏剧家都产生过影响。
马克·吐温、辛克莱、德莱塞等人都曾受到鲁迅等左翼作家的好评。
改革开放以来，美国文学对我国新时期的作家们有着巨大的吸引力。
盛行一时的朦胧诗恐怕就是在美国及西方现代派诗歌的影响下产生的。
海明威、福克纳及塞林格等人几乎成为我们年轻一代作家文学创作的楷模。
至于在世界上，埃德加·爱伦·坡曾被法国象征派诗人称为他们的诗歌之父，福克纳对法国的萨特和加级以及拉丁美洲的加西亚·马尔克斯的影响也是有目共睹的事实。
美国作家喜爱的描写少年初涉人世，寻求生活道路和人生真谛的"成长小说"形式受到加拿大女作家的欣赏，也正在被我国的儿童文学作家所采用。
美国作家的探索、试验、创新的精神也激励着世界各国的作家不断革新，超越前人。
今天，在改革开放的时代，在我们加强跟美国的交往的时候，我们有必要学一点美国文学，了解他们的文化以促进与美国人民的交流、沟通和理解，同时也借以丰富我们的知识，充实我们的文化修养，提高我们的精神素质。
（二）严格地说，美国文学的形成应从美国立国开始。
但实际上，在此以前一二百年的殖民时期的文学虽然并不发达，主要以模仿为主，没有自己鲜明的特色，但那时的政治、经济和社会的发展对美国文学的形成还是有很大的影响。
例如，由于殖民者大量屠杀原来居住在北美大陆的印第安人，使他们的文化和民间口头文学的传统受到致命的摧残，因此美国文学没有英国《贝奥武甫》那样的口头文学遗产。
美国文学阅读10篇
美国文学阅读10篇1. 《老人与海》 - 埃内斯特·海明威这是一部获得普利策文学奖的小说，讲述了老渔夫桑提亚哥与一条巨大的马林鱼搏斗的故事。
作者通过富有象征意义的描写，讲述了忍耐、坚持和信念的重要性。
2. 《百年孤独》 - 加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯这部拉丁美洲文学的经典之作讲述了布昂迪亚家族七代人的传奇故事。
马尔克斯以幻想现实主义的手法讲述了爱、孤独、荒诞与时间的主题。
3. 《傲慢与偏见》 - 简·奥斯汀这是一部英国文学的经典作品，描写了19世纪英国社会中，女性婚姻观念和阶级之间的矛盾。
小说以幽默的方式揭示了社会偏见和对真爱的追求。
4. 《麦田里的守望者》 - J.D.塞林格这是一部美国文学中的经典之作，讲述了一个反叛的青少年霍尔顿的故事。
小说通过霍尔顿的视角，反映了社会的虚伪和人生的失落感。
5. 《南方文化发根史》 - 马克·吐温这是一部描写南方美国社会的讽刺小说，以幽默的方式展现了种族关系和社会等待的问题。
吐温通过生动的人物和细腻的描写，对当时的美国社会产生了有力的批判。
6. 《了不起的盖茨比》 - F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德这是一部描写20世纪美国社会的巨著，展现了财富和爱情之间的冲突。
小说通过瑞奇·盖茨比的命运，揭示了金钱与社会地位对个人幸福的影响。
7. 《人性的枷锁》 - 威廉·福克纳这是一部描写南方美国社会的小说，以复杂的叙事结构展现了不同角色之间的人性和命运的交织。
福克纳通过深入的心理描写和对种族关系的探索，呈现了南方美国的独特氛围。
8. 《杀死一只知更鸟》 - 哈珀·李这是一部社会批判性小说，以一个小女孩的视角揭示了种族歧视和社会不公。
通过描写南方小镇的故事，作者让读者思考正义、道德和成长的重要性。
9. 《娱乐至死》 - 尼尔·波兹曼这是一本文化批评著作，探讨了媒体对现代社会的影响。
美国文学(American literature
美国文学（American literature美国文学的雏形早期的美国文学是从欧洲文学的样式和风格中衍生出来的。
例如，维兰德和查尔斯·布罗克登·布朗的小说创作就是对英格兰哥特小说的模仿。
就连华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving的杰作《李伯大梦》和《睡谷传奇》The Legend of Sleeping Hollow也是十足的欧洲风格，只是故事发生的场景改为美国而已。
美国文学的诞生美国第一位在小说和诗歌创作领域取得显著成就的作家是艾德加·爱伦·坡Edgar Allen Poe （1809－1849），他于1835年开始短篇小说的创作，其作品包括《红死病》The Red Death、《陷坑与钟摆》、《颓败之屋》和《莫尔格街凶杀案》The Murder of the Rue Morgue。
他的创作触及了前人很少涉及的心理学领域，并且将神秘、幻想等元素融入小说创作之中。
1837年，年轻的作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑Nathanial Howthorne（1804－1864）将他的一些短篇小说集结成册出版，名为《重讲一遍的故事》Twice Told Tales。
这是一部包含了丰富的象征主义及神秘主义元素的作品。
后来，霍桑又开始写作长篇的传奇小说、类寓言小说，他的本土小说《新英格兰》New England以人类的内疚、荣耀和情感上的压抑为主题。
霍桑的代表作是《红字》The Scarlet Letter，讲述一个因通奸adultary行为而被驱逐出社区的女人的故事。
[hide] 霍桑的小说创作对他的朋友，作家赫尔曼·麦尔维尔（1819－1891）产生了深远的影响。
麦尔维尔以自己早期的水手经历为蓝本创作了许多富有异国情调的小说。
在霍桑的影响下，麦尔维尔的小说中也融入了很多哲学上的思索。
在其代表作《白鲸》中，作家通过对一场惊心动魄的捕鲸历程的描述，表达了对人类痴迷状态、人性中罪恶成分以及人类如何战胜这些天性的思索。
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1.约翰·史密斯（探险家）约翰·史密斯上校（1580.1-1631.6.21），新英格兰的舰队司令，是英国军人，探险家和作家。
他因在北美弗吉尼亚州建立了英国第一个永久殖民地詹姆斯敦而扬名天下。
作品A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608)A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1612)The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia (1612)A Description of New England (1616)New England's Trials (1620, 1622)The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles (1624)An Accidence, or the Pathway to Experience Necessary for all Young Seamen (1626)A Sea Grammar (1627) – the first sailors' word book in EnglishThe True Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captain John Smith (1630)Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or Anywhere (1631)2.威廉·布拉德福德（William Bradford，1590年-1657年）五月花号公约签署人之一，于1620年参与创立了普利茅斯殖民地，并在长达30余年的时间里担任普利茅斯总督。
威廉·布莱福特（William Bradford）就是"五月花"号上的领导者，《五月花号公约》的主要起草人，后来成为普利茅斯殖民地的总督。
现在，美国的第二号节日"感恩节"就是由他提出来的。
A.移民领袖他所撰写的“普利茅斯垦殖记”(Of Plymouth Plantation)是关于欧洲新世界殖民史的早期著作之一。
B.美国司法部长威廉·布拉德福德（William Bradford，1755年9月14日－1795年8月23日），美国律师、法官、政治家，曾任美国司法部长（1794年-1795年）。
3.约翰·温斯罗普John Winthrop约翰·温斯罗普（John Winthrop，1588年1月12日－1649年3月26日）在1629年率领一批清教徒前往新大陆并成立马萨诸塞湾殖民地。
他在1630年4月8日被选为殖民地总督，在1631年到1648年之间共12次被选为总督。
约翰·温斯罗普以他著名的布道辞“山上的城”（真正的标题是“基督徒慈善的典范”）而著称。
马萨诸塞州的温斯罗普镇是以他命名的，而哈佛大学的温斯罗普大楼也是以他命名，因为他曾短期担任过哈佛校长。
（二）时代背景一、走向衰落的君主专制制度约翰·温思罗普一生历经英国历史上的两个王朝——都铎王朝(1485--1603)晚期和斯图亚特王朝(1603--1688)早期。
二、恶劣的经济形势从17世纪20年代开始，英国呢绒业发生严重的危机，呢绒业的萧条波及面广，危害面积大，影响到了全国经济、地区经济和生产者个人三、对清教徒不利的宗教环境在17世纪的英国，宗教是一个特别敏感的问题.17世纪20年代，王权和英国国教会联手对清教徒的迫害影响到了约翰·温思罗普的家乡和温思罗普家族。
温思罗普家乡萨福克是清教运动最为活跃、受清教文化浸染最深的地方，那里清教徒的宗教活动受到了冲击，不少清教徒处境艰难。
作品：The History of EnglandCity upon a Hill,1630On Liberaty1.aptain John Smith (1580-1631)：A True Relation of Virginia (1608), A Description of New England(1616) , The True Tavels of Captain John Smith (1624).2.William Bradford (Governor Bradford) (1590-1657)：History Of Plymouth Plantation (1856) 《普利茅斯开发历史》3.John Winthrop (Governor Winthrop)(1588-1649)：The History of New England《新英格兰历史》4.John Cotton(1584-1652)：The Way of Life(1641); A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace (1654)5.Roger Williams(1603-1683)：The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for Cause of Conscience, The Bloody Tenet Yet More Blood, The Key into the Language of America6.Anne Bradstreet(1612-1672)：The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650)《在美国诞生的第十个缪斯》7.Edward Taylor(1642-1729)：God’s Determinations, Preparatory Meditations and HousewiferyPartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands,Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italiansand Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and injournals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Descriptionof the Country”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
其破产后做为向导sought a post as guide tothe Pilgrims.他1624年《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”,讲述了传奇故事how the Indian princess Pocahontas( 波卡洪特斯)saved him.10.他保存了殖民者在Jamestown早期开荒史及explored the rivers and bays around the Chesapeakeregion(切萨皮克地区)，最重要的是he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen”for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.11.早期新英格兰文学主要关于theological, moral, historical and political.12.清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with thediscipline of a harsh church想建立神权社会found a theocracy,他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，不屈不挠地斗争they had toughness, purpose and character, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：注重勤劳，节俭，虔诚和节制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。