巴西历史概览英文

THE MONARCHICAL PERIOD
• 1808-1821. The Portuguese Monarchy moved to Brazil to escape the Napoleonic Wars. • In 1822, the people asked King Pedro I to remain as the Brazilian Monarch. • The weak Brazilian Monarchy established the foundations of FEDERALISM. • The persistence of African slavery was opposed by POSITIVISM (Order and Progress). • Slavery was finally abolished in 1888, and a year later, the Monarchy was dissolved.
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THE SECOND REPUBLIC
• Vargas dominated Brazilian politics until his death by suicide in 1954, and was soon followed by Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1961). • Kubitschek was the founder of the new capital of the country in the hinterland, Brasilia . • Celso Furtado (ECLA) became his chief economist. • The successor of Kubitschek, Joao Goulart was accused of communism by his opponents. • In 1964, The military decided to stage a coup to save the country from a new Cuban Revolution.
THE SECOND REPUBLIC
• Getulio Vargas created the Estado Novo (New State). • He decided to eliminate the Brazilian dessert economy, and promoted Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI). • He also established minimum wage and labor protection for the workers. • The central government was strengthened for the first time in the history of Brazil.
THE FIRST REPUBLIC
• Domination of the coffee-growing elite of Sao Paulo. • They alternated power with the dairy producers of Mina Gerais (Café con Leite). • The military intervened in politics intermittently. • As in the rest of Latin America, the Great Depression brought the demise of the coffee-export elite.
BRAZIL
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Osvaldo Jordan September 24, 2009
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
• • • • • 1822-1889. Brazilian Monarchy. 1889-1930. First Republic. 1930-1964. Second Republic. 1964-1985. Military Dictatorship. 1985-2007. The New Republic.
THE MILITARY PERIOD
• The military embarked upon many pharaohnic development projects. • They also advocated for the Colonization of the Amazon (The Brazilian Frontier). • There were numerous human rights violations, including many desaparecidos. • The First Oil Crisis (1973) shook up the foundations of the Brazilian Miracle.
THE MILITARY PERIOD
• In contrast with previous times, the military decided to stay in power indefinitely, following the New Professionalism (Alfred Stepan) and the National Security Doctrine. • They abolished independent political parties, centralized authority, and closed Congress in several occasions. • Chief Economist Antonio Delfim Netto advocated for export-led growth. • 1968-1974. Brazilian Miracle. GDP Annual Growth averaged 11%.