视听说原文及翻译

Unit 1
As the owner of a small business selling software I find it hard to recruit good people in today‘s tight labor market and having got people on board, there is an equally, if not more difficult task of keeping them happy. Staff turnover is a real problem. Two years ago our staff turnover at Epmus plc was out of control. We were consistently losing staff across the spectrum from clerical workers to senior managers, but our real worry was the skilled tehdnical people who were leaving us.They comprised a bulk of our work force so we brought in a group of consultants to help us figure out why they were leaving. It wasn‘t too difficult to see what had gone wrong. Getting new recruits to deal with clients without any specialist training wasn‘t a good idea. We were putting our staff in an unfair position, especially when they had to reach sales targets. Nor was the system of evaluating employee performance only once a year a good idea. It meant we won't pick up potential problems early enough. So having conducted our assessment we established a formal plan to retain the people who had worked so hard to recruit and hire. We laid out specific steps for communicating with our staff.
作为一家销售软件的小企业的所有者，我发现在当今紧张的劳动力市场中很难招募到优秀的人才，而且已经有人加入了公司，这是一项同样的任务，即使不是更困难，也要让他们快乐。

人员流动是一个真正的问题。

两年前，我们在爱普斯公司的员工流动失控了。

从文书工作者到高级管理人员，我们一直在裁员，但我们真正担心的是那些离开我们的技术熟练的技术人员。

他们占了我们大部分的劳动力，因此，我们请了一群顾问来帮助我们弄清楚他们为什么要离开。

不难看出出了什么问题。

让新员工在没有任何专业培训的情况下与客户打交道不是一个好主意。

我们让我们的员工处于不公平的地位，特别是当他们必须达到销售目标时。

一年只评估一次员工绩效的制度也不是一个好主意。

这意味着我们不能及早发现潜在的问题。

因此，在进行了评估之后，我们制定了一个正式的计划，以留住那些努力招聘和雇用的人。

我们制定了与员工沟通的具体步骤。

Firstly,every year we close down the company and invite our entire staff to an off-site meeting. We talk shop and it gives us a chance to reinforce what the company vision is. It is after all essential that everyone is aware of where we are going and what we have to achieve. Then to build on this ground work, the section managers send e-mail messages every 3 months to describe any modifications there have been to that division. As the process took hold we noticed that doing this quarterly wasn‘t adequate. As a result I now have a meeting once a week with the managers who are directly responsible to me to review and revise their departmental goals. However, in my view, communicating the plan of where the company is headed is something let me down on a continual basis ever amid the often chaotic day-to-day undertakings of our fast-growing company.I think that this jogs to the memory or to be incorporated into every CEO’s usual interaction with their staff. Our staff turnover rate has fallen to just over 30percent this year which we were very pleased with. And the steps we took might prove useful to other enterpreneurs. There are key things that need to be done. For example, set up meetings every 3 months or so with your most important personnel and use these occasions to provide feedback, and talk about any problems the staff may have.In addition, make sure new recruits are put through a proper 2-week training period and spend time with a mentor who has been formally
delegated to look after them and answer their questions.
首先，每年我们关闭公司并邀请我们全体员工参加场外会议。

我们谈论商店，它给了我们一个机会来强化公司的愿景。

毕竟，每个人都必须知道我们要去哪里，我们要实现什么。

然后，为了在此基础上进行工作，部门经理每3个月向发送一次电子邮件，描述对该部门所做的任何修改。

在这个过程中，我们注意到每季度做这个是不够的。

因此，我现在每周与直接负责我的经理开会一次，审查和修改他们的部门目标。

然而，在我看来，在我们快速发展的公司经常混乱的日常工作中，沟通公司发展方向的计划是让我不断失望的事情。

Mpany.我认为这是一种让人想起或融入每一位首席执行官与员工的日常互动中的方式。

我们的员工流动率今年已经下降到30%以上，我们对此非常满意。

我们采取的措施可能对其他企业家有用。

有一些关键的事情需要做。

例如，每隔3个月左右与最重要的员工召开一次会议，并利用这些机会提供反馈，并讨论员工可能遇到的任何问题。

此外，确保新员工经过适当的2周培训期，并与正式授权的导师共度时光，以照顾他们。

回答他们的问题。

Also when looking to retain staff, don‘t just focus on compensation. Bear in mind that when it comes to keeping people you need to show publicly that you value their contribution.There are also other methods of rewarding staff who stay with you, such as stock options and in the long term our goal is for all employees to be receiving these.
另外，在寻找留住员工时，不要只关注薪酬。

记住，在留住员工时，你需要公开表明你重视他们的贡献。

还有其他奖励与你在一起的员工的方法，比如股票期权，从长远来看，我们的目标是让所有员工都能得到这些。

Unit 2
Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind. It is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination,a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of deep springs of life. Youth means temperamental predominance of courage over timidity,of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than in a boy of 20. Nobody grows older merely by the number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.
青春不是人生的一段时间，而是一种精神状态。

这不是粉红的脸颊、红润的嘴唇和柔软的膝盖的问题；而是意志的问题、想象力的品质、情感的活力；它是生命之泉的清新。

青春意味着勇气胜过胆怯，冒险欲望胜过安逸。

这通常存在于一个60岁的男人身上，而不是一个20岁的男孩身上。

没有人仅仅靠年龄增长。

我们抛弃理想而变老。

Years may wrinkle the skin,but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turn the spirit back to dust.
岁月可以使皮肤起皱纹，但放弃热情会使灵魂起皱纹。

忧虑、恐惧、自我怀疑会使心灵弯曲，使灵魂归于尘土。

Whether 60or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living.In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.
When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you’ve grown old, even at 20; but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope that you may die young at 80.
无论是60岁还是16岁，每个人心中都有奇迹的诱惑，永恒的诱惑。

孩子般的对下一步的渴望和生活游戏的乐趣。

在你我的心的中心有一个无线电台，只要它接收到美丽、希望、勇气和
来自人类和无穷大的力量，你年轻的时候已经很久了。

当天线落下，你的灵魂被冰雪覆盖，充满了愤世嫉俗和冰封悲观主义，那么你已经老了，即使是20岁；但是只要你的天线升起，捕捉乐观的浪潮，就有希望你在80岁时早死。

Unit 3
Play is very important for humans from birth to death. Play is not meant to be just for children. It is a form of freedom and connection that can tap into your creativity, and can allow you
the chance to find your inner child and the inner child of others. I have collected the top five benefits of play here.
Play can stimulate you to think differently. It can go against all the rules, and change the same old boring way of doing things. Walt Disney was devoted to play, and his willingness to oppose the common wisdom changed the world of entertainment. The next time you are stuck in fixed and boring way of life, pull out a box of color pencils, modeling clay, glue and scissors,and invite your inner child out and break free. You will be amazed at the way your thinking shifts the new world of discovery.
从出生到死亡，游戏对人类非常重要。

游戏并不意味着只适合孩子们。

它是一种自由和联系的形式，可以利用你的创造力，并允许你找到你内心的孩子和他人内心的孩子的机会。

我在这里收集了游戏的五大好处。

游戏可以刺激你以不同的方式思考。

它可以违反所有的规则，改变过去那种无聊的做事方式。

沃尔特·迪斯尼全心全意地参与游戏，他愿意反对常识改变了娱乐的世界。

下次当你陷入困境时无聊的生活方式，拿出一盒彩色铅笔，粘土模型，胶水和剪刀，并邀请你的内心孩子出来和自由。

你会惊讶于你的思维方式改变了新的发现世界。

Playing can bring greater joy into your life. What do you think the world would be like-if every human spent time each day in play? I bet just asking you this question has brought a smile to your face. Play creates laughter, joy, entertainment, and a feeling of inner peace. Starting today, try to
get 30 minutes each day to engage in some form of play, and watch your joy factor rise!
玩耍能给你的生活带来更大的快乐。

如果每个人每天都在游戏中度过，你认为这个世界会是什么样子？我敢打赌，只要问你这个问题，你一定会面带微笑。

游戏创造了笑声、欢乐、娱乐和内心平静的感觉。

从今天开始，试着每天花30分钟的时间进行某种形式的游戏，并看着你的快乐指数上升！
Play is known to reduce stress. Studies show that, as humans, play is part of our nature. We have the need to play because it is instinctive and basic to human existence.
With regular play,our problem-solving and adaptive abilities will be in much better shape to
handle this complex world, and we are much more likely to choose healthy answers to challenging situations as they arise. It creates laughter and freedom that can instantly reduce stress and add a feeling of relaxation to our daily living.
众所周知，玩耍可以减轻压力。

研究表明，作为人类，玩耍是我们天性的一部分。

我们需要玩耍，因为它是人类生存的本能和基础。

随着常规游戏，我们的解决问题和适应能力将在更好的状态下面对这个复杂的世界，我们更可能选择健康的答案来应对挑战性的情况。

它创造了笑声和自由，可以立即减轻压力，为我们的日常生活增添一种放松的感觉。

Play can stimulate the imagination,curiosity, and creativity. Research shows that play is both a hands-on' and minds-on' learning process. It produces a deeper, more meaningful understanding of the world and its possibilities. We begin giving meaning to life through story making, and playing out various possible situations.
游戏可以刺激想象力、好奇心和创造力。

研究表明，游戏既是一个亲身实践的学习过程，也是一个心中有数的学习过程。

它产生了对世界及其可能性更深入、更有意义的理解。

我们开始通过故事的编造和各种可能的情况来赋予生活意义。

Unit 4
Some of the best American companies today have turned themselves upside down. They’ve found the old top-down pyramid style management chart doesn’t work. So they’ve flipped the pyramid over, giving employees more say in what goes on.And it works, as evidenced in improved sales and earnings.
今天，一些最优秀的美国公司已经扭转乾坤。

他们已经发现旧的自上而下金字塔式管理图表不起作用。

因此，他们把金字塔翻转过来，让员工对所发生的事情有更多的发言权。

而且它起作用，这在提高销售和收入方面得到了证明。

Interested in inverting the pyramid in your operation? Here are some tips: Challenge employees to come up with their own better ways to do their jobs, You may be surprised at how valuable
some of their suggestions are.
有兴趣在你的操作中反转金字塔吗？以下是一些建议：向员工提出挑战，让他们想出自己更好的工作方式，你可能会惊讶于他们的一些建议有多么宝贵。

Seek out ideas from everyone, not just those who have a direct involvement with the job,Sometimes good ideas come from unlikely resources.
Treat employees with honesty and respect. Don’t dictate to them if they are not going to have their ideas enacted. Explain the reasons that underline a decision or policy.
Spread authority around. If the largest part of the pyramid is to be at the top, the top people should have authority.
寻求每个人的想法，而不仅仅是那些直接参与工作的人，有时好的想法来自不太可能的资源。

以诚实和尊重的态度对待员工。

如果他们不想口授，就不要口授。

他们的想法付诸实施。

解释强调决策或政策的原因。

分散权威。

如果金字塔的最大部分在顶端，那么最顶端的人应该有权威。

At one auto plant any worker who sees a problem can shut down the whole assembly line until the problem is solved. By giving employees more control over their work environment and more involvement in running their jobs, you tap into a valuable source of idea and productivity—and that pays off for everyone.
在一个汽车工厂，任何看到问题的工人都可以关闭整个装配线直到问题解决。

通过给予员工更多的工作环境控制权和更多的工作参与度，你可以找到一个有价值的想法和生产力来源，这对每个人都有好处。

Unit 5
Right Reverend Lord HARRIES (Member, House of Lords; Former Bishop,Oxford for the Church of England):Now you ask, what is the relationship between scientific theory and Christian faith? The simplest way of thinking is to say, well, they're really answering different questions.
Science is trying to address the question, how do things happen. And in answer to that, you get the theory of evolution. Things happened over millions and millions of years by a very gradual process through natural causes.
右牧师哈里斯勋爵（英国上议院成员，牛津前主教）：现在你问，科学理论和基督教信仰之间的关系是什么？最简单的思考方式是说，他们真的在回答不同的问题。

科学试图解决这个问题，事情是如何发生的。

作为答案，你得到了进化论。

通过自然原因，事情发生在数百万年前。

PALCA: But Harries says if you ask why did things happen, then you get a completely different answer. It's the why of life that belongs in the spiritual domain. Harries says the problems some religions have with Darwin and evolution come from a literal interpretation of the Bible. And he says, while the Bible contains profound truths,it's not word for word true.
帕卡：但是哈瑞斯说，如果你问为什么事情会发生，那么你会得到一个完全不同的答案。

这就是为什么生活属于精神领域。

哈瑞斯说，一些宗教对达尔文和进化的问题来自于对圣经的字面解释。

他说，虽然《圣经》包含了深刻的真理，但“它不是”一词，即“真”一词。

Right Reverend Lord HARRIES:First of all, take the issue of the age of the Earth. I mean, do people really think that the universe is only 4,000years old where every science - chemistry, paleontology, physics, astronomy every single science points with huge amounts of evidence to the Earth being billions of years old and the universe being even more billions of years old.
So you just have to ask people, what do they make - do they think that the vast majority of scientists in every scientific discipline on Earth are liars?
右牧师哈里斯勋爵：首先，考虑地球的年龄问题。

我的意思是，人们真的认为宇宙只有4000年的历史，其中每一个科学-化学、古生物学、物理、天文学、每一个科学点，每一个科学点，每一个科学点，每一个科学点都有大量的证据证明地球有数十亿年的历史，而宇宙甚至有数十亿年的历史，每一个科学点，地球有数十亿年的历史，宇宙有数十亿年的历史，甚至比地球有数十亿年的历史，甚至比宇宙有数十亿年的历史更古老。

所以你只需要问人们，他们做了什么，他们认为在地球上的每一个科学学科中，绝大多数科学家都是骗子？
PALCA:In the beginning- in other words, in1859when "On the Origin of Species" was published, the church was uncomfortable with Darwin's theories.But clearly, that position has changed.
So much so that recently, a spokesman for the Church of England wrote an article saying the church might owe Darwin an apology for its initial resistance to evolution. The Reverend Dr. Malcolm Brown says some people misread his comments to say the church was,in fact,apologizing.
帕卡：在开始-换言之，在1859当《物种起源论》出版时，教会对达尔文的理论感到不安但很明显，这种立场已经改变了。

如此之多以至于最近，英国教会的一位发言人写了一篇文章说，教会可能欠达尔文一个道歉，因为它最初抵制进化。

马尔科姆·布朗牧师说，有些人误解了他的评论，认为教堂是事实上的道歉。

Reverend Dr. MALCOLM BROWN (Director of Mission and Public Affairs, Church of England:) I suggested than an apology might be owed, which is a slightly different thing.I don't have
the authority to make it.
My point was that by raising doubts about Darwin at the beginning, by getting our first reaction wrong, even though as the Church of England, we pretty quickly got OK with Darwin,we legitimized, to some extent, later movements,particularly in the States in the early 20th century, to raise creationism as an ideology and make Darwin a whipping boy.
马尔科姆·布朗牧师（英国国教教团和公共事务主任）：我建议你不要道歉，这是一件稍有不同的事情。

我没有权威来做它。

我的观点是，通过在开始时提出对达尔文的怀疑，通过使我们的第一反应错误，即使作为英国的教会，我们很快就对达尔文取得了共识，我们在某种程度上使后来的运动，特别是在20世纪初的各州，合法化，把创造论作为一种意识形态提出，并使达尔文成为一个替罪羊。

男孩。

Unit 6
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world –even the seasonal changes as unpredictable,and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.
关于古希腊戏剧的起源有很多理论。

今天最广为接受的一个假设是戏剧从仪式演变而来。

这个视图的参数如下。

一开始，人类认为世界的自然力量——甚至是季节性的变化都是不可预测的，他们寻求各种方法来控制这些未知和令人恐惧的力量。

那些似乎带来了预期结果的措施随后被保留下来，并被重复，直到它们变硬成为固定的仪式。

最终出现了解释或掩盖仪式奥秘的故事。

随着时间的推移，一些仪式被抛弃了，但后来被称为神话的故事依然存在，并为艺术和戏剧提供了素材。

Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance,masks, and customers were almost used.Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the“acting area”and the “auditorium”. In addition, there were performers, and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leader usually assumed that task,wearing masks and costumes often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect - success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun - as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.
那些相信戏剧是从仪式演变而来的人也认为这些仪式包含了剧院的种子，因为音乐、舞蹈、
面具和顾客几乎都被使用了。

此外，一个合适的场地必须为表演提供并且当整个社区不参与时，通常在“表演区”和“礼堂”之间作出明确的划分。

此外，还有一些表演者，由于在仪式的制定中相当重视避免错误的发生，宗教领袖通常认为，任务是戴着面具和服装，经常模仿其他人、动物或超自然生物，并模仿所期望的效果-狩猎或战斗的成功，即将来临的雨，以及太阳的毁灭-作为一个演员。

最终，这些戏剧性的表现与宗教活动分离开来。

Another theory traces the theater origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this view tales ( about the hunt , war, or other feats ) are gradually elaborated at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations if animal movements and sounds.
另一种理论追溯戏剧起源于人类对讲故事的兴趣。

根据这一观点，故事（关于狩猎、战争或其他壮举）首先是通过讲述者的模仿、行动和对话逐步阐述的，然后通过由不同的人扮演每一个角色逐步阐述。

一个密切相关的理论追踪戏剧到那些舞蹈是主要的节奏和体操，或者是模仿动物的动作和声音。