红字中海斯特形象分析的开题报告
《红字》中海丝特形象的深度解读
那象征通奸罪 的红 Ａ字也被她 以艺术家的手绣得异 常的精美华贵 。这 个美化 的字母 已经 失去了社会强
加在她身上的意义 ， 变成她 自我定义 的优雅 。海丝特 之所 以精心装饰 这个 红 Ａ字 还有另一个原 因：她爱 的人 的名字 中有这个字母 ，这个 Ａ在她眼 中已变成 爱的象征 ， 这既粉碎 了宗教的意 图 ， 也表达 了她的反 抗精神。海丝特对清教教规的蔑视 以及她所“ 犯下 的 罪过 ” 既 显 示 了她 对 生 活 的 热 爱 ， 也 表 现 了 她 对 宗 教
气 和对 爱情的执着追 求 。更体 现在 生活 中的自立和 对 孩子的母性特质上 ，这些都体现 了她敢于打破 清 教束缚 、 追求 自然人性的决心 和勇气。 （ 一） 海丝特对清教伦理道德的反抗 ｌ ７世纪 的新英格 兰处于严 酷 的教权 统治 中 ， 严 格 的宗教 教规不仅具有 与法律相 同的强制性 ，甚 至 还 支配 和左右着人们 的思想和判 断 ，清教教徒 以教 规 愚弄 、 麻醉 、 控制人们 的思 想和 行 为 ， 他 们沿袭 古 代 用以保护男权地位 的父权制 ，鼓 吹男性对社 会拥 有 支配权 和决定权 ， 女性只是繁 殖的工具 ， 没有独 立 的人格 ，需要依附男 性而生存 ，应 当受到男人 的统 治 。为保 护男人的权利 ， 女 性受到种种 限制和束缚 ， 甚 至残酷 到 即使 在街 上微 笑都要 处 以监 禁 的地 步 。 整个 清教地 区死气沉沉 ， 气 氛阴暗颓废 ， 人们努 力压 制 着 自己的情绪和人性 ， 神情冷 漠 ， 一切都笼罩 在黑 暗之中。《 红字》 中到处都渗透着这种阴郁的宗教气 氛， 生活在这种压抑的环境 中的海丝特对这种惨无人 道、 压制人性的宗教伦理道德表达 出自己强 烈不满。 海 丝特 虽然生长 于清教社会 ，对清教法规 有着 清楚的了解 ， 但在不伤害他 人的情况下 ， 她认 为 自己 追 求爱情的行 为是 没有 过错 的， 因而 ， 对清教做 出的 严 厉惩罚她坦然接 受 ， “ 世俗 的法 律不是心 灵上的法 律” 。 ［ ¨当海丝特走 出牢 门时， 没有众人 想象的“ 黯然 失色” ， 而是露 出高傲优 雅 的举止 、 从容 不迫 的微 笑 ， 就 连身上的衣服都是 华美的 ， 她环视着 众人 ， 勇敢地 向众人展示代表耻辱 的红 Ａ字和 自己的孩子 ，就连
《红字》中海斯特的女性意识本科毕业论文
兰州商学院长青学院本科生毕业论文（设计）论文（设计）题目：《红字》中海斯特的女性意识系另比_________ 外语系 ______________ 专业（方向）：英语（国际商务）______i2014 年—月—日《红字》中海斯特的女性意识【摘要】霍桑是十九世纪美国文学史上最具影响力的浪漫主义作家之一。
《红字》作为霍桑最重要的一篇小说，不仅对美国，而且对整个世界对女性主权意识的改变产生了深远的影响。
小说刻画了海斯特为争取自由幸福而勇于反抗传统社会习俗的叛逆者的形象，她的坚定的反抗意识贯穿文章始终。
本文首先简单介绍了《红字》作者霍桑，及小说产生的背景和其主要内容，之后具体讲述了女主人公海斯特女性意识逐渐产生的过程，结语中指出，因受霍桑个人经历和背景的影响，海斯特最终形成的女权主义是矛盾的、不彻底的。
［关键词］海斯特清教社会女性意识iiABSTRACTHawthor ne is one of the roma ntic writers of the nin etee nth cen tury America n literary history's most in flue ntial. "The Scarlet Letter" Hawthor ne as a novel the most importa nt, not only for America, but for the en tire world to cha nge the con scious ness of wome n's sovereig nty had a profo und impact. 17th-ce ntury no vels Bost on Purita n coloni zati on of North America un der the backgro und of colonial rule reflects the theocratic persecutio n of wome n to the heroine Hester adultery was discovered puni shed for clues to Hester as the represe ntative of wome n the character's inner world and discover the fate un fold gradually female sovereig n con scious ness discovery and An alysis. Hyster novel portrayed the courage to fight for freedom and happ in ess image rebel aga inst traditi onal social customs, and her steadfast oppositi on always con scious throughout the article, which laid the foun dati on Hyster dominant positi on in the no vel. This paper an alyzes the Hawthor ne Lan guage family backgro und, social backgro und, historical backgro und, and found him to shape the image of Hyster femi nism and the reas on is n ot completely in con tradict ion.[Keyword] Heist ? Joplin Puritan society Hawthorne feminist consciousness目录一、《红字》作者霍桑的生平简介 (5)二、《红字》产生的背景及其内容简介 (6)三、................................................................. 女性意识概述. (8)四、 ................................................................ 海斯特的女性意识在《红字》中的体现 (9)(一)潜伏在内心的女性意识 (9)(二)单身女人的顽强生活-- 女性意识的萌动 (10)(三)公开对峙前夫，不忍其恶行一一女性意识的觉醒 (11)(四)鼓励情人出逃----女性意识的成熟 (12)(五)海斯特胸前的红字在人们心目中的变化 (13)(六)对女权主义活动的引领 (13)五、结语 (14)《红字》中海斯特的女性意识一、《红字》作者霍桑的生平简介纳塞尼尔•霍桑(Nathaniel Hawthorne ，1804--1864 )为著名的美国小说家，生于马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇，该地名是基督教圣地耶路撒冷的后半，足见当年早期移民的宗教情愫。
《红字》女主人公海丝特·白兰个性分析
《红字》女主人公海丝特·白兰个性分析
《红字》女主人公海丝特·白兰的个性分析摘要《红字》是19世纪美国作家霍桑的第一部长篇小说。
小说女主人公海丝特美丽动人、敢爱敢当，勇敢地冲破婚姻的枷锁。
但由于19世纪清教严格戒律的禁锢，海丝特的爱情理想并不是一帆风顺的，而是历经了由生发、破灭、沦落的过程。
面对世俗和清规戒律的压抑，海丝特选择了反抗，她勇敢地追寻自己的爱情，在嘲讽和辱骂中，刚毅不屈地生活着。
尽管最后她的生命在各种压力下沦落了，但她勇敢、坚强、百折不挠、反叛的个性依然熠熠生辉。
关键词：海丝特个性红字勇敢
中图分类号：i106.4 文献标识码：a
《红字》是美国浪漫主义作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑的长篇代表作。
小说自1850年出版，就吸引了全世界无数读者青睐，并在近年引发了各种富有新意的读者解读。
小说《红字》以17世纪美国东海岸马萨诸塞州波士顿镇上早期移民生活为题材，以殖民时期的严酷教权统治为故事的大背景，讲述的是一个违背清教（加尔文教）教规而犯下通奸罪并处以终身胸前佩带红色字母“a”的女子海丝特·白兰一生坎坷的爱情悲剧故事。
霍桑从人性论出发，介绍了女主人公海丝特勇敢地冲破婚姻的枷锁，试图从这一女性形象来讲述人性在政教合一的社会制度下的脆弱和悲哀。
海丝特和年轻的牧师丁梅斯代尔秘密相爱，生下一名叫珠儿的女孩；结果触犯清教严禁的通奸罪，被判处示众受辱，并终生佩带象征通奸耻辱的红色“a”（adultery，意为通奸）字母。
红字中海斯特的形象分析（2）
红字中海斯特的形象分析（2）三、海斯特对生活的追求“红字”在清教徒的眼里是罪恶和耻辱的标志，而在它面前，海斯特却依然展示了她的人性魅力和尊严，她艰苦的抗争和对生活的追求是冲破旧的道德枷锁的充分体现。
海斯特顽强的生活意志和善良的本性感动了人们，许多人都不再以原有的意义去解释那鲜红的A字，（abie）“能干”（angei）“天使”却成了A字新的寓意。
“海斯特凭借着与生俱来的性格力量和不同寻常的能力在生活中得到了一个自己扮演的角色。
人们来到她的小屋，将他们的悲哀和困扰倾诉给她，寻求她的忠告。
”“海斯特竭尽所能去安慰劝导她们，并郑重告诉她们：坚信当世界渐臻成熟，某个更加光明的时代到来时，会在一个更为可靠的保证相互幸福的基础上，建立起男人和女人之间的整个关系。
”正是因她这种对美好生活的强烈的热情，使她实现了自己作为一个女人的存在价值。
结语正如尼娜贝姆所说：“在海斯特这个形象中，霍桑塑造了美国小说中的第一个真正的女主角，同时也是其中永远的英雄之一。
”海斯特以她的行动告诉女性应该怎样在逆境中求生存，怎样才能赢得自身的平等和自由的权利，怎样才能真正找到自己的价值和存在的意义。
这种敢于斗争的形象和反抗命运的精神鼓舞着成千上万的女性为实现这一理想而奋斗。
也正因为如此，她胸前的红色A是女性意识觉醒的标志，具有永恒的意义，至今仍闪耀着耀眼的光辉。
红字中海斯特的形象分析 [篇2]＜红字）思想深邃．想象丰富．表现手法独特，引起了人们一个多世纪的关注与评论．它被公认为是霍桑最杰出的作品。
在整部小说中．海斯特被描写成一个聪明、漂亮、能干。
极富同情心但又很平凡的女人．特定的环境造就了她这样的形象．在她的性格中同样蕴含着强烈的反叛精神和独立自我精神。
在霍桑的笔下。
海丝特是一个敢于反抗命运、敢于为争取人生权利而斗争的勇敢女性。
她一出场．便显示出生机勃然的个性。
当沉重的狱门拉开．当狱吏把她拉出狱门示众时，虽然一种本能的荣辱感使她感到耻辱．然而她并没有丝毫的畏怯。
毕业论文：红字中海斯特形象分析的开题报告【范本模板】
霍桑的代表作《红字》是美国文学发展史上的第一部象征主义小说，是美国浪漫主义小说的代表作.在作品中，霍桑集中了创作个性与经验，成功地运用了象征手法,使《红字》成为一部不朽的世界文学名著。《红字》以十七世纪的新英格兰为背景，描述了清教的残酷和它对故事中女主人公人性的扼杀。小说创造性地演绎了当时社会对海斯特的压迫，但海斯特并没有屈服，她没有屈服于压抑人性的宗教道德，而是以种种勇敢的行为向愚昧的传统挑战，证明了自身存在的意义。她是反抗不合理的婚姻制度、争取真正美好爱情的勇敢典型,但霍桑创作这篇著作的母的仅仅是颂歌这位女人的新生吗？他把自己的清教人文主义思想灌注在对海斯特的形象描写上，事实上海斯特最后赎罪重生是对清教制度对清教社会的妥协,是由叛逆到妥协的转变。
4.2 Working Hard As a Mother and Sinner
4。3 Final Image of Hester: Angle，Bearing the Pain of Losing Lover
Conclusion.
四、研究的整体方案与工作进度安排(内容、步骤、时间）
1.第七学期 第9周选定论文题目
2.第七学期 第10-18周 查阅相关文献资料
3.寒假期间查阅相关文献资料
4.第8学期 第1-—7周完成《毕业论文任务书》、《文献综述》、《开题报告》及论文提纲
5。第8学期 第8--10周完成论文初稿
6.第8学期 第11周完成论文二稿
7。第8学期 第12周论文三稿/定稿及答辩
8.第8学期 第13周复答辩
五、中外文参考文献目录（作者、书名论文题目、出版社或刊号、出版年月或出版期号)
［1]Nathaniel Hawthorne.(2009）.The Scarlet Letter。中央编译出版社。
红字中海斯特的性格分析
AbstractAs one of the world’s most famous writers and “the Shakespeare of American” Nathaniel Hawthorne played a critical role in the highlight of romantic novel. As a trailblazer of writing romantic novel with psychology analysis, His representative work Scarlet Letter boosted him in the literary creation. And The Scarlet Letter has wined the world-wide attention. Especially the female protagonist Hester Prynne has attracted large numbers of scholars to analysis her characters. This paper is determined to detect the characters of Hester through three approaches which are her life experience, her daughter and the social environment she lives in. The result we get is that Hester is a pure, courageous, and kind-hearted woman whose spirit has enlightened a generation of women who lived in the dark corner of the world.Key words: pure; courageous; kind-heated摘要作为世界著名作家之一和“美国的莎士比亚”，霍桑在将浪漫主义文学推向了高峰。
红字论文开题报告
红字论文开题报告《红字》是美国浪漫主义作家霍桑创作的长篇小说，被称作是美国心理分析小说的开创篇。
论《红字》中的象征开题报告ƪһ摘要在小说中，霍桑大量地采用象征,与整部小说有不可分割的联系。
色彩的象征就是一个典型的例子。
丁梅斯代尔将手置于胸口处，成了一个惯常的手势。
这一动作象征着伪善折磨着他。
霍桑采取了种种较为隐晦的方法来给四个主要人物命名。
由于象征作用，小说往往能把微妙的感觉表现出来，同时把复杂的社会现象和人类冲突的本质都概括出来。
贯穿全书的主线红字A。
《红字》中人物的象征意义就是最为典型的一个例子。
霍桑的《红字》有其自身特点。
主要是象征的复杂性，多义性和任意性。
字母A的象征意义显现出多种含义关键词：象征;色彩;名字;字母A;复杂;多义性;隐晦ABSTRACTIn The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne employs a lot of symbols. The symbols are just like the cells of the novel and connect with the work closely. Color symbol is a typical example. Dimmesdales gesture with his hand upon his heart serves as a symbol of suffer of hishypocrisy. Hawthorne names the four leading character in the novel. For instance. The delicate feelings, the complicated, social phenomenon and the essence of the human natures conflict are all displayed by symbols. The change of the meanings of the scarlet letter A is very thought-provoking. The characteristic is there are many meanings in his symbols. The meanings of the letter A is the most typical example.Key Words: Symbolic; Color; Name; Letter A; Complicated; Multi-meanings;ObscureContentsIntroduction 1 1 About the Author and His Novel 1Hawthorne 1Plot Overview 12 The Expression of Symbols in the Scarlet Letter 3Symbol: An Old artistic Technique 4Symbol in the Scarlet Letter 4Color Symbol 4Gesture Symbol 9Name Symbol 103 The Functions of Symbols in The Scarlet Letter 12Different Symbolic Meanings of the letter A 12 Meaning Symbolized on Hester 12Meaning Symbolized on Dimmesdale 15Other Symbolic Meanings 16Symbolic Meanings of Different Characters 17 Symbolic Functions of the employment of Imagination 184 The particularity of symbols in The Scarlet Letter 19Conclusion20Bibliography《红字》中A字内涵的变化开题报告选题背景及选题意义(国内外研究现状、初步设想及拟解决的问题)(一)选题背景象征是文学创作的一种艺术表现形式，该词源于希腊语，原指将一块木板分成两半，双方各执其中的一端，以表示衔接的信物，后来逐渐演变成为以一种形式当作概念的习惯的代表。
《红字》中海斯特的性格症候论析-文档资料
《红字》中海斯特的性格症候论析纳撒尼尔?霍桑是19世纪美国杰出的浪漫主义作家,他的代表作《红字》是美国浪漫主义小说中最有声望的权威作品之一。
他在小说中象征手法的运用使得《红字》这部小说成为世界经典名著,也使得霍桑成为享誉世界的作家。
他在小说中探索人性的罪恶,用犀利的笔锋去讽刺邪恶,揭露道德的伪善,抨击宗教的狂想,揭示真理。
这使得看似简单的爱情悲剧之后却蕴含这丰富的思想内容。
女主人公海斯特是一个美丽善良的女人,但在婚姻上却很不幸。
年轻时嫁给了身体畸形的学者齐灵沃斯,但他们之间并没有爱情。
婚后两人移居波士顿。
齐灵沃斯先将妻子送到了那里,令人没有想到的是,在这之后的近两年间,他却杳无音讯,生死不明,海斯特孤独的过着日子。
这时英俊的青年牧师丁梅斯戴尔闯入了她的生活。
他们真诚的相爱,并有了爱情的结晶。
这件事的暴露使海斯特处于水深火热之中。
在殖民地的独居生活中,她犯下的通奸罪是为清教教义所不容的,按照当时的教规,海斯特只有交待了奸夫的姓名,才能得到宽恕,但是她却独自承受了这一切。
海斯特站在刑台上独自受罚,胸前戴着醒目的红字“A”。
毫无疑问,这字母一定有一种隐含的意义,而这种含义仿佛从这种神秘的象征中自然地涌现出来。
海斯特是一个饱受舆论和宗教谴责的犯下通奸罪行的少妇,她胸前的大红字母“A”是英语单词Adultery(通奸)的缩写。
海斯特犯下的罪行是不可饶恕的,是让人难以启齿的。
然而这却是小说表达的表层含义。
作者用近似褒奖的语言对红色字母作了这样的描绘:“以精细的红布作底,四周饰有雅致的刺绣和金线织成的奇巧花样,融汇了瑰丽的奇思妙想与精美的手工技艺。
”当海斯特站在刑台上时,她的第一个举动就是抱紧孩子,她这么做与其说是出于母爱的激情,不如说她想掩盖身上的标记,但当她意识到孩子也是一个耻辱的符号,用一个耻辱的标记去掩盖另一个,根本无济于事时,她用胳膊架着孩子,脸上露出了“高傲”的微笑。
“倘若在这群清教徒中有一个天主教徒,在看到这个怀抱婴孩,风采如画的盛装美妇人时,他也许会想起无数名画家竞相描绘的圣母像。
《红字》女主人公性格分析
《红字》女主人公性格分析摘要：《红字》不仅是美国浪漫主义小说的代表作，也是美国精神分析小说的开创者。
纳撒尼尔·霍桑不同于常人的生活和经历使他形成了独特的世界观、创作思想和技巧。
他巧妙地运用隐喻、象征等细腻的艺术手法，不断探索人类灵魂最深处的柔软，成功地塑造了《红字》女主人公海丝特·白兰这一复杂的人物形象，也形成了海丝特独特的性格特征。
在这本书中，海丝特意志坚定、勇敢而又矛盾。
一次次的羞辱和愤怒让她承受了许多别人无法理解的痛苦，同时也让她变得更加坚强和独立，她的这一特点让人感触良多。
与此同时，她那许多令人称赞的优点和积极的行为又值得我们每个人去学习。
关键词：性格分析勇敢孤独坚强独立善良女主人公海斯特是一个淑女。
在第二章中，海斯特首次亮相时，那令人惊艳的外表和独特的气质无不使她立刻就吸引了众多的目光。
她不但没有蓬头垢面的挫败面容，而且焕发着普通妇人所没有的气质，举手投足尽显当时女性的优雅风范。
颀长的身材，优雅的体态，浓密的头发，在阳光的照耀下显得熠熠生辉，分外夺目。
匀称的五官，莹润的肤色，秀密的眉眼，深邃的眸子，令人印象深刻无法忘怀。
她的身上散发着某种尊严和高贵，难以用语言来表达，却令人难以忘怀。
当所有人都以为她会因为自己的罪行黯然憔悴的时候，她却依旧光彩照人，就连那不幸的遭遇和无尽的耻辱都变成了耀眼的光环，衬托着她的淑女姿态和她的端庄优雅。
海斯特是一个勇敢的女人。
那种勇敢不是胆大包天，不是目无一切，也不是男人性情里的勇敢，而是一种从内心散发出来的无畏。
当别人用冷峻而严厉的声音逼迫她说出孩子的父亲是谁的时候，她坚贞不屈，坚定又从容地说：“决不，我不会说的！”无论其他人对她怎样好言相劝，或者是威逼恐吓，她都无动于衷，也没有一丝一毫的犹豫，只是保持着自己的坚定和勇敢，心甘情愿地承担所有需要遭受的痛苦。
那种无畏不是强装出来的，也不是别人给予的，是从骨子里透露出来的。
在当时那种时代背景下，倘若不是拥有这样无比的勇敢，海斯特可能一分钟也无法在世间生存。
冲突与平衡的悖论关系在《红字》中海斯特性格分析的体现
冲突与平衡的悖论关系在《红字》中海斯特性格分析的体现摘要：霍桑的代表作《红字》展现了小说中不同人物探寻自己价值体系的心路历程，不同人物在事件中的反应背后映射出“悖论”关系的作用力，小说以深邃的主题，象征、隐喻等艺术手法成为一部不朽的经典之作。
本文试图从冲突与平衡的悖论关系分析女主人公的性格特点——反抗与服从、罪爱与博爱、承受者与启蒙者的对立体现，体现个人在社会中所面临的矛盾与冲突。
关键词：冲突与平衡；性格分析；矛盾与冲突；和谐与统一霍桑(1804—1864)的作品中充满着黑暗与恐惧，对人们心中的黑暗描述成为他作品的一个特点，是19世纪美国浪漫主义作家的代表，被人们誉为“作家的作家”。
《红字》是他的代表作品，故事发生在两百多年前的北美殖民地，小说中的女主人公海斯特·白兰奉父亲之命嫁给了医生齐灵渥斯，丈夫先让她只身一人前往美洲大陆，自己在一次旅程中被误认为遇难了，海斯特到达美洲后遇到了她的心灵伴侣，与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下一名女婴，取名为纯洁象征的珠儿，而海斯特则戴上了象征“通奸”的红字A，尽管备受折磨，海斯特却坚决不肯说出孩子的父亲是谁，而牧师丁梅斯代尔在受到齐灵渥斯的报复以及内心的折磨后，当众坦白了一切，并死在了海斯特的怀中。
霍桑在谈及他的写作意图时说：“我决心在最卑下的事件中，至少完成一部小说，它应该揭示一个深刻的教训，应该具有足以单独存在，有血有肉的实体。
”冲突与平衡关系是《红字》叙事过程的一条主线，以女主人公海斯特的性格特征、爱的表现、爱的承受等几方面，展示出一个爱恨交织的悖论关系。
作者赋予海斯特具有反抗性和矛盾性，展现了海斯特的性格特点在社会中所面临的矛盾与冲突，以及最后矛盾化解后达成的和谐与统一[1]。
一、表面的服从与内心的反抗表面看来海斯特是顺从的，她遵循父亲的意愿嫁给了自己不爱的医生，按照丈夫所规定的路线来到新大陆，听从执政官的安排每周来到教堂礼拜，自己动手做事情，等。
《红字》开题报告
论文题目（中文）：《红字》中海斯特的形象分析论文题目（英文）：A Brief Analysis on the Image of Hester in the Scarlet Letter选题意义1805年，纳撒尼尔·霍桑发表了他的长篇小说《红字》。
小说以两百多年前的殖民地时代的美洲为题材，旨在深入美国民族历史和道德根源，对人类与罪孽、愧疚以及傲慢的不懈斗争进行了无法超越的、具有普遍意义的经典而精湛的探索。
作品中的女主角海斯特白兰本是带有原罪的饱受道德煎熬的女人，却因为她的坚韧，勇敢，成了崇高道德的化身。
她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔，同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。
基本内容论文将对海斯特白兰性格特征的多面性加以阐析，对海斯特这个引起一个多世纪争议的人物形象作比较全面的剖析具体分析。
相关资料相关搜集情况[1] Nathaniel Hawthorne.(2009). The Scarlet Letter. 中央编译出版社[2]McFarland Philip. (2004). Hawthorne in Concord. 中央编译出版社[3]尼娜.贝姆（Nina Baym ）《论霍桑的红字》波士顿.特滋出版社, 1986[4]李儒寿《红字》女主人公海丝特·白兰性格特征探析.武汉大学学报(人文科学版) 2005[5]葛红.抗争―评析《红字》中海丝特·白兰的性格特征.聊城大学学报[6]李平《世界妇女史》海口: 南海出版社, 1995[7]张京援当代女性主义文学批评.上海:华东师范大学出版社，1997论文提纲： A Brief Analysis on the Image of Hester in the Scarlet LetterThesis Statement:Hester Prynne , a leading figure of Romantism Revolution and Feminism Revolution in Hawthorne's living age, carried the special qualities of modern females, which is overwhemingly remarkable even till today.IntroductionI. RebellionA. becoming stronger from the exetrem pain after commiting crimesB.Hester's three open resistance1.fight for the right of maintenance of kid2. revealing of ex-husband's disgraceful behaviour3.encouraging to the clergy into escapingII.IndependenceA. the spirit of independenceB. strong pursuit for a better lifeIII.FrailtyA. vanity and act impetuously suffering from the changes of the world for hiding secretspromiseA.disability of getting rid of the constraint of religious mind entirely.hopes for a better days that come eventuallyConclusion.。
试论从中国女性主义文学批评视角看《红字》的海斯特形象
试论从中国女性主义文学批评视角看《红字》的海斯特形象论文摘要：纳撒尼尔・霍桑在《红字》中塑造的海斯特・白兰吸引了无数读者并在近年来引发了诸多富有新意的解读。
女性主义文学批评要求以女性的视角对文学作品进行全新解读，为重新欣赏《红字》提供了参考。
基于女性主义文学批评的基础上，讨论海斯特形象的创造而挖掘小出说中反女性主义的因素。
论文关键词：文学批评；女性主义；海斯特《红字》于1850年出版后吸引了来自各方位诸多种类的评价，其中包括对作者本人的家庭出身、作者的理想信仰、作者与小说的关系、小说的写作风格与特点、《红字》的多重含义、故事中的各种寓意、文中所出现人物的特性心理、小说的社会文化意义等等多角度多方面的分析和评论。
在劳伦斯(D．H．Lawrence)看来，《红字》不是一本让人愉悦的心灵罗曼史。
相反，这是“一篇精彩的寓言。
我认为这是所有文学中最伟大的寓言之一”。
“蓝眼睛的神童纳撒尼尔赋予本书绝对的双重意义”，并认为作者本人具备超凡的洞察力。
巴特莱特(Fred―ericC．Bartlett)则应用弗洛伊德的心理分析理论重新诠释了这部小说，探索了欲望的宣泄以及自我压抑。
在一篇名为《鲜红的A字，霍桑的投影――《红字》海斯特形象与霍桑之思想》的文章中，作者将文中的圣母形象与美国精神联系起来，认为“霍桑心中的‘美国梦’与‘美国精神’都集中地体现在海斯特形象的塑造上”。
在中国文学史上，20世纪初西方女权主义理论的引人，无疑是唤起现代女性意识觉醒的重要因素，对中国现代女性文学创作产生了重要影响，虽然这种影响不是完全意义上的女性主义文学观的影响。
但是，它为中国当代社会对女性主义文学观念在中国文学创作中的消化和理解提供了许多经验。
中国当代文学向女性精神与心灵的深处拓展，体现强烈的女性价值感与女性主体性更是得益于西方较为成熟的女性文学观念。
中国女性主义文学观的形成是带有本土特色，具有阶段性特点，流动变化的过程。
一、中国女性主义文学批评观的产生与发展女性主义理论是20世纪中期以来，西方理论界最重要的文艺理论之一。
本科毕业论文论《红字》中十八世纪美国人的道德观-开题报告
报,2009, (6) : 14。 [6] Li Shiqiang，[李世强],红字中人物的道德寓意研究[J]云南师范大学学报, 2008，（3）：3-9。
本文从一个新的角度--不同人物所体现的道德价值来探讨道德观对人的影响，对不同的 人物做出了具体的心理分析，细化了道德观在小说中的体现。 三、本课题研究内容 1. 文献综述
1.1 霍桑《红字》的文学史价值 1.2 国内外研究现状
1.2.1 国外研究现状 1.2.2 国内研究现状 2. 研究方法、基本思路及主要观点 3. 小说主人公的道德观体现 3.1 海斯特的“善” 3.2 丁梅斯代尔的“善战恶” 3.3 齐灵渥斯的“恶” 3.4 珠儿道德的“净化器” 4. 霍桑对清教道德伦理的继承与超越 4.1 18 世纪美国的清教道德伦理 4.2 霍桑所体现出的清教道德伦理观
3.现实意义：小说中海斯特的善，能让人们对其有怜悯之心，为她打抱不平，能开启人们的 善意；她老公齐灵渥斯的恶，令读者厌恶，也体现出恶有恶报的道德观；牧师 丁梅斯代尔，由错走向对，最后能从善战恶，能鼓励人们勇敢面对错误。珠儿 则是他们罪恶的“净化器”，帮助她的母亲完成了心灵净化的过程，对人们也 有积极的暗示。
6-9。 [13] Zeng Yanbo，[曾燕波]红字中象征寓意的探讨[J].湖南工程学院学报(社会科学版), 2002，
（3），19-21。
指导教师意见（课题难度是否适中、工作量是否饱满、进度安排是否合理、工作条件是否具备等）
指导教师签名： 年月 日
教研室及二级学院意见（选题是否适宜、各项内容是否达到毕业设计（论文）大纲要求、整改意见等）
《红字》中的海斯特白兰人物形象分析 海斯特白兰是怎样的人
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毕业论文：红字中海斯特的形象分析
A Brief Analysis of the Image of Hester inthe Scarlet LetterA Thesis SubmittedTo Foreign Language DepartmentOf College of Information & Business,Zhongyuan University of TechnologyIn Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsByStudent ID Number:Supervisor：May 29th, 2011论文摘要霍桑的《红字》，是美国19世纪文学史上的经典作品，这篇著作反映了清教思想对人生活思想的影响。
本篇著作的背景发生在波士顿一个小镇上，介绍了这个地区的人是如何被清教所影响的，其中女主角海斯特·白兰和镇上受人尊敬的牧师丁梅斯代尔通奸并生下女儿珠儿，作为惩罚，她被戴上红字“A”——“Adultery”的象征。
本文通过分析海斯特的性格，也展现了清教法规苛刻无情的刑罚，在清教社会，不管谁犯罪都要接受惩罚。
本文还涉及到霍桑的清教观，他对清教价值观和思想的肯定以及对其消极方面对人民思想控制的批评，这也决定海斯特最后的命运是在经过艰苦工作、自我提升后得到救赎。
霍桑通过塑造海斯特这个形象向读者展示了他的清教观，以及清教思想对他的影响。
海斯特最初是勇敢坚强的，最终却在清教社会的压迫下，承认了自己的罪过并通过赎罪得到了社会的认可。
通过红字“A”象征意义的变化反映了海斯特的形象变化。
关键字：清教影响; 海斯特性格;原罪；救赎AbstractThe Scarlet Letter,Nathanie l Hawthorne’s representative wo rk, is a classical novel in American literature in the 19th century. The novel displays Puritanism’s great impact on people’s life and thought. This thesis of the Puritan town Boston, and introduce how the communities in the town are deeply influenced by P uritanism. The heroine Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale, the town’s reverend priest, engages in the act of adultery and produce a baby girl named Pearl.Meanwhile, by analyzing the main character Hester, the thesis aims at presenting the harshness and the strict punishment in Puritan society. In puritan communities, whoever commits a sin will be punished. The thesis also presents Hawthorne’s attitude towards Puritanism. On one hand, he appreciates the puritan thought and value; on the other hand, he condemns the negative impact of puritan society on people’s spirit. And this thought influences Hester’s final fate—to get salvation through self—improvement and hard working. Hawthorne explains his puritan thoughts through creating Hester. Hester is brave and strong, as a sinner, Hester finally get salvation by working hard.key words：Puritanism; Hester’s characteristic; sin; salvationTable of ContentsAbstract(Chinese) (Ⅰ)Abstract(English) (Ⅱ)1.Introduction (1)2. Hawthorne’s Intention of Creating Hester. (1)2.1 Puritan Infulence on Hawthorne (1)2.2 Hawthorne’s Own Thought on Puritanism (2)3. Original Image of Hester: Strong and Brave (4)3.1 A Graceful and Beautiful Lady (4)3.2 Eager for True Love (5)3.3 Protecting Dimmesdale (5)4.As a Sinner, W orking Hard to Get Salvation (5)4.1 Being Shamed for “Adultery” (5)4.2 Working Hard As a Mother and Sinner (7)4.3 Final Image of Hester: Angle, Bearing the Pain of Losing Lover (8)Conclusion (10)Bibliography (12)Acknowledgements (13)1.IntroductionThis novel happened in Boston, which was a colony of England in 17th century. At that time and at that place, the doctrine of Puritans was looked as the rule of people’s daily life. Hawthorne was born in a puritan family, whose grandfather was an authority. That made him was deep influenced by Puritanism. On one hand, he received the doctrine of hard working and thrifty, on the other hand, He thought that the Puritan religion was too strict and harsh. We can see how he disliked them by the way people act, talk, and live.Hester Prynne is a woman, who has great courage to devote to real love and a woman who experiences hard life and longs for freedom. She loves her life no matter how difficult it is. She tries her best to struggle against the adversity. She is a beautiful, virtuous, brave and tough woman. Because of being as a sinner, she is forced to wear an ―A‖ on her breast to shame her. She showed extreme strength and courage to resist the bias of the Puritanism by her good deeds and finally is received and being respected by the society and get salvation through hard working.2.Hawthorne’s Intention of Creating HesterHawthorne was born in a puritan family so that he was deep influenced by Puritanism, but the strict punishment and the control of people’s spirit also made him antipathy. Thus he created Hester, who was sinned and punished by puritan authority, but finally got salvation by hard working. Hawthorne created her sinned but also praised her braveness and strength.2.1 Puritan Influence on HawthorneThe story tells about the life of the resident under the surrounding of persecution derived from the ineradicable religion in Massachusetts of Boston in New England in public. Boston, which was a colony of England at that time, the local Boston people was the representative of puritans. From the political authorities to thekids playing before the church, their characteristics are the same. The thesis aims at any differences from others are hereto. At the early cultures of Boston, ages and experience are emphasis; there is no culture of younger. That’s why Hawthorne makes the story happens there. To the puritans, any person or thing which is different from them will be punished or be banished. To the puritans, the laws are sacred; anyone who breaks the law should be punished strictly, that’s the special environment which Hester lived in.All his life, Hawthorne seems to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life. Reading his tales and romances, one cannot but be overwhelmed by the ―black‖ vision which these works reveal. Evil exists in the human heart as is evident, for instance, in the short story, ―Earth’s Holocaust,‖ which tells us that, though all symbol of tradition and the past have been burned in the bonfire of the life of the New World, the source of evil—the human heart—remains intact. Everyone seems to cover up his black veil (―The Minister’s Black V eil‖). Evil seems to be man’s birthmark (―The Birthmark‖).A. H. Quinn perceptively states that Hawthorne is at his best when dealing with sin, the supernatural, and New England past, The Scarlet Letter is set in the seventeenth century. （Barlow，2000,3）It is en elaboration of a fact which Puritanism ruled. Hester was sinned adultery, which cannot be forgiven and must be punished at that time, this reflects Hawthorne’s thought of sin, everyone has sin and they must use their whole life to expiate themselves. But he also thought the punishments are too harsh. Thus why he made Hester sinned, but didn’t admit her sin.2.2 Hawthorne’s Own Thoughts on PuritanismIn this novel, Hawthorne uses the repressive, authoritarian Puritan society as an analogue for humankind in general. The Puritan setting also enables him to portray the human soul under extreme pressure. Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth, while unquestionable part of the Puritan society in which they live, also reflect universal experiences. Hawthorne speaks specially to American issues, but he circumvents the aesthetic and thematic limitations that might accompany such focus. His university and his dramatic flair have ensured his place in the literary canon, tolerant and cruel. He thinks that the Puritan religion was too strict and harsh. Readerscan see how he disliked them by the way people act, talk, and live.Meanwhile, he also shows how he thought the Puritan people would react to the manner in w hich Hester stitched the ―A‖, and he d oes not make them look very pleasant. By showing them as being ruthless, and evil, Hawthorne is able to reveal his views of the Puritan people, and how he dislikes them through the townsfolk (the woman in particular). He makes them come across as people you would love to hate. Throughout the entire book, Hester is looked down upon though slightly less as the story progresses, and is treated like a second class citizen. Hawthorne shows his distaste of the Puritan culture by expressing himself through the characters and their actions. Not one person in this novel is truly good, and all the characters sins. It is impossible to have a perfect society, and Nathaniel Hawthorne explains to us in The Scarlet Letter, that one is ruled by the Puritan religion, proves this true.(Gao,2000,4) Nevertheless, although he is shocked by the Puritan injustice, he is convinced that there is both good and evil in Puritanism. He thinks a lot about the conflict of God as omniscient and omnipotent on one hand, and vengeful and cruel on the other. He sees that religion is able to produce evil. Things like the witch trials, where innocent people have to die, can happen in his Puritan hometown of Salem, which leads him to the opinion that the fusion of religious dogma and political authority is the worst evil. His ancestors and all the other Puritans maybe think to have found the devil when prosecuting witches, but Hawthorne is of a different opinion. Hawthorne’s answer is that devil existed in everybody. It makes people blind so they are not able to recognize the evil in themselves.In a whole, Hawthorne’s attitude towards Puritanism is split. There are things he is absolutely in favor of and things he condemns from the depth of his heart. And to some extent, Hawthorne is a Puritan because of his Puritan origin. It is Puritanism that has led to today’s American achievement oriented society. But Hawthorne describes the Puritan society of the 17th century as narrow and relentless. He does not share the dogmas and delusions of the people who are condemned, because he has little interest and less belief in doctrines and theological debate. His imagination is repeatedly drawn the subjects of temptation, guilt and shame. He seeks the depth ofthe human things.Of course Hawthorne’s p oint of view is that of the 19th century, not that of 17th century, where his short stories are settled. He is aware of his roots and history, but he questions these roots and history from his modern point of view.Back to his attitudes towards the Puritanism of ancestors, when Hawthorne read the accounts about his first American ancestors, he was reported to have read them with fascination and horror. He was different from his ancestors.The way Hawthorne makes Hester’s fate goes with the Puritans. She sins, is forced to wear a letter ―A‖ on her breast, is isolated by the townspeople, but finally is respected because of her kind-hearted. This can be assigned the origin to .Hawthorne’s experiences that he has isolated from the outside after he graduates from university. Hawthorne has ever said to Longfellow, the most fearful thing is that you can not share your happiness or sorrow of your daily life to others. One who is deprived the right of join the society, is an audience but not a participant, Max said that one is a social man because man has to live in the society, or he will lose the meaning of exiting. （Chang，2009,76）Hawthorne thinks Hester should resign the punishment of Alienation, which is seen as the cruelest one. Hester should turn over a new leaf by expiating herself.Hester’s fate is designed; she has no choice because she lives in a puritan society and Hawthorne’s puritan thoughts also determine her fate. The next chapter aims to describe the original image of Hester and the typeface meaning of her original image.3.Original Image of Hester: Strong and BraveHester’s entrance is an attractive and graceful lady like a lady of quality, which makes her different from the town people. Although she sins, she acts brave and dare to admit her sin, dare to get salvation through her acts.3.1A Graceful and beautiful LadyHester is attractive when she appears. She is a slender lady who herself with a deliberate grace. She has a beautiful face with deep black eyes. To most people, shelooks more like a graceful lady from the upper class. But Hawthorne’s female characters tend to fall into two broad categories, the blond and effete, and the dark-haired and sensual Oriental type. To the latter belongs Hester Prynne, attractive, appealing, and mildly aggressive, she represents sexual guilt as love with her is fatal, but she is really pure and innocent. Y oung Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. One need take just a casual look at her luxuriant head of black silky hair to understand this of her. But she lives a rigorous life; only once does she let loose her lovely hair. (Barlow, 2000, 21)3.2 Eager for True LoveHester Prynne leaves a deep impression to the readers. Hester is a woman, who has great courage to devote to real love and a woman who experiences hard life and longs for freedom. She loves her life no matter how difficult it is. She tries her best to struggle against the adversity. She is a beautiful, virtuous, brave and tough woman. Hester marries with an unloved ugly old man, nothing but having great knowledge admired by all fools. However, when Hester goes to Massachusetts of Boston, She falls in love with Dimmesdale who is her true lover. It should be a good matter, so to speak, if she could divorce from the oldest Chillingworth and then marry Dimmesdale it would be a romantic love story. Unfortunately, it is disgraceful of a married woman to love another man even if that is her beloved one in that abnormal time. So, what a disgraced thing it is that she has to be set up to public shame and wore a mark of shame upon her bosom letter A stands for adultery that makes her bring sermon against sin, until the ignominious scarlet letter be engraved upon her tombstone .But that does not impact on her life even if all dwells give a wide berth to her and use the most incautious words to aggress her later. Because of her benevolence, the inhabitants accept her gradually though they insult her sometimes. Hester does not mind it, because what she concerns is Whether Dimmesdal e’s life is good or not.3.3 Protecting DimmesdaleWhen being put into prison, Hester refuses to confess who the father of the baby is, she protect Dimmesdale though Dimmesdale is too recreant to admit the sin. After Hester commits the sin, the Puritan society immediately enforces its law againsther. ―Hester betrayed her husband and went against the principle of honesty on Puritan, so she must accept the severe penalty in the Puritan society at that time.‖ Apart from wearing the red letter ―A‖, she has to suffer public shame on the scaffold.Though the love between Hester and Dimmesdale is true, Hester is a woman who is married. Both of them sin, they have to be punished and get salvation through their acts.4. As a Sinner, Working Hard to Get SalvationIn puritan’s doctrine, one should get salvation by hard working, Hester must be tortured until she receives forgiveness from God, and all that she can do is to bear until she gets salvation.4.1 Being Shamed for “Adultery”The authorities of puritan pu t an ―A‖ on her dress to shame her, to let her remember her sin and to alien her from the mental and physical. Originally, ―A‖ stands for adultery, that’s the sin Hester violate. Because of this letter, she is looked down upon by the villagers and is isolated.Hester Prynne suffers not only bec ause of mankind’s original sin, but also, and more decided by her adultery with Dimmesdale. Adultery is an offense towards God so she must be pun ished severely. In fact, Hester’s life is full of misery after the exposure of her crime. The first time Hester Prynne walks out of the prison with her baby, she is punished to be set in the market-plac e where ―stern-browed men‖ and ―unkindly-visaged women‖ and ―a crowd of eager and curious schoolboys‖ may ―have a fair sight o f her brave apparel.‖ This kind of public exposure is not considered sympathetic in local people’s eyes. Instead, it is ―a blessing on the righteous colony of the Massachusetts, where iniquity is dragged out into the sunshine!‖(Maibor, 2004, 6) Although it is no great distance from the prison-door to the market-place, to Hester Prynne, a prisoner, it is reckoned a journey of some length. However haughty she is, ―she perchance underwent an agony from every footstep of those that thronged to see her, as if her heart has been flung into the street for them all to spurn and trample upon.‖When Hester Prynne finally stands on the scaffolds, she is crowded by people who are somber and grave. She does her best to support herself under the heavy weight of a thousand relenting eyes, all fastened upon her, and concentrate upon her bosom. People do not insult her with terrible words; however, Hester feels much more suffocating in ―the solemn mood of the popular mind‖. She is so uneasy that she even wants to be insulted by venomous words rather than to bear all those rigid countenances. She can repay with a bitter and di sdainful smile at the multitude’s scornful la ugh. But encountered with such ―leaden infliction‖, she feels that unless ―shrieking out with the full power of her lungs, and cast herself from the scaffolds down upon the ground, or else go mad at once.‖(Maibor, 2004, 10)Although Hester Pr ynne tries to make the scarlet ―A‖as beautiful as an ornament and herself like a graceful grandeur dame, as one woman in the crowd describes: ―the pang of it will be always in her heart.‖ (Hawthorne, 2009, 368) If all the things make Hester feel humiliating, the recognition of her husband in the market-place aggravates her bad feeling and even frightens her severely. Then whe n she is sent back to the jail, she is exciting, can’t control her and even hurt her poor little baby. When the doctor---in fact Hester’s real husband comes in, she immediately become as still as death. After their talk, Hester promised to keep his real identity. This makes her not only guilty, but also crisis-ridden.Hester P rynne’s term of confinement ends, but not so as her sufferings. She comes out of the prison-door and comes forth into the sunshine, which ―falling on all alike, seemed, to her sick and morbid heart, as if mint for no other purpose than to reveal the scarle t letter on her breast.‖ She knows that a more real torture, when she begins the daily custom, comes. For the guilt she has committed, she is shut out from ―the sphere of human charities‖. (Chang, 2009, 78) Hester earns her living by her excellent needlework, which is rather popular among people in the following years. However, it is never used to embroider the white veil which is used to cover the pure face of a bride. This exception indicates the ever vigor with which society frowned upon her sin. In all her intercourse with society, however, there is nothing that makes Hester Prynne feels as if she belongs to it. Every gesture, every word, and even thesilence of those with whom she comes in contact, implies and often expresses, that she is banished. The token---the scarlet ―A‖never grows callous; it seems, on the contrary, to grow even more sensitive with daily torture.All these sufferings intend to remind Hester that, as a sinner, a betrayer of God, she must be tortured until she receives forgiveness from God. All that she can do is to bear until she gets salvation.Sin is unpleasant and painful. No one in the world wants to suffer. All of us hope that we can stop every kind of suffering some day. That is not just a wish that is far away and can’t be achieved. God’s love is universal and lenient. God has a soft heart, which doesn’t want to see people who are tortured. ―Praise the L ord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.‖(Song, 2001, 23)4.2 Image of Being a MotherAs Pearl’s name suggests, she comes from sin, but she is pure. She is also a constant reminder–to Hester and to the townspeople–of Hester's sin. Hester dresses her with bright color and named her pearl, and that shows her love to her baby. Though Pearl is regarded as the result of Hester and Dimmesdale’s adultery, she is still a pearl to Hester. Hester gives all her hope to Pearl. She is still a brave mother and a protector of Pearl.Through Pearl, Hester becomes a n image of ―Divine Maternity‖(Hawthorne, 2009, 451). But though so s ignally a mother, she is not a ―mother figure.‖By detaching her from the social milieu that defines and supports the concept of motherhood, Hawthorne is able to concentrate on the relation of Hester to her child without any social implications. In fact, society in this instance wishes to separate the mother and child. By giving her a recalcitrant daughter as child, Hawthorne has even more cleverly set his depiction of motherhood apart from Victorian ideology. What remains is an intense personal relation that expresses Hester’s maternal nature in a remarkably role-free way.This chapter aims at Hester’s changes from ―Adultery‖to ―Alien‖, and then being ―Able‖. As a sinner, Hester works hard to get salvation. Next chapter intends to tell Hester’s final image.4.3 Final Image of Hester: Angle, Bearing the Pain of Losing LoverHester is th e only person who wears the ―A‖in the whole article. Puritan authority’s power forces her to wear it all day long after the punishment of three hours standing on the scaffold. Hester can leave the Massachusetts colony, but she does not flee. She regards the place as her home living as the type of shame. It is love, which is the only reason for her to live in that place. The kind of love is declared guilty according to the puritan religion, which takes the asceticism as the local law at that time. ―There trod the feet of one with whom she deemed herself connected in a union….would bring them together befo re the bar of final judgment, and make that their marriage-alter, for a joint futurity of endless retribution (Hawthorne, 2009,489 ). May be at that time, Hester’s choice seems a little innocent. Just for the faith for love, which can also be regarded as the passion in a short while though wild nature as she has, she restrains her be behavior from then on for she thinks herself commit an offence. She swears of keeping the secret of the relationship between her and her husband Chillingworth shows that she is in blame at that time and puzzled with her love.Hester decides to expiate herself because she is eager to integrate into the society. Hawthorne’s puritan thoughts make this ending. And Hester her own characteristic makes her final choice.The later seven years consume her a lot from spirit to body. The scarlet letter does not change her from appearance but from the inside of her, on the contrary it lets her grow strong and think deeply the guilty of herself. She finds that the problem happens between her and Dimmesdale is not solved. Nothing changes. The free thinking temperament does not make her atone from her crime but be more puzzled. Hester tries her best to insist on and protect her love, her lover, and she struggles with the hard environment. Hester’s counterattack to Chillingworth identifies that she has a kind of more strong power at that time. This power comes from her love to Dimmesdale. Then the meet between Hester and Dimmesdale in the forest describes one possible way of resolving the problem. They plan to flee away to live a happy life and shake off the so-called sin here. The plan of fleeing reflects the human nature oflooking for happiness. Hester has already known how to get what she wants and how to realize love. She stands for the thought of releasing from the original, sin and the possibility of happy life of female. She completes the discussion of significance of love through the scarlet letter.The love between Hester and Dimmesdale is true. However, their end is a tragedy. Because of the long inner torture, Dimmesdale dies and then Hester comes back to her home England and memorizes their love. After Pearl married, she goes to Massachusetts and stays with Dimmesdale. Their love is great, but because of this love, Chillingworth hates Dimmesdale and tries his best to revenge him, at last, it results in the tragedy.ConclusionThrough the discussion above, the thesis can conclude that Hester Prynne is resurrected by her pious atonement. The process can be found clearly in the c hanges of the meaning of the scarlet letter ―A‖. At the beginning the letter ―A‖, worn on Hester’s bosom is a symbol of her adultery against Roger Chillingworth. This is the puritan way of treating her as a criminal, for the crime of adultery. The puritan treatment continues, because as Hester walks through the streets, she will be looked down upon as if she is some sort of demon from hell that has committed a terrible crime. This letter is meant to be worn in shame, and to make Hester feel unwanted. The sc arlet letter ―A‖ also stands for Hester’s lonely life in New England. After she is released, Hester lives in a cottage near the outskirts of the city. Hester’s social life is virtually eliminated as a result of her shameful history. Hester has no friends in the world, and little Pearl is the only companion of her lonely life, so the scarlet letter ―A‖ also is a symbol of the words ―alone‖ and ―alienate‖. Later, the scarlet letter ―A‖ changes its meaning into being able, angel, and admirable. The townspeople who condemned her now believe the scarlet letter to stand for her ability to her beautiful needlework and for her unselfish assistance to the poor and sick. At this point, a lot of townspeople realize what a noble character Hester processes. Hester overco mes the shame of her sin through the purity and goodness of her soul. Unselfishly, offering hertime and love to those who need her most proves that she is not worthy of the fate which has been dealt to her.Being a religious sinner who has severely profaned God and thus considered as a betrayal, Hester Prynne, like all the others, also enjoys God’s universal love. We can find out through her words and deeds that, although she has made a terrible mistake, she doesn’t separate herself from God consequently. Instead, she accepts all the punishment society forces upon her and behaves gently and kindly. What she acts is just good evidence as her atonement for her sin, she is brave when love with the clergy. She is hard working as a sinner. She is hopeful as a mother. She is regarded as an angel after getting salvation.BibliographyBarlowe Jamie. (2000). the Scarlet Mob of Scribblers: Rereading Hester Prynne. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 3—21.Maibor Carolyn R. Labor Pains NY: Routledge, (2004) Emerson, Hawthorne, and Alcott on Work and the Woman Question. 6—10.McFarland Philip. (2004). Hawthorne in Concord.中央编译出版社。
《红字》中海丝特的人物特征分析
《红字》中海丝特的人物特征分析作者：曹强徐忠明来源：《青年时代》2018年第02期摘要：《红字》是美国作家霍桑的代表作，自面世后就一直受到了大众的喜爱，读者深深地被女主人公海丝特的美国式精神所感染。
本文简要介绍了该作品了，进而从宗教迫害、人性、悲剧因子等方面阐述了主人公海丝特的人物特征及现实意义。
关键词：宗教；人性；悲剧一、作品概述纵观整部作品，作家以殖民时期信奉文教的清教徒的生活为背景，展现了在严酷政权统治之下人民的苦难生活。
宗教在人们的思想和生活中留下了深深的烙印，以致社会的道德低下，人们不敢反抗恶势力，这对性格的抑制通过女主人公海丝特的抗争而更加突出，互相映衬。
因犯通奸罪而受到加尔文教派机构的惩罚的女主人公海丝特，胸前佩戴的通奸标志的红字站在那古老的刑台上示众。
海丝特手里抱着的证据是个出生仅数月的婴孩。
在人们的注视下，海丝特拒绝了牧师阿瑟提出地忏悔并并且供出同犯的建议。
受过惩罚后，海丝特在城外的一间小茅屋中住了下来，并且悉心照料她的女儿——珠儿。
此时，海丝特的前夫逃回了小镇。
他满怀恶意地改名罗杰·奇林沃思，用医生的身份暗中观察海丝特通奸的同犯。
通过多年的监视窥探，罗杰也认定牧师阿瑟是那个隐匿的同犯。
于是罗杰千方百计的接近牧师，冷嘲热讽，旁敲侧击，不停地在精神上对牧师进行折磨。
最终阿瑟在众人面前，挽着海丝特和他们的女儿珠儿登上了刑场，以生命为代价，深切忏悔而换取了道德上的新生。
二、对宗教迫害的反抗女主人公海丝特在受审完毕后，以惊人的毅力控制了那种由难堪和耻辱所激起的几乎疯狂的愤怒，用漠然的、疲倦的、冰冷的神态来掩盖她内心急剧的悲痛。
这是作者对海丝特人格力量的展现，表现出她是多么地坚毅，多么地具有反抗精神。
经历过悲痛的洗礼后，她逐渐变得坚强，敢于反抗与挑战。
在作品中，海丝特的公开反抗是作者给予她的反抗精神的聚光点。
在第一次行动上，海丝特的反抗精神体现在对于孩子珠儿抚育权的争取上。
在孤立无援的境地中，海丝特并没有呆在与世隔绝的海滨小屋里整天以泪洗面，不是等待命运，而是勇敢地站出来。
反抗与超越_霍桑_红字_中海斯特的形象及意义
第 31 卷 第 3 期 2010 年 3 月
赤 峰 学 院 学 报（ 汉 文 哲 学 社 会 科 学 版 ） Journal of Chifeng Univers1 No.3 Mar. 2010
反抗与超越———霍桑《红字》中海斯特的形象及意义
毕宇宏
（赤峰学院 外国语学院，内蒙古 赤峰 024000）
在历史的长河里，所有女性的悲剧，大都与婚姻家庭有 关系。在这些悲剧中，有的女性逆来顺受，安于现状，无法摆 脱各种精神枷锁；有的女性为了追求自身的幸福，违背了社 会的宗教与道德伦理，结果还是伤痕累累，逃脱不掉心灵的 自责。
二、海斯特的超越 霍桑把海斯特这个人物性格描绘的果断而坚强。海斯 特的一生就是反抗的一生。首先，她敢于有对自己婚姻不满 的想法。记得有一位哲学家说过：“没有爱情的婚姻是不道 德的。”因此当她遇到丁梅斯代尔，她珍视这个机会，不会让
心理学家阿德勒曾发表过自卑感极其补偿的论文，他 认为：由身体或其它原因所引起的意志消沉或自卑，不仅能 摧毁一个人，使人自甘堕落或发生精神病；另一方面，它还 能使人发愤图强，力求振作，这是一种自我超越。
红字开题报告
题目：压抑与扭曲的灵魂-------霍桑《红字》主人公人物性格分析研究目的与意义（500字以内）：<<红字>>是十九世纪美国作家霍桑一部著名的小说作品．自从本世纪五十年代被译介到我国以来，一直倍受读者的喜爱。
其不朽的魅力在于它不仅无情的鞭挞了清教法规对人性的践踏，更重要的是作者对人性的善的肯定。
研究的旨在通过小说中主要人物的分析，从而进一步阐述作者的主要文章内涵——人的心灵在久居孤独而极其脆弱，或者欲望膨胀而行为极端，或个性压抑对现实无所适从。
以此来展示在在清教主义的压制下，人性的扭曲和自我的压抑，进而阐述主人公压抑与扭曲的灵魂的根源通过描写丁梅斯代尔、海斯特、齐灵沃斯三个人之间的感情纠葛，来展现丁梅斯代尔与海斯特之间的爱情以及齐灵沃斯的复仇心理。
进而从故事的发展过程中来发掘人性的意义，展现《红字》对人物的深刻的心理和人性描写所散发出来的魅力。
国内外研究现状（1000字以内）：1、《红字》是霍桑的第一部长篇小说，1850年该书问世后，霍桑一举成名，成为当时公认的最重要的作家。
霍桑还进一步把他的“罗曼史”称为“心理罗曼史”，这足见其对心理描写的重视。
他之所以重心理描写，一方面固然受时代和宗教的影响，将精神和灵魂混为一谈，认为灵魂既然有善恶，有爱恨，有罪孽，就应该揭示出来，以达惩恶扬善、颁爱抑恨的目的；但另一方面，人的行为举止终有其心理依据，如不进行心理挖掘，人物只能停留在表象上，必然显得肤浅。
对于惯于阅读我国传统的以白描手法刻画人物的读者，或许会觉得其故事节奏过于缓慢，但他却是美国心理分析小说的鼻祖。
这部作品作品发表这么多年年来，一直备受崇拜，评论界从未停止过对这部作品的关注。
如今，《红字》被公认为一部不朽的传世之作，霍桑也因此受到了极高的评价。
2、在国内，很多学者对《红字》也进行过深入的研究。
有的学者从作品的社会背景和故事结构上分析它的思想主题，也有的学者对作品中体现出来的当时的时代背景下时代女性对婚姻爱情的自我追求进行研究，有的学者对作品所运用的象征主义的手法进行分析，但是大多数学者还是将主要精力放在了《红字》中男女主人公的心理、性格、形象分析上，通过对三位主要主人公的人性进行剖析，进而探究清教主义对人性的影响。
《红字》中海斯特·白兰形象解读
一
坚 强勇敢的 白兰
Байду номын сангаас
与性 格 的力量 ” 。这时 的她 已经 不再 是一 个通 奸 的 夫人 ，而是 一个捍卫 自己爱 情的勇敢 的女 王。 在绞刑 台上接 受审判 的海斯特 ，没有 因为总督 贝灵 汉 和约翰 ・ 威 尔逊 牧师 的威 逼利诱 而 屈 服 ，她 勇敢地 承受着一切 ，与之形 成反差 的是她年 轻爱人 丁梅斯 代尔却是惊 慌 的神 色 ，只能将 自己封 闭起来 才 可 以安 然 。 “ 我永 远 不 会 说 出孩 子 的 父 亲是 谁 的”海斯特 看着丁梅斯 代尔说 到 ，从 中我们看 到 的 是 一个 坚强 勇敢 的新 女 性 的形 象 。为 了所 爱 的人 ， 白兰 带上 了耻辱 的 “ 红 字” ，她不 但忍 受 着 自己的 痛 苦 ，还希望承受 年轻牧师 的痛 苦。 她不卑不 亢 的地对 抗着传 统 ，向男权 主 义的社 会 宣战 ，在 巨大的痛苦 中艰难生存 ，在他 人 的耻笑 中肯定 自我 。 “ 首先要做 的 ，就是 要打倒 社会 整个 的体系 ，重新来 建树 。其 次 ，男人 的本性 ，或 者说 男 人 那些 已变成 长 期 的 遗 传 的 习惯 ，必 须 根 本 改 造 ，那 时女人 才享 有 近似 合理 的地 位 。 ”正 是抱 着 这样 的反抗 思 想 ，海斯 特才 有 了对抗 男 权 的勇气 ，
我们呈现的是一个北美殖民时期的悲剧爱情故事 。 书 中的女 主人公海 丝特 ・ 白兰生 活在 １ ７ 世 纪 清教徒 统 治下 的美 国新英 格兰地 区 ，她 和作为 医生 的丈夫 齐林 渥斯 之间没有 爱情 ，一直在 隐忍 中生活 ，直到 遇 到牧 师 丁梅 斯 代 尔 ，并 与 之 相 恋生 下 了女 儿 珠 儿 。这部小说 用象 征手 法将 人物 、情 节 和语言赋 予 极 强的主 观色彩 ，细致地刻 画 了书 中人物 的心理 活 动甚 至直觉 ，大量 的心理分 析使其 成为 了美 国心理 分 析小说 的开 山之作 ，是美 国浪漫 主义小 说 的代 表 作 。尼娜 ・ 贝姆在 谈 到 《 红字） ）时 曾经说 到：“ 在 海 斯特 这个 形象 中 ，霍桑 塑造 了美 国小 说 中的第一个 真 正 的女 主 角 ，同时 也 是其 中永 远 的英 雄 之 一 。 ” 作 者通 过 对 海斯 特 ・ 白兰行 为和 内心 的 细致 描 绘 ， 表 现出 了白兰的坚贞 、勇敢 ，赋予 了她强烈 的女权 主义意识 ，成为 了一个 跨时代 的新女． 陛。
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中文题目：红字中海斯特的形象分析
英文题目：A Brief Analysison the Image
ofHester inthe Scarlet Letter
系别：外语系
专业：英语
班级：
学号：
学生姓名：
指导教师：
2011年03月04
一、选题依据：（背景与意义、国内外研究现状与发展趋势）
三、论文提纲：
1.Introduction
2.Hawthorne’s Intention of Creating Hester.
2.1 Puritan Influence onHawthorne
2.2Hawthorne’s Own Thought on Puritanism
3. Original Image of Hester: Strong and Brave
五、中外文参考文献目录（作者、书名论文题目、出版社或刊号、出版年月或出版期号）
[1]Nathaniel Hawthorne.(2009).The Scarlet Letter.中央编译出版社。
[2]Barlowe Jamie.(2000).the Scarlet Mob of Scribblers: Rereading Hester Prynne.Carbondale:Southern IllinoisUP, 3—21.
3.1 A Graceful and Beautiful Lady4
3.2 Eager for True Love3.3 Protecting Dimmesdale
4.As a Sinner, WorkiБайду номын сангаасg Hard to Get Salvation
4.1 Being Shamed for “Adultery”
背景与意义：
霍桑的代表作《红字》是美国文学发展史上的第一部象征主义小说，是美国浪漫主义小说的代表作。在作品中，霍桑集中了创作个性与经验，成功地运用了象征手法，使《红字》成为一部不朽的世界文学名著。《红字》以十七世纪的新英格兰为背景，描述了清教的残酷和它对故事中女主人公人性的扼杀。小说创造性地演绎了当时社会对海斯特的压迫，但海斯特并没有屈服，她没有屈服于压抑人性的宗教道德，而是以种种勇敢的行为向愚昧的传统挑战，证明了自身存在的意义。她是反抗不合理的婚姻制度、争取真正美好爱情的勇敢典型，但霍桑创作这篇著作的母的仅仅是颂歌这位女人的新生吗？他把自己的清教人文主义思想灌注在对海斯特的形象描写上，事实上海斯特最后赎罪重生是对清教制度对清教社会的妥协，是由叛逆到妥协的转变。
二、主要内容：（要解决的问题，主要思路）
论文第一章论述霍桑在《红字》中表现出的矛盾心理。霍桑在描写女性人物时常常不自觉地体现出多种矛盾心理,从个人情感出发,他认为每个人都有爱与被爱的权利,但清教思想的束缚又使得他在处理书中的角色时充满了矛盾,道德与情感、理性与欲望在作者描写女主人公赫斯特与女儿波尔和周遭人物的关系,如与牧师、医生、总督等人的接触、交往中得到了体现。从精神分析的方法出发,可以发现霍桑对于女性既爱又恨、对欲望与爱的左右摇摆的态度可能正是源于其个人特殊的成长经历。同时,霍桑面对现实和理想、守旧与奋进时表现出来的矛盾和模糊,于此也清晰可见。这种思想就决定了海斯特的形象变化。论文第二章分析了《红字》以“A”为线索,串联起了海丝特的悲惨遭遇、波儿的成长情况以及社会各界所扮演的角色,它是在全文中起着穿针引线的重要“道具”。而借助于当代文本理论(能指与所指、符号与意义),则可以帮助我们理解“A”所具有的更加复杂的深意,从而挖掘这个呈现于小说中的奇怪符号在文化上所具有的多义性、系统性和暗喻性。论文第三章论述了霍桑清教人文主义思想对于海斯特形象塑造以及结果的影响。
[5]常耀信，(2009)，《美国文学简史》，南开大学出版社，76—78。
[6]程树华，(2010)，《霍桑的女权主义思想在海斯特个性上的体现》.四川师大学学报。
[7]高杏生，(2000)，《红字及其作者霍桑》，解放军外国语大学报，第4—5页。
国内外研究现状与发展趋势：
对于美国浪漫主义作家纳撒尼尔.霍桑的作品《红字》中的女主人公海斯特.白兰,很多学者都把她解读为是经过苦难的磨炼后获得了新生的女权主义战士,但细读小说可发现,文字表层虽然支持上述见解,表象下却另有隐藏:海斯特在理想和现实的矛盾中煎熬着,生活在边缘地带,经过命运残酷的打击后最终屈服了,接受了清教社会对她的审判。由此看出,霍桑并不是个彻底的女权主义者。对于霍桑的著作《红字》，历来文人对之的解析都侧重在象征手法以及对伟大爱情的歌颂，对海斯特勇敢的肯定，但没有结合霍桑本人对清教的理解，对当时社会的复杂心理，而海斯特的性格本身就带有复杂性，我认为尽管相关研究成果丰硕,但《红字》作为“经典”所具有丰富的当代意义并没有在前述研究中形成系统性的论述。把《红字》与霍桑二者都置于一个更为广阔的语境之中去探讨,相信可以挖掘这部传统经典所具有的重要的当代意义。
[3]Maibor Carolyn R. Labor Pains NY: Routledge, (2004)Emerson, Hawthorne, and Alcott on Work and the Woman Question. 6—10.
[4]McFarland Philip. (2004).HawthorneinConcord. 中央编译出版社。
2.第七学期 第10-18周 查阅相关文献资料
3.寒假期间查阅相关文献资料
4.第8学期 第1--7周完成《毕业论文任务书》、《文献综述》、《开题报告》及论文提纲
5.第8学期 第8--10周完成论文初稿
6.第8学期 第11周完成论文二稿
7.第8学期 第12周论文三稿/定稿及答辩
8.第8学期 第13周复答辩
4.2 Working Hard As a Mother and Sinner
4.3 Final Image of Hester: Angle, Bearing the Pain of Losing Lover
Conclusion.
四、研究的整体方案与工作进度安排（内容、步骤、时间）
1.第七学期 第9周选定论文题目